business_dictionary.id,business_dictionary.ts,business_dictionary.title,business_dictionary.definition
1,"2018-03-27 22:50:42","1 sample sign test","A test used to determine whether the null hypothesis in a statistical experiment, which states that a random value from a population has an equal chance of being above or below a specified value, should be accepted or rejected. Testing the null hypothesis allows experimenters to determine whether the variable has a meaningful influence on the outcome of a process. Also called one-sample sign test."
2,"2018-03-27 22:50:43","1035 exchange","As defined under section 1035a of the tax code, an exchange of life insurance for annuities."
3,"2018-03-27 22:50:46",1040a,"A version of the IRS 1040 income tax filing form, used by certain individuals. In order to be eligible to file this simplified tax form, an individual filer must meet specific criteria. Among these criteria are not owning a business, not itemizing deductions and having a taxable income of less than $100,000. This tax document is also sometimes referred to as the Income Tax Short Form. See also 1040EZ."
4,"2018-03-27 22:50:48",1099-B,"Form received at tax time to summarize proceeds of stock transactions issued by a barter exchange or broker. Information from a 1099-B must be reported to the IRS on Form 1040 Schedule D."
5,"2018-03-27 22:50:53",1099-DIV,"Record of taxable capital gains and dividends received by an investor. The form is used at tax time to report income from their investments within the tax year."
6,"2018-03-27 22:50:55",1099-INT,"A statement received from interest-paying savings institutions that reports annual interest income. Federal tax withheld, foreign tax paid and early withdrawal penalties are also listed as tax items."
7,"2018-03-27 22:51:00",1099-R,"A tax form required by the IRS to report certain distributions to an individual throughout the tax year. The IRS requires income tax filers to submit a 1099-R form if he or she has income from retirement plans, annuities, profit-sharing plans, insurance payouts, pensions or other special distributions. This form is required to be sent to individuals by January 31st of the tax year following the distribution. Some of the items included on this form are; the gross amount of the distribution paid, the amount that is taxable, any federal taxes withheld, any premiums that were paid and a code representing the specific type of transaction that took place."
8,"2018-03-27 22:51:05","12b-1 fee","An ongoing marketing and distribution fee charged by certain mutual funds."
9,"2018-03-27 22:51:08","12b-1 mutual fund","A fund that charges an ongoing marketing and distribution fee based on the value of the assets held in the fund. See 12b-1 Fee."
10,"2018-03-27 22:51:09","12B-1 plan","An investment fund that does not have administration fees associated with it to manage the fund. This option is beneficial for investors who have a small amount money to invest but do not want to be saddled with high administrative costs."
11,"2018-03-27 22:51:10","2 sample T test","A method for testing the null hypothesis in a statistical experiment. A 2 sample T test may be paired, in which case the tested sample consists of matched pairs of data points in order to reduce noise, or unpaired, in which case the experiment compares two separate samples from the two populations being tested."
12,"2018-03-27 22:51:15","218 Agreement","An irrevocable agreement authorized by Section 218 of the Social Security Act between each individual state and the Social Security Administration to provide state and local government employees with the same Social Security and Medicare coverage provided to employees in the private sector."
13,"2018-03-27 22:51:17","24 x 7","Numerical way to indicate that a business is normally always open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Written also as 7 x 24."
14,"2018-03-27 22:51:21","24-hour care coverage","The blending of work-related and non-work related benefits to offer 24-hour coverage for illnesses and injuries."
15,"2018-03-27 22:51:26","3 C's model","Business model developed by business and corporate strategist, Kenichi Ohmae, which indicates three key factors for success: corporation, customer, competitors. Also called strategic triangle."
16,"2018-03-27 22:51:30","30-day letter","Notice sent to a taxpayer from the IRS giving the taxpayer thirty days to appeal information the IRS found to be true."
17,"2018-03-27 22:51:33","360 degree branding","Marketing activities which take into consideration brand identity and take an inclusive approach so that the brand is presented at all points of consumer contact."
18,"2018-03-27 22:51:36","360 degree feedback","Performance-appraisal data collected from 'all around' an employee his or her peers, subordinates, supervisors, and sometimes, from internal and external customers. Its main objective usually is to assess training and development needs and to provide competence-related information for succession planning not promotion or pay increase. Also called multi-rater assessment, multi-source assessment, multi-source feedback."
19,"2018-03-27 22:51:41","3D Printing","The manufacturing of a three-dimensional product from a computer-driven digital model. This process is additive, where multiple layers from CAD (computer-aided design) drawings are laid down one after another to create different shapes. Industries that use 3D printers include engineering, architecture, medical, industrial design, construction and many others."
20,"2018-03-27 22:51:46","3D representation","Three-dimensional model that displays a picture or item in a form that appears to be physically present with a designated structure. Essentially, it allows items that appeared flat to the human eye to be display in a form that allows for various dimensions to be represented. These dimensions include width, depth, and height."
21,"2018-03-27 22:51:51","40 40 20 rule","A principle of marketing design, developed by marketing expert Ed Mayer, which states that 40 percent of the success of a marketing campaign is based on reaching the right audience, another 40 percent is based on the offer you are making, and the remaining 20 percent is based on various other factors such as presentation and format."
22,"2018-03-27 22:51:55","401(h) trust","A limited-use account used to fund employee insurance costs after retirement. Employer contributions are tax deductible and limited to an amount equal to 25 percent of contributions to retirement benefits."
23,"2018-03-27 22:52:00","401(k) payable","The amount the company has to pay for employee contributions. Some companies match 401(k) contributions immediately, while some do so after one year."
24,"2018-03-27 22:52:01","401(k) plan","Employer-sponsored employee benefit scheme supported by the US tax code. Under this plan, a limited amount of an employee's before-tax salary is deposited into tax-deferred retirement plan where it accumulate free of tax. Withdrawals by the employee before he or she reaches the age of 59½ years attract penalties except in certain cases of hardship."
25,"2018-03-27 22:52:02","403(b) plan","A type of retirement plan that is similar to a 401(k) plan but is specific to employees of tax exempt organizations and other specific individuals. This plan consists of an annuity plan and / or mutual funds that may be invested in for the purpose of generating an income at the employee's retirement."
26,"2018-03-27 22:52:07","48-hour rule","PSA Uniform Practices requirement that information of a ""to be announced"" (TBA) transaction on a mortgage backed security are to be communicated between the seller and buyer by 3pm EST two business days before the delivery takes place."
27,"2018-03-27 22:52:09","5 Whys","A problem solving analysis technique that seeks to find the root cause of trouble quickly. When a self-evident problem arises, a question of why it happened is posed. Once the why question is answered, another why question is posed to address the previous answer. This continues until at least 5 levels of cause and effect for the problem are exposed. This generally provides an adequate overview of what is happening and points to a solution."
28,"2018-03-27 22:52:13","5/1 Adjustable Rate Mortgage (ARM)","A type of home loan for which the interest rate varies during the life of the loan. The mortgage begins with an initial rate that is fixed for a set amount of time, in this case 5 years. The interest rate then adjusts every 1 year for the remainder of the loan, based on fluctuations in market interest rates. The indices used to determine rate adjustment are based on standard tools, such as the 1 year Treasury note or the LIBOR. Nearly all ARMs have an interest rate adjustment cap, beyond which a rate cannot jump in any single 1 year adjustment period. They will also typically have an interest rate ceiling that the adjustments cannot exceed for the life of the loan."
29,"2018-03-27 22:52:14","500 investor rule","A Securities Exchange Commission rule that mandates the filing of financial information to the SEC by a company with over 500 individual investors and having over $10 million in company assets."
30,"2018-03-27 22:52:18","500 shareholder threshold","Rule that requires a certain amount of disclosure by companies that possess a class of equity securities held by at least 500 investors and that also has company assets of at least $10 million."
31,"2018-03-27 22:52:20","52-week high","The highest price at which a security traded during the previous year. Compare to 52-Week Low."
32,"2018-03-27 22:52:24","52-week low","The lowest price at which a security traded during the previous year."
33,"2018-03-27 22:52:28","529 plan","An investment strategy for individuals who wish to save money for college expenses for their children. Each state has different rules for the plan based on participating schools or colleges."
34,"2018-03-27 22:52:30",5S,"An organizational methodology originating in Japan that, when implemented, reduces the waste of resources and space while increasing operational efficiency. The 5S elements, translated into English, are Sort, Set in Order, Shine, Standardize and Sustain and are applied in some companies' efforts to achieve ""lean manufacturing."""
35,"2018-03-27 22:52:32","7 x 24","Numerical way to indicate that a business is normally always open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Written also as 24 x 7."
36,"2018-03-27 22:52:34",7S,"A strategic management model based on Japanese management principals first made popular in Tom Peter's bestselling book, ""In Search of Excellence."" Derived from observations made of highly successful Japanese companies, all seven factors - strategy, structure, systems, style, staff, superordinate goals and skills - must be managed with equal effectiveness."
37,"2018-03-27 22:52:35","a fortiori analysis","In decision theory, an analysis made to intentionally favor alternative solutions when compared to the solution adjudged as best. The alternatives are deliberately weighted to make them look better. If the adjudged-best solution still remains the best, its position as the likely choice is further strengthened. 'A fortiori' is Latin for, 'even more so' or 'more conclusively.'"
38,"2018-03-27 22:52:37","à la carte","Hotel or restaurant meal consisting of several differently priced dishes which are cooked usually when ordered from a menu. In comparison, a 'per head' (buffet or table d'hôte meal) has a fixed number of ready made dishes at a fixed total price per person. French for, by the bill of fare."
39,"2018-03-27 22:52:39","a posteriori","Conclusion or judgment based on induction. It begins with the observed facts and phenomenon, and infers their underlying causes. Latin for, what comes after. See also a priori."
40,"2018-03-27 22:52:44","a priori","Conclusion or judgment based on deduction, a hypothesis based on conclusions or judgments previously assumed. Latin for, from what comes before. See also a posteriori."
41,"2018-03-27 22:52:49","a priori formula","The probability determined when existing information is logically examined. These types of probabilities are typically used within the counting method of probability calculation."
42,"2018-03-27 22:52:54","A-B trust","US trust that divides into two trusts upon the death of its settlor. One part (the A-trust) comprises of all the assets of the decedent which are in excess of the exclusions allowed at the time of his or her death, with the surviving spouse at its beneficiary. The other part (the B-trust) owns all the assets which are covered by the exclusions. This arrangement postpones the payment of estate taxes until the death of the surviving spouse. Also called marital residuary trust."
43,"2018-03-27 22:52:58",A-channel,"Primary distribution channel through which only first quality goods are sold."
44,"2018-03-27 22:53:00",A1,"1. Life insurance: Denotes perfect health of an insurance applicant, and is a measure used in computing insurance premium."
45,"2018-03-27 22:53:04","A4 size paper","The standard size of typing paper adopted by the International Standards Organization. It measures 210 mm wide and 297 mm longl (about 8 1/4 x 11 3/4 inches). It is used in most countries of the world, except the US and some neighboring countries where letter-size paper (8 1/2 x 11 inch) is used. See also paper sizes."
46,"2018-03-27 22:53:07",AAA,"The top rating awarded to qualifying corporate bonds by the bond rating agencies such as Standard & Poor's (AAA) and Moody's (Aaa). These ratings mean: (1) the bonds are of the highest quality (are 'gilt edged'), (2) carry the least degree of investment risk, and (3) are fully expected to pay both interest and principal on time. Other rating agencies use different designations. See also bond ratings."
47,"2018-03-27 22:53:12","AAA Server","Computer system that provides three essential components of a secure online financial transaction in electronic commerce: (1) Authentication, (2) Authorization, and (3) Accounting. See also commerce server and TACACS."
48,"2018-03-27 22:53:13","ABA routing number","A unique code present on a check assigned by the American Bankers Association (ABA) that identifies a particular bank or finance institution issuing the check. This code is primarily used by US-based financial institutions, who own accounts at the Federal Reserve Bank, to process check transactions including deposits and clearances. For example, Bank of America in Northern California is assigned the number 121000358 in case of any paper check transactions. Also called check routing number, ABA number."
49,"2018-03-27 22:53:16","ABA transit number","A number on a check, part of a code developed and used by the American Bankers Association. The transit number is used to aid the banks when clearing the checks, by signifying the financial institution as well as the Federal Reserve Bank used by that institution. This number is found near the upper right corner, and appears in the form of a fraction with a numerator and denominator. The numerator indicates the region where the bank is located, as well as the branch number. The denominator consists of the first four numbers of the routing number found at the bottom left of the check."
50,"2018-03-27 22:53:18","abandoned property","Property voluntarily disclaimed, relinquished, or surrendered by its owner(s)."
51,"2018-03-27 22:53:23",abandonment,"1. General: Voluntary disclaim of a right or interest (without transferring it to anyone else) in a property, accompanied by a clear act of abandoning that property. Such acts include continuous lack of use and/or maintenance, and failure to pay property taxes. The abandoned property may then be claimed by an occupier (see adverse possession) or may be appropriated by the state. However, obligations (debts, liens, taxes) associated with a property are not discharged when it is abandoned and remain the liability of the owner."
52,"2018-03-27 22:53:24","abandonment and salvage","The forfeiture of property by one party, which must be stated with written intent, and the subsequent claim of the property by a second party, which is often included as a clause in an insurance contract which granting an insurance company the salvage rights to claim the abandoned property."
53,"2018-03-27 22:53:25","abandonment clause","A statement in a contract that details consequences and outcomes that will transpire in the event that one or both of the parties abandon their responsibility to complete the project. Often the amount of completed work is given to another contractor and the party who abandoned the job does not receive any compensation."
54,"2018-03-27 22:53:26","abandonment value","Amount that would be yielded by discontinuing an investment scheme. The guiding rule for such decisions is that a project should be abandoned if its salvage or scrap value exceeds the net present value (NPV) of its expected cash flows."
55,"2018-03-27 22:53:27",abatement,"1. Commerce: Reduction in the amount of a bill or charge such as demurrage, overtime penalty, or rent."
56,"2018-03-27 22:53:31","abatement cost","A cost incurred by firms for the removal or reduction of a negative byproduct they themselves have created; for example, the fees required for an oil refinery to clean up its own pollution."
57,"2018-03-27 22:53:34","abbreviated accounts","Shortened but audited financial statement that a qualifying small or medium firm is allowed to file with registrar of companies in the UK. About 45 percent of the active UK firms have opted for abbreviated accounts. See also abridged accounts."
58,"2018-03-27 22:53:35",abbrochment,"The act of monopolizing goods in a market by purchasing at wholesale with the intention of re-selling them at retail. Also called abbroachment."
59,"2018-03-27 22:53:38","ABC agreement","A contract between a brokerage firm and an employee. It contains the rights of the firm, described in an A, B, and C outline, when it comes to purchasing a New York Stock Exchange membership for the employee."
60,"2018-03-27 22:53:41","ABC analysis","An analysis of a range of items that have different levels of significance and should be handled or controlled differently. It is a form of Pareto analysis in which the items (such as activities, customers, documents, inventory items, sales territories) are grouped into three categories (A, B, and C) in order of their estimated importance. 'A' items are very important, 'B' items are important, 'C' items are marginally important. For example, the best customers who yield highest revenue are given the 'A' rating, are usually serviced by the sales manager, and receive most attention. 'B' and 'C' customers warrant progressively less attention and are serviced accordingly."
61,"2018-03-27 22:53:42","ABC inventory classification","Inventory control based on a form of Pareto analysis. The inventory items are divided into three categories (A, B, and C), according to a criterion such as revenue generation, turnover, or value. Typically, 'A' items represent 20 percent in terms of quantity and 75 to 80 percent in terms of the value. Also called usage value analysis. See also ABC analysis."
62,"2018-03-27 22:53:43","ABC method","A strategy to manage inventory in terms relative to their importance. High-dollar items are generally represented as ""A's"" and lower value items fall into the ""B"" and ""C"" categories."
63,"2018-03-27 22:53:45","abductive reasoning","The type of reasoning whereby one seeks to explain relevant evidence by beginning with some commonly well known facts that are already accepted and then working towards an explanation."
64,"2018-03-27 22:53:47",ABEND,"ABnormal END or ABortive END. System crash or other abnormal termination of a computer program caused by memory conflict or some other (usually unidentifiable) glitch."
65,"2018-03-27 22:53:47",abet,"See aid and abet."
66,"2018-03-27 22:53:50",abeyance,"Describes the legal status of real estate titles when lawful ownership of the property is in question and is being determined."
67,"2018-03-27 22:53:55","Abilene paradox","A circumstance where a group of individuals agree to a course of action based on the theory it is best for the group, despite going against the preferences of members of the group. This occurs when individuals feel their objections are not strong enough to support changing the minds of others in their group. Commonly referred to as ""rocking the boat""."
68,"2018-03-27 22:53:58",ability,"1. Human Resource Management: An acquired or natural capacity or talent that enables an individual to perform a particular job or task successfully. See also aptitude."
69,"2018-03-27 22:54:01","ability to pay","Borrower's ability to service a loan from his or her disposable income or cashflow, or the taxpayer's ability to pay the tax. Called 'capacity' in banking, it is a critical factor in obtaining a loan. See also five C's of credit and fixed charge coverage ratio."
70,"2018-03-27 22:54:06","ability to pay principle","Economics concept that those who have more resources (wealth), or earn higher incomes, should pay more taxes. The ability to pay taxes (such as income tax or tax on luxury goods) are used as means of income redistribution. Also called ability to pay tax."
71,"2018-03-27 22:54:11","ability to pay tax","See ability to pay principle."
72,"2018-03-27 22:54:15","ability to repay","The representation of the financial capacity of an individual or an institution to make good on their repayment of a debt or a loan. The ability to repay is considered by a lender when deciding whether to give a loan to an individual or an institution."
73,"2018-03-27 22:54:18","ability-to-pay taxation","A type of taxation that is collected as a progressive tax. In theory, taxes should be collected based upon each taxpayer's individual ability to pay them."
74,"2018-03-27 22:54:22",abiotic,"Non-biological factor (such as sunlight), material (such as sulfur dioxide), or process (such as hydrolysis) which can affect living or non-living constituents of an ecosystem. Opposite of biotic."
75,"2018-03-27 22:54:26",able,"Party capable of meeting its obligation(s) under a contract, as in the phrase ""ready, willing, and able."""
76,"2018-03-27 22:54:27","abnormal profit","Atypically large proceeds made by an individual or company from commercial activity. An abnormal profit exceeds the normal opportunity for profit derived from labor costs and capital and considered normal profit. Abnormal profit in a business consists of monopoly and oligopoly profits. Also called supernormal profit, pure profit and excess profit."
77,"2018-03-27 22:54:31","abnormal return","Periodic return on an investment portfolio that is more or less than the average return on all the stocks traded on an exchange during the same period. Compare with excess return."
78,"2018-03-27 22:54:33","abnormal shrinkage","A significant reduction in a company's inventory recorded on its accounts that may lead to abnormal loss exceeding the allowable level. The reduction may be caused by theft, loss or accounting errors."
79,"2018-03-27 22:54:36","abnormal spoilage","When a loss of inventory occurs during manufacturing processes. For example, toys that should have been coated with a blue paint instead had red paint applied to them by a factory machine."
80,"2018-03-27 22:54:43","abnormal waste","A significant amount of inventory waste or wreckage, which may or may not be prevented, during production or operation processes, that may be caused due to machinery breakdown or inefficient processes. It may eventually result in abnormal loss. Also called abnormal spoilage."
81,"2018-03-27 22:54:48",abort,"Abnormal termination or cancellation of a computer program (or a computing session) which results in irretrievable loss of unsaved data and may require a reboot of the system. Abortion may be (1) intentional where the user cannot reach a satisfactory conclusion of a process and needs to start over, (2) initiated by the operating system itself (see system crash), or (3) caused by a power failure. See also ABEND."
82,"2018-03-27 22:54:52",about,"Not very exact. In commercial documents, 'about' is taken to mean a difference (tolerance) not more or less than 10 percent of the stipulated amount, quantity, or unit price. See also approximately."
83,"2018-03-27 22:54:56","above full-employment equilibrium","Situation where an economy is producing goods at a higher level than it normally does, as measured by its gross domestic product (GDP). Due to this factor, there will be no excess supply in the short run, as the particular market is in equilibrium."
84,"2018-03-27 22:55:01","above ground risk","Non-technical risk such as that associated with markets, political environment, or prices."
85,"2018-03-27 22:55:02","above market cost","Cost of a good or service that is more than the average cost of comparable goods or services."
86,"2018-03-27 22:55:07","above par","Bond, share, or other security selling at a price higher than its par value is said to be selling at above par or 'at premium.' Bond prices are stated on a scale where the par value (whatever the amount) is assigned the number 100, and the premium is shown as a factor of 100. For example, a bond with a par value of $1,000 and priced at 110 is selling at $1,100. Also called at a premium or at premium."
87,"2018-03-27 22:55:09","above the line","1. Accounting: used to characterize income earned and expenses incurred during the normal course of a business that affect the profit (bottom line), but not the capital, of the company."
88,"2018-03-27 22:55:14","above the line deduction","Amounts that can be taken away from the total income recognized for an individual. These amounts include payments made for alimony/child support or costs associated with education."
89,"2018-03-27 22:55:19","above water","The situation whereby a company has more than enough assets to stay afloat and to stay out of debt or economic troubles. Being above water allows a company to obtain a better credit rating, a more favorable viewpoint in the eyes of investors, and a higher credit line."
90,"2018-03-27 22:55:20","abridged accounts","Accounts that cover a full accounting period but omit detailed financial information. Abridged accounts are used, for example, to support an initial proposal or to present summary data. See also abbreviated accounts."
91,"2018-03-27 22:55:24",abridgment,"Shortened or condensed (but not summarized) version of a written work which preserves the overall meaning, structure, and style of the original version. Also spelled as abridgement. See also abstract, digest, outline, précis, summary, and synopsis."
92,"2018-03-27 22:55:29",abroad,"A foreign geographic region or area, relative to the current location (or home country) of a person or object. This term especially applies to being overseas on a different continent. For example, United States business travelers often say that they are traveling abroad to China but would rarely say they are traveling abroad to Canada."
93,"2018-03-27 22:55:33",abrogate,"1. To cancel or nullify an agreement or contract, either unilaterally or with mutual consent."
94,"2018-03-27 22:55:38",abscissa,"The horizontal ('X') axis of a chart or graph. The vertical ('Y') axis is called 'ordinate.'"
95,"2018-03-27 22:55:42","absentee landlord","Property owner who does not occupy his or her property and either rents it out or leaves it vacant, but does not abandon it. Also called absentee owner."
96,"2018-03-27 22:55:43",absenteeism,"Voluntary non attendance at work, without valid reason. Absenteeism means either habitual evasion of work, or willful absence as in a strike action. It does not include involuntary or occasional absence due to valid causes, or reasons beyond one's control, such as accidents or sickness. See also attendance management."
97,"2018-03-27 22:55:44","absolute advantage","In the theory of international trade, a country or firm has an absolute advantage if it can produce a product (good or service) more 'efficiently' (cheaply) than others. First suggested by the UK economist Adam Smith (1723-90) as an extension of his division of labor doctrine. See also absolute cost advantage and competitive advantage."
98,"2018-03-27 22:55:49","absolute assignment","Assignment in which all (and not merely a portion of) benefits, liabilities, and/or rights are transferred by one party to another, without any pre-condition. See also collateral assignment."
99,"2018-03-27 22:55:50","absolute auction","Type of auction where the highest bidder acquires the item being auctioned (irrespective of the bid amount), and where the item does not have a reserve price below which it will not be sold."
100,"2018-03-27 22:55:51","absolute cost advantage","Competitive advantage that a firm or a country obtains through cheaper inputs, innovation, proprietary know how, waste minimization, or other such means resulting in lower average costs. See also acquired advantage."