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101 | 2018-04-19 02:00:30 | Bronchitis | Bronchitis can be caused by viruses, bacteria, or breathing in smoke or dust. Acute bronchitis is usually caused by a viral infection, such as cold viruses or influenza virus and can last for weeks, whereas chronic bronchitis lasts for months and may come back each year. Chronic bronchitis is usually related to smoking. Most people with acute bronchitis will feel better with time and rest, with a number of treatments available to help ease the cough and other symptoms. If you think you have bronchitis, your doctor can assess you and discuss treatment. Bronchitis symptoms Someone with bronchitis may have: cough (either dry or bringing up phlegm) wheezing aches and pains fever feeling short of breath chest tightness Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Who is at risk of developing bronchitis? People at risk include: the elderly people breathing in irritating chemicals smokers those with a lung condition, such as asthma people with poor immunity You can reduce your risk by hand washing, and if you smoke, cutting down or quitting. The annual flu vaccine is recommended for people with chronic bronchitis. Is bronchitis contagious? Mostly, bronchitis is caused by contagious viruses. These can be spread by air when someone coughs, or by touch after the virus is left on a surface. Hand washing, covering your mouth when coughing and staying home while unwell can reduce the spread. Do I need a chest X-ray? An X-ray is usually not necessary. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners recommend that chest X-rays for bronchitis are best avoided for simple cases. For more information, speak to your doctor or visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Bronchitis treatment Most people with acute bronchitis will feel better with time and rest. You can help ease the cough and other symptoms by: inhaling steam or having a warm bath avoiding cigarette smoke and other irritants drinking plenty of fluids simple pain relief medication, such as paracetamol (follow the directions on the label) a teaspoon of honey at night, either by itself or in warm water Cough medicines are available, but they might or might not help. If you are very unwell or not getting better, or if you get worse, see your doctor. Sources: Lung Foundation Australia (Acute bronchitis), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Cochrane (Over the Counter medications for acute cough), Australian Doctor (Patient handout: Bronchitis), RACGP (HANDI- Honey – cough in children with URTI), myDr (Bronchitis) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
102 | 2018-04-19 02:00:31 | Bruises | Bumps, knocks and bruises are common injuries that everyone will experience from time to time. Though they can sometimes be very painful, bumps, knocks and bruises are usually easy to treat. These kinds of injuries commonly affect joints such as your elbow or knee, and bumps and knocks to these areas can result in swelling and bruising. A bruise often appears after you have been knocked, bumped or pinched, for example when you have fallen over playing sport, or knocked your body against something. A bruise is made when the tiny blood vessels under your skin are damaged. The blood comes out of the damaged vessels and sits in or under the skin, forming a purple or red mark. Everyone bruises differently, for example children can be more likely to get bumps and bruises because they are often more physically active. Elderly people can have weaker blood vessels that mean they are more prone to damage and bruising. Some people bruise very easily while others don’t. Suspicion of deliberate harm If someone you know has bumps or bruises and you are suspicious that these symptoms were caused deliberately (on purpose), and were not the result of an accident, you should seek help from a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Consider talking to your doctor, community nurse, emergency department or school nurse. If you are unsure who to speak to, call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 to discuss your concerns with a registered nurse. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your bump, knock or bruise, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: St John Ambulance (Bumps and bruises), Kidspot (How to treat bumps and bruises) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
103 | 2018-04-19 02:00:32 | Bumps | Bumps, knocks and bruises are common injuries that everyone will experience from time to time. Though they can sometimes be very painful, bumps, knocks and bruises are usually easy to treat. These kinds of injuries commonly affect joints such as your elbow or knee, and bumps and knocks to these areas can result in swelling and bruising. A bruise often appears after you have been knocked, bumped or pinched, for example when you have fallen over playing sport, or knocked your body against something. A bruise is made when the tiny blood vessels under your skin are damaged. The blood comes out of the damaged vessels and sits in or under the skin, forming a purple or red mark. Everyone bruises differently, for example children can be more likely to get bumps and bruises because they are often more physically active. Elderly people can have weaker blood vessels that mean they are more prone to damage and bruising. Some people bruise very easily while others don’t. Suspicion of deliberate harm If someone you know has bumps or bruises and you are suspicious that these symptoms were caused deliberately (on purpose), and were not the result of an accident, you should seek help from a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Consider talking to your doctor, community nurse, emergency department or school nurse. If you are unsure who to speak to, call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 to discuss your concerns with a registered nurse. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your bump, knock or bruise, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: St John Ambulance (Bumps and bruises), Kidspot (How to treat bumps and bruises) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
104 | 2018-04-19 02:00:34 | Bunions | Bunions may cause you problems; alternatively, they may be harmless. What is a bunion? Bunions usually develop slowly, and many people have them for years with no problems at all. However, some people find: the bunion can push their toes and feet out of shape the skin covering the bunion can get red and inflamed or callused the bunion can make wearing shoes and walking difficult and painful Some people get a smaller bunion, known as a bunionette, in the joint of the smallest toe. Causes of bunions Bunions can run in the family, in which case they are caused mainly by an inherited weak or faulty structure of the foot. They can also be caused by: conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis or cerebral palsy diseases such as polio injuries to the foot Wearing shoes that are too narrow and tight can cause bunions in feet that are already prone to this condition. Experts disagree on whether tight shoes alone can cause bunions, but they definitely make them worse. Avoid high-heeled shoes with pointy tips that squeeze the toes together. The heels tip your body weight forward, putting greater pressure on the toes which are rammed into the end of the shoe. Diagnosis of bunions Your doctor will talk to you and do a physical examination to see how severe your bunions are. They might also say you need to have an X-ray of your foot. The doctor might also order blood or other laboratory tests if they suspect an underlying disease is the cause. If necessary, they’ll refer you to an orthopaedic surgeon or other specialist. Treatment for bunions The first thing to do is to wear comfortable, softer, wider shoes that allow your toes enough space to spread out. Walk barefoot when possible. Often this eases the discomfort and stops the bunion developing further. Other ways to reduce the pain and pressure of bunions include: using special cushioning bunion pads strapping or taping your toe or foot wearing orthotics (shoe inserts) or orthopaedic shoes taking anti-inflammatory medicines such as ibuprofen to relieve the pain and inflammation having a cortisone injection applying an ice pack or hot beanbag to the bunion. If these things don’t work and your foot is deformed or very painful, your doctor might refer you to an orthopaedic surgeon. Before agreeing to surgery, ask what is involved and the benefits and risks to you. It can take a long time to recover from bunion surgery. Prevention of bunions Take care of your children’s feet and your own feet. Always select comfortable, wide shoes that fit properly and don’t squeeze your toes together. Sources: US National Library of Medicine (Bunions), Web MD (What are bunions?), American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (Bunions), WebMD (Understanding bunions symptoms), Mayo Clinic (Bunions, symptoms and causes), Medscape (Hallux valgus overview), Mayo Clinic (Bunions, diagnosis and treatment), Web MD (Bunions, understanding bunions treatment), Harvard Health Publishing (What to do about bunions), American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons (Foot Health Facts, Bunions,), Web MD (How can I prevent bunions?) Last reviewed: February 2018 |
105 | 2018-04-19 02:00:38 | Burns | Burns are common. The most common causes of burns are: scalds from hot drinks such as cups of tea or coffee, hot water from kettles or pots, or hot water taps in the kitchen or bathroom contact with flames contact with hot objects such as stoves, irons, hair straighteners and hot coals chemical burns from swallowing things, like drain cleaner or watch batteries, or from spilling chemicals such as bleach, oven cleaner and concrete onto the skin electrical burns. At first, it can be difficult to tell how deep a burn is, because it can take around two weeks for a burn area to fully develop. First aid for burns: make sure you are safe put the burnt area under cool running water for at least 20 minutes, but don’t use ice (only apply water to the burnt area) remove any clothing around the burn that is not stuck to it remove any jewellery near the burnt area if that is easy to do use clingwrap or a clean dressing to cover the burn take painkillers like paracetamol and anti-inflammatory tablets. Seek medical aid urgently if: The burn is deep, even if the patient does not feel any pain The burn is larger than a 20 cent piece The burn involves the airway, face, hands or genitals. If you need urgent treatment, go to the nearest emergency department. The treatment for serious burns includes: painkillers dressings perhaps admission to hospital perhaps surgery. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your burn or scald, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Royal Children’s Hospital (Clinical Practice Guidelines: Burns), Australian New Zealand Burns Association (First aid), Centre for Children's Burns and Trauma Research (First aid for burns), St John NSW (Burns & scalds) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
106 | 2018-04-19 02:00:40 | Bursitis | These small cushions are called ‘bursa’, and they reduce wear and tear on the tendon as it moves over the bone. Sometimes these cushions become inflamed and painful. Common sites for bursitis include the shoulder (subacromial bursa), hip (trochanteric bursa), knee (prepatellar bursa), elbow (olecranon bursa), Achilles tendon (retrocalcaneal bursa) and foot. The usual treatment is RICE – rest, ice, compression, elevation. Anti-inflammatory medicines may help. Your doctor or physiotherapist may also recommend specific stretches. You should see your doctor if pain and swelling persists despite treatment. Follow the links below to find information about bursitis. Last reviewed: August 2014 |
107 | 2018-04-19 02:00:42 | Cancer | The cancerous cells can invade and destroy surrounding healthy tissue, including organs. Cancer sometimes begins in one part of the body before spreading to other areas. This process is known as 'metastasis'. Early signs of cancer are changes to your body's normal processes or symptoms that are out of the ordinary. For example, a lump that suddenly appears on your body, unexplained bleeding or changes to your bowel habits are all symptoms that need to be checked by a doctor. Cancer has a significant impact on the Australian community in terms of death, illness and costs. The most common cancers in Australia are: prostate cancer breast cancer bowel cancer melanoma lung cancer skin cancers head and neck cancers uterine cancer lymphoma leukaemia cervical cancer ovarian cancer thyroid cancer Sources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Cancer), NHS Choices UK (Cancer) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
108 | 2018-04-19 02:00:43 | Candidiasis (vaginal) | Candida is usually found in the vagina and is harmless, but when it multiplies it can cause an irritation and swelling in the vagina and vulva. In most cases, thrush can be treated effectively. Thrush is not a sexually transmitted infection (STI) because many people already have a small amount of candida in their bodies. In fact, the organism is actually more common in people who are not sexually active. However, thrush may occasionally be passed on during sex because the fungus can be transferred from one partner to the other. The infection can also be made worse as a result of irritation around the genital area that sometimes occurs during sexual intercourse. Thrush occurs in many areas of the body, but especially the vagina, anus and mouth. This article focuses on vaginal thrush. Thrush can cause vaginal irritation and a creamy white discharge, but up to 20% of women do not experience noticeable symptoms. Vaginal thrush can affect women of any age, but is more common between the ages of around 15 years to 50 years old. It is unusual in girls before they have begun their periods, or in older women after the menopause. Pregnancy and thrush If you are pregnant and have thrush (or think you have thrush) you should see your doctor before starting any treatments. Thrush is treatable during pregnancy, and it’s not uncommon for pregnant women to develop thrush, especially during the third trimester. However, some anti-thrush medicine is not advised for pregnant women. So you are recommended to visit your doctor. Many babies also develop thrush once they are born. Thrush in babies can be easily treated. Mothers are advised to visit their doctor or ask their health visitor for advice. About having sex Thrush is not sexually transmitted, so you do not need to avoid sex, though sex may be uncomfortable while you are infected. Seek medical advice if: the treatment that you are using is not working you keep getting thrush despite treatment you start to feel unwell, particularly if you think you have a high temperature you have a weakened immune system. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your vaginal thrush, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: The Royal Women’s Hospital Melbourne (Thrush, candida), MyDr (Vaginal thrush) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
109 | 2018-04-19 02:00:43 | Cardiac arrest | A heart attack is a serious medical emergency where the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, usually by a blood clot. Lack of blood to the heart can seriously damage the heart muscle. A heart attack is known medically as an 'acute myocardial infarction'. Dial triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance if you suspect that you, or someone you know, is having a heart attack. Symptoms of a heart attack can include: chest pain - the chest can feel like it is being pressed or squeezed by a heavy object, and pain can radiate from the chest to the jaw, neck, arms, shoulders and back shortness of breath feeling weak or light-headed an overwhelming feeling of anxiety nausea cold sweat. If you have any of the symptoms above, you could be having a heart attack. If your symptoms are severe, get worse quickly or last longer than 10 minutes call triple zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance. If calling triple zero (000) does not work on your mobile try calling 112. Early treatment could save your life. It is important to stress that not everyone experiences severe chest pain. The pain can often be mild and mistaken for indigestion. Some people will not experience any chest pain at all. It is the combination of symptoms that is important in determining whether a person is having a heart attack, and not the severity of chest pain. Personal story: heart attack Recovering from a heart attack can be both emotionally and practically challenging. Listening to others who have experienced similar situations is often re-assuring and can be helpful for you, your loved ones or when preparing questions for your doctor or a specialist. Watch this video about a patient's experience recovering from a heart attack. Read the related video transcript > More information about this video > Video Copyright: ©2013 University of Oxford. Used under licence from DIPEx. All rights reserved. Sources: NHS Choices, UK (Heart attack), Heart Foundation (Heart attack warning signs), healthtalk.org (Heart attack Interview HA22) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
110 | 2018-04-19 02:00:47 | Cardiac failure | Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle has become too weak or too stiff to pump blood through the body as effectively as normal. Breathlessness or shortness of breath, feeling very tired and swollen legs, ankles and feet, tiredness and dizziness are the main symptoms of heart failure. Sometimes the symptoms of heart failure can develop quickly (acute heart failure). However, they usually develop gradually, over time (chronic heart failure). Heart failure does not usually have a single cause. There are a number of health conditions that increase your risks of developing heart failure including: coronary heart disease high blood pressure diabetes heart attack heart muscle damage (cardiomyopathy) heart rhythm disturbance (atrial fibrillation) heart valve disease (damage or problems with the heart’s valves). Sometimes, anaemia (a lack of oxygenated red blood cells) or an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) can also lead to heart failure. In most cases, heart failure is a lifelong condition that cannot be cured. Personal story: heart failure Being diagnosed with heart failure can be both emotionally and practically challenging. Listening to others who have experienced similar situations is often re-assuring and can be helpful for you, your loved ones or when preparing questions for your doctor or a specialist. Watch this video about a patient's experience after being diagnosed with heart failure. Read the related video transcript > More information about this video > Video Copyright: ©2013 University of Oxford. Used under licence from DIPEx. All rights reserved. Sources: Heart Foundation (Chronic heart failure), Heart Foundation (Living well with chronic heart failure), healthtalk.org (Heart failure, aged 61-70, interview HF04) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
111 | 2018-04-19 02:00:52 | Cardiomyopathy | What is cardiomyopathy? Cardiomyopathy is a condition in which your heart muscle is damaged and becomes weak so it can’t pump blood as well as it should. Most people with cardiomyopathy are only mildly affected and can lead fairly normal lives. However, if you have cardiomyopathy and your heart muscle gets too weak, you can develop heart failure. Symptoms of cardiomyopathy Sometimes there are no symptoms for cardiomyopathy. In other people, symptoms vary depending on the type of cardiomyopathy they have, and their age. You might have: shortness of breath fatigue light headedness or feeling faint heart palpitations swelling in the legs due to fluid retention chest pain In children, you might notice they find it hard to keep up with their friends and become breathless easily. They may also have a cough, tummy pains, nausea or reduced appetite. In babies, you might notice heavy breathing or sweating while they are feeding, and poor weight gain. What causes cardiomyopathy? The main causes of cardiomyopathy are: a viral infection affecting the heart heavy alcohol consumption a heart attack or coronary heart disease family history of cardiomyopathy Cardiomyopathy is sometimes called either primary or secondary. In primary cardiomyopathy, the cause is not known, while in secondary cardiomyopathy, tests are able to show the cause. Types of cardiomyopathy There are four main types of cardiomyopathy. They affect people in different ways. In dilated cardiomyopathy, your heart muscle stretches and become thinner, so it hasn’t got the strength to beat properly. In restrictive cardiomyopathy, your heart becomes rigid and can’t relax enough to beat properly. In hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, your heart muscle enlarges and the walls of the heart thicken - leaving too little room for blood in the heart. In arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy, the muscle in part of your heart is replaced with scar tissue. Living with cardiomyopathy If you have cardiomyopathy, it’s important to live a healthy life as far as possible. You can do this by: having a healthy diet not taking too much salt not drinking too much alcohol not smoking exercising regularly However, some people will also need medicines, some will need surgery and some will need an implantable device to keep their heart going properly. More information For more information about cardiomyopathy, talk to your doctor or visit the Cardiomyopathy Association of Australia website. Sources: Heart Foundation (Cardiomyopathy), Healthy WA (Cardiomyopathy), myDr (Cardiomyopathy) Last reviewed: February 2018 |
112 | 2018-04-19 01:51:49 | Cardiovascular health and the heart | |
113 | 2018-04-19 02:00:57 | Carpal tunnel syndrome | What causes carpal tunnel syndrome? Carpal tunnel syndrome is caused by compression of a nerve when it passes through the wrist. The nerve affected is the median nerve, which carries the sense of touch to the thumb and most of the first three fingers, and controls movement for some of the hand muscles. This nerve runs from the spinal cord down the arm then through the carpal tunnel – a narrow passageway in the wrist with just enough room for the tendons and nerves that pass through it. Swollen or thickened tendons are a sign there is less space for the median nerve, and it can become compressed. Carpal tunnel syndrome can be caused by anything that makes the nerves or tendons larger, or makes the tunnel that they run through smaller. Common causes include overuse of the wrist, injuries to the wrist, arthritis and pregnancy. Symptoms can include nerve pain in the hand or wrist, tingling and numbness in the fingers and palm, or a sense of weakness in the hand. Treatments for carpal tunnel syndrome include splinting the wrist, anti-inflammatory medicines and avoiding activities that are troublesome for the hand. Surgery may be needed for some people. Sources: myDr (Carpal tunnel syndrome), myVMC (Carpal Tunnel Syndrome), WA Health (Carpal tunnel syndrome) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
114 | 2018-04-19 02:00:57 | Cat bites | Usually bites are minor, but infections can occur if the skin is broken and bacteria from the saliva (spit) of the animal that has bitten you is passed into your bloodstream. Bites often result in the following types of injury. puncture lacerations abrasions or scrapes bruising and swelling. Bites can be very painful and uncomfortable. You should also pay close attention for signs of an infection developing. Signs of an infection include: swelling redness increasing tenderness around the bite the wound gets more painful discharge from the wound swollen lymph nodes (especially in the neck, armpits or groin) shivers or developing a high temperature (over 38°C ). Learn more about bacterial infections, such as tetanus, and how to treat minor wounds or cuts from bites in the ‘Treatment and self-care’ section below. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Dog bites Most dog bites are caused either by a family pet or a dog that belongs to someone you know, such as a neighbour. Dogs can bite anybody, but children under 5 are most at risk. A dog can bite if it: is provoked, stressed or frightened is looking after puppies and gets disturbed is unwell or in pain is disturbed while eating or asleep becomes too excited during play is young. Bites from dogs typically cause a puncture wound in the skin, as well as lacerations (jagged cuts) and abrasions (scrapes or grazes).Young children are more likely to be bitten on the head, neck and face – around the lips, cheek or nose. Dog bites can lead to infection and scarring. Cat bites Cat bites usually cause only minor injuries but they tend to increase the risk of an infection developing. However, because cats have smaller and sharper teeth they can cause very deep puncture wounds, which can sometimes go right down to the bone. Cat bites generally occur on the upper limbs (arms and hands) but children may also be bitten on the face and neck. Learn more about bacterial infections, such as tetanus, or how to treat minor wounds or cuts from bites in the ‘Treatment and self-care’ section below. Bat bites Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) belongs to a group of viruses known as lyssaviruses. ABLV is transmitted from bats to humans, but is very rare. Only 3 cases of ABLV have been recorded since the virus was first identified in 1996. All 3 were in Queensland and were fatal. The early symptoms are flu-like, including headache, fever and fatigue. The best way to prevent yourself from being exposed to ABLV is to avoid handling any bat in Australia. Only people who have been vaccinated against ABLV and who have been trained in the care of bats should ever handle bats or flying foxes. Anyone who comes across an injured bat should contact the local WIRES wildlife rescue network on 1300 094 737. If you are bitten or scratched by a bat in Australia you should: immediately wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water for at least 5 minutes apply an antiseptic solution or alcohol gel after washing see your doctor – you may need a tetanus injection or other treatment. Treatment and self-care Tetanus Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that releases toxins into the blood stream and can be fatal. If you have been bitten by an animal and the skin is broken, your healthcare professional may recommend that you have a tetanus booster injection. Treating minor wounds or cuts from bites You can easily treat a minor wound or cut. However, a larger or more serious wound or cut will need medical attention. A wound or cut is considered to be deep if tendons or other internal parts can be seen. A gaping wound is one where the edges of the cut cannot be pulled back together. If the wound is still bleeding: cover it with a clean cloth, apply pressure with the palm of your hand, then keep the pressure on the wound for 15 minutes apply pressure directly over the affected area with a pad made from a clean, rolled up piece of material such as a handkerchief or towel; the material should be dampened with clean water if possible since this will reduce the amount of blood soaked up use a bandage to wrap around the pad or dressing; do not wrap the bandage too tightly since it may affect the circulation if the bleeding is very heavy, it may seep through the bandage; you should use a second dressing to cover the first one if the bleeding continues through both bandages and pads, remove the second bandage only and apply a new one do not look at the wound to see if it has stopped bleeding in case removing the pressure causes it to start bleeding again. If the wound is not bleeding: rinse under running water for 2 minutes (it might be easier for you to rinse the injury with a shower head, if possible); pat dry with a clean cloth, then cover the wound with a dry, sterile, non-sticky dressing to help prevent infection check the area daily for signs of infection such as increasing pain, redness, swelling or yellow discharge if you have not had a full course of tetanus immunisation, or if your boosters are not up to date, contact your doctor. if you are in pain, get advice from a pharmacist or doctor on medicines you can take. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about an animal bite, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self-care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Dog bites), Australian Family Physician (Management of mammalian bites), Women's and Children's Health Network (Cuts, grazes and bruises), NSW Health (Rabies and Australian Bat Lyssavirus Infection), Australian Doctor (A systematic approach to the assessment of bite wounds), Queensland Government (Australian Bat Lyssavirus) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
115 | 2018-04-19 02:01:03 | Cataracts | What is a cataract? A cataract is a clouding of the lens in the eye or the surrounding fluid and can occur in one or both eyes. Mostly older people develop cataracts, but younger people can also get cataracts and, in rare cases, babies may be born with cataracts. Cataracts are more common in people who smoke, drink excessive alcohol or are obese, who have a family history, who have diabetes or high blood pressure, have spent a lot of time in the sun without good eye protection, have had eye injuries or inflammation, or have taken certain medications, such as steroids. Cataract symptoms Cataracts can make your vision blurred or distorted, make you sensitive to glare, or give you the sense of seeing double. If you have cataracts, you may also have trouble reading, driving at night or seeing faces or other details clearly. If you are experiencing some of these symptoms, or your vision isn’t what it used to be, it’s a good idea to make an appointment with an optometrist. Cataracts can usually be diagnosed by an eye examination. The optometrist will look at the appearance of your eye, will look at the retina, check for short sightedness and may examine your eye with a slit lamp, which shows the location and pattern of the cataract. If there is concerns regarding cataracts, an optometrist or GP may refer you to a ophthalmologist (an eye doctor) to consider further investigation and possibly surgery. Sometimes an imaging procedure, such as a computed tomography (CT) scan magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan ultrasound, is used to look at the back of the eye. Cataracts treatment Glasses may help to improve vision in the early stages, but surgery is the only effective long-term treatment because cataracts get progressively worse in adults, although that may not be the case in some children. Surgical treatment of cataracts is very safe and usually involves removing the clouded lens and replacing it with an artificial lens. The procedure generally only requires a local anaesthetic. Some medications used for prostate problems in men can cause problems in cataract surgery. If you are seeing an ophthalmologist about cataracts and take medications for prostate problems make sure they are aware you are taking them. Sources: Vision Australia (Cataracts), myVMC (Cataracts), myDr (Cataracts), Mayo Clinic (Cataracts) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
116 | 2018-04-19 02:01:08 | Cellulitis | What is cellulitis? Cellulitis is a spreading inflammation of the skin and the tissues directly beneath it. It's usually caused by a bacterial infection and can become serious if not treated with antibiotics. The main signs of cellulitis are skin that is red, painful, swollen, tender and warm to touch. People with severe cellulitis can get fever, chills, sweating and nausea, and might feel generally unwell. Cellulitis often affects the lower leg, but can occur on any part of the body. The infection usually occurs when bacteria enter the skin through a cut a scratch or an insect bite. However it can occur without any visible damage to the skin. If you think you or someone in your care has cellulitis, it's important to get medical attention soon as possible. People with cellulitis can quickly become very unwell and a small number of people may develop serious complications. Antibiotics are the main treatment, usually orally at home. Some people need treatment in hospital. Rest and elevation (raising) of the limb are also very important. In some cases the affected limb may need compression. Follow the links below to find trusted information about cellulitis. Sources: Cochrane Review (Interventions for cellulitis and erysipelas), Better Health Channel (Cellulitis), The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Cellulitis and skin infections) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
117 | 2018-04-19 02:01:09 | Cerebral palsy | Cerebral palsy can affect movement, coordination, muscle tone and posture. It can also be associated with impaired vision, hearing, speech, eating and learning. Children with cerebral palsy tend to miss developmental milestones such as crawling, walking and talking. Usually, a confirmed diagnosis of cerebral palsy is made by the time a child is 2. If you think your child is showing some of the symptoms of cerebral palsy, or their development may be delayed, see your early childhood nurse or general practitioner. Cerebral palsy occurs when there is damage to the developing brain in the area that controls muscle tone (the motor cortex). In some cases, the motor cortex fails to develop normally in the fetus. Depending on the damage, cerebral palsy affects people in different ways and to different extents. Risk factors for cerebral palsy can be: prematurity and low birth weight some pregnancy complications an infection caught by the mother during pregnancy prolonged loss of oxygen during pregnancy or childbirth, or severe jaundice after birth injury or bleeding in the baby's brain mutations in the genes that affect the brain's development. The cause remains unknown for most babies with cerebral palsy. There is no single cause of cerebral palsy. The damage to the brain does not worsen with age, but it's permanent. There is no cure. Life expectancy is normal, but the effects of cerebral palsy can cause stress to the body and premature ageing. There are four main types of cerebral palsy: spastic, in which the muscles are weak and stiff dyskinetic, characterised by writhing or jerky movements ataxic, in which movement is affected by problems with balance and coordination mixed, with a range of the above characteristics. Sources: Cerebral Palsy Alliance (Signs of Cerebral Palsy), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Cerebral Palsy: Hope Through Research), Brain Foundation (Cerebral Palsy) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
118 | 2018-04-19 02:01:10 | Cerebral stroke | A stroke is a serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to part of the brain is interrupted. Like all organs, the brain needs the oxygen and nutrients provided by blood to function properly. If the supply of blood is restricted or stopped, brain cells begin to die. This can lead to brain damage and possibly death. A stroke is a medical emergency and prompt treatment is essential. The sooner a person receives treatment for a stroke, the better the outcome. F.A.S.T. test The main symptoms of stroke can be remembered by using the word 'FAST': Face – Check their face. Has their mouth drooped? Arms – Can they lift both arms? Speech – Is their speech slurred? Do they understand you? Time is critical – If you see any of these signs or suspect that you or someone else may be having a stroke, call triple zero (000) straight away and ask for an ambulance. Risk factors Smoking, being overweight, lack of exercise, a poor diet and regularly drinking large amounts of alcohol are risk factors for stroke. Conditions that affect the circulation of the blood, such as high blood pressure, high cholesterol, atrial fibrillation (an irregular heartbeat) and diabetes, also increase your risk of having a stroke. Talk to your doctor about whether you should be tested or treated for anything that might increase your risk of having a stroke. For more information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about stroke, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self-care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Brain Foundation (Stroke), NHS Choices (Stroke), Stroke Foundation (Types of stroke), Choosing Wisely Australia (Choosing Wisely reccomendations), Stroke Foundation (Stroke symptoms) Last reviewed: July 2017 |
119 | 2018-04-19 02:01:14 | Cervical cancer | Normally, cells grow and multiply in an orderly way; however, damaged genes can cause them to behave abnormally. They may grow into a lump called a 'tumour'. Tumours can be benign (not cancer) or malignant (cancer). Polyps, cysts, and genital warts are types of benign growths on the cervix. A malignant tumour is made up of cancer cells. If these cells are not treated, they may spread beyond their normal boundaries and into surrounding tissues, becoming invasive cancer. The two main types of cervical cancer are named after the type of cells from which they originate: Squamous cell carcinoma - this is the most common type of cervical cancer, accounting for about 80% of all cases. It starts in the skin-like squamous cells of the cervix. Adenocarcinoma - this is a less common type of cervical cancer, which develops from the glandular cells. Cervical cancer often has no symptoms in its early stages. If you have symptoms, the most common is unusual vaginal bleeding which can occur after sex, in between periods or after menopause. Abnormal bleeding doesn't mean that you have cervical cancer, but it's important to see your doctor as soon as possible. If your doctor suspects you might have cervical cancer, you should be referred to see a specialist as soon as possible. If your doctor suspects you might have cervical cancer, you should be referred to see a specialist as soon as possible. Cervical cancer is one of few cancers where screening can detect pre-cancerous lesions. Australia has recently introduced a new Cervical Screening Test to replace the old Pap test (sometimes referred to as a 'Pap smear'). This test is more accurate and needs to be done less often (every five years rather than every two years). All women aged 25 to 74 should have the Cervical Screening Test. The National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP) recommends you have your first Cervical Screening Test two years after your last Pap test. After that, you will only need to have the test every five years if your results are normal. For further information visit the NCSP website at www.cancerscreening.gov.au or contact your doctor, health centre or family planning clinic, or phone 13 15 56 (for the cost of a local call). Sources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Cervical screening), Department of Health and Ageing (National Cervical Screening Program), Cancer Australia (Cervical Cancer), NHS Choices UK (Cervical cancer) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
120 | 2018-04-19 02:01:15 | CF (cystic fibrosis) | Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that mostly affects the lungs and digestive system. It results from a fault in a particular gene. As a result, the mucus produced by the lungs and intestines to be thick and sticky. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder, meaning that both parents must carry the faulty cystic fibrosis gene for the disease to be passed to their child. Cystic fibrosis is usually detected in newborn babies through a neonatal screening test, known as the heel prick test. This free test involves pricking the heel of the baby to gain a tiny blood sample and detects up to 95% of babies with cystic fibrosis. If a baby has a positive heel prick test, it should then have a sweat test at about 6 weeks old to see if it either has the disorder, or is a healthy carrier of the faulty gene. Adults who have cystic fibrosis in their family can have genetic counselling and blood tests to see if they carry the gene for cystic fibrosis. Most people with cystic fibrosis have: chest problems such as cough, wheeze and recurrent chest infections digestive problems and bulky, fatty stools very salty sweat. They may also have lung damage, malnutrition, poor growth and diabetes. Almost all men and most women with cystic fibrosis are infertile. The lives of people with cystic fibrosis are usually shortened by the disorder, but they can lead happy and productive lives well into middle age. While cystic fibrosis cannot be cured, physiotherapy and many other treatments are available to improve quality of life and reduce complications. Sources: Pregnancy Birth and Baby (Neonatal Screening Test), Cystic Fibrosis Australia (About Cystic Fibrosis), Mayo Clinic (Cystic Fibrosis), Australian Prescriber (Management Of Cystic Fibrosis In Adults) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
121 | 2018-04-19 02:01:20 | CHD (coronary heart disease) | There are two major clinical forms - heart attack (often known as ‘acute myocardial infarction’ or AMI) and angina. Coronary heart disease is the term that describes what happens when your heart’s blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. Over time, the walls of your arteries can become clogged up with fatty deposits. This process is known as ‘atherosclerosis’ and the fatty deposits are called ‘atheroma’. Atherosclerosis can be caused by lifestyle habits and other conditions such as: being inactive being overweight having an unhealthy diet smoking high cholesterol high blood pressure (hypertension) diabetes If your doctor thinks you are at risk of CHD, they may carry out a risk assessment. This involves asking about your medical and family history, asking about your lifestyle and requesting a blood test. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners also recommends that if you are concerned about cardiovascular disease but have no symptoms, talk to your doctor or specialist about whether the benefits will outweigh the risks involved with specific testing for heart disease or stroke. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. The Royal College of Pathologists of Australia recommends that if you are over 75 years of age, you need to talk to your doctor or specialist about the risks and benefits of testing and treating your cholesterol. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Sources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Cardiovascular health compendium), Heart Foundation (What is coronary heart disease?), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Heart Foundation (Heart disease fact sheet) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
122 | 2018-04-19 02:01:22 | Chemicals (inhaled) | Sometimes people accidentally breathe in something they shouldn’t. That includes liquids, powders, gases and solid items such as medicines or drugs, particularly: small parts from toys food or drink that has ‘gone down the wrong way’ smoke from fires chemical and toxic fumes, including household gas (such as the gas from your cooker), aerosols or glues. It can be hard to work out if a small object or fluid has been swallowed or inhaled. If in doubt, call healthdirect on 1800 022 222. If you or your child has inhaled an object, call an ambulance on triple zero (000). You should go to the nearest emergency department if you have been advised to do so, or if you, or your child, have: trouble breathing coughing that won’t stop wheezing (or a whistling sound while breathing). Chemical and toxic fumes Fumes from chemicals or toxic substances can irritate your airways, skin and eyes, and inhaling a substance can make your nose and throat sore or swollen. If you have inhaled chemical or toxic fumes, you should get into fresh air straight away. Open doors and windows wide. If you are with someone who has inhaled toxic fumes, seek medical attention immediately. If they have collapsed, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and start resuscitation. Tell the operator what the poison was. If you’re not sure, you can call the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26. If the person vomits, turn their head to the side to prevent choking. Do not try to rescue someone if there is a toxic gas involved, as you may also inhale the substance. Call triple zero (000) for help. Some cleaning products can produce toxic gases when they’re mixed together. If this happens, get into fresh air. When it is safe to do so, dispose of the mixed cleaning products safely. There should be instructions on the side of the packaging about safe disposal. Inhaling substances deliberately Some people may inhale substances deliberately to harm or injure themselves. If you have done this, you should know you are not alone and help is available. Please discuss this with a healthcare professional. Find out more about self harm. Sources: Queensland Government Children’s Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service (First aid), Healthy WA (Poisoning first aid), Mayo Clinic (Poisoning – first aid) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
123 | 2018-04-19 02:01:23 | Chest infection | Most chest infections will get better with rest, but sometimes antibiotics are needed. What is a chest infection? A chest infection is an infection in the lungs or lower airways. If the infection is in the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, it is called pneumonia. If it is in the larger airways (bronchi), it is called bronchitis. Chest infections can be spread to other people when an infected person coughs or sneezes. Chest infections are more common in: babies and young children pregnant women elderly people smokers people with long-term health conditions or weakened immune systems. Causes of chest infection Chest infections are usually caused by either bacteria or viruses. Pneumonia is often caused by bacteria, and bronchitis is often caused by viruses. Occasionally, chest infections can be caused by fungi. Chest infection symptoms The most common symptoms of a chest infection are: cough, with or without yellow or green mucous (phlegm) or blood wheeze rapid breathing or breathlessness fever fast heartbeat chest pain or tightness tiredness. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker. If you think you have a chest infection, call healthdirect (1800 022 222) for advice, see your doctor or visit your emergency department. Chest infection treatment Your doctor may take your medical history, examine you, and may order blood tests, a test of your phlegm, or a chest x-ray. The treatment for chest infection usually includes: rest drinking plenty of fluids taking painkillers if needed such as paracetamol or ibuprofen. Chest infections in most people don’t need any medical treatment. In some cases, antibiotics are needed. However, only bacterial infections respond to treatment with antibiotics - antibiotics will not help viral infections. Chest infection prevention You can reduce the risk of getting a chest infection, or of passing one on, by: having good hygiene: wash your hands, cover your mouth when you cough or sneeze, and dispose of used tissues in the rubbish bin quitting smoking if you smoke limiting alcohol eating healthy food. Your doctor may recommend vaccination against the flu (influenza) or pneumococcal infections, particularly for babies, elderly people, pregnant women or people with long-term health conditions. If you think you are at high risk of chest infections, talk to your doctor. Sources: Victorian Government Department of Health (Chest infections), NHS choices (chest infection), Australian Doctor (Patient handout: Bronchitis), Lung Foundation Australia (Pneumonia) Last reviewed: March 2017 |
124 | 2018-04-19 02:01:27 | Chest injuries | Chest injuries include: bruising or abrasions (cuts and grazes) to the chest area broken bones (for example ribs) damage to the lungs or heart. Minor chest injuries such as bruising are common. Chest injuries may be caused by either: a blunt injury, such as from sport, or from a punch or kick, or from a fall a penetrating wound, such as from a gun or a knife a crushing injury, such as from a road accident. If the injury is severe, there may be internal bleeding. This might be obvious (e.g. coughing up blood), or not so obvious (e.g. pale and clammy skin, nausea, extreme thirst). If you think you may have internal bleeding, you should call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your chest injury, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Healthy WA (Chest injuries and rib fractures) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
125 | 2018-04-19 02:01:31 | Chickenpox | Immunisation can help prevent the spread of chickenpox. Chickenpox causes a rash of red, itchy spots that turn into fluid-filled blisters. They then crust over to form scabs, which eventually drop off. Your child is likely to have a fever at least for the first few days of the illness and the spots can be incredibly itchy, so expect them to feel pretty miserable and irritable while they have chickenpox. Some children have only a few spots, but in others they can cover the entire body. The spots are most likely to appear on the face, ears and scalp, under the arms, on the chest and belly and on the arms and legs. The incubation period for chickenpox is between one and three weeks. The most infectious time is between one and two days before the rash appears, but it continues to be infectious until all the blisters have crusted over. Chickenpox can be severe at any age and have serious complications. Complications include: bacterial skin infections pneumonia swelling of the membranes covering the brain (aseptic meningitis) decrease in blood platelet cell (thrombocytopenia) may have a short term effect on movement (acute cerebellar ataxia) foetal abnormalities in pregnant women (see below) encephalitis (inflammation of the brain). Pregnant women should be especially careful to avoid chickenpox as it can affect the unborn baby by causing foetal malformations, skin scarring and other serious problems (congenital varicella syndrome). There is no specific treatment for chickenpox, but there are medicines and pharmacy products which can help alleviate symptoms, such as: paracetamol to relieve fever calamine lotion and cooling gels to ease itching. In most children, the blisters crust up and fall off naturally within one to two weeks. Adults who have had chickenpox as a child may also get shingles later in life, as they are both caused by the virus varicella zoster. Sources: NPS Medicinewise (Chickenpox vaccine), Australian Department of Health (Immunise Australia Program) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
126 | 2018-04-19 01:51:49 | Childhood illnesses | |
127 | 2018-04-19 02:01:37 | Childhood obesity | Your child's weight matters, because it can affect their health now and in the future. Overweight children are more likely to grow up into overweight adults, who face all the health risks that carrying excess weight can bring. If your child is overweight, it's time to take action. Take action The good news is that there are steps you can take that will set your child on the road to a healthy weight. If your child is very overweight, or if they have other health conditions, it's a good idea to ask for support. Your doctor can help. Children are growing, so it's usually not necessary for overweight children to lose weight. Instead, it is usually better that the child maintains their current weight while they continue to grow in height. This will depend on how overweight your child is and how old they are, as well as other factors. If you're unsure about this or other issues, ask for advice from your doctor. Change as a family A healthy, balanced diet and plenty of physical activity will lead to a healthy weight for your child. Making changes to your family's lifestyle can make a real difference to your child's weight. These changes work best, and are easiest, when the whole family joins in. Regular meals, eaten together and without distractions (such as TV) are a great first step towards a healthier diet. Cooking yourself rather than relying on ready-made meals can help you to lower the fat and sugar content in your meals. If your family eats snacks that are high in fat or sugar, such as chocolate, biscuits, sweets and soft drinks, aim to replace these with healthier alternatives such as fruit. Physical activity is also an important part of achieving a healthy weight. The amount of physical activity that is recommended for children depends on age, and children who are overweight may need to do more than the recommended amount in order to lose weight. Aim to reduce the amount of time your child spends on inactive hobbies, such as watching television and playing electronic indoor games. Current Australian recommendations for ‘screen time’ are: Children younger than 2 years of age should not spend any time watching television or using other electronic media (DVDs, computer and other electronic games). For Children 2 to 5 years of age, sitting and watching television and the use of other electronic media should be limited to less than 1 hour per day. Infants, toddlers and pre-schoolers (all children birth to 5 years) should not be kept inactive for more than 1 hour at a time, with the exception of sleeping. It's also important to help your child develop a positive body image and good self-esteem. Habits in childhood will remain as they grow into adults, so praise them when they try healthier foods or when they swap a sedentary activity for an active one. Check out some great ideas and support to help your family get on track to a more healthy lifestyle and how to do healthy food swaps. Your child at school The school that your child attends should support you in helping your child to achieve a healthy weight. All schools should provide opportunities for physical activity and healthy food. Some schools will also help to ensure that your child does not bring unhealthy foods to school, by working with parents to set guidelines on packed lunches. If your child is overweight, you can talk to your child's teachers about your plans to help your child achieve a healthy weight, and how the school can support this. Getting support If you feel uncertain about helping your child to achieve a healthy weight, or the changes you've made don't seem to be helping, then seek support. Your doctor can assess your child's weight and provide further advice on lifestyle changes, or refer you to other health professionals such as a: paediatrician dietitian psychologist. More information You can get further information and support on childhood obesity from the websites below: Department of Health - obesity guidelines Child and Youth Health - weight problems in childhood. Sources: NHS Choices, UK (What can I do if my child is very overweight?), Department of Health (Obesity Guidelines), Child and Youth Health (Weight problems in childhood), National Health and Medical Research Council (Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, Adolescents and Children in Australia) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
128 | 2018-04-19 02:01:42 | Chlamydia | Most people who have chlamydia don't notice any symptoms and so they don't know they have it. Research suggests that 50% of men and 70-80% of women don't get symptoms at all with a chlamydia infection. Symptoms of chlamydia could be pain when you urinate, an unusual discharge from the penis, vagina or rectum or, in women, bleeding between periods or after sex. Testing for chlamydia is done with a urine test for men or a women have a urine test or a swab taken from the cervix or vagina. You don't always have to have a physical examination by a doctor. Chlamydia is treated with antibiotics. If it isn't treated, the infection can sometimes spread to other parts of your body and lead to serious long-term health problems such as pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility (not being able to have children). You can help prevent being infected with chlamydia (and other sexually transmitted infections) by practising safe sex. This means using a condom when you have vaginal or anal sex and using a condom or dental dam for oral sex. Check your symptoms with healthdirect's Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Expert advice on chlamydia - video Sources: Family Planning NSW (Chlamydia), Australasian Sexual Health Alliance (STI management guidelines for use in primary care - chlamydia), US Centers for Disease Control (Chlamydia fact sheet), Queensland Government (Chlamydia) Last reviewed: July 2017 |
129 | 2018-04-19 02:01:44 | Cholera | Cholera is a diarrhoeal illness most likely to be found in parts of the world with poor water and sanitary services. A person can get cholera from drinking water or eating food that has been contaminated with the cholera bacterium. The illness can spread rapidly particularly in areas with poor hygiene. Cholera can be mild or severe. Severe illness is usually indicated by extreme watery diarrhoea, leg cramps, and vomiting. Dehydration and shock is common. Without urgent medical care including intravenous hydration, cholera can be fatal. Follow the links below to find trusted information about cholera. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Cholera) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
130 | 2018-04-19 02:01:51 | Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) | Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS), also known as Myalgic Encephalitis (ME), is an illness that affects the nervous system. It causes extreme fatigue that cannot be explained by any other medical condition. If you have CFS/ME you are likely to feel very tired, very often, even if you have not been active. You may also have a host of other symptoms. Doctors do not yet understand the cause or causes of CFS/ME, and there is no simple cure. But if you or your child has CFS/ME, your doctor can suggest treatments you may find helpful. Symptoms and diagnosis The most common symptom is ongoing, unexplained tiredness which may be accompanied by: headaches muscle pain joint pain sore throat loss of memory or poor concentration enlarged lymph nodes unusual tiredness after exercise. This tiredness may be your only symptom, or you may also have any or all of the other symptoms. Some people experience mild symptoms, and others more intense symptoms. There is no single test to diagnose CFS/ME. Your doctor will diagnose CFS/ME based on your symptoms and how long you have had them.Your doctor may do some tests to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms before diagnosing CFS/ME. Patients can be diagnosed with CFS/ME only after they have had symptoms for six months or more. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Managing your symptoms It may help if you: relax as much as possible try to go to bed at the same time each night and limit daytime napping limit your activity, even on good days - otherwise you may have more days when you are exhausted pace yourself - keep your activity level even avoid caffeine, alcohol, nicotine and anything else that could affect your sleep. Your doctor can also suggest treatments such as: medicines – for depression if you are feeling depressed, or pills to help you sleep soundly at night gentle graded exercise – which means you try different types of exercise that suit you, and increase the level of activity when you are ready psychological counseling cognitive behavioural therapy. Any suggested treatments for your symptoms will aim to make you physically, mentally or emotionally stronger. There is no simple cure. Any commercially available product or treatment promoted as a cure for CFS/ME should be treated with caution. Your doctor may also suggest working with other healthcare professionals such as a psychologist and physical therapist. You may want to talk to your doctor about how to manage work or school commitments while you are sick and when you feel you might be ready to return. Try to pace your activities so that you do not spend more energy than you have while you are ill. Sources: National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Chronic fatigue), Mayo Clinic (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome), Emerge Australia (About ME-CFS), Medical Journal of Australia (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Clinical Practice Guidelines, 2002), National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (Assessment and diagnosis of chronic fatigue syndrome myalgic encephalomyelitis) Last reviewed: February 2017 |
131 | 2018-04-19 02:01:55 | Chronic kidney disease | What is chronic kidney disease? Chronic kidney disease is kidney disease that continues. It rarely gets better, although there are ways to stop it getting worse. What causes chronic kidney disease? Most people who have chronic kidney disease have a health problem such as diabetes or high blood pressure. Other diseases that cause chronic kidney disease include glomerulonephritis, an inflammation of the kidney’s filters. Other things that contribute to people getting chronic kidney disease are: having heart failure, or having had a heart attack or stroke having kidney disease in the family being overweight smoking being of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islander origin. If any of this sounds like you, it’s best to get your kidneys checked every year. You can help prevent chronic kidney disease by keeping a healthy weight, eating healthily, not smoking, keeping a check on your blood pressure, keeping within your glucose targets if you have diabetes and exercising regularly - see Preventing kidney disease. Kidney disease signs and symptoms Kidney disease is sometimes called a ‘silent disease’ because there may be no warning signs. Symptoms often start only when the kidneys are working quite poorly, and may include high blood pressure, changes in your urine, tiredness, nausea, and itching - see Kidney disease symptoms. If you notice any such symptoms, see your doctor. Chronic kidney disease diagnosis and treatment There are several tests doctors can do to check whether you have chronic kidney disease, including blood and urine tests - see kidney disease diagnosis. Once diagnosed, treatments may be able to slow down the progression of chronic kidney disease - see kidney disease treatment. If you are being treated for chronic kidney disease, your doctors may need to change other medications you are on, since many medicines can affect the kidneys, such as blood pressure drugs and anti-inflammatories. Some people go on to develop what is called Stage 5 or ‘end stage kidney disease’, in which their kidneys are working very badly. If you develop kidney failure, you will need either dialysis or a kidney transplant. Sources: Kidney Health Australia (Kidney disease), Kidney Health Australia (Treatment for kidney disease), Kidney Health Australia (Keeping your kidneys healthy), Kidney Health Australia (Risk factors), International Diabetes Federation (Your guide to diabetes and kidney disease), Kidney Health Australia (Chronic kidney disease management handbook), Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Chronic kidney disease prevention and management) Last reviewed: February 2017 |
132 | 2018-04-19 02:01:56 | Cirrhosis of the liver | What is cirrhosis? Cirrhosis develops when the liver is permanently damaged and scar tissue replaces healthy tissue. Cirrhosis develops over many years, eventually preventing the liver from functioning properly. If cirrhosis becomes so serious it causes the liver to fail, it can be life-threatening. What causes cirrhosis? While anything that damages the liver can cause cirrhosis, the most common causes are: drinking too much alcohol over many years (chronic alcohol abuse) long-term hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection buildup of excess fat in the liver (fatty liver) associated with obesity and diabetes. Other causes include autoimmune liver disease and inherited liver diseases (such as haemochromatosis, a condition where iron builds up in the liver). Cirrhosis symptoms Symptoms come on gradually as the liver loses its ability to work properly. They include: tiredness and weakness bruising and bleeding easily itchy skin yellowing of skin and whites of eyes (jaundice) fluid buildup in abdomen (ascites) appetite loss nausea and vomiting swelling in legs (oedema) weight loss very black, dark or tarry stool (poo) confusion, drowsiness and slurred speech fever and shivering red palms of the hands spider-like blood vessels on skin breast enlargement in men. Cirrhosis treatment Cirrhosis has no cure. However, it is possible to manage the symptoms and any complications, and slow its progression. Your doctor may recommend: stop drinking alcohol for good (support groups can help for example Alcoholics Anonymous Australia and Drinkwise Australia) losing weight (healthy diet and exercise) taking prescription medicines to treat any underlying causes (such as hepatitis C, autoimmune disease, inherited liver disease). Very advanced cirrhosis causes the liver to fail. In this case, a liver transplant is the only treatment option. If you have liver cirrhosis, it’s important to avoid drinking alcohol to prevent further liver damage. Cut down on salt and make sure you eat plenty of fresh fruit and vegetables as well as lean protein. Make sure you avoid infections by washing your hands regularly and getting up to date on your vaccinations, and talk to your doctor or pharmacist before you use over the counter medications. To help prevent cirrhosis, limit alcohol consumption to no more than the daily recommend amounts, and immunise against hepatitis B infection. Avoid high-risk sexual behaviour (unprotected sex) and unsafe needle practices (i.e. no sharing) to prevent hepatitis infection. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Cirrhosis), WebMD (Cirrhosis of the liver) Last reviewed: June 2017 |
133 | 2018-04-19 02:02:03 | Clap | Gonorrhoea often has no symptoms, and if left untreated, can cause permanent damage and infertility in men and women. How do you get gonorrhoea? Gonorrhoea is spread by having unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex with an infected person. Gonorrhoea can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during birth, which can cause eye infection (neonatal conjunctivitis) and even blindness. What if I have gonorrhoea? If you think you have gonorrhoea it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Your doctor can confirm the diagnosis with testing and start treatment. It is very important to tell all your sexual partners from the past three months that you have been diagnosed with gonorrhoea. They will need to be tested for gonorrhoea and treated if infected. Your doctor will help you decide who you need to tell and how you can tell them. The following website can provide advice and sample emails, SMSs and letters to send either personally or anonymously: www.letthemknow.org.au. More information To learn more about gonorrhoea contact your doctor, sexual health clinic or call healthdirect on 1800 022 222. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about gonorrhoea (the clap), check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Family Planning NSW (Gonorrhoea), Let Them Know (Gonorrhoea fact sheet), Healthy WA (Gonorrhoea) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
134 | 2018-04-19 02:02:05 | Claustrophobia | Claustrophobia is a type of agoraphobia. People with agoraphobia are worried by situations where there’s no easy way to escape or get help if they become very anxious. Other types of agoraphobia involve a fear of public transport, of open spaces, of crowds and of being outside alone. Claustrophobia is a very individual experience. Some people only feel mildly anxious when they are in a confined or crowded space. Others feel extremely anxious and can experience a panic attack. There are many situations that can trigger claustrophobia. Some of them are: lifts tunnels trains crowded rooms revolving doors public toilets cars with central locking car washes changing rooms in shops rooms with no windows planes tight clothing If you have felt uncomfortable or panicky in a confined space recently, you should talk to your doctor. You might be affected by claustrophobia. Claustrophobia, like other anxiety disorders, is a treatable condition. What are the symptoms of claustrophobia? It is common for people who are affected by claustrophobia to experience panic attacks. A panic attack is a sudden, intense episode of fear. The physical and mental sensations can be overwhelming. Common symptoms of panic attacks include: a fear of losing control or fainting feelings of doom a fear of dying rapid thoughts making it harder to think clearly rapid heart rate, rapid breathing rate or shortness of breath sweating and trembling feeling weak or dizzy a choking sensation hot flushes or chills feeling confused, disorientated, or feeling detached from yourself nausea Almost half of all Australians will suffer a panic attack at some time in their lives. How does claustrophobia affect people’s lives? Claustrophobia can make you feel very uncomfortable and anxious in confined spaces. Panic attacks can be very frightening and they may be so intense that you might feel like avoiding situations where an attack happened. You might change your routines because you fear that you might have a panic attack. In severe cases, some people may not feel able to leave their home. If this happens, seek help. How is claustrophobia treated? If you have been diagnosed with a form of anxiety, such as claustrophobia, then your doctor may first advise you try psychological treatment such as cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT). Your doctor or psychiatrist might also prescribe medicine to manage some of the symptoms as part of your treatment. Talk to your doctor about the various treatment options. Sources: NHS Choices (Claustrophobia), PsychCentral (Agoraphobia - symptoms), beyondblue (Specific phobias), Reachout.com (What are panic attacks?), Mayo Clinic (Agoraphobia) Last reviewed: March 2018 |
135 | 2018-04-19 02:02:07 | Coeliac disease | Coeliac disease (pronounced SEE-lee-ak) is a serious medical condition where the lining of the small intestine is damaged by tiny amounts of gluten (a protein found in grains such as wheat, rye, barley and oats). It is caused when the immune system reacts abnormally to gluten and means people do not absorb food and nutrients properly. This can result in health problems such as malnutrition and osteoporosis. The abnormal immune response to gluten causes damage to the small intestine when the tiny, finger-like projections lining the bowel, called villi, become inflamed and flattened. This is called villous atrophy and it reduces the available surface area of the bowel to absorb nutrients from food. People with coeliac disease can have severe symptoms, or they may have no obvious symptoms at all. Common symptoms include: diarrhoea or constipation weight loss nausea flatulence (passing wind) feeling pain, cramping or discomfort in the stomach feeling tired, lethargic and weak iron deficiency pains in the bones and joints mouth ulcers skin rashes or bruising easily feeling irritable. Check your symptoms with healthdirect Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Coeliac disease affects people of all ages and gender. It runs in families and can develop at any age from infancy to adulthood. It is very important to be properly diagnosed with coeliac disease by a doctor because it is a serious medical condition that affects people for their whole life. If you have coeliac disease, you will have to remove all foods containing gluten from your diet. If you think you may have coeliac disease don't stop eating foods that contain gluten until after you have been diagnosed as stopping gluten means the tests are unreliable. Diagnosis involves blood tests and a small bowel biopsy (tiny samples of your small bowel will be collected by a doctor). Coeliac disease can't be cured, but it can be controlled with a strict, lifelong gluten free diet. If coeliac disease is not well controlled it can lead to complications such as osteoporosis, infertility, chronic poor health, depression and teeth problems. However, early diagnosis and treatment of coeliac disease significantly reduces the risk of most complications ever occurring. Sources: Coeliac Australia (Coeliac disease), Coeliac Australia (Diagnosis), Coeliac Australia (Associated conditions), Coeliac Australia (Living with coeliac disease), Coeliac Australia (Symptoms), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Information about coeliac disease - pdf) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
136 | 2018-04-19 02:02:13 | Cold or flu? (infographic) | Download this infographic in PDF format to print it Read the embedded text separately More information Learn more about the different types of colds and flu viruses and the medicines that might help relieve cold and flu symptoms. If you are still concerned about your cold or flu, why not use healthdirect's online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Share this infographic on your site Copy and paste the code in this box into your page editor to embed this infographic on your website or blog. Infographic courtesy of Healthdirect Australia. Healthdirect Australia’s terms of use apply to your use of this infographic widget. Sources: NHS Choices (Flu myths), UpToDate (Patient information: The common cold in adults (Beyond the Basics)), Immunise Australia Program (Fact sheet for consumers for influenza season 2016) Last reviewed: June 2016 |
137 | 2018-04-19 02:02:16 | Cold sores | Cold sores are small blister-like spots that appear in or around the outside of the mouth. Cold sores are caused by a virus, known as herpes simplex type 1 (HSV-1). About 80 per cent of adults are infected with the virus. Most people are infected when they are young and the infection lasts for life. However the virus can remain dormant (inactive) in some people, meaning that cold sores may never appear. However, there are various factors that can cause the virus to become active resulting in one or more cold sores. They can include: tiredness and fatigue a break in the skin near the affected area periods (menstruation) emotional upsets or stress strong sunlight, cold or wind alcohol colds, flu or fevers that make the body less able to fight off infection. Cold sores start with an itchy and tingling sensation usually on the mouth, lips or nose (and can form on the genitals) and may form small blisters which crust after 3 days. Cold sores usually clear up after 7-10 days without leaving any scars. However, they can be highly contagious, even when the blisters aren’t present. The virus can spread between people by direct physical contact, such as kissing, skin to skin contact, sharing drink containers or eating utensils, towels or toothbrushes with someone who already has a cold sore. As well as a blister-like spot, the following symptoms are also common: fever nausea headaches pain and swelling in the mouth sore throat swollen glands dehydration. Your pharmacist may recommend products to treat the short term symptoms of a cold sore. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your cold sores, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: SA Health (Cold sores), Raising Children Network (Cold sores), myDr (Cold sores overview), Mayo Clinic (Cold sore), Better Health Channel (Cold sores) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
138 | 2018-04-19 02:02:21 | Colds and flu (influenza) | Is it a cold or the flu? View this infographic to identify cold or flu symptoms and debunk the most common myths. Colds are very common. Children may get 5-10 colds a year, while adults may get 2-4 colds each year. Colds affect the nose, the throat and upper airways, and common symptoms include coughing, fever, sore throat, sneezing, blocked or runny nose and general congestion. They are caused by about 200 different viruses and there is no vaccine for a cold. The flu is a viral infection affecting your nose, throat and sometimes your lungs. Typical symptoms of flu include fever, sore throat and muscle aches. Symptoms of a cold tend to be mild to moderately severe. |
139 | 2018-04-19 02:02:24 | Colic | Crying is normal in babies. At six to eight weeks, babies normally cry for two to three hours a day. But babies with colic will cry inconsolably for more than three hours at a time on at least three days each week, and this cycle tends to last for more than three weeks Colic usually begins within the first few weeks of life and peaks at around six to eight weeks. It often stops by the time the baby is four months old, and by six months at the latest. In most cases, the intense crying occurs in the late afternoon or evening and usually lasts for several hours. You may also notice that your baby’s face becomes flushed, and they may clench their fists, draw their knees up to their tummy, or arch their back. If your baby has colic, they may appear to be in distress. However, the crying outbursts are not harmful and your baby will continue to feed and gain weight normally. There is no clear evidence that colic has any long-term effects on a baby’s health. Seeing your doctor Babies with colic usually don’t have any underlying medical condition . However, you should see your doctor if your baby cries excessively. This is so your doctor can rule out conditions that may be causing your baby’s crying, such as eczema or gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD). GORD is a condition where stomach acid moves back out of the stomach and into the oesophagus (food pipe). If no other cause of your baby’s symptoms can be found, diagnosis of colic can be made (although this is simply a term used to describe a baby that cries a lot). Your doctor can advise you about the things you can do to help your baby, including what treatments are available. When to call your doctor immediately A number of signs and symptoms may suggest that your baby is more seriously ill. It is recommended that you contact your doctor immediately if your baby: has a weak, high-pitched continuous cry seems floppy when you pick them up takes less than a third of their usual amount of fluids passes less urine than usual vomits green fluid passes blood in their stools has a fever such as 38C or above (if they’re less than three months old) or 39C or above (if they’re three to six months old) has a bulging fontanelle (the soft spot at the top of a baby’s head) has a fit (seizure) turns blue, blotchy or very pale has a stiff neck has breathing problems, such as breathing quickly or grunting while breathing has a spotty, purple-red rash anywhere on their body (this could be a sign of meningitis) has a seizure (fit). None of the above symptoms are caused by colic. If you can’t get hold of your doctor, call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 for advice. What causes colic? The cause or causes of colic are unknown, but a number of theories have been suggested. These include indigestion, trapped wind or a temporary gut sensitivity to certain proteins and sugars found in breast milk and formula milk. However, there is currently little solid evidence to support these theories. Colic occurs equally in boys and girls, and in babies who are breastfed or bottle-fed. Colic is thought to be more common in babies whose mothers are smokers or who smoked while they were pregnant but the evidence is not conclusive. Comforting your baby There is no ‘best’ way to comfort your baby or reduce the symptoms of colic. Different babies respond to different methods, so you may have to see what works best for you. The following suggestions may help: Holding your baby during a crying episode can sometimes help, as can wrapping them snugly in a blanket or baby sling. Remember your baby is not unwell or in pain. It is not your fault Keep calm and talk gently to your baby Check your baby doesn’t need a feed or a nappy change Develop a regular daily pattern of feeds and sleeps Don’t overstimulate your baby Darken the room for daytime naps Try soothing techniques such as baby massage, gentle rocking or patting Try to soothe your baby before they become too worked up Try not to startle your baby, eg with quick movements Check formula is being made up correctly, if you’re using it Talk to a doctor or other health professional. You can buy ‘gripe water’ - an over the counter liquid that claims to ease gas and other ‘colicky’ symptoms. Gripe water contains a range of different ingredients including herbal ingredients. There is no evidence that gripe water can improve colic in babies and such products should only be used in consultation with your doctor. Sources: mrDr (Colic in infants), National Center for Biotechnology Information (US) (Environmental Tobacco Smoke: The Colic Connection), Mayo Clinic (Colic), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Colic crying babies unsettled babies - parent handout), Raising Children Network (Colic: what is it?), National Center for Biotechnology Information (US) (Treating infants’ colic) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
140 | 2018-04-19 02:02:25 | Colitis and Crohn's disease | They can develop at any age, but often develop in young people aged 15 to 30 years. Common symptoms include diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cramping, tiredness, reduced appetite and weight loss. Symptoms tend to come and go over time. Other symptoms may include: blood in your poo arthritis skin and eye problems liver disease mouth ulcers Inflammation is a normal defense mechanism used by the immune system to fight off invaders, such as bacteria or viruses. Usually, inflammation is switched off once the invaders are destroyed. In Crohn's disease and colitis a problem with the immune system causes inflammation to continue, damaging the walls of the digestive tract. There is no single test that can be used to diagnose Crohn's disease or colitis, so a combination of tests is usually required. This often includes a colonoscopy, where a thin flexible tube that contains a tiny camera is used to look inside the bowel. Small samples of the bowel lining may also be taken for testing. The main difference between the two diseases is the extent of inflammation they cause: Colitis only affects the large bowel (colon and/or rectum), and inflammation is only in the surface layers of the bowel lining. Colitis is also sometimes called 'ulcerative colitis' because it causes ulcers (tiny sores) to form in the lining of the bowel. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the digestive tract from mouth to anus (back passage) but usually affects the last section of the small bowel (the ileum) and/or the colon. Inflammation can extend into the entire thickness of the bowel wall. While Crohn's disease and colitis cannot be cured, their symptoms can usually be managed using medications that control inflammation. Sometimes surgery can also help. Sources: Gut Foundation (Inflammatory Bowel Disease), Crohn's and Colitis Australia (About Crohn's and colitis), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Inflammatory Bowel Disease), Mayo Clinic (Inflammatory bowel disease) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
141 | 2018-04-19 02:02:27 | Colon cancer | Symptoms of bowel cancer include blood in your stools (poo), an unexplained change in your bowel habits, such as prolonged diarrhoea or constipation, and unexplained weight loss. Most bowel cancers develop from tiny growths inside the colon or rectum called 'polyps', which look like small spots on the bowel lining or like cherries on stalks. Not all polyps become cancerous. If polyps are removed, the risk of bowel cancer is reduced. Bowel cancer can be treated using a combination of surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and, in some cases, biological therapy. As with most types of cancer, the chance of a complete cure depends on how far the cancer has advanced by the time it is diagnosed.The National Bowel Cancer Screening Program (NBCSP) provides free bowel screening to people turning 50, 55, 60, 64, 65, 70, 72 and 74 years of age. More information can be found on the NBCSP website or by ringing their Information Line on 1800 118 868 Personal story: bowel cancerBeing diagnosed with bowel cancer can be both emotionally and practically challenging. Listening to others who have experienced similar situations is often re-assuring and can be helpful for you, your loved ones or when preparing questions for your doctor or a specialist. Watch this video about a patient's experience after being diagnosed with bowel cancer. Read the related video transcript >More information about this video > Video Copyright: ©2013 University of Oxford. Used under licence from DIPEx. All rights reserved. Sources: NHS Choices, UK (Bowel cancer), Cancer Screening (National Bowel Cancer Screening Program), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Bowel cancer screening), healthtalk.org ((Colorectal cancer, less than 3 years since diagnosis, interview 11)) Last reviewed: August 2016 |
142 | 2018-04-19 02:02:30 | Colour blindness | What is colour blindness Colour blindness is the inability to see certain colours in the usual way. The condition is usually inherited and is there from birth. It can also arise from damage to the brain or eyes. Types of colour blindness There are three types of colour blindness. Red–green colour blindness Red-green colour blindness is the most common form of colour blindness. It is usually inherited and mostly affects males. It means you find it hard to tell reds from greens. Blue–yellow colour blindness Blue-yellow colour blindness is less common than red-green colour blindness. It means you find it hard to tell blues from yellows. Complete colour blindness If you have this, you don’t experience colour at all. Complete colour blindness is extremely rare. Colour blindness diagnosis Your doctor or optometrist can check you for colour blindness. The most common way is by using specially designed cards with coloured dots in patterns you should recognise if you don’t have colour blindness. How does colour blindness affect daily life? It might cause you some problems, but others you will learn to overcome. For example, if you have red-green colour blindness, you might have trouble telling if red meat is cooked. And you might have trouble seeing the colours on traffic lights. But you can learn that the red is at the top and the green is at the bottom. Children with colour blindness might need help with schoolwork as educational materials are often colour-coded. If you are colour blind, some occupations will be difficult. These include being a pilot, long distance driving or work where colours are important, like graphic design. If you’re concerned about colour blindness, see an optometrist. Your doctor can also refer you to an ophthalmologist (eye specialist). They can recommend ways to manage colour blindness, with tools like special lenses or software. Sources: National Eye Institute (Facts about colour blindness), Vision Eye Institute (Colour blindness), Healthy WA (Colour blindness) Last reviewed: March 2018 |
143 | 2018-04-19 02:02:32 | Common cold | Is it a cold or the flu? View this infographic to identify cold or flu symptoms and debunk the most common myths. Colds are very common. Children may get 5-10 colds a year, while adults may get 2-4 colds each year. Colds affect the nose, the throat and upper airways, and common symptoms include coughing, fever, sore throat, sneezing, blocked or runny nose and general congestion. They are caused by about 200 different viruses and there is no vaccine for a cold. The flu is a viral infection affecting your nose, throat and sometimes your lungs. Typical symptoms of flu include fever, sore throat and muscle aches. Symptoms of a cold tend to be mild to moderately severe. |
144 | 2018-04-19 02:02:35 | Compartment syndrome | What is a compartment? A compartment is a group of muscles in your arm or leg. The group of muscles is enclosed in a tough sheath that keeps the muscles together. The sheath does not stretch easily, so if there is a build-up of blood or fluid inside the compartment, pressure builds up. Types of compartment syndrome Compartment syndrome can be acute or chronic. Acute compartment syndrome happens suddenly and needs urgent treatment. If you think you have acute compartment syndrome, you need to seek medical attention right away. Chronic compartment syndrome happens gradually. What causes compartment syndrome? Acute compartment syndrome usually develops after a serious injury such as a bone fracture or a crush injury. Other causes include: very tight bandages or plaster casts severe bruising anabolic steroid use blood flow returning after blocked circulation Chronic compartment syndrome is usually caused by repetitive exercise, such as running or cycling, that leads to swelling. Compartment syndrome symptoms Acute compartment syndrome symptoms: intense pain – usually more painful than you might expect from your injury increased pain when you stretch your affected muscle your skin may look pale and feel cold to touch tight muscles when you stretch tingling or burning in the skin numbness and paralysis Chronic compartment syndrome symptoms: pain or cramping during exercise that stops once the activity stops difficulty moving your foot a muscle bulge big enough to see Compartment syndrome diagnosis Your doctor will talk to you and examine you. There are ways to measure the pressure inside the compartment. Compartment syndrome treatment If you have acute compartment syndrome, you will need to reduce the pressure on the arm or leg. If you have a bandage or plaster on, it will need to be removed. You will also be asked to have your limb up in the air. If that doesn’t ease pain straight away, you will need surgery to cut into the muscle compartment and ease the pressure. If you have chronic compartment syndrome, resting will help. That is often enough for the condition to settle. You might also be advised to switch to low-impact exercise. Sources: Orthoanswer.org (Compartment syndrome), Clinical Practice Guidelines (Clinical practice guidelines for the management of acute limb compartment syndrome following trauma), American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (Compartment syndrome), Physio Works (Compartment syndrome) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
145 | 2018-04-19 02:02:37 | Computer addiction | Addiction is most commonly associated with gambling, drugs – both illicit and prescription – alcohol and nicotine, but it's possible to be addicted to anything, such as: Work – workaholics are obsessed with their work to the extent that they suffer physical exhaustion. If your relationship, family and social life are suffering and you never take holidays, you may be a work addict. Computers – as computer use has increased, so too has computer addiction. People may spend hours each day and night surfing the internet or playing games while neglecting other aspects of their lives. Solvents – 'volatile substance abuse' involves inhaling substances such as glue, aerosols, paint or lighter fuel, to give you a feeling of intoxication. Solvent abuse can be fatal. Shopping – shopping becomes an addiction when you buy things you don't need or want in order to achieve a buzz. This is quickly followed by feelings of guilt, shame or despair. Whatever a person is addicted to, they can't control how they use it, and they may become dependent on it to get through daily life. Why does addiction begin? There are many reasons why addictions begin. In the case of drugs, alcohol and nicotine, these substances affect the way you feel, both physically and mentally. These feelings can be enjoyable and create a powerful urge to use the substances again. Gambling may result in a similar mental 'high' after a win, followed by a strong urge to try again and re-create that feeling. This can develop into a habit that becomes very hard to stop. Being addicted to something means that not having it causes withdrawal symptoms or a 'come down'. Because this can be unpleasant, it's easier to carry on having or doing what you crave, and so the cycle continues. Often, an addiction gets out of control because you need more and more to satisfy a craving and achieve the 'high'. The strain of managing an addiction can seriously damage a person's work performance and relationships. In the case of substance abuse (for example, drugs and alcohol), an addiction can have serious psychological and physical effects. Some studies suggest that addiction is genetic, but environmental factors, such as being brought up by someone with an addiction, are also thought to increase the risk. An addiction can be a way of blocking out difficult issues. Unemployment and poverty can trigger addiction, along with stress, and emotional or professional pressure. Symptoms of addiction People may or may not know they are addicted. The symptoms that indicate you, or someone you know, has an addiction include: repeating something even though it interferes with your life stealing or selling things to continue the addictive behaviour losing interest in other things being angry, violent, moody, or depressed seeing changes in eating habits, sleeping habits, or weight feeling sick or shaky when trying to quit. Some drugs, such as alcohol and ice, can make people unpredictable and violent. If you are worried about your safety, or the safety of someone else, call the police on triple zero (000). Visit the Alcohol and Drug Foundation website for more information on supporting someone with an addiction. If you are caring for someone with an addiction, it is just as important to continue to look after yourself. Visit Carer Gateway or call 1800 422 737 (Monday-Friday, 8am-6pm) for more information. Where to get help Overcoming addiction is easier if you seek help. Talk to your doctor, or see below for a service that can help. You can search for a doctor in your region here. The Australian Drug Information Network (ADIN) lists support services, including services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. ReachOut.com has information about addiction and mental health for young people. The Family Drug Helpline. Call 1300 660 068. Family Drug Support Australia. Call 1300 368 186. Alcoholics Anonymous. Call 1300 222 222. Lifeline. Call 13 11 14. To speak to someone anonymously about any kind of addiction, you can also look at a range of national and state-based support services at adf.org.au. Sources: ReachOut.com (The facts about drug addiction), ReachOut.com (What is addiction), Lifeline (Substance abuse & addiction), Australian Drug Information Network (Help & support services), Australian Drug Foundation (Help and support) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
146 | 2018-04-19 02:02:40 | Concussion | What causes concussion? Concussion is a common head injury in contact sports, such as Australian rules football, rugby league and rugby. People can also be concussed in anything with a risk of falls, such as horse riding, cycling and skiing. People can also get concussion outside of sports. This can be a bang on the head from falling over, or from a sudden and vigorous movement of the head, such as a whiplash injury from a car accident. Concussion signs and symptoms People who have concussion may have: headache nausea dizziness problems with balance problems with attention loss of consciousness (30 minutes or less) confusion sensitivity to noise and light brief convulsions temporary memory loss Concussion treatment If you have had concussion, it is important to see a doctor. Do not drive and don't take medicines like aspirin, anti-inflammatories, sleeping tablets and sedating pain medications until your doctor tells you it's ok. Your doctor may order a head scan. Some people are kept in hospital for observation. It is important that, after concussion, you are with other people until you recover. If you have had concussion, you need to rest, both physically and mentally. Children should stay home from school and not use a computer or play video games. The return to school might need to be gradual. You can slowly return to normal mental and physical activities when you have had a minimum of 24 hours without any symptoms. If you have had concussion, you should not play sport until you are fully recovered as the brain is more vulnerable to a more serious brain injury if another blow occurs. Anybody who is suspected of having concussion while they're playing sport should sit out the rest of the game. Most people recover fully within 2 weeks. Some people have symptoms for longer. A small number of people have longer-term complications. Some have symptoms that last a long time. Some get repeated concussions. People in these situations should see a doctor. Sources: Australian Sports Commission (Australian Institute of Sport and Australian Medical Association Concussion in Sport Position Statement), Australian Family Physician (Concussive head injury in children and adolescents), Brain Foundation (Concussion), Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health (Diagnosis and management of paediatric concussion) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
147 | 2018-04-19 02:02:41 | Congenital adrenal hyperplasia | What is congenital adrenal hyperplasia? Congenital adrenal hyperplasia, or CAH, affects the adrenal glands. These glands make hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone and androgens, which are male sex hormones. A person who has CAH makes too many androgens and not enough cortisol and aldosterone. CAH can affect the normal growth and development of a child, including normal growth of the genitals. Types of congenital adrenal hyperplasia There are two main types of CAH. Classic CAH is the more severe form and is usually noticed during infancy or early childhood. Non-classic CAH is the milder form and is usually noticed in adolescence or early adulthood. Signs and symptoms of congenital adrenal hyperplasia Girls with classic CAH can be born with genitals look more male than female. Other signs and symptoms of classic CAH in infants include: an enlarged penis for boys poor weight gain or weight loss dehydration vomiting. Children and adults with either type of CAH can have: rapid growth and early puberty, followed by shorter than average final height irregular menstrual cycles infertility excessive facial or body hair, and a deep voice in females acne, which can be severe. At any age, people with CAH are vulnerable to an ‘adrenal crisis’, in which they feel very ill, weak and tired, and start vomiting. They usually occur during times of physical stress. An adrenal crisis can be prevented with early treatment, so it is important to be able to recognise the signs and see your doctor immediately. Diagnosing congenital adrenal hyperplasia If there are signs of possible CAH in your infant or child, your doctor will examine your child and may also order a blood or urine test to check hormone levels. Living with congenital adrenal hyperplasia CAH can be managed with medication. This includes taking synthetic cortisol every day to maintain hormones to a normal level. Where to go for help? You can read more about genetic disorders and about genetic screening. Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia Support Group Australia provides support and education to people affected by CAH and their families. The CAH Family Workshop website is aimed at families with a diagnosis of CAH. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Congenital adrenal hyperplasia – symptoms), CAH Support Group Australia (What is CAH?), Royal Childrens Hospital Melbourne (Adrenal crisis prevention) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
148 | 2018-04-19 02:02:47 | Congenital heart defects | Follow the links below to find trusted information about congenital heart defects. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
149 | 2018-04-19 02:02:47 | Congestive heart failure | Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle has become too weak or too stiff to pump blood through the body as effectively as normal. Breathlessness or shortness of breath, feeling very tired and swollen legs, ankles and feet, tiredness and dizziness are the main symptoms of heart failure. Sometimes the symptoms of heart failure can develop quickly (acute heart failure). However, they usually develop gradually, over time (chronic heart failure). Heart failure does not usually have a single cause. There are a number of health conditions that increase your risks of developing heart failure including: coronary heart disease high blood pressure diabetes heart attack heart muscle damage (cardiomyopathy) heart rhythm disturbance (atrial fibrillation) heart valve disease (damage or problems with the heart’s valves). Sometimes, anaemia (a lack of oxygenated red blood cells) or an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) can also lead to heart failure. In most cases, heart failure is a lifelong condition that cannot be cured. Personal story: heart failure Being diagnosed with heart failure can be both emotionally and practically challenging. Listening to others who have experienced similar situations is often re-assuring and can be helpful for you, your loved ones or when preparing questions for your doctor or a specialist. Watch this video about a patient's experience after being diagnosed with heart failure. Read the related video transcript > More information about this video > Video Copyright: ©2013 University of Oxford. Used under licence from DIPEx. All rights reserved. Sources: Heart Foundation (Chronic heart failure), Heart Foundation (Living well with chronic heart failure), healthtalk.org (Heart failure, aged 61-70, interview HF04) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
150 | 2018-04-19 02:02:55 | Conjunctivitis | What is conjunctivitis? Conjunctivitis means the white of the eye is pink due to inflammation of the clear covering over it (the conjuctivae). If you have pink eye, you might also: have tears have a discharge, usually yellow or green, and crusty lashes, usually worse on waking have itchy or burning eyes be sensitive to light. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Causes of conjunctivitis Conjunctivitis can be caused by: bacterial infection viral infection allergy irritants such as dust or chemicals a foreign body (such as sand or a small piece of rock) a blocked tear duct (in babies). Conjunctivitis caused by viral or bacterial infection is highly contagious. Conjunctivitis diagnosis Your doctor will talk to you and will examine you, especially your eyes. Your doctor might take a sample of the secretions from your eye. Conjunctivitis treatment The treatment for conjunctivitis depends on the cause. Viral infections improve without treatment, but bacterial infections require antibiotic eye drops. It can be difficult to tell them apart. Allergic conjunctivitis is treated with antihistamine drops or tablets, and conjunctivitis due to irritants may be helped by anti-inflammatory drops. If you have a foreign body in your eye, your doctor will need to remove it. Conjunctivitis prevention While adults can develop conjunctivitis, it is much more common among children. It is often contagious. People with conjunctivitis should try not to touch their eyes, and should wash their hands regularly. This will reduce the risk of it spreading. People using contact lenses should change them regularly. People working with an irritant or in a dusty environment should wear eye protection. Learn more about eye care. When to see a doctor Whenever you have a conjunctivitis with any other symptoms, see your doctor if it doesn’t improve within hours. Sources: All About Vision (Pink Eye (Conjunctivitis)), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Pink Eye: Usually Mild and Easy to Treat), EyeSmart (Conjunctivitis: What Is Pink Eye?), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Acute Red Eye), MedlinePlus (Pinkeye), Mayo Clinic (Pink eye (conjunctivitis)) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
151 | 2018-04-19 02:03:01 | Connective tissue diseases | Follow the links below to find trusted information about connective tissue diseases. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
152 | 2018-04-19 02:03:03 | Constipation | Does it matter how often I use my bowels? No. The timing of bowel movements varies quite a lot between different people – from 3 bowel movements per day, to 1 bowel movement every 3 days. So if you’re not having a movement every day, that doesn’t necessarily mean there is a problem. You are only constipated if you are having trouble with having a bowel movement, or you are not having a bowel movement as often as usual. You might also: pass hard stools pass only small amounts at a time feel blocked, or as though you have not completely emptied your bowels. If you are constipated, you are likely to feel uncomfortable, so it's wise to find the cause and then do something about it. What causes constipation? Constipation is caused by the colon (part of your digestive system) absorbing too much water from your food. This means your stools, which are produced at the end of the digestive process, get dry and hard, making them difficult to pass. Usually, constipation is caused by: not eating enough fibre not drinking enough water not exercising enough ignoring the urge to pass a stool when you need to being stressed. You can also get constipation when you: are pregnant are due to get your period use laxatives too much are taking certain medications, such as pain killers or iron tablets have a medical condition such as diabetes or a nerve disease have a problem with your digestive tract, such as irritable bowel syndrome, diverticulitis or haemorrhoids. Babies can get constipated when solid foods are introduced, and children might become constipated if they hold back bowel movements. Constipation is a very common gastrointestinal problem. Almost everyone gets constipated at some time in their life. Occasionally, constipation can be a sign of an underlying disease, such as bowel cancer. In such cases, there are likely to be other symptoms, such as a recent change in bowel habits, weight loss, anal bleeding or abdominal pain. If you have any of these symptoms, see your doctor. Diagnosis of constipation Before diagnosing constipation, your doctor will need to talk to you about your symptoms, your lifestyle, medical history and any medications you are taking. Some people will be asked to have tests, particularly if they have other symptoms, to rule out bowel cancer. Your doctor might: gently feel your abdominal area examine the anus and rectum (bottom part of the bowel) using a gloved finger look inside the rectum with an instrument called a sigmoidoscope look inside the whole bowel with a flexible telescope (colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy) do an x-ray of the large bowel (barium enema). Treating and preventing constipation There are several things you can do at home to prevent constipation and treat it if it does occur. These include: eating more high fibre foods (you may also try adding a fibre supplement to your diet) drinking plenty of water and other fluids exercising regularly going to the toilet when you need to, without delaying. If these measures don’t work, ask your doctor for advice. They might need to check any medications you take, or prescribe a laxative to get your bowel moving. Sources: Continence Foundation of Australia (Constipation), Healthy WA (Constipation), GESA (Information about constipation), myVMC (Constipation signs and symptoms), CSSANZ (Constipation) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
153 | 2018-04-19 02:03:05 | Contact dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin is commonly termed 'eczema' or 'dermatitis'. Contact dermatitis occurs when your skin comes into contact with something that causes it to become red and inflamed (known as an inflammatory reaction). There are two different types of contact dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis – this is caused by an allergen and it will continue to cause inflammation of your skin each time you come into contact with it. Common causes of allergic contact dermatitis are allergy to nickel, plants, chemicals, creams and ointments. irritant contact dermatitis – this is when an irritant causes damage to your skin, resulting in inflammation. It can happen when you are exposed to irritants for long periods of time. Both types of contact dermatitis can cause the skin to become: cracked red blistered thickened dry The symptoms of contact dermatitis can be effectively managed with treatment. Your pharmacist may be able to recommend some products which can help with dry, sore or itchy skin. Your doctor may suggest some creams and other treatments, or refer you to a specialist if it’s not clear what is causing the contact dermatitis, or the symptoms don’t respond to treatment. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your contact dermatitis, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: NHS Choices, UK (Contact dermatitis), Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Contact dermatitis) Last reviewed: September 2017 |
154 | 2018-04-19 02:03:09 | COPD | These lung conditions include emphysema, chronic bronchitis and chronic asthma. The main cause of COPD is smoking. If you notice that you are gradually getting more short of breath, it is wise to see your doctor. Anyone over 35 who smokes should have a lung check for COPD, especially if they cough, bring up mucus on most days or are short of breath compared with others the same age. COPD diagnosis First your doctor is likely to take a medical history and ask you some questions, such as whether you smoke, if you have any allergies, and what sort of environment you work in. After talking to you, your doctor may examine you and listen to your chest. Finally a breathing test called spirometry is used. This involves breathing into a small machine called a spirometer, which shows whether you have COPD, and if so, how bad it is. It can also help distinguish between COPD and some other conditions such as asthma. Some people may also need an x-ray of their chest or other tests. COPD symptoms If you are in the earliest stages of COPD, you may not have any symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they may include: feeling breathless a new or persistent cough producing a lot of phlegm (mucus), which is swallowed or coughed up. Wheezing and chest tightness are also common symptoms. COPD symptoms are very similar to asthma symptoms. COPD symptoms usually appear after 50, don’t respond well to medication, and they gradually get worse. Most people with COPD have been smokers. With asthma, people usually also have allergic conditions like hay fever. Their symptoms may flare up but they go back to normal with medication. COPD treatment There is no cure for COPD, but it can be managed. There are several different treatments that can help manage COPD, including: quitting smoking, if you are a smoker (ask your doctor for help with this) having ‘pulmonary rehabilitation’ (an exercise program to help you breathe and function easier) getting regular exercise eating a healthy diet taking medications to help you breathe easier (these are usually inhaled, and either work to open up the airways, or reduce inflammation inside them) having an annual influenza vaccination and a possible one-off pneumococcal vaccine acting quickly if your symptoms flare-up (consult your doctor about the best way to do this) having oxygen at home, if you have severe COPD. There are ways to help you learn how to cope with everyday tasks despite feeling breathless. COPD complications COPD can lead to a range of complications, including: susceptibility to respiratory infections, such as colds, the flu and pneumonia high pressure in the blood vessels to your lungs (known as pulmonary hypertension) an increased risk of heart disease lung cancer (for smokers) depressionfrequent visits to hospitala reduced quality of life.Where can I find out more about COPD? To learn more about COPD, follow the links below to trusted information or visit the Lung Foundation website. Sources: Asthma Australia (COPD), Lung Foundation (COPD) Last reviewed: April 2017 |
155 | 2018-04-19 02:03:10 | Coronary heart disease | There are two major clinical forms - heart attack (often known as ‘acute myocardial infarction’ or AMI) and angina. Coronary heart disease is the term that describes what happens when your heart’s blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. Over time, the walls of your arteries can become clogged up with fatty deposits. This process is known as ‘atherosclerosis’ and the fatty deposits are called ‘atheroma’. Atherosclerosis can be caused by lifestyle habits and other conditions such as: being inactive being overweight having an unhealthy diet smoking high cholesterol high blood pressure (hypertension) diabetes If your doctor thinks you are at risk of CHD, they may carry out a risk assessment. This involves asking about your medical and family history, asking about your lifestyle and requesting a blood test. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners also recommends that if you are concerned about cardiovascular disease but have no symptoms, talk to your doctor or specialist about whether the benefits will outweigh the risks involved with specific testing for heart disease or stroke. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. The Royal College of Pathologists of Australia recommends that if you are over 75 years of age, you need to talk to your doctor or specialist about the risks and benefits of testing and treating your cholesterol. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Sources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Cardiovascular health compendium), Heart Foundation (What is coronary heart disease?), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Heart Foundation (Heart disease fact sheet) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
156 | 2018-04-19 02:03:17 | Costochondritis | What is costochondritis?Costochondritis is an inflammation in the cartilage that joins your ribs to your breastbone. It is also called chest wall pain or costosternal syndrome.There is usually no obvious cause. Sometimes it can be due to:a lot of coughinga chest injuryphysical strain from exercise or lifting something heavyan infectionarthritisa tumour.Costochondritis symptomsCostochondritis causes pain and tenderness in your chest. The pain often gets worse:if you cough, sneeze or breathe deeplyif you moveif you put pressure on your chest by using a tight seatbelt or hugging someone.The symptoms may develop gradually or start suddenly.It might feel like you’re having a heart attack. If you are in doubt, see your doctor as soon as possible. If you have chest pain and have trouble breathing, feel sick or are sweaty, dial triple zero (000) for an ambulance.Costochondritis is sometimes confused with a rare condition called Tietze syndrome, which has similar symptoms but also causes chest swelling.Read more about causes of chest pain.Diagnosing costochondritisYour doctor can diagnose costochondritis by talking to you and examining you. You may also be asked to have blood tests, X-rays or an electrocardiogram to rule out other causes of your pain.Costochondritis treatmentCostochondritis usually gets better by itself. While you have the condition, avoid activities that aggravate it, such as reaching up into a high cupboard or strenuous exercise.You can ease the pain by:avoiding strenuous activityapplying a heat packgentle stretchingtaking non-prescription painkillers such as paracetamol or anti-inflammatory medicine such as ibuprofen.Your doctor may suggest corticosteroid injections into the joint or prescribe other medications if your symptoms don’t ease. Sources: NHS Choices (Costochondritis), Mayo Clinic (Costochondritis - Definition), Mayo Clinic (Costochondritis - symptoms), Mayo Clinic (Costochondritis – Causes), Mayo Clinic (Costochondritis – Treatments and drugs), NHS Choices (Bornholm disease), Australian Family Physician (Musculoskeletal chest wall pain) Last reviewed: April 2017 |
157 | 2018-04-19 02:03:21 | Cough (whooping) | The disease is highly infectious and most serious in babies under the age of 12 months, particularly in the first few months. Babies are at greatest risk of harm from whooping cough as they have soft airways that are vulnerable to damage from the severe coughing bouts, and may not yet be immune from vaccination. Older children and adults, including those who have been vaccinated, can still get whooping cough. While it is not as critically dangerous as it is in small babies, it is still a distressing condition, with the cough lasting up to 3 months. Whooping cough has been called the ‘100 day cough’. The condition usually begins with a persistent dry and irritating cough that progresses to intense bouts of coughing. Particularly in small children, these bouts can be followed by a distinctive 'whooping' noise as the child breathes in, which is how the condition gets its name, but in many cases the only sign is a persistent hacking cough. Other symptoms include a runny nose, raised temperature and vomiting after coughing. The incubation period for whooping cough is roughly between 7 to 20 days with its infectious period lasting from the first signs of the illness until about three weeks after coughing starts. If an antibiotic is given, the infectious period will continue for up to five days after starting treatment. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Added protection for infants It is now recommended that all pregnant women receive a pertussis (whooping cough) vaccination during their third trimester (ideally at 28 weeks). A combination of antibodies being passed through the mother’s bloodstream and the reduced risk of the mother contracting the disease makes this an ideal time to administer the vaccine. Most states now offer the pertussis vaccination for free to expectant mothers. Speak to your doctor or antenatal care provider to schedule an appointment. Fathers, grandparents and anyone else who is likely to come into contact with newborns should see their doctor to get a pertussis booster at least two weeks before the baby is born. Sources: Immunise Australia (Pertussis (Whooping Cough)), NSW Health (Whooping cough - Identify, Protect, Prevent), Immunise Australia (The Australian Immunisation Handbook, Pertussis), NSW Health (Whooping cough (Pertussis)), Mayo Clinic (Whooping cough symptoms) Last reviewed: May 2017 |
158 | 2018-04-19 02:03:26 | Coughs and colds (in children) | Coughs In children cough is a common symptom which is commonly caused by a cold. Usually a cough is self limiting and not serious. If your child is feeding, drinking, eating and breathing normally and there’s no wheezing, a cough isn’t usually anything to worry about. If your child has a bad cough that won’t go away, see your doctor. Causes of a more serious cough in children can include; croup whooping cough asthma pneumonia swallowing a foreign object e.g. peanut. Signs of a more serious cause of a childhood cough can include; high temperature persistant or unual cough breathlessness at rest or on exertion occurs at night listless or overly tired in discomfort. If your child has any of these symptoms take them to the doctor. If your child seems to be having trouble breathing, seek medical attention urgently or call an ambulance, even if it’s the middle of the night. Although it’s upsetting to hear your child cough, coughing helps clear away phlegm from the chest or mucus from the back of the throat. Sore throats Sore throats are often caused by viral illnesses such as colds or flu. Your child’s throat may be dry and sore for a day or two before a cold starts. Infant or child dosage paracetamol or ibuprofen can be given to reduce the pain. Most sore throats clear up on their own after a few days. If your child has a sore throat for more than 4 days, has a high temperature and is generally unwell, or is unable to swallow fluids or saliva, see your doctor. Colds It is normal for a child to have 8 or more colds per year. This is because there are hundreds of different cold viruses and young children have no immunity to any of them as they've never had them before. Gradually they build up immunity and get fewer colds. Most colds get better in 5 to 7 days. Here are some suggestions on how to ease the symptoms in your child: Increase the amount of fluid your child normally drinks. Saline nose drops can help loosen dried nasal secretions and relieve a stuffy nose. Ask your pharmacist, doctor or early childhood nurse about them. If your child has a fever, pain or discomfort, paracetamol or ibuprofen can help. There are child and infant products that will state on the packet how much you should give children of different ages. Encourage the whole family to wash their hands regularly to stop the cold spreading. Nasal decongestants can make stuffiness worse. Never use them for more than 2 or 3 days. Ear infections Ear infections are common in babies and small children. They often follow a cold and sometimes cause a temperature. A child may pull or rub at an ear, but babies can’t always tell where pain is coming from and may just cry and seem uncomfortable. If your child has an earache but is otherwise well, give them infant or child dose paracetamol or ibuprofen for 12-24 hours. Don’t put any oil, eardrops or cotton buds into your child’s ear unless your doctor advises you to do so. Most ear infections are caused by viruses, which can’t be treated with antibiotics. They will just get better by themselves. After an ear infection your child may have a problem hearing for 2 to 6 weeks. If the problem lasts for any longer than this, ask your doctor for advice. Glue ear Repeated middle ear infections (otitis media) may lead to 'glue ear' (otitis media with effusion), where sticky fluid builds up and can affect your child’s hearing. This may lead to unclear speech or behavioural problems. Your doctor will give you advice on treating glue ear. Sources: NHS Choices (UK) (Colds, coughs and ear infections in children) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
159 | 2018-04-19 02:03:29 | Cow's milk allergy | Allergy to cow's milk is an immune system reaction (true allergy) against proteins in milk. About 1 infant in 50 is allergic to cow’s milk and dairy products. Most of these children will outgrow cow’s milk allergy by the time they are 4 years old. Exposure to even a trace amount of milk protein can be a problem for someone with milk protein allergy. True allergy to cow’s milk is rare in adults. Symptoms of allergy to cow’s milk may include a rash (eczema or hives), swelling, vomiting, diarrhoea or breathing difficulties. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction and requires immediate treatment. If you think someone is having an allergic reaction, seek medical advice urgently as symptoms can worsen rapidly. If breathing is affected, call triple zero (000). Diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy is often obvious when symptoms occur within minutes of exposure. Skin prick allergen tests from your doctor may also help. When symptoms are delayed, cow’s milk allergy can be harder to diagnose. Lactose in cow’s milk is a problem for people who lack the enzyme lactose, but this is different to cow’s milk allergy. Choosing Wisely and allergen testing The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy recommends you should speak to your doctor or specialist about the benefits and safety of allergen immunotherapy or before attempting any allergy testing or treatment. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Follow the links below to find trusted information about allergic reactions to cow's milk. Sources: Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Cow's milk (dairy) allergy), Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Anaphylaxis) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
160 | 2018-04-19 02:03:31 | Crabs | Pubic lice (also known as crabs) are tiny insects that live in coarse body hair including pubic hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows. They do not live on your head. The female lice lay eggs (smaller than the size of a pin head) that are glued to the hair. These hatch after 6 to 10 days leaving behind empty shells, known as nits. These look like white or grey oval dots on the hair. The signs you may have pubic lice are: itching around your genitals or back passage tiny blue spots around your genitals spots of blood or fine, gritty debris in your underwear visible lice or tiny eggs in your pubic hair. The most common way of spreading pubic lice is from sexual contact. If you or your partner have several sexual partners, you increase your chance of getting pubic lice. You can also catch pubic lice by having close but non-sexual contact with someone who has lice. For example, by kissing someone who has an infested beard or moustache or sleeping in the same bed. Looking after yourself If you think you have caught pubic lice from sexual contact, you need treatment with cream/lotion from the pharmacist. You should also consider a visit to you doctor or sexual health clinic so you can be checked for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Pubic lice can be hard to get rid of or can keep coming back, so it is important to treat them quickly and thoroughly. You cannot get rid of pubic lice by washing or shaving, as the lice only need a minimal length of hair on which to lay their eggs. You do not need to shave your pubic hair. You can treat yourself at home with an insecticidal lotion or cream which is available over the counter from a pharmacy. You will need to repeat this in a week to kill any newly hatched lice. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions when using insecticidal products on yourself or someone else. Over enthusiastic or repeated use of insecticidal products should be avoided as this may cause a secondary contact skin rash. Try to avoid scratching the area as this may cause irritation of the skin. There are over the counter medicines that can relieve pain and itching. You should discuss these with a pharmacist. To avoid the risk of injuring your eyes, you should not try to remove nits from your eyelashes. If your eyelashes are infested, treatment with a special eye ointment, shampoo or cream rinse will be recommended, to avoid eye irritation, talk to your pharmacist about this. To prevent re-infestation, people that you are in close contact with should be treated at the same time. This includes sexual partners and all members of your household, even if they are not yet showing any symptoms. Don't have sex until the pubic lice have been treated. Consider others Reduce the risk of spreading pubic lice by: Avoiding close body contact, including hugging and kissing, with anyone until treatment has worked and you are clear of lice. Ensure you do not share bed linen or towels with someone who may have lice until they have completed treatment. All linen and towels used during the period of treatment must be washed in a hot water cycle and preferably dried on a hot setting in a clothes dryer. Avoiding sexual contact until treatment has worked and you are clear of lice. Ensuring that your sexual partner(s) have been informed and treated otherwise they may re-infest you or infest others. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your pubic lice (crabs), why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: ReachOut Australia (Pubic lice), Healthy WA (Pubic lice), NHS Choices (UK) (Pubic lice) Last reviewed: October 2017 |
161 | 2018-04-19 02:03:34 | Cradle cap | There are several rashes and skin conditions which are very common in babies. Usually they are easily treated and won’t cause any long term problems for your baby. Nappy rash Nappy rash is a very common skin condition that happens to around one third of nappy wearing babies. It’s caused when the skin comes into contact with urine and faeces (poo) in the nappy. Mild cases are usually painless but severe nappy rash can cause discomfort and distress to babies. If your baby gets nappy rash you can treat it with a nappy rash cream. Ask your child health nurse or pharmacist to recommend one. If the rash doesn’t go away or your baby develops a persistent bright red, moist rash with white or red pimples, which spreads to the folds of the skin, they may have a thrush infection.You’ll need to use an anti-fungal cream, available either from the pharmacist or on prescription from your doctor. Cradle cap Cradle cap is a build-up of yellow, greasy and often scaly patches of skin, usually on your baby’s scalp. The affected skin can also appear red in colour, flaky and a yellowish crust might also form. There can be some hair loss when the affected areas of skin loosen. It’s a common and harmless condition causing no discomfort to the baby. It often lasts for a few months and usually clears up by the time the baby is two years old. Cradle cap usually doesn’t need treatment. It should clear up on its own after a few months, but if it doesn’t see your doctor because there are treatments that may help. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your child's baby rash, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: NHS (UK) (Skin rashes in babies), Raising Children Network (Nappy rash), Raising Children Network (Cradle cap) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
162 | 2018-04-19 02:03:37 | Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease | What is Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease? CJD is a very rare and serious disease. It causes the brain to degenerate and become spongy, leading to dementia and death. It happens when infectious particles called prions damage brain cells. CJD belongs to a group of rare diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSE) or prion diseases. Causes of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease There are a few different ways to develop CJD: Sporadic CJD occurs for no obvious cause. This is very rare, estimated to affect one in 1 million people. Genetic or familial CJD is inherited. Medically acquired CJD is spread accidentally during brain or cornea surgery if medical staff use contaminated instruments. Some people have contracted CJD after receiving transplants of diseased human growth hormone or tissue or after blood tranfusions. Variant CJD is the human form of a disease called bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) that occurs in cattle and is often referred to as ‘mad cow disease’. People who ate meat infected with BSE contracted 'variant CJD' in the United Kingdom during the 1980s and 1990s. Neither form of the disease has been found in Australia. Although variant CJD occurs in humans and BSE occurs in cattle, there is often confusion between variant CJD and mad cow disease. Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease does not spread from person to person through kissing, sneezing, coughing or body contact. Symptoms of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease CJD takes years to show up, and the first symptoms are vague, often not appearing till the age of 60. Early signs and symptoms of CJD include: changes in personality and behaviour problems with memory problems with thinking problems with speaking and swallowing double vision or blindness depression muscle spasms seizures In people who have variant CJD, changes in personality seem to be more prominent in the beginning, with dementia developing later in the illness. Most people with CJD decline quickly towards the end of their life. Diagnosis of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease can be confirmed only by doing special tests on brain tissue. Often these tests are done during an autopsy, which is performed after the person affected dies. Treatment of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease There is no treatment or cure for CJD. However, research for a cure is continuing. Treatment is aimed at relieving symptoms. Prevention of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease There is no way to prevent sporadic CJD. To assess your risk of genetic CJD, you could talk to a genetics counsellor, especially if there are people in your family with diseases that affect the brain. Medically acquired CJD is very rare in Australia. People who lived in the UK for more than 6 months between 1980 and 1996 aren't allowed to donate blood, because of the slight risk that they might have picked up the infection. Sources: Brain Foundation (Creutzfeldt-Jakobs disease), Mayo Clinic (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease), NSW Health (Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) Last reviewed: March 2018 |
163 | 2018-04-19 02:03:37 | Crohn's disease and colitis | They can develop at any age, but often develop in young people aged 15 to 30 years. Common symptoms include diarrhoea, abdominal pain and cramping, tiredness, reduced appetite and weight loss. Symptoms tend to come and go over time. Other symptoms may include: blood in your poo arthritis skin and eye problems liver disease mouth ulcers Inflammation is a normal defense mechanism used by the immune system to fight off invaders, such as bacteria or viruses. Usually, inflammation is switched off once the invaders are destroyed. In Crohn's disease and colitis a problem with the immune system causes inflammation to continue, damaging the walls of the digestive tract. There is no single test that can be used to diagnose Crohn's disease or colitis, so a combination of tests is usually required. This often includes a colonoscopy, where a thin flexible tube that contains a tiny camera is used to look inside the bowel. Small samples of the bowel lining may also be taken for testing. The main difference between the two diseases is the extent of inflammation they cause: Colitis only affects the large bowel (colon and/or rectum), and inflammation is only in the surface layers of the bowel lining. Colitis is also sometimes called 'ulcerative colitis' because it causes ulcers (tiny sores) to form in the lining of the bowel. Crohn's disease can affect any part of the digestive tract from mouth to anus (back passage) but usually affects the last section of the small bowel (the ileum) and/or the colon. Inflammation can extend into the entire thickness of the bowel wall. While Crohn's disease and colitis cannot be cured, their symptoms can usually be managed using medications that control inflammation. Sometimes surgery can also help. Sources: Gut Foundation (Inflammatory Bowel Disease), Crohn's and Colitis Australia (About Crohn's and colitis), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Inflammatory Bowel Disease), Mayo Clinic (Inflammatory bowel disease) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
164 | 2018-04-19 02:03:42 | Croup | What is croup?Croup is a viral infection that causes swelling of the windpipe (trachea), the airways to the lungs (the bronchi) and the vocal cords (voice box). This swelling makes the airway narrower, so it is harder to breathe.A child with croup has a distinctive barking cough and may make a harsh sound, known as stridor, when they breathe in.Croup diagnosisCroup can usually be diagnosed by a doctor and treated at home. Your doctor will diagnose croup after taking your child’s history and examining your child.When to see your doctorYou should take your child to the doctor if:your child is having trouble breathingyou can easily hear your child’s noisy breathing, even when they are resting quietlyyour child’s breastbone sucks in when they breathe inyour child has trouble swallowingyou’re worried.If your child’s lips go blue, seek medical attention immediately. Severe croup requires emergency medical attention.If you suspect that you are having a life-threatening medical emergency, dial triple zero (000) immediately. Sources: Raising Children Network (Croup), The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Croup), MyDr (Croup: symptoms and treatment) Last reviewed: July 2017 |
165 | 2018-04-19 02:03:43 | Cryptosporidiosis | Cryptosporidiosis is a diarrhoeal disease caused by microscopic parasites of the genus Cryptosporidium. Ingesting the Cryptosporidium parasites can lead to cryptosporidiosis infection. The Cryptosporidium parasites are found in the faeces of infected humans or animals. The parasite is one of the most common causes of waterborne disease in humans around the world. Follow the links below to find trusted information about cryptosporidiosis. Sources: SA Health (Cryptosporidium infection) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
166 | 2018-04-19 02:03:46 | Cushing's syndrome | Cortisol is a hormone that is made by the adrenal glands. You have two adrenal glands, one sitting on the top of each kidney. Cortisol is involved in many different parts of your body. It is produced all day, and especially during times of stress. What causes Cushing's syndrome? Some people with Cushing's syndrome have a benign tumour in part of the brain. This tumour tells the adrenal glands to release cortisol. This condition is known as Cushing's disease. Other people develop Cushing's syndrome from taking steroid medication for a long time. Cushing's syndrome can also be caused by a tumour of the adrenal gland, overgrowth of the adrenal glands, or occasionally a tumour somewhere else in the body. If you have Cushing's syndrome as a result of taking steroid medication, do not stop taking it suddenly, as you could become very unwell. Talk to your doctor. Cushing's syndrome diagnosis Cushing's syndrome can be hard to diagnose because it can look like other things. Your doctor will talk to you, examine you and may arrange a number of tests of your blood, urine and saliva. You may also be referred to an endocrinologist, who specialises in problems with hormones. Cushing's syndrome symptoms The symptoms and signs of Cushing's syndrome include: a rounded face plenty of weight around the torso, shoulders and neck a hump between the shoulders high blood sugar or diabetes high blood pressure irregular periods feeling tired or emotional skin problems like slow healing of wounds, bruising and stretch marks on the tummy, hips and thighs brittle bones Other symptoms include more hair on the face and body and a change in menstrual periods for women, and lower libido or erectile dysfunction for men. Cushing's syndrome treatment The treatment depends on the cause. If you are taking steroids, then you and your doctor will need to talk about whether it is possible to reduce the dose or not. If there are other reasons as to why you have Cushing’s syndrome, then you may be advised to have treatment such as surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or other medication to stop your body taking too much cortisol. Sources: Australian Pituitary Foundations (Is it Cushing's Disease? A patient's guide to diagnostic testing), Australian Prescriber (Evaluation of adrenocortical function in adults), Lab Tests Online (Cushing’s Syndrome), Mayo Clinic (Cushing syndrome: treatments and drugs) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
167 | 2018-04-19 02:03:51 | Cyclothymia | Bipolar disorder is a condition that affects moods where people are able to swing from one extreme to another. It was previously known as 'manic depression'. People with bipolar disorder experience periods or 'episodes' of: depression - where they feel very low and lethargic mania - where they feel very high and overactive (less severe mania is known as 'hypomania'). There are 2 main types of bipolar disorder: Bipolar disorder I - where people are more likely to experience mania for longer periods of time, as well as depressive episodes and sometimes psychotic symptoms. Bipolar disorder II - people generally have shorter, less severe episodes of mania (hypomania) and depressive episodes. In between, they may have periods where their mood is relatively normal. There are also people who experience 'mixed episodes' where they can feel some of the signs and symptoms of both depression and mania. The symptoms of bipolar disorder depend on which mood the person is experiencing. Unlike simple mood swings, each extreme episode can last for several weeks or longer, and some people may not experience a 'normal' mood very often. Depression The depression phase of bipolar disorder is often diagnosed first. You may initially be diagnosed with clinical depression before having a manic episode later (sometimes years later), after which you may be diagnosed with bipolar disorder. During an episode of depression, you may have overwhelming feelings of worthlessness, which can potentially lead to thoughts of suicide. If you're feeling suicidal or having severe depressive symptoms, contact your doctor, or the local mental health emergency services as soon as possible. If you can't or don't want to contact these people, call Lifeline on 13 11 14. You can call them 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Mania During a manic phase of bipolar disorder, you may feel very happy and have lots of ambitious plans and ideas. You may spend large amounts of money on things that you cannot afford and would not normally want. Not feeling like eating or sleeping, talking quickly and becoming annoyed easily are also common characteristics of the manic phase of bipolar disorder. During the manic phase, you may feel very creative and view mania as a positive experience. However, during the manic phase of bipolar disorder, you may also have symptoms of psychosis (where you see or hear things that are not there or become convinced of things that are not true). Where to get help If you need help, talking to your doctor is a good place to start. If you'd like to find out more, or talk to someone else, here are some organisations that can help: Black Dog Institute (people affected by mood disorders) – online help Lifeline (anyone having a personal crisis) – call 13 11 14 or chat online Suicide Call Back Service (anyone thinking about suicide) – call 1300 659 467 SANE Australia (people living with a mental illness) – call 1800 18 7263 beyondblue (anyone feeling depressed or anxious) – call 1300 22 4636 or chat online You can also visit Head to Health, an online gateway funded by the Australian Government that can help you find free and low-cost, trusted phone and online mental health resources, including information about bipolar and related disorders. Sources: ReachOut.com (What is bipolar disorder?), NHS Choices, UK (Bipolar disorder), beyondblue (Bipolar disorder) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
168 | 2018-04-19 02:03:53 | Cystic fibrosis | Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease that mostly affects the lungs and digestive system. It results from a fault in a particular gene. As a result, the mucus produced by the lungs and intestines to be thick and sticky. Cystic fibrosis is a recessive genetic disorder, meaning that both parents must carry the faulty cystic fibrosis gene for the disease to be passed to their child. Cystic fibrosis is usually detected in newborn babies through a neonatal screening test, known as the heel prick test. This free test involves pricking the heel of the baby to gain a tiny blood sample and detects up to 95% of babies with cystic fibrosis. If a baby has a positive heel prick test, it should then have a sweat test at about 6 weeks old to see if it either has the disorder, or is a healthy carrier of the faulty gene. Adults who have cystic fibrosis in their family can have genetic counselling and blood tests to see if they carry the gene for cystic fibrosis. Most people with cystic fibrosis have: chest problems such as cough, wheeze and recurrent chest infections digestive problems and bulky, fatty stools very salty sweat. They may also have lung damage, malnutrition, poor growth and diabetes. Almost all men and most women with cystic fibrosis are infertile. The lives of people with cystic fibrosis are usually shortened by the disorder, but they can lead happy and productive lives well into middle age. While cystic fibrosis cannot be cured, physiotherapy and many other treatments are available to improve quality of life and reduce complications. Sources: Pregnancy Birth and Baby (Neonatal Screening Test), Cystic Fibrosis Australia (About Cystic Fibrosis), Mayo Clinic (Cystic Fibrosis), Australian Prescriber (Management Of Cystic Fibrosis In Adults) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
169 | 2018-04-19 02:03:56 | Cystitis | If you think you or your child may have cystitis, it’s important to see a doctor, as it can lead to serious kidney problems if left untreated. What is cystitis? Cystitis is an inflammation of the bladder. Often, that is due to a bacterial infection. This is known as a urinary tract infection or UTI. It can happen any time and it can also be caused by sexual intercourse. The bacteria involved is usually E. Coli, which lives in the bowel. Cystitis can also be caused by: sexually transmitted infections radiation therapy some medicines some chemicals found in bubble baths and spermicides Cystitis symptoms and diagnosis The main symptoms of cystitis are: a strong, persistent urge to urinate feeling pain or burning when urinating needing to urinate often passing only small amounts of urine each time a dull ache in the lower abdomen urine that smells, or looks cloudy or bloody fever It’s important to see a doctor if you think you may have cystitis. If not treated, it can lead to kidney infection. To diagnose cystitis, your doctor may ask for a urine sample. This test can also help find out which antibiotic is best for treatment. Cystitis treatment and self-care Treatment for cystitis usually includes antibiotics, rest and drinking plenty of water. Other things you can do to help relieve the symptoms of cystitis are: adding a teaspoon of bicarbonate of soda to a glass of water and drinking it taking a urinary alkaliser available over the counter from your pharmacy having a warm bath, lying in a warm bed, or applying a hot water bottle or wheat bag on your back or abdomen taking painkillers such as paracetamol, if you are in pain Cystitis prevention Things that may help prevent getting cystitis include: drinking lots of water urinating as soon as you feel the need urinating straight after sex showering at least daily wearing cotton underpants (not nylon) making sure you always wipe yourself from front to back after urinating (for women) Sources: Healthy WA (Cystitis), Kidney Health Australia (Urinary tract infections), Women’s Heath Queensland Wide (Interstitial cystitis fact sheet), myDr (Cystitis: bladder infection), Mayo Clinic (Cystitis – causes) Last reviewed: February 2018 |
170 | 2018-04-19 02:03:58 | Cysts | Cysts are common and can form in any part of the body. They can be microscopic or grow to the size of tennis balls or even melons. Cysts are different from abscesses or boils, which are filled with pus. Most cysts aren’t cancerous. Types of cysts There are hundreds of types of cysts. Different types of cyst form in different parts of the body. Some of the common types are: acne cysts Bartholin’s cysts (on the vulva) breast cysts chalazion cysts (on the eyelids) ovarian cysts pancreatic cysts pilonidal cysts (near your tail bone). What causes a cyst Cysts are caused by blockages that lead to a buildup of fluid or air. The blockages can be due to infection, genetic conditions, inflammatory conditions, parasites or tumours. Some people get cysts around body hairs or piercings for earrings. Cyst symptoms Your symptoms will depend on what type of cyst you have and where it is. Most cysts don’t have symptoms, but you may become aware of a lump or bump, especially if the cyst is on or below your skin or it’s painful. Some cysts cause pain, especially if they grow and cause pressure. Cyst diagnosis If you think you may have a cyst you should see a doctor because some cysts need treatment and some are cancerous. Depending on the type of cyst and where it is, your doctor may suggest imaging tests such as an X-ray or ultrasound to help diagnose it. Cyst treatments The treatment your doctor suggests will depend on the type of cyst, where it is situated in the body, and how painful or uncomfortable it is. Many cysts disappear without needing treatment. Depending on where it is situated, your doctor may be able to drain a large, painful or uncomfortable cyst with a needle. Very large cysts, or cysts that could be cancerous, may need to be surgically removed. In some cases, such as polycystic ovarian syndrome, the underlying medical condition that has caused the cysts needs to be treated. The Australian College of Dermatologists recommend if your skin cysts are infected, you may need antibiotics. For more information, speak to your doctor or visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Do not try treating a cyst yourself by squeezing and bursting it. Sources: Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), MedicineNet (Cysts), The Australasian College of Dermatologists (Epidermoid cyst), Mayo Clinic (Epidermoid cysts (sebaceous cysts)) Last reviewed: May 2017 |
171 | 2018-04-19 02:04:05 | Dandruff | Seborrhoeic dermatitis is also called dandruff, seborrhoeic eczema, seborrhoeic psoriasis, and in infants it’s often called cradle cap. What causes seborrhoeic dermatitis? Seborrhoeic dermatitis may be caused by an immune reaction to a fungal microbe called Malassezia. Malassezia is normally present on healthy skin, around the areas where oil is produced, but some people develop an immune reaction to Malassezia for reasons that remain unknown. It is not contagious, nor a sign of poor hygiene. Seborrhoeic dermatitis may be recognised by patches of oily, flaking or scaly skin. Crusting yellow sores may develop on the scalp, particularly in infants with cradle cap. Affected areas may also be red and itchy, or may sting. Seborrhoeic dermatitis treatment and self-care In infants, cradle cap usually clears naturally within 6-12 months, but seborrhoeic dermatitis that appears during adolescence or adulthood can be a long-term condition, which may flare up from time to time. Seborrhoeic dermatitis can often be managed effectively at home with over-the-counter treatments, including anti-dandruff shampoos when the scalp is affected. Crusting yellow sores, often found on infants with cradle cap, can be removed by softening them with olive oil and warm water, and then gently wiping with a cotton bud or soft cloth. Sometimes the skin underneath the cradle cap can become infected. If the cradle cap isn’t getting better or spreads to other parts of the body, speak to your doctor, local chemist or Maternal and Child Health Nurse. For other areas, anti-fungal or corticosteroid creams may relieve symptoms. An exfoliating body or face wash containing salicylic acid may also help remove flaking skin. Treatments may need to be used frequently initially, and then occasionally when symptoms reappear. Ask for help if symptoms persist, or if you experience a sudden increase in the severity of your symptoms, increased discomfort, or if your condition is causing anxiety or embarrassment, or if it’s interfering with your daily routine. You can speak to your pharmacist or your doctor who may in a few cases refer you to a dermatologist. Sources: The Australasian College of Dermatologists (Seborrhoeic Dermatitis and Cradle Cap), Mayo Clinic (Seborrhoeic Dermatitis), Royal Melbourne Children's Hospital (Kids Health Info: Cradle Cap) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
172 | 2018-04-19 02:04:09 | Deafness | Deafness is the inability to hear properly or not hear at all. The majority of deaf people acquire their deafness after learning spoken language. Common reasons for deafness include: ear infection (otitis media) in children exposure to loud noise some medicines or toxins older age inherited genetic disorders. Many deaf people rely on assistive devices such as hearing aids for amplification of sound. Follow the links below to find trusted information about deafness. Sources: Healthy WA (Deafness) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
173 | 2018-04-19 02:04:14 | Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) | If you think you might have DVT, see a doctor. Signs and symptoms of DVT The main signs and symptoms of DVT are pain and swelling in the affected area - usually your calf or thigh. Some people have no signs or symptoms. The most serious complication of DVT is pulmonary embolism, which is when a piece of the blood clot breaks off and lodges in the lung. This causes a serious illness and is potentially life-threatening. When to seek help DVT is a serious condition, so if you think you may have DVT, you should see a doctor without delay. Call an ambulance on triple zero (000) if you: become short of breath have pain in your chest have a rapid pulse feel dizzy or faint cough up blood. These are the signs of a possible pulmonary embolism. What causes DVT? Anything that slows blood flow in deep veins can cause DVT. People who have DVT may have: been in bed for long periods, such as when in hospital been inactive, such as during a long flight had major surgery had an injury, such as a fracture had a major illness such as cancer, heart failure or a serious infection been taking the oral contraceptive pill or hormone replacement therapy containing oestrogen. Women who are pregnant or who have recently had a baby are also at increased risk of DVT. So are people who are overweight, or who smoke. DVT can also happen spontaneously, with no apparent cause. Some people with spontaneous DVTs have a genetic condition that makes their blood more likely to clot. DVT diagnosis To diagnose DVT, the doctor will need to talk to you about your symptoms and examine you to look for signs of DVT, such as swelling and pain. After this, if your doctor thinks you may have DVT, they may suggest you have an ultrasound. Blood tests can also be done to help detect blood clots. DVT treatment If you have DVT, you will be treated with medication, usually an anticoagulant (blood-thinning) medication. You may also be asked to wear compression stockings. Prevention of DVT If you are travelling or are hospitalised, you can reduce your risk of developing DVT by wearing compression stockings, moving your feet and legs as much as possible, and drinking plenty of water. More generally, keeping fit, maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking can help reduce your chance of getting DVT. Sources: Melbourne Haematology (Haematology Fact Sheets: Deep Venous Thrombosis (DVT)), Mayo Clinic (DVT), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Heart Foundation (Heart information: Your heart) Last reviewed: March 2017 |
174 | 2018-04-19 02:04:18 | Degenerative arthritis | Osteoarthritis is a common chronic joint disease, causing large amounts of disability and pain in the Australian community. There are a number of risk factors for osteoarthritis including excess weight or obesity, joint injury, repetitive kneeling or squatting and repetitive heavy lifting. Three key characteristics of osteoarthritis are: mild inflammation of the tissues in and around the joints damage to cartilage, the strong, smooth surface that lines the bones and allows joints to move easily and without friction bony growths that develop around the edge of the joints. Osteoarthritis mostly occurs in the knees, hips and small joints of the hands and base of the big toe. However, almost any joint can be affected. If you think you may have osteoarthritis then you should see your doctor. There is no definitive test to diagnose the condition, so they will ask you about your symptoms and examine your joints and muscles. You can also get more information from the Arthritis Australia website. Sources: NHS Choices, UK (Osteoarthritis), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Osteoarthritis), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Arthritis, osteoporosis and other musculoskeletal conditions) Last reviewed: August 2016 |
175 | 2018-04-19 02:04:20 | Dehydration | What is dehydration? You are dehydrated if your body doesn't have enough water to keep it working properly. It can happen when your body loses too much fluid, such as from excessive sweating. What causes dehydration? People can get dehydrated: after strenuous exercise, especially in hot weather after severe vomiting or diarrhoea with a fever after drinking too much alcohol while taking certain medicines such as diuretics as a complication of diabetes if they don’t drink enough water Anyone may become dehydrated, but babies, young children, older adults and people with long-term illnesses are at most risk. Dehydration signs and symptoms If you have mild to moderate dehydration, you might: be thirsty have a dry mouth, lips and tongue have a headache have dark urine, and not so much of it be dizzy or light-headed, particularly when standing up If you have severe dehydration, you might: be extremely thirsty have a very dry mouth be breathing fast have a fast heart rate and a low blood pressure have a fever have little or no urine be irritable, drowsy or confused Babies who are severely dehydrated have a sunken fontanel, the soft spot on top of a baby’s head. Severe dehydration is a serious problem, especially in babies and young children. Dehydration treatment Mild dehydration can be fixed by drinking more fluids. The simplest approach is to put 6 teaspoons of sugar with half a teaspoon of salt in one litre of boiled water. Here are instructions. You can also buy premade solutions from the pharmacy. Avoid alcohol and caffeine, as they can make you more dehydrated. Severe dehydration needs immediate medical treatment, usually in hospital where fluids are given through an intravenous drip. Dehydration prevention Make sure you drink enough water each day, and have extra to replace any fluid lost during hot weather, illness or exercise. Drink lots of fluids or oral rehydration solution to treat mild to moderate dehydration. See your doctor or go to a hospital emergency room if you, your baby, child or elderly relative is severely dehydrated. Sources: myDr (dehydration), Mayo Clinic (Dehydration), Women’s and Children’s Health Network (Dehydration - when your body needs more water) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
176 | 2018-04-19 01:51:49 | Dementia | |
177 | 2018-04-19 02:04:30 | Dementia (early onset) | Younger onset dementia is similar to other types of dementia in many ways. The same problems generally occur but it can have a different impact, because it appears when people are more likely to be employed fulltime, be raising a family or be financially responsible for a family. Younger onset dementia can be difficult to diagnose, mainly because the person affected seems too young. The symptoms of dementia are similar regardless of age of onset. Anybody who suspects they have younger onset dementia should see their doctor. An early diagnosis is important because it allows for early planning and early access to support, information and possibly medication. Many conditions can produce symptoms that are similar to dementia, such as vitamin and hormone deficiencies, depression, medication, infections and brain tumours. Telling the difference between these conditions and dementia may involve: a detailed medical history a thorough physical and neurological examination pathology tests brain imaging a psychiatric assessment a neuropsychological assessment There are many types of dementia. Each type has its own symptoms and is caused by a specific type of change in the brain. The most common type of younger onset dementia is Alzheimer's disease. The Dementia Australia website has information about the different types of dementia, and the Younger Onset Dementia Association website is also very useful. What happens after a diagnosis of younger onset dementia? A diagnosis of younger onset dementia can come as a shock. The person affected, and their family and friends, may all feel angry or sad. They might not believe it. There can be a huge sense of loss. These feelings are normal. But help and support is available, and it is better to get it earlier than later. Dementia Australia is a good place to start. The organisation can explain what is happening as well as provide emotional support, information, education and counselling. Dementia Australia also coordinates support groups throughout Australia. Some of these groups are specifically for carers of people with younger onset dementia, such as the specialised Living with Dementia Program for people with younger onset dementia. Support groups can provide comfort and practical assistance for carers, relatives and friends of people with dementia. Find out more by visiting the Alzheimer’s Australia website or calling the National Dementia Helpline on 1800 100 500. You may also like to contact the Younger Onset Dementia Association for more information, and there is a Younger Onset Dementia Support Group on Facebook. Sources: Dementia Australia (What is younger onset dementia?), Dementia Australia (Younger Onset Dementia a practical guide) Last reviewed: March 2018 |
178 | 2018-04-19 01:51:49 | Dementia video series | |
179 | 2018-04-19 02:04:38 | Dengue fever | Most people who have dengue fever recover in about a week. Sometimes, the infection is more serious and occasionally it is fatal. You can catch dengue fever if you are bitten by an infected mosquito. Dengue is found in tropical and sub-tropical countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Most areas of Australia do not have the type of mosquitoes that carry dengue, although outbreaks of the disease still occur in North Queensland every year when someone becomes infected overseas, is bitten by a mosquito in Australia and that mosquito spreads the virus to others. Dengue fever symptoms Dengue is transmitted only by mosquitoes; it is not transmitted directly from person to person. If you have dengue fever, you may have: fever (mild to incapacitating) headache pain behind the eyes muscle and joint pain nausea and vomiting swollen glands a rash. These symptoms may be mild or severe. They usually appear between 3 and 14 days after the mosquito bite, and usually last for between 2 and 7 days. There is no vaccine or any specific medicine to treat dengue. People who have dengue fever should rest, drink plenty of fluids and reduce the fever using paracetamol or they should see a doctor. Severe dengue fever symptoms Severe dengue (also known as dengue haemorrhagic fever) is characterized by fever, abdominal pain, persistent vomiting, bleeding and breathing difficulty and is a potentially lethal complication, affecting mainly children. Early clinical diagnosis and careful clinical management by trained physicians and nurses increase survival of patients. Some people can get severe dengue fever if they have had dengue fever before. People with severe dengue feel very unwell and have extra symptoms such as: bruising to only minor bumps nose bleeds and bleeding gums stomach pain breathing difficulties persistent vomiting or stool with blood in it. confusion restlessness cold, clammy skin. This is a serious illness and it can be fatal. If you think you may have dengue fever, visit your doctor or hospital emergency department. Diagnosis Your doctor will assess you by talking to you and examining you. They may order blood tests to help diagnose dengue fever. Treatment There is no specific treatment for dengue fever. But you can ease the symptoms by resting, drinking plenty of fluids and taking painkillers such as paracetamol. If you have dengue fever, do not take medicines such as aspirin or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as ibuprofen. These can worsen bleeding. Prevention There is no vaccine to prevent dengue fever. The best way to prevent it is to avoid being bitten by mosquitos. If someone in your house has dengue, it is especially important to avoid mosquito bites as mosquitoes can carry the infection from one person to another. How to prevent mosquito bites: Stay inside during mornings and evenings when mosquitos are active. Use air-conditioning and window screens; use mosquito nets in the bedroom. Wear long-sleeved clothes and covered shoes. Use a mosquito repellent that contains DEET or picaridin. Regularly check and drain any still water around your home. Mosquitos breed in still water, for example, water in empty containers. Sources: World Health Organisation (Dengue), Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (Dengue), Queensland Health (Dengue: virus, fever and mosquitoes), Choice (Mosquito repellent buying guide), Department of Health (Dengue fact sheet) Last reviewed: February 2017 |
180 | 2018-04-19 02:04:41 | Dental injury | An injury to your mouth may cause bleeding or swelling. It may also cause: your tooth to come loose your tooth to crack or break your tooth to be knocked out damage to your tooth’s roots. Baby or milk teeth If one of your child’s first teeth has been knocked out (a 'baby tooth'), the dentist won’t try to put it back in. Instead they will leave the space until a new, permanent tooth grows. If one of your child’s adult teeth has been knocked out, follow the advice for adult teeth below. If your child is in pain, get advice from your pharmacist or doctor on pain relief medicines they can take. Adult teeth If an adult tooth has been knocked out, don't throw it away. Call a dentist urgently and ask for an emergency appointment (ideally within 30 minutes) Handle the tooth very carefully – it is best to hold it by the crown or white part of the tooth. Don't touch the root. Don't scrub the tooth at all or rinse it with water. If the tooth has dirt on it, gently rinse it in milk. If milk is not available use saliva or a sterile saline solution (available from pharmacies). If you are able to, push the tooth back into the socket it came from. Do this gently until you hear a click or the tooth is level with the other teeth. Then bite down gently on a clean cloth while travelling to the dentist for further assessment. If it's not possible to put your tooth back in, place it in contact lens saline solution or milk immediately and go to the dentist, taking your tooth with you. If milk or sterile saline solution are not available, put the tooth very carefully in your mouth between your cheek and gum and go to the dentist. Be very careful not to swallow your tooth. You can also use plastic wrap to protect the tooth. Spit some saliva into the plastic before wrapping the tooth. Do not place your tooth in water as this can damage the tooth’s delicate cells. If parts of your tooth have broken off, these should be placed in milk or a sterile saline solution and taken to your dentist. If you have swelling, try using a cold compress against the side of your face to relieve pain and reduce the swelling. Wrap an ice pack in a cloth before placing it against your skin. If you are bleeding after your dental injury: Apply pressure over the area with a pad made from a clean, rolled-up, cotton handkerchief (or other clean cloth), which has been slightly dampened with clean water. Keep this pad in place for 15 minutes without removing it. Check to see if the bleeding has stopped. If not, repeat the process and keep the pad in place until you are seen by a healthcare professional. If you are in pain, get advice on pain relief medicines you can take. Dental injury prevention Some activities are more likely than others to lead to accidents that cause dental injury. It’s best to wear a fitted mouthguard (one that’s custom-made by your dentist) to protect your teeth when doing activities such as: off-road bike riding skateboarding rock climbing white-water rafting trampolining boxing football – soccer, rugby, league or Australian Rules basketball squash hockey. Mouthguards that show signs of wear or damage need to be replaced. Ask your dentist for advice about oral protection for yourself or your child. Sources: Australian Dental Association (Dental trauma and first aid), RACGP (Management of dental trauma), Sports Medicine Australia (Dental injuries), NHS Choices (UK) (Broken or knocked out tooth) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
181 | 2018-04-19 02:04:46 | Depression after pregnancy | All parents go through a period of adjustment as they try to handle the huge changes a baby brings. For most people, this time of adjustment will be temporary and will not be overly distressing. Many women experience the 'baby blues' in the first few days after having a baby. The baby blues usually only last 2 to 3 days and you might feel teary, anxious and moody during that time. The support of your partner, family and friends is usually enough to help you get through it. When these feelings last beyond these early days and continue to get worse, it may be a sign of developing depression. What are the signs of postnatal depression? There are many signs that someone may be struggling with postnatal depression. Some of the more common ones include: having a very low mood feeling inadequate and a failure as a mother having a sense of hopelessness about the future feeling exhausted, empty, sad and teary feeling guilty, ashamed or worthless feeling anxious or panicky having trouble sleeping, sleep for too long or have nightmares worrying excessively about their baby feeling scared of being alone or going out. In some cases, women may experience thoughts about leaving their family or worried that their partner may leave them. They could also have ideas about self-harm or doing harm to their partner or baby. In situations like this, you should seek professional help straight away. It is also common to experience symptoms of anxiety at the same time as depression. How is postnatal depression diagnosed? If you've had any of these symptoms for 2 weeks or more, talk to your doctor or midwife. You can also visit your local mental health service or community health service. Postnatal depression needs to be properly diagnosed and managed by a trained healthcare professional. Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale The Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) is a questionnaire that asks about your feelings and symptoms. The EPDS indicates whether you may have some symptoms that are common with depression and anxiety. Find out more about the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale from beyondblue. Treating postnatal depression A range of different treatments can help with postnatal depression, including: counselling psychotherapy group treatment support strategies medications such as antidepressants. Support from family and friends is also important. Postnatal psychosis Postnatal psychosis (also called postpartum or puerperal psychosis) is less common than postnatal depression and can develop in the first week, or up to 12 weeks, after childbirth. It involves having difficulties thinking clearly, extreme mood swings, seeing or hearing things that are not there (hallucinations), feeling everyone is against you (paranoia) and powerful delusions. This is a medical emergency and a doctor should be contacted immediately. Postnatal depression and fathers Postnatal depression is not limited to mothers. Fathers can have postnatal depression too, either along with their partner’s postnatal depression or by themselves. Read more about fathers and depression. Help and support If you or someone you know is showing signs of postnatal depression, there are a number places you can go for help: PANDA - 1300 726 306 beyondblue - 1300 224 636 Pregnancy, Birth and Baby - 1800 882 436 Personal story - video Need to talk to someone? Pregnancy, Birth and Baby offers non-judgmental emotional support during pregnancy and parenting for when you're feeling anxious or overwhelmed. Call us on 1800 882 436 or video call seven days a week. Sources: PANDA (Anxiety and Depression in Pregnancy & Early Parenthood), beyondblue (A guide to emotional health and wellbeing during pregnancy and early parenthood), NHS Choices (UK) (Postnatal depression), Raising Children Network (Antenatal depression and postnatal depression in women) Last reviewed: October 2017 |
182 | 2018-04-19 02:04:47 | Dermatitis | Inflammation of the skin is commonly termed 'eczema' or 'dermatitis'. Contact dermatitis occurs when your skin comes into contact with something that causes it to become red and inflamed (known as an inflammatory reaction). There are two different types of contact dermatitis: allergic contact dermatitis – this is caused by an allergen and it will continue to cause inflammation of your skin each time you come into contact with it. Common causes of allergic contact dermatitis are allergy to nickel, plants, chemicals, creams and ointments. irritant contact dermatitis – this is when an irritant causes damage to your skin, resulting in inflammation. It can happen when you are exposed to irritants for long periods of time. Both types of contact dermatitis can cause the skin to become: cracked red blistered thickened dry The symptoms of contact dermatitis can be effectively managed with treatment. Your pharmacist may be able to recommend some products which can help with dry, sore or itchy skin. Your doctor may suggest some creams and other treatments, or refer you to a specialist if it’s not clear what is causing the contact dermatitis, or the symptoms don’t respond to treatment. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your contact dermatitis, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: NHS Choices, UK (Contact dermatitis), Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Contact dermatitis) Last reviewed: September 2017 |
183 | 2018-04-19 02:04:52 | Deviated septum | What causes deviated septum? Most people are born with a slightly crooked nasal septum, but it is often never noticed. In some people, the deviation is visible early in life. Some people develop a deviated septum (also called deviated nasal septum, or DNS) as a result of trauma to their nose. For example: a car accident, sport, tripping over or just a bump while playing around. Deviated septum symptoms Most people with a deviated septum have no symptoms at all, but some people may have: a blocked nose, which may be just one nostril, or may change from one nostril to the othernosebleedsfrequent sinus infections.Some people also experience more general symptoms, such as:headaches or facial painnoisy breathing during sleepdisturbed sleep. Deviated septum diagnosis Your doctor will talk to you and examine you. The doctor may use a nasal endoscope – a long tube with a bright light at the tip – to see further back into your nose. Nasal congestion can be caused by conditions other than a deviated septum. For example, you may have a different kind of structural problem inside your nose, chronic sinusitis, or allergies. In rare cases, bleeding and blockage can be signs of a nasal tumour. Deviated septum treatment Specific medications designed to help you breathe through your nose may help treat the symptoms of a deviated septum, such as: decongestantsantihistaminesnasal corticosteroid sprays. If medications do not help, surgery (known as septoplasty) may be needed to straighten the nasal septum. In some cases, surgery to reshape the nose (rhinoplasty) may also be needed. While nose surgery is usually safe, there is a small risk of complications such as bleeding, infection, or numbness around the nose or front teeth. Deviated septum prevention Many people with a deviated septum were born with the condition. However, you may be able to prevent injuries to your nose by: wearing a seatbelt when in a carwearing a helmet when playing contact sports or riding a bike. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Deviated septum), American Academy of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery (Deviated septum), American Rhinologic Society (Septoplasty and turbinate surgery), Austin Hospital (Patient Information - Septoplasty and turbinectomy) Last reviewed: June 2017 |
184 | 2018-04-19 02:04:55 | Diabetes | Glucose builds up in the blood leading to high blood glucose levels which cause the health problems linked to diabetes. The main symptoms are: feeling very thirsty urinating frequently, particularly at night feeling very tired weight loss and loss of muscle bulk. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention, or if you are concerned you may have diabetes see your doctor. What causes diabetes? The amount of sugar in the blood is usually controlled by a hormone called 'insulin', which is produced by the pancreas (a gland behind the stomach). When food is digested and enters your bloodstream, insulin moves glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it is broken down to produce energy. However, if you have diabetes, your body cannot break down glucose into energy. This is because there is either not enough insulin to move the glucose, or the insulin produced does not work properly. Glucose builds up in the blood resulting in high blood glucose levels. Diabetes types There are three main types of diabetes: Diabetes type 1 Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease where the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin and require lifelong insulin replacement for survival. The disease can occur at any age, although it mostly occurs in children and young adults. Type 1 diabetes is sometimes referred to as 'juvenile onset diabetes' or 'insulin dependent diabetes'. Diabetes type 2 Type 2 diabetes is associated with hereditary factors and lifestyle risk factors including poor diet, insufficient physical activity and being overweight or obese. People with type 2 diabetes may be able to manage their condition through lifestyle changes; however, diabetes medications or insulin replacement may also be required to control blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes occurs mostly in people aged over 40 years old; however, the disease is also becoming increasingly prevalent in younger age groups. Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. The condition usually disappears once the baby is born; however, a history of gestational diabetes increases a woman's risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. The condition may be managed through adopting healthy dietary and exercise habits, although diabetes medication, including insulin, may also be required to manage blood sugar levels. For more information on pre-existing diabetes and pregnancy and gestational diabetes, visit Pregnancy, Birth and Baby website. Monitoring While the majority of people with diabetes do not need finger prick monitoring, those taking insulin or in other special circumstances may need to do so. The Australian College of Nursing recommends people with diabetes who need to monitor their glucose levels self-manage their own blood glucose monitoring whenever possible. For more information, speak to your doctor or visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. More information Diabetes Australia provides more information on diabetes on their website www.diabetesaustralia.com.au, or by calling their information line on 1300 136 588. If you are concerned you may have diabetes please see your doctor. Are you a carer or helping someone out? Carers are everyday people who provide unpaid and ongoing care and support to someone they know who has a disability, mental illness, drug or alcohol dependancy, chronic condition, terminal illness or who is frail. Support for carers Learn more about practical, financial and emotional support and services that are available for carers. For carers services in your state or territory visit Carers Australia. Sources: Department of Health (Diabetes), Diabetes Australia (What is diabetes?), Diabetes Australia (Homepage), NHS Choices, UK (Diabetes) Last reviewed: August 2016 |
185 | 2018-04-19 02:05:00 | Diabetic ketoacidosis | As a result, the body starts burning its stores of fat for energy instead. This process produces by-products called ketones. As the level of ketones in the body increases, it can lead to dehydration and confusion. If not treated, people with ketoacidosis can become unconscious. DKA usually occurs in people with type 1 diabetes. It is rare in type 2 diabetes. The symptoms of diabetic ketoacidosis include high blood glucose, high levels of ketones in the urine, and: quick breathing flushed cheeks abdominal pain breath that smells like sweet acetone (similar nail polish remover) vomiting dehydration. DKA is a serious condition that requires immediate assessment. If someone you know has diabetes and becomes confused or unconscious, or has the symptoms listed above, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. If you have diabetes and you find your blood sugar level is higher than it should be, it’s important that you follow the advice provided by your doctor or diabetes nurse or educator. You may also find it useful to read the advice provided in the article on hyperglycaemia (high blood sugar). Sources: Diabetes Australia (Ketoacidosis), Mayo Clinic (Diabetic ketoacidosis) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
186 | 2018-04-19 02:05:02 | Diabetic neuropathy | What is diabetic neuropathy? A neuropathy is a condition in which the nerves have become damaged. Diabetic neuropathy is a type of neuropathy in people either with type 1 or type 2 diabetes. You have three types of nerves: sensory nerves carry signals about touch, taste, sight, hearing and smell motor nerves carry signals to help you move autonomic nerves carry signals to help with balance, sweating, digestion and many of the things you do without thinking. Diabetic neuropathy often affects sensory nerves to the feet and hands, but can also affect both the autonomic and motor nerves. Symptoms of diabetic neuropathy The most common symptoms of diabetic neuropathy are numbness, tingling, a burning sensation, aching, cramps and weakness. Most people find symptoms usually begin in their hands or feet. These symptoms may later spread to their arms and legs. Diabetic neuropathy can also cause: pain and discomfort in yours arms or legs, especially at night sleep problems bloating and digestion heat intolerance problems with walking. If you suspect you might have diabetes, talk to your doctor or call the Diabetes Australia Helpline on 1300 136 588. Check your symptoms using healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker. What causes diabetic neuropathy? It seems that having high levels of sugar in the blood for a long time damages the nerves. High levels of triglycerides, a type of fat found in the blood, can also cause nerve damage. Other conditions can play a part, including: high blood pressure vitamin B deficiency alcohol abuse smoking kidney disease or liver disease some medicines, including some drugs used against cancer. The longer you have had diabetes, the more likely you are to develop diabetic neuropathy. Preventing diabetic neuropathy Getting your blood sugar levels under control, and keeping them there, is the most effective way to prevent diabetic neuropathy. Diagnosis of diabetic neuropathy Your doctor will talk to you, examine you, and you will have some blood tests. They will look at your medical records, especially to check for blood sugar levels in the past. You might be referred to a neurologist, an endocrinologist or another health professional. Prepare for your doctor's appointment by using healthdirect’s Question Builder tool. Preventing and treating diabetic neuropathy Whether you’re trying to prevent diabetic neuropathy, or trying to stop it getting worse, the most important thing to do is to control your blood sugar levels. That means: sorting out any medical problems (with the help of your doctor if necessary) following the right diet for you exercising regularly taking or using any medication prescribed avoiding things that can cause problems, such as smoking and excessive drinking. If you have diabetic neuropathy, discuss with your doctor or diabetes nurse how to protect your skin and deal with pain. The usual pain relief, such as paracetamol and ibuprofen, might not work with the pain of diabetic neuropathy. If so, talk to your doctor about other forms of pain relief. More information Read more about diabetes on the Diabetes Australia website. Everyone with diabetes has to be careful about their feet. Read more on the Diabetes NSW website. Sources: Diabetes Queensland (Developing new diabetic neuropathy detection), Diabetes Queensland (Did you know diabetes can affect your stomach?), Diabetes.co.uk (Neuropathy), Brain Foundation (Peripheral neuropathy), Journal of Nurse Practitioners (Diabetic peripheral neuropathy) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
187 | 2018-04-19 02:05:04 | Diabetic retinopathy | If you have diabetes, you can reduce your risk of developing diabetic retinopathy by managing your diabetes and having regular eye checks. What causes diabetic retinopathy? Diabetic retinopathy is a complication of diabetes. Diabetes can cause the tiny blood vessels in the retina to swell and then bleed or leak fluid. This happens in many parts of the body, and can cause problems like kidney disease and poor circulation to the legs. In the eyes, this process can slowly damage the retina. Both eyes are usually affected. The longer you have diabetes, the more likely it is that you’ll get diabetic retinopathy. Your risk also increases if your blood sugar levels are not well controlled or if you have high blood pressure or high cholesterol. Diabetic retinopathy symptoms If you have diabetic retinopathy, you might: have blurred, distorted or patchy vision that can’t be corrected with prescription glasses find it more difficult to read or watch television become sensitive to glare have trouble seeing at night have problems with your balance. You might not notice any symptoms in the early stages. So if you have diabetes, it is important to get your eyes checked regularly. Diabetic retinopathy diagnosis Diabetes Australia recommends that if you have diabetes, you should have your eyes checked when your diabetes is first diagnosed and then at least once every 2 years. See your doctor or organise an eye test with an optometrist if you notice any changes in your vision. Diabetic retinopathy is diagnosed by an eye exam, and if necessary your doctor may refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). Diabetic retinopathy treatment Treatment for diabetic retinopathy can slow or prevent vision loss. Laser treatment can be used to seal leaking blood vessels and stop the growth of abnormal blood vessels. Surgery may be needed in people with more advanced diabetic retinopathy. Diabetic retinopathy prevention You can reduce your risk of diabetic retinopathy or further vision loss by: keeping your blood glucose levels under control having regular eye checks maintaining healthy blood pressure and cholesterol levels. Sources: Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (Diabetic retinopathy), Centre for Eye Research Australia (Diabetic retinopathy), Mayo Clinic (Diabetic retinopathy – Tests and diagnosis), Diabetes Australia (Eye health) Last reviewed: August 2016 |
188 | 2018-04-19 02:05:08 | Digestive system cancers | Follow the links below to find trusted information about digestive system cancers. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
189 | 2018-04-19 02:05:15 | Diphtheria | What is diphtheria? Diphtheria is a very contagious disease usually caused by the bacteria Corynebacterium diphtheriae. It can affect the nose, throat and tonsils, and sometimes the skin. Diphtheria can be life-threatening, but due to immunisations in Australia it has virtually disappeared. Who needs vaccination? Anyone who has not been fully immunised and comes into contact with diphtheria during its infectious period can catch the disease. Diphtheria vaccines are part of the National Immunisation Program Schedule. They are free. The diphtheria vaccine is given at 6-8 weeks, 4 and 6 months of age along with tetanus and whooping cough vaccines, with boosters at 18 months, age 4 and age 10-15. They can also be given to older people. While everybody should be vaccinated, it is especially important for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and older people. To find out more about diphtheria immunisation, talk to your doctor. How is diphtheria spread? Diphtheria is spread when a person breathes in droplets from an infected person’s cough or sneeze. Diphtheria can also be spread by direct contact with an infected person’s wounds or any materials they have soiled. Diphtheria symptoms Diphtheria symptoms usually appear 2 to 5 days after infection. It can give you a sore throat, breathing difficulties, weakness and fever. it can also gives you ulcers on the skin, or make wounds slow to heal. Diphtheria can also cause nerve paralysis and heart failure. Diphtheria treatment Diphtheria is treated with antibiotics, and in severe cases with antitoxin. Good hygiene stops it spreading. Sources: The Australian Immunisation Handbook (Immunise Australia Program – Diphtheria), Immunise Australia (Diphtheria), NSW Health (Diphtheria fact sheet), National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance (Coverage estimates - Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children), Queensland Health (Diphtheria), Raising Children Network (Immunisation in childhood) Last reviewed: February 2018 |
190 | 2018-04-19 02:05:18 | Dislocations (joints) | Inflammation (arthritis) and swelling (bursitis, fluid on a joint) are signs of damage. They can be painful, reducing movement and may require drug treatment or surgery. Follow the links below to find trusted information about joint diseases. Last reviewed: February 2014 |
191 | 2018-04-19 02:05:26 | Diverticular disease | Diverticulitis Diverticulitis occurs when the diverticula become inflamed or infected, caused by bacteria trapped inside one of the bulges. This can lead to complications, such as an abscess next to the intestine. Diverticulitis symptoms The most common symptom of diverticulitis is pain, which can be mild or severe, on the lower left-hand side of the abdomen. Other symptoms may include: fever nausea or vomiting a change in bowel habits, such as constipation or diarrhoea feeling bloated blood in the stool from diverticular bleeding mucus in the stool The symptoms may be mild to severe, depending on the extent of the infection and complications. Other conditions, such as irritable bowel syndrome, have similar symptoms. See your doctor if you have such symptoms. See your doctor immediately if you have: very severe abdominal pain a fever start vomiting feel very unwell have blood in your poo Diverticulitis diagnosis To diagnose diverticulitis, your doctor will talk to you and examine you. You may need a colonoscopy, a barium enema or a CT scan of your abdomen. Diverticulitis treatment If you have mild diverticulitis, you may be treated at home with antibiotics, and if necessary, mild painkillers. You may also be advised to have a low-fibre or fluid-only diet, to rest the bowel during recovery. If you have severe diverticulitis, you may need to be admitted into hospital and given antibiotics and fluids through your vein, and stronger painkillers. Most people improve with treatment. However, people who do not improve with treatment or who develop rare complications may require surgery. Diverticulosis People who have diverticula which are not swollen or infected are said to have diverticulosis. Many people with diverticulosis do not experience any discomfort or symptoms.However, some people may have symptoms such as mild cramps, bloating, constipation or diarrhoea. If you have such symptoms, you should see your doctor. Diverticulosis is usually diagnosed during bowel cancer screening or screening for gut problems . Diverticular disease prevention Although the cause of diverticulosis or diverticulitis is unknown, having a low-fibre diet increases your chances of developing diverticular disease. A high-fibre diet helps to prevent constipation and formation of diverticula. Exercising regularly and drinking enough water (up to 8 cups a day) are also recommended. Sources: NHS Choices (Diverticular disease and diverticulitis), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Diverticular disease), National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (Diverticular disease) Last reviewed: February 2018 |
192 | 2018-04-19 02:05:34 | Dog bites | Usually bites are minor, but infections can occur if the skin is broken and bacteria from the saliva (spit) of the animal that has bitten you is passed into your bloodstream. Bites often result in the following types of injury. puncture lacerations abrasions or scrapes bruising and swelling. Bites can be very painful and uncomfortable. You should also pay close attention for signs of an infection developing. Signs of an infection include: swelling redness increasing tenderness around the bite the wound gets more painful discharge from the wound swollen lymph nodes (especially in the neck, armpits or groin) shivers or developing a high temperature (over 38°C ). Learn more about bacterial infections, such as tetanus, and how to treat minor wounds or cuts from bites in the ‘Treatment and self-care’ section below. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Dog bites Most dog bites are caused either by a family pet or a dog that belongs to someone you know, such as a neighbour. Dogs can bite anybody, but children under 5 are most at risk. A dog can bite if it: is provoked, stressed or frightened is looking after puppies and gets disturbed is unwell or in pain is disturbed while eating or asleep becomes too excited during play is young. Bites from dogs typically cause a puncture wound in the skin, as well as lacerations (jagged cuts) and abrasions (scrapes or grazes).Young children are more likely to be bitten on the head, neck and face – around the lips, cheek or nose. Dog bites can lead to infection and scarring. Cat bites Cat bites usually cause only minor injuries but they tend to increase the risk of an infection developing. However, because cats have smaller and sharper teeth they can cause very deep puncture wounds, which can sometimes go right down to the bone. Cat bites generally occur on the upper limbs (arms and hands) but children may also be bitten on the face and neck. Learn more about bacterial infections, such as tetanus, or how to treat minor wounds or cuts from bites in the ‘Treatment and self-care’ section below. Bat bites Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) belongs to a group of viruses known as lyssaviruses. ABLV is transmitted from bats to humans, but is very rare. Only 3 cases of ABLV have been recorded since the virus was first identified in 1996. All 3 were in Queensland and were fatal. The early symptoms are flu-like, including headache, fever and fatigue. The best way to prevent yourself from being exposed to ABLV is to avoid handling any bat in Australia. Only people who have been vaccinated against ABLV and who have been trained in the care of bats should ever handle bats or flying foxes. Anyone who comes across an injured bat should contact the local WIRES wildlife rescue network on 1300 094 737. If you are bitten or scratched by a bat in Australia you should: immediately wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water for at least 5 minutes apply an antiseptic solution or alcohol gel after washing see your doctor – you may need a tetanus injection or other treatment. Treatment and self-care Tetanus Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that releases toxins into the blood stream and can be fatal. If you have been bitten by an animal and the skin is broken, your healthcare professional may recommend that you have a tetanus booster injection. Treating minor wounds or cuts from bites You can easily treat a minor wound or cut. However, a larger or more serious wound or cut will need medical attention. A wound or cut is considered to be deep if tendons or other internal parts can be seen. A gaping wound is one where the edges of the cut cannot be pulled back together. If the wound is still bleeding: cover it with a clean cloth, apply pressure with the palm of your hand, then keep the pressure on the wound for 15 minutes apply pressure directly over the affected area with a pad made from a clean, rolled up piece of material such as a handkerchief or towel; the material should be dampened with clean water if possible since this will reduce the amount of blood soaked up use a bandage to wrap around the pad or dressing; do not wrap the bandage too tightly since it may affect the circulation if the bleeding is very heavy, it may seep through the bandage; you should use a second dressing to cover the first one if the bleeding continues through both bandages and pads, remove the second bandage only and apply a new one do not look at the wound to see if it has stopped bleeding in case removing the pressure causes it to start bleeding again. If the wound is not bleeding: rinse under running water for 2 minutes (it might be easier for you to rinse the injury with a shower head, if possible); pat dry with a clean cloth, then cover the wound with a dry, sterile, non-sticky dressing to help prevent infection check the area daily for signs of infection such as increasing pain, redness, swelling or yellow discharge if you have not had a full course of tetanus immunisation, or if your boosters are not up to date, contact your doctor. if you are in pain, get advice from a pharmacist or doctor on medicines you can take. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about an animal bite, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self-care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Dog bites), Australian Family Physician (Management of mammalian bites), Women's and Children's Health Network (Cuts, grazes and bruises), NSW Health (Rabies and Australian Bat Lyssavirus Infection), Australian Doctor (A systematic approach to the assessment of bite wounds), Queensland Government (Australian Bat Lyssavirus) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
193 | 2018-04-19 02:05:42 | Down syndrome | Like everyone, people with Down syndrome vary in appearance, ability and personality. But there are some health problems many people with Down syndrome can share. What causes Down syndrome? Doctors know how Down syndrome occurs but not why. The body cells of most people have 46 chromosomes. People with Down syndrome have an extra chromosome 21 in their body cells. Having this extra chromosone happens by chance - not because of anything parents have done. If you’re pregnant and concerned about having a child with Down syndrome visit Pregnancy, Birth and Baby for more information on Down syndrome screening and diagnosis. Health problems for people with Down syndrome If you have Down syndrome, you may have a higher chance of some health problems than other people. You may also have lower immunity. This means you may get sick more often especially in early childhood. People with Down syndrome have a higher risk of problems seeing or hearing. They may also have gut or heart defects, hypothyroidism, or problems with their bones. Everyone with Down syndrome has some degree of learning difficulty. You may need speech and language therapy to help you speak clearly. A healthy diet and physical activity are important for everyone including people with Down syndrome. You have a higher risk than other people of: being overweight having low thyroid levels osteoporosis Regular checks may be required for health problems including your teeth development. There are many people with Down syndrome who are happy, healthy and leading independent lives but you may need more support to help you achieve the kind of life that most people take for granted. More information If you have Down syndrome or you are caring for someone with Down syndrome, speak to your doctor about any particular health concerns you have or require more information about. You can also visit Down Syndrome Australia to find resources to help you with your health, education and employment. There are also organisations that you can contact in your state or territory: Down Syndrome NSW Down Syndrome Victoria ACT Down Syndrome Down Syndrome South Australia Down Syndrome Western Australia Down Syndrome Association of the Northern Territory. Down Syndrome Tasmania Support for carersAre you caring for someone with Down syndrome? Find practical information and useful resources for carers on Carer Gateway. You can also learn more about carers' support and services in your state or territory through Carers Australia. Sources: Brain Foundation (Down syndrome), Down Syndrome Australia (What is Down syndrome), Pregnancy, Birth and Baby (Screening for Down syndrome), Australian Family Physician (RACGP magazine) (Australians with Down syndrome), National Down Syndrome Society (Dental Issues and Down Syndrome) Last reviewed: February 2018 |
194 | 2018-04-19 02:05:46 | Dry eye syndrome | This can cause your eyes to dry out making them sore and your vision blurry. You may also notice your eyes look red and your eyelids are sticky when you wake up. Here are some things you can do. Protect your eyes. Try to avoid direct contact with wind, hot air, direct sunlight and smoke as these conditions can irritate your eyes. Avoid straining your eyes. If you work at a computer screen make sure your eyes are positioned correctly. Take regular screen breaks to avoid straining your eye muscles. Eat well. Oily fish such as salmon and fresh tuna contain omega-3 oils which help to produce tears. A humidifier may stop the air around you becoming dry. Try an over the counter medication such as artificial tears, gels or ointments. Try a warm compress on your eyelids. If you smoke, cut down or quit. If you suffer from dry eye a lot, speak to your optometrist. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Eyestrain), National Eye Institute (Facts about dry eye) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
195 | 2018-04-19 02:05:54 | Dry socket | It may start a few days after the extraction. If this happens you will need to return to your dentist or oral surgeon. Dry socket causes When a tooth is pulled, a blood clot usually forms in the socket. The word ‘socket’ refers to the hole in the jaw bone where your tooth used to be. This blood clot protects the bone and nerve. But if the blood clot is dislodged or does not form well, the bone and nerve are left exposed. This causes the pain. Dry socket occurs more often with wisdom teeth than with other teeth. You are also more likely than others to develop dry socket if you: smoke previously had dry socket had a difficult tooth extraction use oral contraceptives (birth control pills) don’t have good dental hygiene have had a tooth extracted from the lower jaw, especially a wisdom or molar tooth. Dry socket is also called alveolar osteitis. Dry socket symptoms If you have dry socket you may have: severe pain within a few days of the tooth extraction – the pain may extend to your ear or eye on the same side of your face bad breath a slight fever an unpleasant taste in your mouth. Dry socket diagnosis If you have severe pain after a tooth extraction, see your dentist or oral surgeon. They will talk to you and examine you. You may need an X-ray to rule out other conditions such as osteomyelitis (a bone infection). Dry socket prevention and treatment To prevent dry socket after a tooth extraction, follow your dentist’s instructions including how to clean your mouth. If you do develop dry socket, your dentist or oral surgeon may: flush out any food particles stuck in the socket put a medicated dressing in the socket. Your dentist may prescribe antibiotics or pain medication. They may ask you to rinse your mouth with a mouthwash or salt water at home. The condition should improve quickly after treatment. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Dry socket), Cochrane (What treatments can be used to prevent and treat alveolar osteitis (dry socket)?), Medical Journal of Australia (Patients presenting to the general practitioner with pain of dental origin) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
196 | 2018-04-19 02:06:00 | Duchenne muscular dystrophy | Living with a debilitating genetic condition like Duchenne muscular dystrophy is challenging, because it causes a gradual loss of muscle function that affects everyday movements and activities. Health professionals and muscular dystrophy support organisations work to help those with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, and their families and carers, maintain quality of life as best possible. What is Duchenne muscular dystrophy? Duchenne muscular dystrophy, or DMD, is a particular type of muscular dystrophy (or wasting) caused by a mutation in the DMD gene. The DMD gene helps produce a protein called dystrophin, which is important for muscle strength, support and repair. People with Duchenne muscular dystrophy don’t produce the normal form of dystrophin, which means their muscles are more easily damaged and don’t work properly. The genetic mutation of the DMD gene is either inherited from parents or caused by a genetic change in the child. Types of muscular dystrophy There are many types of muscular dystrophy, with Duchenne muscular dystrophy being the most common in children. Becker muscular dystrophy is very similar to Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It has the same underlying cause but is usually less severe, presenting with slightly different symptoms. Duchenne muscular dystrophy signs The first thing parents usually notice is that their child isn’t reaching their milestones. They might also notice that their child falls over often, is clumsy and walks on their toes. Later, the child with Duchenne muscular dystrophy might develop: muscle weakness that affects their posture, walking and running reduced joint movement due to shortening of their muscles problems with their heart muscle, affecting heart function difficulty breathing as their muscle weakness worsens. Duchenne muscular dystrophy diagnosis Your doctor will talk to you and examine your child. If the doctor suspects a problem like Duchenne muscular dystrophy, your child might have blood tests and genetic tests. Blood tests look for elevated levels of the enzyme creatine kinase. This test can give a guide, but not a certain diagnosis. A genetic test for the DMD gene is the best way to diagnose DMD. If genetic tests are unclear, as they sometimes are, your child might need a muscle biopsy is performed to check for dystrophin in the muscle. Duchenne muscular dystrophy is usually diagnosed between 3-7 years of age. Living with Duchenne muscular dystrophy There is no cure for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, so treatment aims to manage symptoms and improve quality of life. A neurologist usually oversees treatment, working with a range of different health professionals including physiotherapists, podiatrists, speech pathologists and psychologists. Common treatments include stretching and exercising muscles, and wearing splints and orthotics for support. Counselling can also help with any issues that arise. Steroids can be used to try and slow the progression of Duchenne muscular dystrophy, although these may have side effects. Where to go for help The following organisations provide information and support for people with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, as well as their families and carers: Muscular Dystrophy Australia Muscular Dystrophy Foundation Australia Duchenne Foundation Australia. More information Visit our genetic disorders guide to learn more about genes, types of genetic disorders and where to go for help and more information. Sources: Centre for Genetics Education (Duchenne and Becker Type Muscular Dystrophy), Duchenne Foundation Australia (What is Duchenne) Last reviewed: August 2016 |
197 | 2018-04-19 02:06:02 | Dwarfism | What is dwarfism? Dwarfism is a condition where a person has stunted growth so that they are an unusually small size or have short stature (height). Short stature is generally defined as an adult height of 147cm or less, although most people with dwarfism only grow to between 120cm and 130cm. There are two main types of dwarfism: People with proportionate dwarfism have short stature but with normal body proportions. People with disproportionate dwarfism have some parts of the body, such as the arms and legs, that are smaller than average, but other parts that are normal size. Causes of dwarfism Most people with dwarfism have normal-sized parents and their condition is caused by a random genetic condition – a change in the father’s sperm or the mother’s egg just before conception. But there are hundreds of other conditions that can cause dwarfism. The most common cause is a genetic condition known as achondroplasia, in which the bones grow abnormally. Other causes of dwarfism include: a chromosome abnormality such as Turner syndrome a deficiency in human growth hormone a medical problem such as chronic kidney disease, inflammatory conditions, or problems with absorbing nutrients Sometimes, the cause is simply unknown. Symptoms of dwarfism People with proportionate dwarfism usually have a medical condition that affects their overall growth and development. They are usually slow to grow and slow to develop sexually. People with disproportionate dwarfism often have a large head with a prominent forehead and short hands and fingers. Some have problems with bones and joints, and some have difficulties with vision or hearing. Diagnosis of dwarfism Sometimes dwarfism can be diagnosed at birth, or even before. If not, it becomes obvious as a child gets older. To diagnose dwarfism, doctors usually: take a full medical and family history collect measurements, such as height and weight do some blood tests (sometimes including hormone tests) do imaging, such as x-rays, an MRI or a CT scan Some people might be asked to have genetic testing. Living with dwarfism Most people with dwarfism have normal intelligence, health and lifespan. Some people with the condition can be treated with growth hormone under the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS). But there is no treatment that will increase the height of people with achondroplasia and other genetic conditions. Otherwise, if people with dwarfism have a health issue, it can be addressed in the same way as it would for other people. People with dwarfism would benefit from social and emotional support to deal with the discrimination they are likely to face. Knowing there are others in a similar situation is likely to help. Contact the Short Statured People of Australia organisation for more information. More information Visit the Short Statured People of Australia and Little People of America websites Sources: Little People of America (Frequently asked questions), myVMC (Achondroplasia), Kids Health (Dwarfism), RACGP (Growth disorders in adolescents), Mayo Clinic (Dwarfism – symptoms and causes), Mayo Clinic (Dwarfism – diagnosis and treatment) Last reviewed: February 2018 |
198 | 2018-04-19 02:06:07 | Dyslexia | Dyslexia is a learning difficulty that affects reading and spelling. It occurs when the brain is unable to translate written words into meaningful language. Dyslexia is sometimes also called “specific reading disability”. Dyslexia affects between 3 and 10 percent of the population and is the most common learning disability in children. People with dyslexia are born with it and often have other family members with the condition. Individuals with dyslexia can learn and be productive, however they may learn in different ways. Often people with dyslexia have average or above average IQ. Follow the links below to find trusted information about dyslexia. Sources: Australian Dyslexia Association (What is dyslexia) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
199 | 2018-04-19 02:06:09 | Dysmenorrhoea | Many women will experience some form of pain during their period. It is very common in young women, and the pain often tends to ease as you get older. There are two types of period pain (also known as dysmenorrhoea). These types are primary and secondary. Primary dysmenorrhoea This is the common type of period pain experienced by teenagers and young women where there is no underlying condition in the uterus (womb). It is not fully understood why primary dysmenorrhoea happens, but it is thought that natural chemicals produced by the body (called prostaglandins) collect in the uterus (womb) lining. These chemicals help the uterus to shed the lining during a period by making the walls of the uterus contract. Women who experience period pain may have higher levels of prostaglandins, making the contractions feel painful. Cramps are the most common symptom; with some women experiencing them a day before their period starts. The cramps usually last between one to three days, but this can vary with each period. Secondary dysmenorrhoea This type of pain is caused by an underlying condition affecting the uterus (womb). Conditions that can cause painful periods include endometriosis, fibroids, pelvic inflammatory disease and adenomyosis. You may not be aware of any problems, but if you have noticed a change to your period pain (such as it feels more painful, or lasts longer than normal), you may have secondary dysmenorrhoea. It is unlikely that a woman under 30 years old will be affected by secondary dysmenorrhoea. Other signs may include bleeding between periods, pain during sex, irregular periods, or pain (like period pain) between periods. You should make an appointment to see your doctor. How it feels Period pains are caused by menstruation, and most commonly cause a pain in the lower abdominal area. Sometimes this pain spreads towards the back and thigh areas. The pain may feel like sharp twinges or a constant, dull pain. Everyone is different. Some women may not experience any period pains. As well as the discomfort and aches, there are also a number of other symptoms that you may experience during your period, such as: headaches tiredness nausea dizziness diarrhoea feeling faint. All symptoms can vary each month and can usually be treated at home. If you find that any of these symptoms are very severe, you may want to contact your doctor or call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 for advice. How long does it last? Period pain varies between women, although it’s most common to experience period pain at the beginning of your period, rather than during the middle or towards the end of it. Some women don’t experience any period pain, while others may be in pain for the duration of their period and possibly before it starts and a few days after. Since period pain is caused by the menstruation process, most women find that their pains are worst when their bleeding is at its heaviest. Painful periods often ease with age, and a lot of women find period pains get better after they have given birth. Looking after yourself You can help reduce period pain by trying the following: Gentle exercise, such as swimming or cycling, is good to help ease the pain. Stretching exercises, such as yoga or pilates, can help reduce your feelings of stress and tension. They can also increase your circulation and flexibility, help ease cramps, and improve sleep patterns. Apply a heat pad or hot water bottle to the painful area, or try having a warm bath or shower. Massage the painful area gently. If you are in pain, get advice from your pharmacist or doctor on medicines you can take. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your painful periods, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: NHS Choices (UK) (Period pain), Jean Hailes (Period pain) Last reviewed: October 2017 |
200 | 2018-04-19 02:06:11 | Dyspraxia | What is dyspraxia? Dyspraxia is a disorder in which messages sent from the brain to the muscles are interrupted, leading to problems with movement and coordination. Types of dyspraxia There are a few different types of dyspraxia: motor - causing problems with things like writing, dressing or skipping verbal - causing problems with speech oral - causing problems with movements of the mouth and tongue. Causes of dyspraxia Dyspraxia is not a disease, but a way of describing symptoms. There is no single cause. It seems to be tied in with the way a child develops. It can also occur after damage to the brain due to illness, a stroke or an accident, or it may also develop in young children when there is no brain injury or no obvious cause. Symptoms of dyspraxia Children with dyspraxia usually have motor learning difficulties. Some children with dyspraxia also have other physical or behavioural problems. Motor dyspraxia involves trouble with co-ordinating physical movements, for example, walking up or down stairs, kicking balls, or hopping. Children with motor dyspraxia may be able to perform a task at one time, then unable at a later time. Children with verbal dyspraxia have problems with voluntarily coordinating their muscle to produce speech sounds and words. They have difficulties in producing clear, fluent speech or saying certain words or sentences. Children with verbal dyspraxia might speak slowly with frequent pauses. Children with oral dyspraxia may have trouble with eating and swallowing. Diagnosis of dyspraxia If you are concerned that your child has dyspraxia, see your doctor for advice and referral to other specialists. Your child may be referred to, for example: speech pathologists for oral and verbal dyspraxia occupational therapists for oral and motor dyspraxia physiotherapists for motor dyspraxia. Each specialist will use a variety of assessment tools. Your doctor is likely to coordinate the process of assessment and diagnosis. Treatment of dyspraxia There is no cure for dyspraxia, but it can be treated and managed with a combination of regular, intensive therapies including: speech therapy occupational therapy physiotherapy. Find out more about dyspraxia on the Dyspraxia Foundation of Australia website. Sources: Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Health Info; Verbal dyspraxia), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Brain injury – dyspraxia), Dyspraxia Kids Australia (Dyspraxia explained) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
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