health_topic.id,health_topic.ts,health_topic.title,health_topic.content
201,"2018-04-19 02:06:14","Ear disorders","Inflammation causing swelling and discharge in the ears can be a result of reactions to topical medicines, jewellery, cosmetics or ear plugs. Follow the links below to find trusted information about ear disorders. Last reviewed: February 2014"
202,"2018-04-19 02:06:20","Ear infection","Ear infections usually go away on their own within a week or two, but sometimes need treatment with antibiotics. You or your child may need pain relief. Some children with repeated ear infections, where they may be causing long term problems, may have surgery. Sometimes the ear drum can burst. This relieves the pressure and should clear up by itself after a few days. See your doctor if symptoms don’t improve, your or your child are in a lot of pain, or there is pus or fluid coming from the ear. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners recommend that middle ear infection (otitis media) in non-indigeneous children between the ages of 2-12 should not be treated with antibiotics unless there are signs of the child being generally unwell, such as having a fever. For more information, speak to your doctor or visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. What is an ear infection? While there are many different types of ear infection, otitis media (middle ear infection) is the most common. Babies and children are especially prone to otitis media. The other common type is otitis externa, which is an infection of the outer ear (ear canal), which is often caused by water remaining in the canal after swimming, and is also known as swimmer’s ear. Ear infections can be caused by either bacteria or viruses. After an ear infection your child may have a problem hearing for two to six weeks. If the problem lasts for any longer than this, ask your doctor for advice. Symptoms of ear infection Symptoms can include: ear pain fever or headache having trouble hearing ears feeling plugged or full, sometimes with ringing or buzzing becoming dizzy or losing your balance nausea or vomiting. Babies and small children might: pull or rub their ear have a high temperature (38°C or above) have redness around the ear be restless or irritable not respond to noises that would normally attract their attention. Ear infection prevention Middle ear infections often occur as a result of nasal congestion from a common cold. Otitis externa risk may be reduced by ensuring children drain water out of ears after swimming in pools, or using ear plugs if they are prone to swimmer’s ear. Children who keep getting ear infections may need ‘grommets’ in their eardrums to prevent infection. This will be done by an ear, nose and throat specialist. Here are some things to avoid. Don’t put anything into your ear, not even a cotton bud, even if your ear feels blocked or painful. Don’t use ear drops unless they’re prescribed by a doctor or you’ve talked to a pharmacist about them. If the pain persists or gets worse, or if you feel sick or have a temperature, see your doctor. Sources: Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Raising Children (Middle ear infection), Australian Prescriber (Managing otitis media: an evidence-based approach), NHS Choices (UK) (Middle ear infection - otitis media) Last reviewed: November 2017"
203,"2018-04-19 02:06:24","Ear infections (in children)","Coughs In children cough is a common symptom which is commonly caused by a cold. Usually a cough is self limiting and not serious. If your child is feeding, drinking, eating and breathing normally and there’s no wheezing, a cough isn’t usually anything to worry about. If your child has a bad cough that won’t go away, see your doctor. Causes of a more serious cough in children can include; croup whooping cough asthma pneumonia swallowing a foreign object e.g. peanut. Signs of a more serious cause of a childhood cough can include; high temperature persistant or unual cough breathlessness at rest or on exertion occurs at night listless or overly tired in discomfort. If your child has any of these symptoms take them to the doctor. If your child seems to be having trouble breathing, seek medical attention urgently or call an ambulance, even if it’s the middle of the night. Although it’s upsetting to hear your child cough, coughing helps clear away phlegm from the chest or mucus from the back of the throat. Sore throats Sore throats are often caused by viral illnesses such as colds or flu. Your child’s throat may be dry and sore for a day or two before a cold starts. Infant or child dosage paracetamol or ibuprofen can be given to reduce the pain. Most sore throats clear up on their own after a few days. If your child has a sore throat for more than 4 days, has a high temperature and is generally unwell, or is unable to swallow fluids or saliva, see your doctor. Colds It is normal for a child to have 8 or more colds per year. This is because there are hundreds of different cold viruses and young children have no immunity to any of them as they've never had them before. Gradually they build up immunity and get fewer colds. Most colds get better in 5 to 7 days. Here are some suggestions on how to ease the symptoms in your child: Increase the amount of fluid your child normally drinks. Saline nose drops can help loosen dried nasal secretions and relieve a stuffy nose. Ask your pharmacist, doctor or early childhood nurse about them. If your child has a fever, pain or discomfort, paracetamol or ibuprofen can help. There are child and infant products that will state on the packet how much you should give children of different ages. Encourage the whole family to wash their hands regularly to stop the cold spreading. Nasal decongestants can make stuffiness worse. Never use them for more than 2 or 3 days. Ear infections Ear infections are common in babies and small children. They often follow a cold and sometimes cause a temperature. A child may pull or rub at an ear, but babies can’t always tell where pain is coming from and may just cry and seem uncomfortable. If your child has an earache but is otherwise well, give them infant or child dose paracetamol or ibuprofen for 12-24 hours. Don’t put any oil, eardrops or cotton buds into your child’s ear unless your doctor advises you to do so. Most ear infections are caused by viruses, which can’t be treated with antibiotics. They will just get better by themselves. After an ear infection your child may have a problem hearing for 2 to 6 weeks. If the problem lasts for any longer than this, ask your doctor for advice. Glue ear Repeated middle ear infections (otitis media) may lead to 'glue ear' (otitis media with effusion), where sticky fluid builds up and can affect your child’s hearing. This may lead to unclear speech or behavioural problems. Your doctor will give you advice on treating glue ear. Sources: NHS Choices (UK) (Colds, coughs and ear infections in children) Last reviewed: October 2016"
204,"2018-04-19 02:06:29","Early onset dementia","Younger onset dementia is similar to other types of dementia in many ways. The same problems generally occur but it can have a different impact, because it appears when people are more likely to be employed fulltime, be raising a family or be financially responsible for a family. Younger onset dementia can be difficult to diagnose, mainly because the person affected seems too young. The symptoms of dementia are similar regardless of age of onset. Anybody who suspects they have younger onset dementia should see their doctor. An early diagnosis is important because it allows for early planning and early access to support, information and possibly medication. Many conditions can produce symptoms that are similar to dementia, such as vitamin and hormone deficiencies, depression, medication, infections and brain tumours. Telling the difference between these conditions and dementia may involve: a detailed medical history a thorough physical and neurological examination pathology tests brain imaging a psychiatric assessment a neuropsychological assessment There are many types of dementia. Each type has its own symptoms and is caused by a specific type of change in the brain. The most common type of younger onset dementia is Alzheimer's disease. The Dementia Australia website has information about the different types of dementia, and the Younger Onset Dementia Association website is also very useful. What happens after a diagnosis of younger onset dementia? A diagnosis of younger onset dementia can come as a shock. The person affected, and their family and friends, may all feel angry or sad. They might not believe it. There can be a huge sense of loss. These feelings are normal. But help and support is available, and it is better to get it earlier than later. Dementia Australia is a good place to start. The organisation can explain what is happening as well as provide emotional support, information, education and counselling. Dementia Australia also coordinates support groups throughout Australia. Some of these groups are specifically for carers of people with younger onset dementia, such as the specialised Living with Dementia Program for people with younger onset dementia. Support groups can provide comfort and practical assistance for carers, relatives and friends of people with dementia. Find out more by visiting the Alzheimer’s Australia website or calling the National Dementia Helpline on 1800 100 500. You may also like to contact the Younger Onset Dementia Association for more information, and there is a Younger Onset Dementia Support Group on Facebook. Sources: Dementia Australia (What is younger onset dementia?), Dementia Australia (Younger Onset Dementia a practical guide) Last reviewed: March 2018"
205,"2018-04-19 02:06:34","Ebola virus","People become infected with the Ebola virus only if they have direct contact with the blood or other bodily fluids of an infected person or animal. The vast majority of people with Ebola live in Africa. Several outbreaks have occurred since the disease was first recorded, including a major outbreak in West Africa during 2014-2015. What is the Ebola virus? The Ebola virus lives in wild animals such as bats, monkeys, chimpanzees and gorillas. However, the virus can spread to humans if they have close contact with an infected animal. There is no evidence that the virus lives in any wild animals in Australia. Among humans, the virus spreads through direct contact with the blood, secretions or other bodily fluids of an infected person, or items contaminated with their fluids. At risk of getting Ebola? If you have arrived in Australia after being in an affected area of Africa during the past 21 days, and are concerned you may have symptoms of infection and could have been at risk of exposure to the Ebola virus, see a doctor or go to a hospital emergency department for advice. Make sure you mention where you have been travelling. Without any of the exposures outlined above, your risk of Ebola is highly unlikely. More information Visit the Department of Health website for more information on Ebola, including: general Ebola information symptoms and risk factors for Ebola virus infection a list of countries affected by Ebola (visual maps on the WHO website). Sources: Department of Health (Information for the public about Ebola), Department of Health (Fact Sheet - Ebola), NSW Health (Ebola virus disease) Last reviewed: January 2017"
206,"2018-04-19 02:06:38","Ectoparasitic infestations","Follow the links below to find trusted information about ectoparasitic infestations. Last reviewed: July 2016"
207,"2018-04-19 02:06:40","Ectopic pregnancy","In a few cases an ectopic pregnancy causes no noticeable symptoms and is only detected during routine pregnancy testing. However, most women do have symptoms and these usually become apparent between week 4 and week 12 of pregnancy. Early diagnosis and treatment is important to prevent life-threatening bleeding and also, if possible, so the tube can be saved and it can continue to work. Symptoms of ectopic pregnancy One-sided abdominal pain - you may experience pain, typically on one side of your abdomen (tummy), which can be persistent and severe. Vaginal bleeding - vaginal bleeding is a different type of bleeding from your regular period. It often starts and stops, and can be bright or dark red in colour. Some women mistake this bleeding for a regular period and do not realise they are pregnant. Shoulder tip pain - shoulder tip pain is felt where your shoulder ends and your arm begins. It is not known exactly why shoulder tip pain occurs, but it usually occurs when you are lying down and is a sign that the ectopic pregnancy is causing internal bleeding. The bleeding is thought to irritate the phrenic nerve, which is found in your diaphragm (the muscle used during breathing that separates your chest cavity from your abdomen). The irritation to the phrenic nerve causes referred pain (pain that is felt elsewhere) in the shoulder blade. Bowel pain - you may experience pain when passing urine or stools. Diarrhoea and vomiting - an ectopic pregnancy can cause similar symptoms to a gastrointestinal disease and is often associated with diarrhoea and vomiting. How is ectopic pregnancy diagnosed? It can be difficult to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy from the symptoms alone, as they can be similar to other conditions. Some of the tests used to diagnose an ectopic pregnancy include: vaginal ultrasound blood tests keyhole surgery. How is an ectopic pregnancy treated? If an ectopic pregnancy is detected at an early stage, a medication called methotrexate is sometimes needed to stop the egg developing. The pregnancy tissue is then absorbed into the woman's body. Methotrexate is not always needed, as in around half of cases the egg dies before it can grow larger. Ectopic pregnancies detected at a more advanced stage will require surgery to remove the pregnancy sac. If an ectopic pregnancy is left to develop, there is a risk that the fertilised egg could continue to grow and cause the fallopian tube to split open (rupture), which can cause life-threatening internal bleeding. Signs of a ruptured fallopian tube are: sudden, severe, sharp pain feeling faint and dizzy feeling nauseous or vomiting diarrhoea shoulder tip pain. A ruptured fallopian tube is a medical emergency. If you think that you or someone in your care has experienced this complication, call 000 and ask for an ambulance. Why does an ectopic pregnancy happen? In a normal pregnancy an egg is fertilised by sperm in one of the fallopian tubes, which connect the ovaries to the womb. The fertilised egg then moves into the womb and implants itself into the womb lining (endometrium), where it grows and develops. An ectopic pregnancy occurs when a fertilised egg implants itself outside the womb. It most commonly occurs in a fallopian tube (this is known as a tubal pregnancy), usually as the result of damage to the fallopian tube or the tube not working properly. Less commonly (in around 2 in 100 cases), an ectopic pregnancy can occur in an ovary, in the abdominal space or in the cervix (neck of the womb). In many cases, it's not clear why a woman has an ectopic pregnancy. Sometimes it happens when there's a problem with the fallopian tubes, such as them being narrow or blocked. The following are all associated with an increased risk of ectopic pregnancy: pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) - an infection of the female reproductive system, typically caused by chlamydia smoking having a previous history of ectopic pregnancies previous surgery on your fallopian tubes - such as an unsuccessful female sterilisation procedure fertility treatment, such as IVF - taking medication to stimulate ovulation (the release of an egg) can increase the risk of ectopic pregnancy becoming pregnant while using an intrauterine device (IUD) or intrauterine system (IUS) for contraception - it's rare to get pregnant while using these, but if you do you're more likely to have an ectopic pregnancy increasing age - the risk is highest for pregnant women who are aged 35-40. In around half of all cases, there are no obvious risk factors. Support The loss of your pregnancy at any stage can have a huge impact on you and your partner. One day you are pregnant and planning your future life with your child, and then within a short time, your pregnancy ends. The ending of an ectopic pregnancy is a form of miscarriage – and the feelings that a woman and her partner may experience can be similarly difficult. It is not uncommon for feelings of grief and bereavement to last for 6 to 12 months, although these feelings usually improve with time. Pregnancy, Birth and Baby offers free and confidential support and counselling to women, their partners, friends and relatives. Call on 1800 882 436. Many women affected by a miscarriage benefit from counselling. SANDS (miscarriage, stillborn and neonatal death support) provide support groups for parents and their family whose baby has died through stillbirth, neonatal death, miscarriage, ectopic pregnancy and medically advised termination. Information on SANDS groups in Australian states can be obtained from the SANDS Australia website. Trying for another pregnancy It is normally recommended that you wait for at least 2 menstrual cycles before trying for another pregnancy, as this will allow time for your fallopian tubes to recover (if treated with methotrexate, you will need to wait at least 3 months). However, many women are not emotionally ready to try for another pregnancy so soon. Your chances of having a successful pregnancy will depend on the underlying health of your fallopian tubes. If you cannot conceive in the normal way then fertility treatment such as in-vitro fertilisation (IVF) may be an option. IVF treatment is where an egg is fertilised by a sperm outside the womb (usually in a test tube) and, after fertilisation, the embryo is surgically implanted into the womb. Sources: NHS Choices, UK (Ectopic pregnancy) Last reviewed: August 2016"
208,"2018-04-19 02:06:46",Eczema,"What is eczema? Eczema is a common skin condition that affects both children and adults. It’s also known as atopic eczema, atopic dermatitis and allergic eczema. Nobody knows exactly what causes eczema, but it can run in families. Many people with eczema also have other allergic conditions, including hay fever and asthma. People with eczema find it hard to keep the moisture in their skin, so it becomes dry and easily irritated. This causes chemicals to be released, which worsens the irritation and makes you want to scratch. But scratching only makes your skin more itchy and so the cycle repeats itself. This can be very frustrating. What triggers eczema? There are many things, known as triggers, that can make eczema symptoms worse, including: dry skin scratching the affected area viral or bacterial infections chemicals from swimming pools sand, especially from sandpits contact with some types of carpet or grass allergens that you can breathe in, such as pollen artificial colours and preservatives perfumes, soap and chemicals woollen or synthetic fabrics heat or very hot rooms stress. Not all of these things will trigger a person’s eczema. It varies from person to person. Symptoms of eczema If you have eczema, you’ll have areas of red, dry, itchy skin, most commonly found in the creases of your elbows, wrists, neck and behind the knees. Use healthdirect's online Symptom Checker to find out whether you might have eczema. Diagnosis of eczema Your doctor will be able to diagnose your eczema by talking to you and examining you. They might also request allergy tests to help with the diagnosis and inform your treatment. Your doctor will help you discover what triggers your eczema. Treatment of eczema While there is no cure, eczema is quite treatable. Here are some ways to manage your eczema: Protect your skin by applying moisturiser every day. Some people with severe eczema might need wet dressings, which cool, protect and rehydrate the skin. Treat flare-ups by using ointments or creams prescribed by your doctor. Control itching by using antihistamines, a cold compress for the affected area and trying not to scratch. Control and prevent infection by keeping your house clean and using antibiotics to treat infection if prescribed by your doctor. Some dermatologists might also use ultraviolet light (PUVA) to reduce inflammation. Many people find eczema improves as they get older. There is no evidence that probiotics and evening primrose oil are effective in treating eczema. Once you know what triggers your eczema, your doctor may be able to help you develop an eczema action plan. This is a personal guide and checklist for how to manage your eczema and prevent it from flaring up. Sources: ASCIA (Eczema), WA Government (Eczema (Atopic Dermatitis)), ASCIA (Eczema Action Plan) Last reviewed: December 2017"
209,"2018-04-19 02:06:48","Edwards syndrome","How does Edwards syndrome happen? Children with Edwards syndrome have three copies of part or all of chromosome 18, instead of the usual two copies. It is also called Trisomy 18. This can be caused by a mistake in the formation of the egg or sperm, or the problem can arise while the baby is developing in the womb. Babies with Edwards syndrome are either miscarried, stillborn or born with severe physical abnormalities. It is very rare for a baby with Edwards syndrome to survive their first year of life, and most die within a week of birth. Symptoms and signs of Edwards syndrome Most babies with Edwards syndrome have: feeding difficulties breathing difficulties intellectual disabilities abnormal growth and development undescended testes (in boys). Some babies also have: an unusual-looking face and head unusual hands and feet with overlapping fingers and webbed toes small bones in the pelvis and chest problems with organs such as the heart, lungs and kidneys. Edwards syndrome diagnosis Edwards syndrome can be suspected or even diagnosed during pregnancy. Some parents find the possibility of Edwards syndrome is raised with them after a pregnancy ultrasound. It is also possible to have a screening test while pregnant – this is usually offered to women over 35 as the chances of having a baby with Edwards syndrome increase with the mother’s age. But the only definite way to diagnose Edwards syndrome is through genetic testing. This can be done while the baby is in the womb using chorionic villus sampling (CVS) or amniocentesis. Both these tests have a risk of miscarriage. You can talk to your obstetrician or midwife about this. Sometimes, Edwards syndrome is not suspected during pregnancy, and is only discovered when the baby is born. Visit Pregnancy, Birth and Baby website for more information on prenatal screening. Edwards syndrome treatment There is no effective long-term treatment for babies with Edwards syndrome. Parents in this situation face a very hard choice. They can choose to try to keep their babies alive in the neonatal intensive care unit. Or they can choose to have their baby receive palliative care until he or she dies. More information Visit our genetic disorders guide to learn more about genes, types of genetic disorders and where to go for help and more information. Sources: Raising Children Network (Trisomy 18 (Edwards syndrome)), Mater Mothers' Hospital (Edward Syndrome—Trisomy 18), Genetic and Rare Disease Network (Trisomy 18 Syndrome), Centre for Genetics Education (Trisomy 18 - Edward Syndrome) Last reviewed: September 2016"
210,"2018-04-19 02:06:50","Electric shocks and burns","Common causes include: exposed electrical wires water on electrical appliances cutting through a live cable old wiring faulty appliances. Electric shocks are occasionally caused by lightning. Electric shocks can cause little more than a fright and some pain, or they can be severe enough to knock someone unconscious and stop their heart. If someone near you receives an electric shock, do not put yourself in danger: look first, don’t touch – the person may still be in contact with the electricity, and if you touch them, you will receive an electric shock switch off the electricity at the mains, remove fuses, turn off all powerpoints and unplug all cords before approaching the person if that’s not possible, use material that does not conduct electricity, such as a dry wooden broom handle, to separate the person from the electricity source take particular care if the victim is in contact with water, which carries electricity. Always take the person who has been shocked to the nearest emergency department for assessment. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance if the person who has received an electric shock: has lost consciousness, even for a second is breathing very fast or very slow has a heartbeat which is very fast, or very slow, or irregular. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your electric shocked or electric burn, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Queensland Ambulance Service (Clinical Practice Guidelines, trauma\/electric shock), St John Ambulance (Electric shock) Last reviewed: August 2017"
211,"2018-04-19 02:06:52",Emphysema,"In people who have emphysema, the air sacs, or alveoli, of the lungs are damaged. This causes the small airways to collapse when air is breathed out, which makes it hard for air to flow into the lungs and even harder for it to flow out. Smoking is the main cause of emphysema, so quitting smoking is the most important step in easing the symptoms. Help is available via Quitline on 13 78 48. The condition is one of several which grouped together are known as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). It is one of the most common causes of death in Australia. Your doctor can diagnose emphysema by talking to you and examining you. They are likely to also ask for blood tests, chest x-rays and lung function tests. There are many treatments available, including medicines, lung exercises and, for some people, surgery. It is also wise to avoid pollution and other people’s smoke. Quitting smoking is the only treatment known to slow the worsening of emphysema symptoms. Are you a carer or helping someone out? Carers are everyday people who provide unpaid and ongoing care and support to someone they know who has disability, mental illness, drug or alcohol dependancy, a chronic condition, terminal illness or who is frail. Support for carers Learn more about the practical, financial and emotional support and services available to carers. For carers' services in your state or territory visit Carers Australia. Sources: Cochrane Summaries (Airway clearance techniques for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), Australian Prescriber (Managing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)), myVMC (Emphysema), Mayo Clinic (Emphysema) Last reviewed: November 2016"
212,"2018-04-19 02:06:55",Encephalitis,"Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain. Encephalitis is most commonly caused by a virus, but it can be triggered by other organisms including bacteria, fungi, and parasites. Sometimes it can be caused by a viral disease elsewhere in the body, such as post measles encephalitis. About half of the time, the trigger for encephalitis is uncertain. Symptoms of encephalitis include: fever headache light sensitivity altered level of consciousness stiff neck vomiting seizures. Encephalitis requires urgent hospitalisation and medical care. With prompt treatment many people with encephalitis make a full recovery, but sometimes encephalitis can cause permanent brain damage or death. People who are unwell and have symptoms of encephalitis should see their doctor urgently, attend an emergency department or call an ambulance on triple zero (000). Follow the links below to find trusted information about encephalitis. Sources: Department of Health (Encephalitis in Australia) Last reviewed: July 2016"
213,"2018-04-19 02:07:01","Endocrine diseases","Endocrine diseases can interfere with these organs, or the effect of the hormones they produce, to cause illness. Diabetes is a common endocrine disease. Follow the links below to find trusted information about endocrine diseases. Last reviewed: February 2014"
214,"2018-04-19 02:07:08",Endometriosis,"What causes endometriosis? The causes of endometriosis are not completely known. Some causes include: Instead of menstrual (period) blood flowing out of the body as usual, some travels backwards along the fallopian tubes and into the pelvis. This blood can contain cells from the endometrium. In some women, these endometrial cells stick onto the surfaces of pelvic organs and start growing. Normal pelvic tissue can turn into endometriosis Women who have a close relative with endometriosis are up to 10 times more likely to develop the condition. Other possible risk factors include: long and heavy periods frequent periods or short cycles starting your period before 11 having your first pregnancy when you're older problems with the immune system low body weight alcohol use. Endometriosis symptoms Common symptoms include: heavy periods or irregular bleeding abdominal or pelvic pain before and during a period, when having sex or going to the toilet bleeding between periods bleeding from the bladder or bowel, or changes in urination or bowel movements feeling bloated being tired and moody, especially around the time of your period not being able to get pregnant (infertility). However, not everyone with endometriosis will experience symptoms. Endometriosis diagnosis To diagnose endometriosis, your doctor will probably ask about your symptoms and periods. You may need to have a laparoscopy, which is a type of surgery that allows doctors to look for endometriosis tissue in your abdomen. If your doctor believes you have endometriosis, they can refer you to a gynaecologist. Endometriosis treatments Endometriosis can usually be treated with medications or surgery. Factors that affect the choice of treatment include: your symptoms the severity of your endometriosis whether you want to become pregnant. Medications for endometriosis include hormone-based treatments and pain relief medication. Hormone treatments can reduce pain and reduce the growth of endometrial cells. However, they work only as long as you take them, so the endometriosis may recur. Surgical treatment aims to remove as much of the endometriosis as possible. There are several options, including laparoscopic surgery where a small cut is made in your abdomen to allow examination and removal of the endometrial tissue. Surgery may also be combined with medications. Make sure you get plenty of sleep, exercise regularly and reduce stress as much as possible. Visit the Jean Hailes for Women's Health website for more information about endometriosis. Sources: Jean Hailes (Endometriosis), Mayo Clinic (Endometriosis causes), NHS Choices (Endometriosis) Last reviewed: April 2017"
215,"2018-04-19 02:07:13","Enterovirus infections","Follow the links below to find trusted information about enterovirus infections. Last reviewed: July 2016"
216,"2018-04-19 02:07:15",Epilepsy,"Having just one seizure is not considered to be epilepsy - about half the people who have one seizure never have another seizure. Epilepsy is not one single condition; rather it is a range of different conditions that can cause seizures. If you witness a seizure, you can go to Epilepsy Australia's seizure first aid resources. Seizures usually last 1 to 3 minutes. If someone has a seizure that lasts for more than 5 minutes, call an ambulance by ringing triple zero (000). What is a seizure? A seizure is caused by an episode of disrupted electrical activity in the brain and can vary greatly depending on the part of the brain involved. They can cause problems such as a loss of consciousness, unusual jerking movements (convulsions) as well as other unusual feelings, sensations and behaviours. Not all seizures are considered epilepsy. Other conditions such as fever, diabetes, heart conditions and alcohol withdrawal can also cause seizures. What are the common types of seizures? There are many different types of seizures, which are generally categorised based on the parts of the brain involved (whole of brain or just one part) and prominent features (such as the types of jerking movements if there are any). Generalised seizures involve the whole brain and therefore the whole body is affected. They include both generalised tonic-clonic seizures and generalised absence seizures. Focal seizures involve only part of the brain. Generalised tonic-clonic seizures Previously known as 'grand mal seizures', these types of seizures are the most well recognised. The seizure begins with a sudden loss of consciousness, the body then becomes stiff followed by jerking of the muscles. Turning red or blue, tongue-biting and loss of bladder control are common. Confusion, drowsiness, memory loss, headache and agitation can occur on regaining consciousness. Generalised absence seizures Previously known as 'petit mal seizures', these types of seizures usually start in childhood, but can occur in adults. These seizures are brief and characterised by staring, loss of expression, unresponsiveness and stopping activity. Sometimes eye blinking or upward eye movements are seen. The person usually recovers immediately and resumes their previous activity, with no memory of the event. Focal seizures Previously known as 'partial seizures', start in one area of the brain and affect the parts of the body controlled by that area of the brain. The seizure may involve unusual movements, feelings, sensations or behaviours. People can have different levels of consciousness during focal seizures. What can trigger a seizure? Common triggers for seizures include: lack of sleep missed or too much antiepileptic medication physical and emotional stress hormonal fluctuations fever alcohol or drug use flashing lights caffeine missing meals being ill or having an infection allergies menstruation severe changes in temperature stress What are febrile convulsions? Febrile convulsions are common seizures occurring in 3% of healthy children up to the age of 6 years. The seizures are generally harmless and associated with an illness causing a fever, such as a viral infection. Management includes treating the seizure if necessary, as well as treating the underlying cause of the fever. In the absence of any risk factors for epilepsy, children with febrile convulsions have a similar risk of developing epilepsy to the general population. Where can I get more information? You can find more epilepsy information on these websites: Epilepsy Action Epilepsy Australia Not sure what to do next?If you are still concerned about your epilepsy, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention.The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Epilepsy Action (PDF - Epilepsy facts), Epilepsy Australia (Epilepsy Explained), Epilepsy Action Australia (PDF - Epilepsy and seizures fact sheet), Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (RACGP) (AFP March 2014: Epilepsy in Adults, 2014), The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (PDF - Clinical Practice Guidelines Febrile Convulsions) Last reviewed: December 2017"
217,"2018-04-19 02:07:19","Erectile dysfunction","It is estimated erectile dysfunction affects about 1 million men in Australia. It is much more common in older men. Erectile dysfunction can have a range of causes, both physical and psychological. Physical factors that can cause erectile dysfunction include: general aging diabetes multiple sclerosis (MS) prostate disease high blood pressure under-active thyroid gland (hypothyroidism) alcohol some medicines cardiovascular disease obesity Parkinson’s disease multiple sclerosis smoking, alcoholism or other substance abuse Peyronie's disease (scar tissue inside the penis) sleep disorders treatments for prostate cancer or enlarged prostate surgery that affects the pelvic area or spinal cord spinal cord injuries. Psychological factors that can cause erectile dysfunction include: unresolved problems, conflicts or issues within a sexual and emotional relationship anxiety about sexual performance (this is most common at the start of a new relationship, if a man has had previous problems with sexual performance) depression stress. It is common for a man who is impotent to be affect by a combination of physical and psychological causes. Erectile dysfunction treatments Your doctor will first treat any health conditions that may be causing your erectile dysfunction. You may need treatment for both physical and psychological causes of erectile dysfunction. It can usually be managed, so you can expect a positive result from treatment. For physical causes, your doctor will usually suggest medication. Other treatment options such as a penis pump, implants or surgery are only considered if medication does not work. Treating erectile dysfunction that is caused by psychological factors could involve counselling, such as cognitive behavioural therapy, or sex therapy undertaken with your partner. Medicines for erection problems should be obtained only from an authorised Australian prescriber, such as your doctor, specialist nurse or erectile specialist. Medicines bought on the internet may be of poor quality and may contain ingredients that are not safe when taken in combination with other medicines you are on. They may also be unsafe due to other health problems you have. If you are worried that you might have been sold counterfeit medicines, then report it to the Therapeutic Goods Administration. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your erectile dysfunction, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Mayo Clinic (Erectile dysfunction), Therapeutic Goods Administration (Counterfeit medicines and devices), NHS Choices (Erectile dysfunction (impotence)), Sexual Health Australia (Erectile dysfunction/impotence) Last reviewed: August 2017"
218,"2018-04-19 02:07:24",Erythromelalgia,"Erythromelalgia is also called Mitchell's disease or erythermalgia. Causes of erythromelalgia There are two types of erythromelalgia – primary and secondary. Primary erythromelalgia doesn’t have a known cause. It can run in families, but this is quite rare. Secondary erythromelalgia has a known cause. It can be caused by too many platelets, which are blood cells that help blood to clot when bleeding. Other causes include: diabetes lupus some diseases of the brain and nervous system polycythaemia vera (too many red blood cells). Symptoms of erythromelalgia Flare-ups often begin with a mild itch. The itch gradually changes to burning pain. The painful area becomes red, swollen and sometimes sore to touch. Erythromelalgia usually affects the hands or feet on both sides of the body. However you can get it in other areas, or just on one side. Erythromelalgia can be mild, but it can also be very severe. Some people move to a cooler climate to avoid attacks. Severe erythromelalgia can cause ongoing pain. It can also interfere with walking and other activities. Diagnosis of erythromelalgia To diagnose erythromelalgia, your doctor will need to know how it looks and feels during an attack. It can help to take photos of your skin during a flare-up, to show your doctor. Your doctor might also ask you to put your feet or hands in warm water so they can see what happens. If you have erythromelalgia, you might be asked to have a blood test. This is to see if your erythromelalgia is caused by too many platelets or blood cells. Treatment of erythromelalgia Erythromelalgia can't be cured, but primary erythromelalgia sometimes gets better by itself. Many people find gently cooling the area helps. Raising the affected area can also help. If you have erythromelalgia, wearing loose clothing and not letting yourself get too hot can help prevent or reduce attacks. Keeping the room at a steady temperature can be helpful. Avoiding strenuous exercise or wearing too much clothing can also help. Other treatments that have helped some people include: aspirin capsaicin cream anticonvulsant medicines (such as gabapentin) antidepressants (for example, tricyclics) calcium channel blocker medication anaesthetic medication through a drip surgery to stop the nerve pain. Using cold water for long periods (such as in an ice bath) is not recommended as it can cause tissue damage and ulcers. What works for one person may not work for another. Treatments can also have risks and side effects. Talk to your doctor about what treatment might be best for you. Sources: Dermnet (Erythromelalgia), myVMC (Primary erythromelalgia), National Organization for Rare Disorders (Erythromelalgia), British Association of Dermatologists (Erythromelalgia) Last reviewed: August 2016"
219,"2018-04-19 02:07:26","Eye allergies","Follow the links below to find trusted information about eye allergies. Last reviewed: July 2016"
220,"2018-04-19 01:51:49","Eye diseases",
221,"2018-04-19 02:07:32","Eye floaters","What are eye floaters? Eye floaters can drift across your field of vision, and stand out more when you look at something bright. They usually don’t affect your vision, though if they are large they may appear to cast a shadow over your vision in some types of light. They are caused by changes over time to the ‘jelly’ (vitreous) inside your eyes, which is attached to the retina. As you age, the vitreous becomes more liquid and tiny collagen fibres inside it clump together and cast a shadow over the retina. It’s the shadow that you can see. Eye floaters are more common between the ages of 50 and 75. They don’t normally go away, but they don’t usually need treatment. In time you learn to live with them as your brain adapts and you don’t notice them as much. Eye floater symptoms Eye floaters can appear as: black or grey dots squiggly lines or ‘worms’ knobbly strands cobwebs rings Cross section of an eye with floaters They may dart away when you look at them, or may drift away from your field of vision. Eye floater diagnosis If your eye floaters are bothering you, talk to your doctor. They will examine your eye and may refer you to an ophthalmologist who will look more closely at the back of your eye to work out what is causing the eye floaters. Eye floater treatment If your eye floaters are bothering you, there are two types of possible treatment: Surgery to remove the floater (vitrectomy): A tiny cut is made in the eye so the eye floater and some or all of the vitreous can be removed. It is replaced with a solution. This procedure may not remove all of the eye floaters. There is a risk of bleeding, cataracts and a torn retina. Laser treatment (vitreolysis): Nanosecond pulses of laser light are applied to your eye through a contact lens to convert the molecules of collagen into gas. This reduces the size of the floater or completely removes it. It is performed as an outpatient procedure and normally takes 20 to 60 minutes. Most people need 2 or 3 treatments to remove the eye floaters. When to seek help See your doctor if: you have many more eye floaters than usual they appear very suddenly you also have flashes of light in the same eye there is darkness to the side or sides of your vision Eye floaters are sometimes – though rarely – caused by a tear, haemorrhage or detachment of the retina, all of which need urgent medical attention. A detached retina is more common if you have suffered a trauma to the eye, you are short sighted, you have had cataract surgery or your retina has been detached before. Your doctor will also rule out other possible causes of eye floaters such as inflammation or certain eye medications. More information Visit the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists website for more information about floaters. Sources: WebMD (Eye Floaters), Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (Floaters and flashes), Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Flashes and floaters), Mayo Clinic (Eye floaters), The Conversation (The laser beam that can get rid of those pesky eye floaters), Sydney Eye Clinic (Eye Floaters (Vitreolysis)) Last reviewed: March 2018"
222,"2018-04-19 02:07:38","Eye infections","Eye infections can be caused by either viruses or bacteria, or occasionally by a fungus. Conditions such as pink eye conjunctivitis and blepharitis (infection of the eye lid) cause puffy, swollen, watery and painful eyes. Treatment often involves eye drops and sometimes antibiotics. Other eye diseases such as glaucoma can mimic the symptoms of eye infections, so you should see your doctor if your symptoms don’t rapidly improve by themselves. If you experience any loss of vision, you should immediately seek medical assistance. Follow the links below to find trusted information about eye infections. Last reviewed: August 2014"
223,"2018-04-19 02:07:39","Eye injuries","Follow the links below to find trusted information about eye injuries. Last reviewed: July 2016"
224,"2018-04-19 02:07:40","Facial injury","An injury to the face can be caused by almost anything, such as: falling over cutting yourself shaving being struck in the face by an object, such as a ball or twig being assaulted or hit. An injury can include: minor cuts and grazes bruises open wounds nosebleeds broken bones. If you have an injury to your face, you should try to stop any bleeding. If you have a minor wound, try to clean off or remove any debris from it. You should also keep a close eye on it to make sure it doesn’t get infected or re-injured. Learn more about facial injury treatments. If you have a deeper wound, cover it as well as possible and see your doctor or go to the nearest emergency department. A bleeding or cut tongue Your tongue is a sensitive muscle that can be injured by anything sharp or rough, such as your teeth, cutlery or sharp pieces of food. It is also possible to injure your tongue if, for example, you fall over or play sport. You may bite your tongue, causing it to bleed or swell. A cut on your tongue may bleed a lot. This may make you think your injury is worse than it really is. Usually a cut on your tongue will heal quickly and not cause you any problems. To treat a small cut on your tongue, rinse your mouth with salt water to help keep it clean. If it won’t stop bleeding, firmly press the injury with gauze or a piece of clean cloth then see you doctor or go to the nearest emergency department. If you smoke, you should avoid smoking for as long as possible. Try not to smoke while the cut is fresh. Wounds and grazes Wounds and grazes to the face can often be caused by falling over or knocking into something by accident. Bumps and knocks are a common part of day-to-day life. If you have a minor cut, wound or graze on your face, take a look at the facial injury treatment page for advice. If you are bleeding from your lip or inner cheek, use a piece of rolled gauze or clean cloth between the wound and the lip and cheek. Bruising A bruise often appears after you are knocked, bumped or pinched. Some people bruise very easily while others don’t – it depends how tender your blood vessels are. A bruise is made when blood leaks out from the small blood vessels under the skin. As the blood has nowhere to go, it forms a purplish-red mark on the skin. The bruise will change colour and eventually fade away. Hold an ice pack over the bruise to reduce swelling. A frozen bag of peas wrapped in a tea towel makes a good ice pack. Do not put ice directly on the skin. The bag of peas can be repeatedly re-frozen but you must not then eat the re-frozen peas. The swelling should go down quickly, leaving just the bruising. If the swelling stays then speak to your doctor. Nosebleed While there are many causes of nosebleeds, they can often occur as a result of a bump or knock to the head or face. Look here for how to treat a nosebleed. If you have a facial injury that means you cannot put pressure on your nose to stop the bleeding, go to your nearest emergency department. You should avoid any strenuous activity, such as playing sports, for 24 hours after the bleeding has stopped. Deliberate injury If you were assaulted or hit by another person, or suspect that the facial injuries of someone close to you were caused deliberately and were not the result of an accident, you should seek help from a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Talk to your doctor, community nurse, emergency department or school nurse. If you are unsure who to speak to, call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 to discuss your concerns with a registered nurse. Sources: Australian Family Physician (Maxillofacial trauma), Australia Wide First Aid (Head injury), WebMD (Mouth Wounds: How to Stop Bleeding - Topic Overview) Last reviewed: November 2017"
225,"2018-04-19 02:07:43",FASD,"What are fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? FASD includes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial FAS, alcohol-related birth defects and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders. FAS is on the most extreme end of the spectrum. It applies to children with certain facial abnormalities and various birth defects, though the symptoms will vary from child to child. People with FASD can experience lifelong problems, such as learning difficulties, mental illness, and drug and alcohol problems. What effects does alcohol have on an unborn baby? When you drink, alcohol passes from your blood through your placenta and to the unborn child, which can seriously affect their development, particularly their brain. The first trimester is the time when the baby’s organs are developing most quickly, so that is the time of highest risk. How much you drink matters. The more you drink, the more likely it is that the baby will suffer some harm and it doesn’t matter whether you drink steadily every day, or have a binge on the weekend. Both are harmful. If you’re planning a pregnancy or know you are pregnant, avoiding alcohol altogether is the best way to prevent FASD. How will I know if my child has been affected by alcohol? FASD is known as a ‘hidden harm’ because it is a physical brain-based condition that often goes undetected. Sometimes the harm is put down to other conditions. FASD might not be obvious when your baby is born, and it’s only as your child gets older that behavioural and learning difficulties become noticeable. If you drank during your pregnancy and your school-aged child has unusual ‘problem’ behaviours, you may want to look into FASD. Doctors can use the Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD to help diagnose this condition. Identifying FASD early is important in helping to manage a lifelong condition. How can parents/carers support their child's development? Once your child has been diagnosed with FASD, strategies and interventions are available to support their development. Although there is no single treatment for FASD, you can help ensure that your child has access to appropriate medical and social support to manage symptoms. The NOFASD website has a lot of information about treatment and how to get support. Tips for avoiding alcohol during pregnancy It can be hard to avoid alcohol in social situations, particularly in the earlier stages when others might not know about your pregnancy. You may also feel pressured to behave like you normally would, which may include drinking. Pregnancy is a natural stage of life and shouldn’t stop you from socialising. But if you’re in a situation where drinking is involved, a good alternative is to have a non-alcoholic drink you enjoy. You might also find it helpful to say something like: No, thank you, I’m not drinking tonight. No, thank you, I have to drive. I have a big day/early meeting tomorrow so no thanks. I’m not feeling the best so would rather not, thanks. If you are used to drinking at home, perhaps at the end of the day to relax, you might consider alternatives like taking a bath, going for a walk or reading a book. What support is available for parents/carers of a child with FASD It’s not easy to raise a child with FASD. However, you can find help and support through organisations like the Russell Family Fetal Alcohol Disorders Association. It runs online support groups as well as face-to-face support groups in some parts of Australia. You can also get support through NOFASD, which has networks and forums where you can meet and talk to parents in similar situations. Sources: National Health and Medical Research Council (Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol), National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (What is FASD?), Telethon Kids Institute (Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD), Department of Health (Information for women about pregnancy and alcohol) Last reviewed: September 2016"
226,"2018-04-19 02:07:46","Fatty liver","The liver is the body’s main organ for processing food and waste materials. A healthy liver contains very little or no fat. If you drink too much alcohol, or eat too much food, your body deals with this excess by turning some of the calories into fat. This fat is then stored in liver cells. The fat in liver cells can accumulate. If there is too much, you have fatty liver. In many people, fatty liver by itself doesn’t cause too many problems. However, in some other people, the fatty liver gets inflamed. Over time, this slowly gets worse and leads to scarring of the liver, which can lead to cirrhosis. This is a serious illness. A few people who get cirrhosis of the liver develop liver cancer. Fatty liver can be a sign of too much alcohol, but in most cases, it is not alcohol-related. This is called ‘non-alcoholic fatty liver disease’ (NAFLD ). Very often, fatty liver is a sign of other problems like diabetes or metabolic syndrome. People with fatty liver have an increased risk of heart attack and stroke. Fortunately, there are ways to treat fatty liver and reduce the problems it causes. Sources: Australian Family Physician (Fatty liver disease: a practical guide for GPs), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Fatty liver disease), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Information about fatty liver disease), Medicine Today (Managing the chronic burden of liver disease), NHS Choices (Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NAFLD) Last reviewed: March 2017"
227,"2018-04-19 02:07:48","Female genital cancers","Cancers can affect the tissues and organs that make up the vulva, vagina, cervix, uterus and ovaries. Cervical cancer is one of most common forms of female cancers and is linked to infection with the human papilloma virus (HPV), against which girls and boys in Australia are now routinely immunised.Regular Pap smears are essential for all sexually active women to help prevent cervical cancer. Cancers of the uterus and ovarian cancer are difficult to identify early and any change in normal bowel or pelvic function, or general unwellness that persists for some time, no matter how vague, should be discussed with your doctor. Follow the links below for more information about female genital cancers. Last reviewed: August 2014"
228,"2018-04-19 02:07:51","Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder","What are fetal alcohol spectrum disorders? FASD includes fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS), partial FAS, alcohol-related birth defects and alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders. FAS is on the most extreme end of the spectrum. It applies to children with certain facial abnormalities and various birth defects, though the symptoms will vary from child to child. People with FASD can experience lifelong problems, such as learning difficulties, mental illness, and drug and alcohol problems. What effects does alcohol have on an unborn baby? When you drink, alcohol passes from your blood through your placenta and to the unborn child, which can seriously affect their development, particularly their brain. The first trimester is the time when the baby’s organs are developing most quickly, so that is the time of highest risk. How much you drink matters. The more you drink, the more likely it is that the baby will suffer some harm and it doesn’t matter whether you drink steadily every day, or have a binge on the weekend. Both are harmful. If you’re planning a pregnancy or know you are pregnant, avoiding alcohol altogether is the best way to prevent FASD. How will I know if my child has been affected by alcohol? FASD is known as a ‘hidden harm’ because it is a physical brain-based condition that often goes undetected. Sometimes the harm is put down to other conditions. FASD might not be obvious when your baby is born, and it’s only as your child gets older that behavioural and learning difficulties become noticeable. If you drank during your pregnancy and your school-aged child has unusual ‘problem’ behaviours, you may want to look into FASD. Doctors can use the Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD to help diagnose this condition. Identifying FASD early is important in helping to manage a lifelong condition. How can parents/carers support their child's development? Once your child has been diagnosed with FASD, strategies and interventions are available to support their development. Although there is no single treatment for FASD, you can help ensure that your child has access to appropriate medical and social support to manage symptoms. The NOFASD website has a lot of information about treatment and how to get support. Tips for avoiding alcohol during pregnancy It can be hard to avoid alcohol in social situations, particularly in the earlier stages when others might not know about your pregnancy. You may also feel pressured to behave like you normally would, which may include drinking. Pregnancy is a natural stage of life and shouldn’t stop you from socialising. But if you’re in a situation where drinking is involved, a good alternative is to have a non-alcoholic drink you enjoy. You might also find it helpful to say something like: No, thank you, I’m not drinking tonight. No, thank you, I have to drive. I have a big day/early meeting tomorrow so no thanks. I’m not feeling the best so would rather not, thanks. If you are used to drinking at home, perhaps at the end of the day to relax, you might consider alternatives like taking a bath, going for a walk or reading a book. What support is available for parents/carers of a child with FASD It’s not easy to raise a child with FASD. However, you can find help and support through organisations like the Russell Family Fetal Alcohol Disorders Association. It runs online support groups as well as face-to-face support groups in some parts of Australia. You can also get support through NOFASD, which has networks and forums where you can meet and talk to parents in similar situations. Sources: National Health and Medical Research Council (Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol), National Organisation for Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (What is FASD?), Telethon Kids Institute (Australian Guide to the Diagnosis of FASD), Department of Health (Information for women about pregnancy and alcohol) Last reviewed: September 2016"
229,"2018-04-19 02:07:55","Fetal diseases","Follow the links below to find trusted information about fetal diseases. Last reviewed: July 2016"
230,"2018-04-19 02:08:00",Fibroids,"What causes fibroids? The cause of fibroids is unknown. However, the female hormone oestrogen has been linked to the growth of fibroids. Fibroids usually develop during a woman’s reproductive years, and may shrink after menopause due to reduced oestrogen levels. Fibroids symptoms Most women with fibroids do not experience symptoms. When fibroids do cause symptoms, the most common ones include: heavy or prolonged periods backache frequent urination constipation pain or pressure in the pelvic area. Sometimes, fibroids can cause complications. Large fibroids may cause infertility by preventing a fertilised egg from implanting in the womb or blocking the fallopian tubes. Fibroids in pregnant women may also cause difficulties during labour, and the loss of pregnancy (miscarriage) in rare cases. Fibroids diagnosis Fibroids are usually found during a gynaecological examination, pelvic ultrasound or during surgery for other conditions. Fibroids may be found during a hysteroscopy, in which a thin telescope is used to examine the uterus, or during a laparoscopy (keyhole surgery), in which a thin telescope is inserted through a small cut to look at the uterus. Fibroids treatments Fibroids don’t necessarily have to be treated unless they cause bothersome symptoms or complications. The type of treatment will depend on your symptoms, and the fibroid’s position and size. Treatment options include: hormone medications, which shrink the fibroid a hormone-releasing device placed in your womb, which reduces heavy periods uterine artery embolisation, which shrinks the fibroid by blocking its blood supply surgical removal of the fibroid high-intensity focused ultrasound waves to destroy the fibroid removal of some or all of the womb – usually only for women who don’t wish to have children. When to see a doctor If you are experiencing pelvic pain or symptoms, or have been trying to get pregnant, speak to your doctor. Sources: Jean Hailes (Fibroids), NHS Choices (Fibroids - complications), Mayo Clinic (Uterine fibroids), Mater Mothers' Hospital (Women's health – fibroids) Last reviewed: August 2017"
231,"2018-04-19 02:08:04",Fibromyalgia,"Some people also feel vague and even confused at times. Fibromyalgia is common and affects around 2-5% of the population, mainly young to middle-aged women.What are the symptoms of fibromyalgia?The most common symptoms of fibromyalgia are:pain in many different muscles and bonestenderness or stiffness in the muscles or bones, lasting for at least 3 monthstirednessdifficulties in sleeping.Other symptoms and related conditions may include:problems with concentration and memoryanxiety, depression or emotional distressirritable bowel syndromeheadachesnumbness and tingling in the arms and legs.People with fibromyalgia often find their symptoms change over time. The symptoms may be worse during times of psychological, social or physical stress.What causes fibromyalgia?The cause of fibromyalgia is not completely understood, but it seems that fibromyalgia is a problem with the brain, rather than the muscles and bones. For some reason, the brain of someone with fibromyalgia is very sensitive to certain things. It feels them as pain, where other people would not. This does not mean that the pain is not real – simply that the pain originates in the brain, not the muscle and bone.Fibromyalgia is thought to be related to other ‘sensitivity syndromes’, such as chronic fatigue syndrome, multiple chemical sensitivities and irritable bowel syndrome.How is fibromyalgia diagnosed?Fibromyalgia can be difficult to diagnose. There is no single test or examination that says the pain is caused by fibromyalgia.People suspected of having fibromyalgia may have blood tests and x-rays – part of the aim of this is to look for other possible causes of pain in the muscles and bones.But really, it comes down to a doctor thinking that the pattern of pain and tiredness fits fibromyalgia, and doesn’t fit other conditions.How is fibromyalgia treated?There is no cure for fibromyalgia but most people find they are able to ease some of the pain and tenderness with the right approach. It’s important to learn about fibromyalgia and play an active role in your treatment.Regular exercise reduces pain and tiredness, and improves sleep in people with fibromyalgia. Exercise should be introduced slowly and gradually – water-based exercise (hydrotherapy) may be a good place to start. A physiotherapist can help you design the right exercise program.Getting enough sleep is important. Setting aside plenty of time for sleep, reducing tea and coffee after lunch, relaxing before bed and getting up at much the same time each day can all help.Psychological approaches work. These include learning how to manage stress, learning how to plan and pace your life, and therapies such as mindfulness and cognitive behaviour therapy, or CBT. The usual painkillers, such as paracetamol, are not usually helpful. Some people with fibromyalgia may find that their pain or other symptoms can be controlled with medicines that are sometimes used to treat epilepsy or depression. Some medicines originally developed to treat epilepsy, such as pregabalin and gabapentin, have been shown to help reducing pain. Pregabalin is not on the PBS so will not be subsidized in Australia and can be expensive. Many fibromylagia patients get referrals to pain clinics or hospital outpatient services. More informationYou can get more information from speaking to your doctor or specialist, and from the Arthritis Australia website. Sources: Arthritis Australia (Fibromyalgia), Fibromyalgia Support Network (Medications), Mayo Clinic (Fibromyalgia), UpToDate (Fibromyalgia (Beyond the Basics)), RACGP Australian Family Physician (Fibromylagia) Last reviewed: October 2016"
232,"2018-04-19 02:08:07","Fifth disease","Causes Fifth disease or slapped cheek disease is a viral infection caused by parvovirus B19. Outbreaks generally happen in early spring. This virus is spread through personal contact or through coughing and sneezing. It most commonly affect primary school aged children. Symptoms The incubation period for slapped cheek disease is about two weeks - The infectious period is a few days before the rash appears (children are no longer contagious when the rash appears). It begins with a fever, headache and runny nose. A bright red rash, like the mark left by a slap, appears on the cheeks. Over the next two to four days a lacy rash spreads to the trunk and limbs. Children with blood disorders such as spherocytosis or sickle cell disease may become more anaemic. They should seek medical care. What to do Make sure your child rests and drinks plenty of fluids.  Give them paracetamol or ibuprofen to relieve the discomfort and fever. Pregnant women or women planning to become pregnant should see their doctor or midwife as soon as possible if they come into contact with the infection or develop a rash. Prevention Parvovirus is most contagious during the incubation period, around two weeks before the onset of the rash or other symptoms. Your child isn’t usually contagious once the rash has appeared. No vaccine is currently available for slapped cheek disease. Good hygiene and careful handwashing in childcare facilities and schools helps prevent spread of the disease, but there’s nothing else you can do to stop it spreading. There’s no need to keep your child home from childcare or school. When to see the doctor The virus can affect an unborn child. If you’re pregnant and you’ve become infected, or you’ve come into contact with someone with the virus, you should see your doctor immediately for blood tests and monitoring of your pregnancy. Sources: Better Health Channel (Slapped cheek disease), Raising Children Network (Slapped cheek disease) Last reviewed: October 2016"
233,"2018-04-19 02:08:10",Fits,"What is a seizure? Seizures (also known as fits) are caused by rapid and uncoordinated electrical firing in the brain that often causes alternating stiffening and jerking of the arms and legs, and a loss of consciousness or altered consciousness level.A person having a seizure may lose consciousness during the seizure, or between several seizures. Others may become very rigid and have a fixed staring expression on their face or rolling eyes. Symptoms of seizures Most seizures last for less than two minutes and will stop on their own, without any treatment. The person is usually unconscious for 10 to 20 seconds, and then will start having convulsions. confusion a headache aches and pains around their body tiredness. Causes of seizures Certain things are known to cause or trigger seizures. The triggers should be avoided wherever possible. Common triggers include: flashing or flickering lights lack of sleepstress alcohol missed medication taken for seizures. Some causes of seizures include: epilepsy illegal (recreational) drugs alcohol extremely low blood sugar high fever head injury infection brain tumours or other medical problems, including stroke. Important: Anyone taking prescribed medicines for seizures should always take the correct dosage and make sure they do not miss a dose. Warning signs Some people who have seizures may get warning signs, such as a change in body temperature, visual problems or a strange taste in their mouth for example. These signs are also called ‘auras’. If these warnings occur, try to get to a safe place or position if possible. Sometimes, other people can tell if someone they know is about to have a seizure. They may look different, their pupils may change size or they may act out of character. Again, if this happens, try to guide the person to a safe location. People who have seizures should take precautions when swimming, driving or bathing. What to do when someone is having a seizure Do not try to restrain the person or stop the jerking. Don't try to move them or put anything in their mouth. Protect the patient from harming themselves. Put something soft under their head. Time the seizure. Put them on their side in the recovery position as soon as the jerking stops, or immediately if they have vomited or have food or fluid in their mouth. Don't wake them up, but do check their breathing. Look after any injuries they may have. Call triple zero (000) if: the seizure continues for more than 5 minutes or a second seizure quickly follows the patient remains unresponsive for more than 5 minutes after a seizure stops the patient has been injured the patient has diabetes or is pregnant you know, or believe it to be the patient's first seizure. Not sure what to do next?If you are still concerned about your seizures, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention.The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: NHS Choices, UK (Epilepsy), Mayo Clinic (Grand mal seizure), St John Ambulance (Epileptic seizure) Last reviewed: September 2017"
234,"2018-04-19 02:08:14","Flat feet (fallen arches)","What are flat feet? Flat feet is the term used when the arch of your foot is lower than normal. This condition is also known as fallen arches. The foot is usually an arch shape, with the middle part off the ground and the heel and ball of the foot touching the ground. However, this isn’t always the case. Sometimes the arch never develops properly or might flatten towards the ground. Causes of flat feet Flat feet can be caused by the arches in the feet not developing properly during childhood. Children’s feet develop at different speeds, with a child’s arch height forming as the foot and leg muscles get stronger and grow. Some children might never develop an arch, which is perfectly normal and may never cause a problem. Flat feet can develop with age, as wear and tear on the feet causes the arch to drop. Illustration of flat feet Some specific conditions can also cause flat feet, including Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, cerebral palsy and muscular dystrophy. You have a greater chance of developing flat feet if you: have injured your foot or ankle have rheumatoid arthritis have diabetes are obese Symptoms of flat feet Flat feet don’t always produce symptoms, but at times they can cause pain in the heel, arch, leg or other parts of the body. This is due to flat feet changing how the feet and legs align, and how they work together when moving. Diagnosis of flat feet To find out if you have flat feet, look at the arch of your foot to see whether it’s touching the ground. Other signs that might indicate you have flat feet include: uneven shoe wear or shoes wearing out quickly regular pain in your feet and/or legs tripping or falling often, especially for children feet that are weak, numb or stiff If you have any concerns about your feet, see your GP or contact a podiatrist. Treatment of flat feet If flat feet aren’t causing you any pain or concerns, you don’t need treatment. However, if you are having symptoms, treatment might include: orthotics – special inserts for your shoes, sometimes known as arch supports, that can help you manage pain or injury associated with flat feet stretches for your calf muscles to improve flexibility losing weight wearing more supportive shoes It’s important to wear shoes that fit. When buying shoes: have someone measure your foot’s length and width check that the shoe matches the natural shape of your foot allow one centimetre of room between the end of your longest toe and the end of the shoe keep the heel height under 2.5cm ensure the shoes suit the activity you’ll be doing in them. More information on flat feet Your doctor or a podiatrist will be able to provide you with more information on flat feet and other foot conditions. You can also check your symptoms using healthdirect's online Symptom Checker. Sources: NHS Choices (Flat feet), Mayo Clinic (Flat feet symptoms and causes), Australian Podiatry Association (Children's feet), Australian Podiatry Association (Prescription orthoses), Mayo Clinic (Flatfeet diagnosis and treatment), Australian Podiatry Association (Footwear advice), Australian Podiatry Association (General foot advice) Last reviewed: February 2018"
235,"2018-04-19 02:08:16","Flu (influenza)","Is it a cold or the flu? View this infographic to identify cold or flu symptoms and debunk the most common myths. Colds are very common. Children may get 5-10 colds a year, while adults may get 2-4 colds each year. Colds affect the nose, the throat and upper airways, and common symptoms include coughing, fever, sore throat, sneezing, blocked or runny nose and general congestion. They are caused by about 200 different viruses and there is no vaccine for a cold. The flu is a viral infection affecting your nose, throat and sometimes your lungs. Typical symptoms of flu include fever, sore throat and muscle aches. Symptoms of a cold tend to be mild to moderately severe."
236,"2018-04-19 02:08:19",Folliculitis,"Folliculitis causes a rash with clusters of red bumps or whiteheads, each with a hair in the middle. These can become itchy or sore, and there may be pus. It can occur anywhere on the body that there is hair. If an infection is more severe or deeper under the skin, you may feel feverish or unwell. What causes folliculitis? Folliculitisis is caused by an infection from bacteria, a virus or fungus. It can also be caused by irritation from chemicals or some skin conditions. The most common bacteria that cause the condition are Staphylococcus aureus, which is commonly found on the skin and Pseudomonas, which can be found in swimming pools or spas if they aren’t well chlorinated. Other causes include parasites, yeasts infections such as tinea and some viruses like herpes. Skin irritation can also cause folliculitis. It sometimes happens after shaving. It is also more common in people who have diabetes, are very overweight, take antibiotics long-term, have low immunity or use oily skincare products. Folliculitis treatments If you think you might have folliculitis, consult a doctor for advice on what treatments to try. Treatment depends on the cause, whether bacterial, fungal or irritation. Mild folliculitis often settles down with an antiseptic wash. More severe folliculitis might need antibiotic ointments or tablets. If the infection has progressed into a large boil, this may need draining by a doctor. If you have folliculitis from shaving, taking break from shaving can help it settle down. Use plenty of gel (not soap) when shaving and avoid shaving against the grain. Prevention of folliculitis Keeping your skin clean and dry can help prevent folliculitis. Avoid irritating the skin. Choose skin products that do not clog the pores. Wear breathable clothing and change wet or sweaty clothes promptly. Sources: British Medical Journal Best Practice (Folliculitis), Dermnet NZ (Folliculitis), Mayo Clinic (Folliculitis), Australasian College of Dermatologists (Folliculitis) Last reviewed: March 2017"
237,"2018-04-19 02:08:22","Food allergies","A food allergy occurs when the immune system responds to an allergen (an ingredient that is usually harmless) in food. This triggers an immune reaction, which can range from mild to severe. The majority of food allergies in children are not severe and usually children will outgrow many allergies with time. Some allergies, particularly nut and seafood allergies are less likely to decrease with age. Symptoms of a mild allergy include: hives (red circular weals on the skin) swelling of the face or around the mouth vomiting abdominal discomfort or pain. Symptoms of severe allergy may include: trouble breathing difficulty talking more than a few words wheeze cough tightness of the throat collapse light-headedness or dizziness diarrhoea. A severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) is a medical emergency. Call triple zero (000) immediately. Lay the person down. If they have an adrenaline injector and you are able to administer it, do so. Some foods are more likely to cause allergies than others. These include: dairy (including milk) peanuts walnuts, almonds, pine nuts, brazil nuts, pecans and other tree nuts soy grains that contain gluten (wheat, barley, rye and oats) fish and shellfish. Allergen testing The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy recommends that you should speak to your doctor or specialist about the benefits and safety of allergen immunotherapy before commencing any treatment for a food allergy. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Follow the links below to find trusted information about food allergies. Sources: Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Food Allergy), WebMD (Common Food Allergy Triggers) Last reviewed: July 2016"
238,"2018-04-19 02:08:24","Food allergies (in children)","It's recommended that when your infant is ready, at around 6 months, but not before 4 months, start to introduce a variety of solid foods, starting with iron rich foods, while continuing breastfeeding. Hydrolysed (partially and extensively) infant formula are not recommended for prevention of allergic disease. When you start introducing solids (weaning), introduce the foods that commonly cause allergies one at a time so that you can spot any reaction. These foods are: milk, eggs, wheat, nuts, seeds, fish and shellfish. Don't introduce any of these foods before six months. There is evidence that infants should be given allergenic solid foods including peanut butter, cooked egg and dairy and wheat products in the first year of life. This includes infants at high risk of allergy.Many children outgrow their allergies to milk or eggs, but a peanut allergy is generally lifelong. Peanut allergyYour child has a higher risk of developing a peanut allergy if they already have a known allergy (such as eczema or a diagnosed food allergy), or there's a history of allergy in their immediate family (such as asthma, eczema or hay fever).If this is the case, talk to your doctor before you give peanuts or food containing peanuts to your child for the first time.If you would like to eat peanuts or foods containing peanuts (such as peanut butter) while breastfeeding, you can do so unless you're allergic to them or your health professional advises you not to.Avoid giving your child peanuts and foods containing peanuts before the age of six months. Foods containing peanuts include peanut butter, peanut (groundnut) oil and some snacks. Small children are at a higher risk of choking on small objects, so avoid giving whole peanuts or nuts to children under age five.Read food labels carefully and avoid foods if you're not sure whether they contain peanuts.Don’t be tempted to experiment by cutting out a major food, such as milk, as this could lead to your child not getting the nutrients they need. Talk to your doctor, who may refer you to a registered dietitian. How will I know if my child has a food allergy?An allergic reaction can consist of one or more of the following:diarrhoea or vomitinga coughwheezing and shortness of breathitchy throat and tongueitchy skin or rashswollen lips and throatrunny or blocked nosesore, red and itchy eyes. ASCIA recommends that you should talk to your doctor or specialist about specific testing available for a food allergy. ASCIA also recommends that you should speak to your doctor or specialist about the benefits and safety of allergen immunotherapy before commencing any treatment for a food allergy. For further information about ASCIA's recommendations, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. In a few cases, foods can cause a very severe reaction (anaphylaxis) that can be life-threatening. If you think your child is having an allergic reaction to a food, seek medical advice urgently as symptoms can worsen rapidly. If breathing is affected, call triple zero (000).More information about the management of food allergies can be found at the ASCIA websiteFood additivesFood contains additives for a variety of reasons, such as to preserve it, to help make it safe to eat for longer, and to give colour or texture.All food additives go through rigorous assessments for safety before they can be used. Food labelling must clearly show additives in the list of ingredients, including their name or number and their function, such as 'colouring' or 'preservative'.A few people have adverse reactions to some food additives, but reactions to ordinary foods, such as milk or soya, are much more common.Processed foods are more likely to contain additives and high levels of salt, sugar and fat. Therefore, it's best to avoid eating too many of these foods, and avoid giving these foods to your children. Sources: NHS Choices (UK) (Your baby's first solid foods), Choosing Wisely Australia (Choosing Wisely recommendations), NHS Choices (UK) (Food allergies in babies), Australian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Infant feeding and allergy prevention) Last reviewed: October 2016"
239,"2018-04-19 02:08:28","Food poisoning","If you have food poisoning you’ll probably have gastroenteritis symptoms such as abdominal cramps, diarrhoea or vomiting, or flu-like symptoms. Food poisoning can also cause serious long-term problems like kidney failure. Occasionally people die from food poisoning. Some wild mushrooms, including the death cap, are extremely poisonous. You should not eat wild-harvested mushrooms unless they have been definitely identified as safe. Seek immediate medical treatment If you think you may have eaten poisonous mushrooms. Large fish, such as shark, swordfish and marlin, may accumulate relatively high levels of mercury. You should limit your consumption of these fish, especially if you are a child, are pregnant or planning pregnancy. Symptoms and causes of food poisoning You may be sick with food poisoning but not know what food caused it or even that you have it. Different bacteria and viruses can have different effects: Salmonella: gastro and flu-like symptoms can appear between 8 and 72 hours (usually 12-36 hours) after eating the infected food and last for two to five days. Campylobacter: gastro symptoms appear in two to five days, and last for two to ten days. Listeria: gastro or flu-like symptoms usually appear within three weeks, but can take up to 70 days. Norovirus or rotavirus: severe gastro or flu-like symptoms usually begin 24 to 48 hours after exposure and last one or two days (norovirus) or up to six days (rotavirus). E. coli: gastro symptoms usually appear in three to four days and last about a week. High-risk groups for food poisoning If you’re pregnant, elderly or very young, or your immune system is weak through illness or drugs, you’re at greater risk of food poisoning and possibly serious complications. If you’re pregnant, Listeria can cause you to miscarry, even if you don’t know you’ve been infected. If you notice symptoms - usually like a mild flu but also diarrhoea, vomiting and nausea - contact your doctor immediately. Read more about how to avoid listeria on the Pregnancy, Birth and Baby website. Food poisoning treatment Most people don’t need medical help for food poisoning, as their symptoms are not severe and don’t last long. However, people in high-risk groups (such as babies and elderly people) should see a doctor early on, to make sure they don’t get dehydrated. You should also seek medical advice if: you still have symptoms after 3 days, or your symptoms are very severe you still can’t keep any fluids down, more than 24 hours after getting sick there is blood or mucus in your vomit or diarrhoea . For a mild case of food poisoning, you may try sucking ice chips, replenishing fluids and electrolytes (this may be helped by obtaining oral rehydration solutions available in pharmacies) and easing back into your normal diet and routine when you feel ready. Antibiotics may help with some bacterial types of food poisoning, but are usually not needed. If your child has food poisoning, see your doctor or call healthdirect on 1800 022 222. Sources: NSW Health (Foodborne disease), NSW Health (Listeriosis), NSW Health (Norovirus), NSW Health (Rotavirus infection), Food Standards Australia New Zealand (Campylobacter species), NSW Food Authority (Foodborne illness pathogens), NSW Food Authority (Food poisoning), Food Safety Information Council (Salmonella), Food Safety Information Council (Food poisoning bacteria and viruses overview), Food Safety Information Council (Natural toxins in foods) Last reviewed: February 2017"
240,"2018-04-19 02:08:33","Foot ulcers","Follow the links below to find trusted information about foot ulcers. Last reviewed: July 2016"
241,"2018-04-19 02:08:37",Fractures,"A bone fracture may also be called a bone break or crack. Bone fractures can be caused by a trauma, such as a sporting injury, motor vehicle accident, or a fall. Bone fractures can also be caused by minor injuries in conditions that weaken the bones and allow them to fracture more easily (osteoporosis and some types of cancer are examples). Symptoms of a bone fracture may include: pain swelling deformity bruising loss of function of the limb. Fractured bones require medical attention. If the fracture is the result of a major trauma or accident, call triple zero (000). You should also call for emergency help if the person: is unconscious or not responding - you should perform CPR if there is no pulse or breathing is bleeding heavily has bone visible through the skin has a possible back, neck, or head injury.  Follow the links below to find trusted information about fractures. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Fractures (broken bones): First aid) Last reviewed: July 2016"
242,"2018-04-19 02:08:45","Fragile X syndrome","What is Fragile X syndrome? People with Fragile X syndrome (or Fragile X) have intellectual disability, behavioural and learning challenges as well as certain physical characteristics. Fragile X is the most common cause of inherited intellectual disability, and also the most common genetic cause of autism. Fragile X is caused by a change in a single gene, the FMR-1 gene. This gene helps create a protein that is needed for healthy brain development. Types of Fragile X syndrome Depending on how a person’s FMR1 gene has been changed by the Fragile X mutation, they are said to either have the full mutation, or a pre-mutation. People with the full mutation show symptoms of Fragile X. People with the pre-mutation may not show any symptoms, but are carriers of Fragile X. Symptoms or signs of Fragile X syndrome Fragile X can affect people differently, and can cause many different types of problems such as: intellectual disability, slow development and difficulties with communication, coordination, motor skills and learning behavioural problems such as aggression, anxiety, shyness and repetitive speech physical symptoms such as weak muscles and joints, a heart murmur and a high palate. Fragile X syndrome diagnosis A diagnosis of Fragile X can be made at any age, by doing a blood test. This test can show whether or not you are affected by Fragile X, and whether or not you are a genetic carrier. If you or your partner have Fragile X or are a carrier, and are expecting a baby, you might be able to get a pre-natal test to find out whether your baby will be affected. Visit Pregnancy, Birth and Baby website for more information about Fragile X and babies. Carriers of Fragile X Carriers of Fragile X might develop certain health conditions later in life, such as: Fragile X tremor ataxia syndrome, or FXTAS, which causes a tremor and mainly affects men over 50 years Fragile X primary ovarian insufficiency, or FXPOI, which can cause infertility and early menopause in women. Living with Fragile X syndrome Although there is no cure for Fragile X, treatments (including some medications) can help improve quality of life, especially if received early on. Ideally, each person with Fragile X will be cared for by a multidisciplinary team of health professionals. Where to go for help The Fragile X Association of Australia provides support to families living with Fragile X syndrome. This includes specialised clinics, workshops, counselling and casework. More information Visit healthdirect's genetic disorders guide to learn more about genes, types of genetic disorders and where to go for help and more information. Sources: Fragile X Association of Australia (What is Fragile X Syndrome?), Centre for Genetics Education (Fragile X syndrome), Lab Tests Online (Fragile X syndrome), The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Genetics in general practice) Last reviewed: July 2016"
243,"2018-04-19 02:08:47","Friedreich's ataxia","Follow the links below to find trusted information about Friedreich's ataxia. Last reviewed: July 2016"
244,"2018-04-19 02:08:50","Fungal skin diseases","Follow the links below to find trusted information about fungal skin diseases. Last reviewed: July 2016"
245,"2018-04-19 02:08:51",Gallstones,"Gallstones are formed from a digestive fluid called bile that is released by the gallbladder. For reasons doctors don’t fully understand stones form in the bile that block the tubes that carry the digestive fluids from your gallbladder to your bowel. The stones can be the size of a grain of sand or a golf ball. You may develop one gallstone or many. You could have gallstones and never have any symptoms or problems. But if you do experience pain or other symptoms that you think may be due to gallstones, visit your doctor. If your doctor suspects that gallstones are the cause, you’ll probably be tested for gallstone disease. There are two main types of gallstones which are caused by too much cholesterol (cholesterol gallstones) or too much bile (pigment gallstones). Although diet doesn't directly cause gallbladder problems, or cure them, choosing a diet that’s low in fat and cholesterol and high in fibre, and maintaining a healthy weight, may help you prevent gallstones from forming and avoid discomfort if gallstones form. It’s possible that keeping to a healthy weight might also reduce your chances of having gallstones. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Gallstones, definition), Mayo Clinic (Gallstones, causes), The Conversation (Got gallstones? Here’s what to eat and avoid) Last reviewed: November 2016"
246,"2018-04-19 02:08:54",Gardnerella,"If you think you may have bacterial vaginosis, it’s a good idea to get checked by your doctor, as it can lead to other problems. What causes bacterial vaginosis? The exact cause of bacterial vaginosis is not known. However, it is thought to result from an overgrowth of bacteria that live naturally in the vagina. You are more likely to have bacterial vaginosis if you regularly douche (rinse or flush your vagina), use an intrauterine device (IUD) and have had sex, particularly with a new partner or multiple partners. Having bacterial vaginosis can put you at an increased risk of other conditions, including sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and complications during pregnancy. Get checked by your doctor, as bacterial vaginosis can lead to other problems. Symptoms of bacterial vaginosis In about half of all cases of bacterial vaginosis, there are no noticeable symptoms. When they do occur, symptoms usually include a white or grey watery vaginal discharge, and an unpleasant or ‘fishy’ vaginal odour. Sometimes these symptoms come and go, or are more noticeable during menstrual periods. Your doctor or nurse can make a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by taking a swab of vaginal discharge, and having it examined under a microscope. Bacterial vaginosis treatment and prevention Bacterial vaginosis doesn’t necessarily have to be treated if there are no symptoms. However, if you are pregnant, it’s important you seek treatment because you can be at risk of complications such as miscarriage and premature delivery. Treatment is with antibiotics such as metronidazole, tinidazole or clindamycin, which may be given as oral tablets, or a vaginal antibiotic cream or gel. More than one course of treatment may be needed. You can also buy an acidic jelly for the vagina over the counter to help correct the acid balance of the vagina. It is not normally necessary to treat sexual partners, but spread between female sexual partners is possible. If you have had bacterial vaginosis, there are some things you can do to help prevent further episodes. In particular, avoid smoking, douching or using perfumed talcs or deodorants around your vagina. Sources: Women's Health Queensland Wide (Thrush and other vaginal infections), myDr (Bacterial vaginosis), MedScape (Bacterial Vaginosis), Family Planning NSW (Common vaginal and vulval conditions) Last reviewed: January 2018"
247,"2018-04-19 02:08:57",Gastritis,"What causes gastritis? Gastritis can arise suddenly and be short-lived (acute gastritis), or develop gradually and last over a few months or years (chronic gastritis). Many things can cause gastritis. Common causes include a type of bacterial infection (Helicobacter pylori) and regular use of certain pain-relief medicines called NSAIDs (non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). The inflammation caused by gastritis can weaken the stomach lining and make it thinner. This means the digestive juices in your stomach (which are acidic) can create further inflammation and damage. Read more about what causes gastritis. Gastritis symptoms Not everyone with gastritis will experience symptoms. If you have symptoms, they may include: a burning pain in your upper stomach area – which may improve or worsen with eating nausea vomiting a feeling of fullness after eating. Read more about gastritis symptoms. Gastritis treatment The treatment for gastritis will depend on its cause. Even so, you can also take action to help protect your stomach lining, such as avoiding aggravating foods (for example spicy, acidic, fatty and fried foods) and alcohol. If left untreated, gastritis can lead to stomach ulcers and bleeding. While rare, it can also increase the risk of stomach cancer. Gastritis often clears up by itself. See your doctor if you suspect that you have gastritis, especially if you have any of the following: gastritis symptoms that last more than a week vomiting blood or black, tarry substance (dried blood) blood in your stool (poo), or stool that is black. Read more about gastritis treatments. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Gastritis), Medscape (Acute gastritis overview), Medscape (Chronic gastritis overview), MedlinePlus (Gastritis), Medscape (Acute Gastritis Treatment and management), Medscape (Chronic gastritis) Last reviewed: February 2017"
248,"2018-04-19 01:51:49","Gastro intestinal illnesses",
249,"2018-04-19 02:09:02",Gastroenteritis,"What is gastroenteritis? Gastroenteritis is an illness that affects your gut (stomach and intestines). Gastro may be caused by: viruses (such as rotavirus or norovirus infections) bacteria (including salmonella) toxins produced by bacteria parasites (such as giardia) chemicals (such as toxins in poisonous mushrooms). Gastro should only last for a few days. It doesn’t usually require medication. It is very important to drink plenty of fluids. Older people, young children and those with a weakened immune system are at risk of developing more serious illnesses. See a doctor immediately if your child cannot keep down a sip of liquid or has dehydration (dry mouth, no urine for 6 hours or more, or lethargy). Gastroenteritis symptoms Someone with gastroenteritis may have: vomiting diarrhoea nausea (feeling sick in the stomach) stomach pains fever headaches no appetite. Check your symptoms using healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Gastroenteritis diagnosis If you are unwell with diarrhoea or vomiting, you could have gastro. A doctor can diagnose gastro after talking to and examining you. If you’re not getting better, the doctor may want to do stool (poo) tests to find out what's making you ill. Gastroenteritis treatment The most important treatment for gastroenteritis is to drink fluids. Frequent sips are easier for young children than a large amount all at once. Keep drinking regularly even if you are vomiting. If you have a baby or young child with gastro, it’s a good idea to have them checked by a doctor for dehydration. You can get rehydration fluids from a pharmacy. These are the best fluids to use in cases of gastro, especially for children. If you can’t get any, or your child refuses to drink it, giving diluted fruit juice (one part juice to four parts of water) is reasonable. You could try a cube of ice or an iceblock if your child won’t drink. Avoid milk and other dairy products and do not give juice, sodas, sports drinks or other soft drinks as the sugar may make the diarrhoea worse. It is fine to eat once you feel like it. It's fine to eat once you feel like it. Babies can continue milk feeds throughout the illness, with rehydration fluid between feeds. Medication for nausea or diarrhea can be useful for adults, but may not be safe for kids. Antibiotics are rarely helpful. If you are very sick with gastro, you may need to go to hospital where you may be put on a drip. How is gastroenteritis spread? Infectious gastro can be spread very easily. You might get it from having contact with an infected person (or their vomit or poo). It can also spread via contaminated food or water. Gastroenteritis prevention To reduce your risk of catching or spreading gastro, wash your hands well after using the bathroom or changing nappies, and before preparing or eating food. If you have gastro, it’s important to stay home (away from work, school or childcare) until the symptoms have been gone for at least 24 hours. If your work involves handling food or looking after children, the elderly, or patients, do not return to work until 48 hours after the symptoms have stopped. You can find more information on gastro in kids on the GESA (Gastroenterological Society of Australia) website. Children and vaccination for rotavirus Rotavirus is a virus that causes severe gastroenteritis in babies and young children. All young children should receive the rotavirus vaccine at about 2 months and 4 months of age. A third dose at 6 months may be needed depending on the brand of vaccine used. This vaccine is effective in preventing the rotavirus infection in about 7 out of every 10 children vaccinated. It is also effective in preventing severe gastroenteritis in about 9 out of every 10 infants vaccinated. The vaccine provides protection for up to 5 years. Sources: Merck Manual (Overview of Gastroenteritis (consumer version)), Royal Children’s Hospital (Gastroenteritis), GESA (Gastroenteritis in children), NSW Health (Viral gastroenteritis fact sheet) Last reviewed: July 2017"
250,"2018-04-19 02:09:08","Gender dysphoria","What is gender? Gender is your inner sense of being a male or female, or somewhere in between. It is a vital way of seeing and expressing yourself. The gender that you identify with might be the same as, or it might be different from the biological sex (boy or girl) that you were assigned at birth. How does gender dysphoria come about? At birth, you are labelled male or female based on your ‘biological sex’ – your physical sexual or reproductive characteristics, such as whether you have a vagina or a penis. Different people show their gender identity in different ways. Some people have a sense of their own gender identity that doesn’t match up with the sex that they have been born with. They might have been born female and later identify themselves as male; they might have been born male and later identify themselves as female. Or they might identify as somewhere in between a boy and a girl or a man and a woman. They might have another sense of their gender identity. These different situations can be described as ‘transgender’ or ‘gender diverse’. Some people with gender dysphoria have a very strong feeling of wanting their body changed so it fits their self-identified gender. They might want to have the physical features of that gender and be treated as having that gender identity. These feelings may become stronger around puberty and adolescence. It is common for people with gender dysphoria to be anxious or depressed, or to think about hurting or even killing themselves. This is not the case for everyone who is transgender or gender diverse, and not everyone who is transgender or gender diverse will experience gender dysphoria. Gender diversity by itself does not cause mental health problems. Support for people with gender dysphoria If you, your child or partner might be experiencing gender dysphoria, you can talk to a doctor or other health professional about what help you can get. There are also services like Headspace or QLife that can support people who are going through gender dysphoria or similar experiences. Choices for people with gender dysphoria If someone has gender dysphoria, there are different things that might help them. Treatment is focused on supporting the person and their family in working out what is best for the person. Psychological counselling, especially from someone who has experience in treating people with gender dysphoria, might be helpful. Some people also find it helpful to change their sex on official documents, like their passport or driver’s licence, to show the gender they identify with. In Australia, you will need a letter from your general practitioner or psychologist to change from male to female or vice versa on official documents. It is unethical for a doctor or psychologist to try to change your gender identity, and this is not an appropriate form of treatment. Hormone treatment can help some people with gender dysphoria. There are two types of treatment: medication to block puberty, which can be prescribed for children from 10 years old cross-sex hormone treatment, with hormones such as oestrogen or testosterone, which can be prescribed from around 16 years old. The type of hormone treatment will depend on whether or not you have been through puberty yet. It will be supervised by a specialist in hormonal treatment. Depending on your age, you may need permission from your parents and legal authorities to go ahead. Once you are 18, if you want to, you can consider surgery to change some of the physical features that don’t line up with your gender. Usually people have hormone treatment for some time before deciding on surgery. There are many kinds of treatment for gender dysphoria. Treatment will be tailored to your needs. You should feel free to ask your doctor any questions you might have. Sources: The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Gender dysphoria), Headspace (Gender identity and mental health), Australian Family Physician (Gender dysphoria), The Medical Journal of Australia (Treatment for gender dysphoria in children), QLife (About QLife) Last reviewed: January 2017"
251,"2018-04-19 01:51:49","Genetic disorders",
252,"2018-04-19 02:09:19","Genetic disorders guide","Where are genes made of? Almost every cell in your body has a centre called a nucleus. In almost every nucleus, there are 46 chromosomes. Chromosomes are passed from parent to child, and are the vehicle for carrying all that you inherit from your parents. Chromosomes are made of a chemical compound called DNA (deoxyribose nucleic acid). A gene is a small section of that DNA. You have more than 20,000 genes in you. How do genes influence your life? Genes contain the recipes for who you are, and they influence your life from the moment you are conceived. They have a strong influence over how you look and the colour of your eyes, hair and skin. But genes don't switch off the moment you're born. They also play a part in your personality and how you think about the world. They continue to influence your health and wellbeing for as long as you live. They do this by instructing the body to produce the proteins that are used by cells. These proteins will help you to do things such as grow, digest food and think. Some will help protect you against cancer, while others will allow cancer to grow. The way your genes work can be influenced by many different things, such as your way of life or the environment around you. This field of knowledge is known as epigenetics. What's a genetic disorder? A genetic disorder is a health condition that comes about because of a problem with a gene or with a chromosome. A problem with a single gene is known as a gene mutation. You can have a gene mutation without it causing any problems. But some gene mutations can cause problems, for example cystic fibrosis, Huntington's disease and haemophilia. If you have a problem with a chromosome, that will probably cause noticeable problems. Some people have a missing chromosome, some have an extra chromosome, some have a broken chromosome. Down syndrome, Turner syndrome and Kleinfelter syndrome are all examples of chromosomal disorders. Why do genetic disorders occur? Most genetic disorders occur by chance. Genes and chromosomes are complex, and they often get changed slightly in the formation of new life. Some disorders are passed down from a parent. If a parent has a damaged gene or chromosome, and that is passed down to a child, the child's health might be affected. Still others come about through changes in a person's DNA during their life. For example, radiation from the sun can damage a person's DNA in a way that it allows skin cancer to develop. Are genetic disorders always inherited? Many genetic disorders are inherited, but many others are not. Some occur simply because a piece of genetic material was damaged as it was being passed from parent to child. In that case, a child can have a genetic disorder that the parent does not have. The damage to the gene is known as a spontaneous mutation. Do they always show up in babies? No. Some genetic conditions can be seen from birth. Others show up during childhood, adolescence or adult life. What about testing for genetic disorders? Some genetic disorders can be tested for. There are many issues to consider before having genetic testing, such as the effect of a test on other family members or whether having a test might affect your working conditions or your chances of getting insurance. You should not have genetic testing without thinking it through carefully. If you want to discuss testing, it is worth starting with your family doctor or a genetic counsellor. A genetic counsellor is an expert in working with families to discuss genetic conditions. They can talk to you about whether testing is available, the benefits and risks of testing, about privacy and confidentiality, about work and insurance, and about talking to members of your family. They generally work with other experts in genetics. Some testing is available online or without the involvement of a health professional. The National Health and Medical Research Council warns that people should be cautious of this. Learn more about genetic testing. Where to go for help? If you want to try to prevent genetic disorders that run in your family, or if you want to try to detect any possible genetic conditions, it is best to talk to either your doctor or a genetic counsellor. To find a genetic counsellor, go to the Australian Society for Genetic Counsellors. If you have a genetic condition in your family, there are many support groups you can join. Some meet in person while others operate online or by telephone. You can find some listed by the Human Genetics Society of Australia, and you can find others by searching for the condition you are concerned with. More information The NSW Centre for Genetics Education is a good source of more detailed information on genetic disorders and services. If you're pregnant or thinking about having a child, see Pregnancy, Birth and Baby's information on genetic counselling or call the helpline on 1800 882 436. If you or someone you care for has a rare genetic condition, you may be able to find a support group through Genetic Alliance Australia. Sources: Centre for Genetics Education (Fact sheet 1: An introduction to DNA, genes and chromosomes), Centre for Genetics Education (Fact sheet 5: Genetic conditions), National Health and Medical Research Council (Direct-to-consumer genetic testing), Centre for Genetics Education (Fact sheet 2: Variations in the code), Centre for Genetics Education (Fact sheet 5: Genetic counselling), University of Leicester Virtual Genetics Education Centre (DNA, genes and chromosomes), Centre for Genetics Education (Fact sheet 15: Genetic and genomic testing) Last reviewed: August 2016"
253,"2018-04-19 02:09:20","Genital herpes","As many as 1 in 8 sexually active Australian adults has genital herpes. Genital herpes can cause outbreaks of blisters or sores on the genitals and anus. Once infected, you can continue to have recurrent episodes of symptoms throughout your life. There are 2 types of HSV, both viruses can affect either the lips, mouth, genital or anal areas, however: HSV1 commonly causes cold sores on the lips or face. HSV2 causes most genital herpes. It is most easily spread when there are blisters or sores, but can still be passed even if a person has no current blisters or sores or other symptoms. What if I have genital herpes? If you think you have genital herpes, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Your doctor can confirm the diagnosis with testing and start treatment. If you have genital herpes, it is important to always use condoms and dental dams when having sex, even when you have no symptoms. A dental dam is a square of thin latex that can be placed over the vulva or anal area during oral sex. It is safest to avoid sex when you have blisters, sores or symptoms. Anti-viral medication may help to prevent transmission. Talk to your doctor about this in more detail. It is also important to tell your sexual partners that you have genital herpes. Your doctor can help you decide who to tell and how to tell them. What if I’m pregnant? It's important to tell your obstetrician that you or a partner have had genital herpes, so that they can monitor you for symptoms and manage your pregnancy safely. There is a risk you can pass the virus on to your baby if you have a vaginal delivery during a first attack of genital herpes. If this happens you may be recommended to have a caesarean delivery. More information To learn more about genital herpes contact your doctor, sexual health clinic or call healthdirect on 1800 022 222. You can also visit Family Planning NSW https://www.fpnsw.org.au Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your genital herpes, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Family Planning NSW (Genital herpes), Healthy WA (Genital herpes) Last reviewed: May 2017"
254,"2018-04-19 02:09:24","Genital warts","Human papillomavirus There are more than 100 types of HPV that affect the skin. About 40 of these can cause genital warts, while others cause warts elsewhere on the body. Other types of HPV are associated with cervical cancer and anal cancer. The types of HPV that cause genital warts are unlikely to cause cancer. The HPV vaccine protects you against the types of HPV that cause most genital warts as well as the high-risk types of HPV that cause cancer. However, the vaccine doesn't protect against all types of HPV. Safe sex, and regular pap smears are still important for many people. How do people get HPV? Most HPV is spread during sexual contact, when tiny breaks occur to the skin. Genital warts are very contagious. Genital HPV infection is common in sexually active adults, and most people don't develop genital warts. Condoms reduce the risk of infection by HPV, but don't completely stop the spread of the virus. However, condoms provide protection against other sexually transmitted infections and are an important part of safe sex for many couples. Symptoms of genital warts Genital warts are usually painless. They can be bumpy, flat, or appear in clusters. Your doctor can often tell if you have genital warts by examining you. You may like to be checked for other sexually transmitted conditions at the same time. Treatment of genital warts Genital warts may clear up without treatment. However, if they are painful, unsightly, itchy or annoying, they can be treated. Treatment doesn't get rid of the virus itself, just the warts. Your immune system may clear the virus, or it may persist undetected. Treatment options include: wart paint (specifically for genital warts) freezing (cryotherapy) or burning off laser treatment cream to boost the immune system to fight the HPV virus surgery. Treatments for other types of warts are not suitable for genital warts. See your doctor to discuss treatment options. More information For more information about genital warts, HPV, or cervical cancer, go to your doctor or sexual health clinic, or visit the sexual health and family planning website for your state or territory. Sources: DermNetNZ (Genital warts, human papillomavirus), Family Planning NSW (HPV Vaccination), Family Planning NSW (Genital warts), Australasian Sexual Health Alliance (STI Management Guidelines – genital warts) Last reviewed: April 2017"
255,"2018-04-19 02:09:30","German measles (rubella)","Symptoms of rubella include a distinctive red-pink skin rash, swollen glands (nodes), and cold-like symptoms such as a mild fever, sore head and runny nose. Rubella's incubation period is between 2 and 3 weeks with its infectious period lasting from 1 week before the rash first appears until at least 4 days after it's gone. It's recommended children are immunised against rubella as part of their routine childhood immunisation program. What causes rubella? Rubella is caused by the rubella virus that's spread through personal contact, or by coughing and sneezing. Once you have had rubella then you normally develop a lifelong immunity against further infection. Rubella is best prevented by the MMR vaccination. Congenital rubella syndrome If a pregnant woman who does not have immunity to rubella (either due to previous infection or vaccination) catches the rubella virus, then the virus can be passed on to her unborn baby. The virus can disrupt the development of the baby, causing a series of birth defects that are known as congenital rubella syndrome (CRS). The risk of CRS affecting the baby and the extent of the birth defects it causes depends on how early in the pregnancy the mother is infected. The earlier in the pregnancy the greater the risks. CRS can include hearing and visual impairments, developmental delay and other problems in the baby. As many as 9 out of 10 babies whose mother caught rubella during the first 10 weeks of pregnancy will have CRS, with multiple birth defects. After 20 weeks there is no risk of the baby developing CRS. Sources: NHS Choices (Rubella), SA health (Rubella (German measles) - including symptoms, treatment and prevention)), Australian Department of Health (Immunise Australia Program) Last reviewed: July 2017"
256,"2018-04-19 02:09:34","Gestational diabetes","Glucose builds up in the blood leading to high blood glucose levels which cause the health problems linked to diabetes. The main symptoms are: feeling very thirsty urinating frequently, particularly at night feeling very tired weight loss and loss of muscle bulk. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention, or if you are concerned you may have diabetes see your doctor. What causes diabetes? The amount of sugar in the blood is usually controlled by a hormone called 'insulin', which is produced by the pancreas (a gland behind the stomach). When food is digested and enters your bloodstream, insulin moves glucose out of the blood and into cells, where it is broken down to produce energy. However, if you have diabetes, your body cannot break down glucose into energy. This is because there is either not enough insulin to move the glucose, or the insulin produced does not work properly. Glucose builds up in the blood resulting in high blood glucose levels. Diabetes types There are three main types of diabetes: Diabetes type 1 Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease where the body's immune system attacks the insulin-producing cells of the pancreas. People with type 1 diabetes cannot produce insulin and require lifelong insulin replacement for survival. The disease can occur at any age, although it mostly occurs in children and young adults. Type 1 diabetes is sometimes referred to as 'juvenile onset diabetes' or 'insulin dependent diabetes'. Diabetes type 2 Type 2 diabetes is associated with hereditary factors and lifestyle risk factors including poor diet, insufficient physical activity and being overweight or obese. People with type 2 diabetes may be able to manage their condition through lifestyle changes; however, diabetes medications or insulin replacement may also be required to control blood sugar levels. Type 2 diabetes occurs mostly in people aged over 40 years old; however, the disease is also becoming increasingly prevalent in younger age groups. Gestational diabetes Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy. The condition usually disappears once the baby is born; however, a history of gestational diabetes increases a woman's risk of developing type 2 diabetes later in life. The condition may be managed through adopting healthy dietary and exercise habits, although diabetes medication, including insulin, may also be required to manage blood sugar levels. For more information on pre-existing diabetes and pregnancy and gestational diabetes, visit Pregnancy, Birth and Baby website. Monitoring While the majority of people with diabetes do not need finger prick monitoring, those taking insulin or in other special circumstances may need to do so. The Australian College of Nursing recommends people with diabetes who need to monitor their glucose levels self-manage their own blood glucose monitoring whenever possible. For more information, speak to your doctor or visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. More information Diabetes Australia provides more information on diabetes on their website www.diabetesaustralia.com.au, or by calling their information line on 1300 136 588. If you are concerned you may have diabetes please see your doctor. Are you a carer or helping someone out? Carers are everyday people who provide unpaid and ongoing care and support to someone they know who has a disability, mental illness, drug or alcohol dependancy, chronic condition, terminal illness or who is frail. Support for carers Learn more about practical, financial and emotional support and services that are available for carers. For carers services in your state or territory visit Carers Australia. Sources: Department of Health (Diabetes), Diabetes Australia (What is diabetes?), Diabetes Australia (Homepage), NHS Choices, UK (Diabetes) Last reviewed: August 2016"
257,"2018-04-19 02:09:39","Giardia (giardiasis)","What is giardia? Giardia is an infection of the bowel and gut, particularly the small intestine. It is also known as giardiasis. It is one of the most common diseases worldwide that’s carried by water. What causes giardia? Giardia is caused when someone is infected with the parasite Giardia duodenalis, also known as Giardia lamblia or Giardia intestinalis. You can catch the parasite if you come into contact with contaminated: water food faeces (poo) people or animals The parasite must enter by mouth (usually by drinking contaminated water or eating contaminated food) to cause infection. Food and water can get contaminated if you do not wash your hands after going to the toilet, after changing nappies or after handling infected animals. Giardia symptoms Some people have giardia without having any symptoms at all, but they can still spread the parasite. Some people have gastroenteritis, with symptoms like: stomach cramps or bloating excessive gas or flatulence (wind) diarrhoea, which may be watery and smelly Some people become unable to tolerate dairy products for a few weeks. Symptoms may last for months (especially if left untreated), and can return. If you think you or your child might have giardia see your doctor. Giardia treatment People with diarrhoea, especially babies and young children, need to drink plenty of fluids to avoid dehydration. Prescription drugs, including antibiotics, may be used to treat giardia. Giardia prevention To help prevent spreading giardia: keep infected people from going to childcare, preschool, school or work until there has been no diarrhoea for 24 hours do not use swimming pools for at least two weeks after diarrhoea has completely stopped wash hands properly, especially after going to the toilet and before handling food do not share linen, towels and eating utensils with others while you have symptoms boil water suspected of contamination before drinking. Treating infected people reduces spread of the parasite. Sources: Women’s and Children’s Health Network (Giardia), NSW Health (Giardiasis), Australian Government Department of Health (Parasites) Last reviewed: January 2018"
258,"2018-04-19 02:09:43",Gigantism,"Causes of gigantism From the time someone is born, the way their body grows is controlled by hormones produced by the pituitary gland in the brain. The most important hormone for growth is called growth hormone, also known as human growth hormone, HGH or GH. Most children with gigantism have too much growth hormone, which makes them grow too much, too fast. Gigantism is almost always caused by a benign tumour, also known as an adenoma, growing in the pituitary gland. Usually, there is no obvious reason for this, although it may be due to rare genetic conditions. There are also rare genetic conditions that can cause gigantism without the child having an adenoma. Examples include Sotos syndrome, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, and Weaver syndrome. You can learn more about rare genetic conditions here. A similar condition to gigantism, known as acromegaly, can affect adults. Like gigantism, acromegaly causes abnormal growth, but instead of making the person grow tall, it causes other symptoms. Symptoms of gigantism Gigantism can appear in a child of any age, from baby to teenager. The main symptom is accelerated growth, which means the child will be unusually tall for their age. Other features include: large head prominent forehead protruding jaw coarse-looking facial features, such as a broad nose very large hands and feet, with thick fingers and toes excessive sweating a very large appetite general weakness Some people also get headaches, nausea, problems with vision and delayed puberty. Diagnosis of gigantism A doctor who sees a child who is growing unusually fast will need to ask some questions and do a physical examination, which might include checking height, weight, body proportions, senses, and stage of puberty. Tests to diagnose gigantism include: blood tests – to measure the level of hormones, and sometimes other substances oral glucose tolerance test – to see how growth hormone levels change when blood sugar level is increased an MRI or CT scan – to look at the pituitary gland x-rays of the skull and jaw – to check bone thickness It’s important to diagnose and treat gigantism as early as possible. If untreated, it can lead to problems such as diabetes, high blood pressure and arthritis. Treatment of gigantism Treatments for gigantism include: surgery – to remove or reduce the pituitary tumour radiotherapy – to reduce tumour growth and growth hormone levels drug therapy – to control growth hormones levels and symptoms, and shrink the tumour Living with gigantism When the condition is successfully treated, children with gigantism can have a normal life expectancy and avoid most of the complications caused by it. However, they may still have symptoms such as muscle weakness and restricted movement, and some may also have psychological problems. Because of their size, it may also be hard to buy them items such as clothes and shoes. Regular medical follow-up is needed to monitor the condition over time. More information Use healthdirect's online Symptom Checker to check any symptoms and to find out what your next step should be. Try the healthdirect Question builder to help you prepare a list of questions for when you visit your doctor. Contact the Australian Pituitary Foundation. Sources: National Center for Biotechnology Information (EndoText.org) (Gigantism), Lab Tests Online (Pituitary disorders), Australian Pituitary Foundation (Acromegaly), RACGP (Growth disorders in adolescents), Lab Tests Online (Growth hormone), Australian Pituitary Foundation (Introduction to Pituitary Conditions), You and your Hormones (Society for Endocrinology) (Gigantism) Last reviewed: February 2018"
259,"2018-04-19 02:09:46",Gingivitis,"Gingivitis Gingivitis is a form of gum disease. Bleeding gums is a common sign of gingivitis, a disease of the gums. Other symptoms can include tenderness, redness and swelling of the gums. Gingivitis occurs when plaque builds up on your teeth. Plaque is usually removed by brushing, but if it builds up it can irritate your gums and may cause bleeding and swelling. Gingivitis can be caused by a number of things, but it is most commonly caused by poor oral hygiene. If you have an existing health condition, such as diabetes, you may be more likely to have oral hygiene problems such as gingivitis. Without treatment gingivitis can get worse and cause serious problems such as abscesses, receding gums and tooth loss. However, gingivitis is reversible if treated early on. Halitosis (bad breath) Halitosis is the medical name for bad breath. The most common cause of bad breath is tiny food particles trapped in your teeth and mouth. When the natural bacteria in your mouth break down these tiny bits of food, a foul smelling gas is released. This causes bad breath. Good oral hygiene helps prevent bad breath. Certain medical conditions can also cause bad breath. Other factors causing bad breath include strong-flavoured foods, such as garlic and onion, and smoking. The best way to get rid of bad breath is to floss regularly, clean your teeth twice a day (including your tounge) and drink plenty of water. Get advice on mouth care. Please see your dentist if halitosis persists or you are concerned. Sources: Dental Services Victoria (Periodontitis - gum disease), MyVMC (Gingivitis), MyVMC (Dental hygiene - proper brushing and flossing techniques), NHS Choices (UK) (Gum disease) Last reviewed: November 2017"
260,"2018-04-19 02:09:51","Glandular fever","Glandular fever is caused by an infection with Epstein-Barr virus. The virus is transmitted through saliva, and can be passed from person to person through: kissing (which is why it is sometimes known as the ""kissing disease"") coughing and sneezing, which spread the virus in airborne droplets sharing eating and drinking equipment like cups, glasses and eating utensils. It takes 30 to 50 days from the time of infection for glandular fever to develop. A person with glandular fever is contagious for months after the infection so it’s important to follow good hygiene so others don't get infected. Symptoms can come on gradually, and at first there may be just tiredness and lack of energy. A sore throat, swollen glands (particularly in the neck) and a rash may occur. Upper abdominal pain can occur from a swollen liver or spleen. Glandular fever symptoms can last weeks to months, especially fatigue and lack of energy. More information There are a number of resources and services available if you need help or more information on glandular fever: Download a fact sheet on glandular fever from NSW Health. Information on glandular fever in children from the Raising Children Network. Sources: NHS Choices (Glandular fever), SA Health (Glandular fever - including symptoms, treatment and prevention), Mayo Clinic (Mononucleosis), Raising Children Network (Glandular fever) Last reviewed: May 2017"
261,"2018-04-19 02:09:56",Glaucoma,"Once detected, glaucoma can be treated to prevent or delay further vision damage. What is glaucoma? Glaucoma is the name of a group of conditions that damage the optic nerve that links the eye to the brain. Doctors don’t clearly understand why glaucoma happens. The direct physical cause is that the optic nerve becomes damaged. This nerve carries signals from the back of your eye to the brain and allows you to see. Nerve damage often has something to do with the fluid in the eye. Sometimes, the pressure of the fluid inside the eye rises, and the fluid presses hard on the optic nerve, damaging it. But glaucoma can also occur even when the fluid pressure in the eye is normal. You are more likely to develop glaucoma as you get older. And you are slightly more likely to have glaucoma if a close relative has it. It is also more common in people of African or Asian descent than others. Cross-section of a healthy eye and an eye with glaucoma Types of glaucoma There are different types of glaucoma. In primary open angle glaucoma, there is no obvious problem, but the fluid pressure builds up. In angle closure glaucoma, the fluid stops circulating and the fluid pressure builds up quickly, causing pain in the eye and fairly sudden loss of vision. Some people get normal pressure glaucoma, where the eye pressure hasn’t changed, but the optic nerve is still damaged. Glaucoma may also arise after inflammation, injury or surgery to the eye. This is called secondary glaucoma. Symptoms of glaucoma People with angle closure glaucoma can get blurred vision, pain and a red eye, and might see haloes around bright lights. They can also feel nauseous, with headaches and vomiting. Most people with glaucoma have few to no symptoms until their eyesight is damaged. Prevention and diagnosis of glaucoma Unfortunately, glaucoma can’t be prevented. But an optometrist or ophthalmologist can detect it early on if you have regular eye examinations every 2 to 3 years. They will look at the nerve fibres and the structure of the eye drainage network, test the field of vision and measure the eye pressure. This examination will take 20 to 45 minutes. If you are of African or Asian descent, these regular examinations should start at age 40. Otherwise, you should start them at age 50. You should be particularly careful about glaucoma if you: are short-sighted use cortisone (steroid) medications for long periods have diabetes have high or low blood pressure have migraine headaches. Treatment of glaucoma Nerve cells damaged by glaucoma can’t be repaired. Treatment is designed to prevent or slow further damage, mainly by reducing the pressure in the eye. This involves: eye drops or medicine laser surgery or other surgery to open or create a new drainage channel. Glaucoma surgery is usually a day or outpatient procedure. You might have a local anaesthetic (such as eye drops) or a general anaesthetic. Your surgeon will explain to you the preferred type of surgery and anaesthetic for your condition. Sources: Glaucoma Australia (Glaucoma brochure), British Medical Journal (Glaucoma), PLoS ONE (Clinical management outcomes of childhood glaucoma suspects), Scientific Reports (Fluctuation in systolic blood pressure), Lions Eye Institute (Glaucoma), Optometry Australia (Glaucoma), RANZCO (Surgical treatment of glaucoma online patient advisory), PLoS ONE (Drugs with Timolol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis) Last reviewed: November 2017"
262,"2018-04-19 02:09:58","Glue ear","What is glue ear? Glue ear is an ear condition in which the liquid inside your middle ear gets trapped and becomes thick like glue. The medical term for glue ear is middle ear effusion. Glue ear is common in young children. It can last for weeks or months, and can affect hearing, speech, learning and behaviour. What causes glue ear? Glue ear is caused by blockage of a small tube in the ear, called the Eustachian tube. When fluid is trapped inside this tube, it slowly gets thicker. This often happens after a head cold. Glue ear can happen after repeated middle ear infections. Children living with smokers are more likely to get glue ear than those who don’t. Using a dummy for long periods can make things worse. Glue ear signs and symptoms Often there are no obvious signs of glue ear, so it’s a good idea to get your child’s ears checked regularly. People with glue ear might: have problems with hearing, such as needing to turn the TV volume up have problems with balance have trouble sleeping feel pressure or pain in the ear be irritable If you notice any problems with your ears, or your child’s ears, see your doctor. Glue ear diagnosis Glue ear is easily diagnosed. Your doctor can look in your ear with an instrument called an otoscope. They can also test your hearing. Glue ear treatment Once glue ear has been diagnosed, the doctor might ‘watch and wait’, since it often goes away on its own. If there is an ear infection, antibiotics may be prescribed to help the fluid clear. If problems such as hearing loss don’t go away within a few months, treatment with tiny tubes called grommets might be suggested. During an operation, grommets are inserted into the ears to help drain fluid away. Sources: The Sydney Children's Hospital (Glue ear and grommets), The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Glue ear), Raising Children Network (Middle ear infection), NHS Choices (Glue ear), Queensland Health (Middle ear disease) Last reviewed: March 2018"
263,"2018-04-19 02:09:58","Glue ear (in children)","Coughs In children cough is a common symptom which is commonly caused by a cold. Usually a cough is self limiting and not serious. If your child is feeding, drinking, eating and breathing normally and there’s no wheezing, a cough isn’t usually anything to worry about. If your child has a bad cough that won’t go away, see your doctor. Causes of a more serious cough in children can include; croup whooping cough asthma pneumonia swallowing a foreign object e.g. peanut. Signs of a more serious cause of a childhood cough can include; high temperature persistant or unual cough breathlessness at rest or on exertion occurs at night listless or overly tired in discomfort. If your child has any of these symptoms take them to the doctor. If your child seems to be having trouble breathing, seek medical attention urgently or call an ambulance, even if it’s the middle of the night. Although it’s upsetting to hear your child cough, coughing helps clear away phlegm from the chest or mucus from the back of the throat. Sore throats Sore throats are often caused by viral illnesses such as colds or flu. Your child’s throat may be dry and sore for a day or two before a cold starts. Infant or child dosage paracetamol or ibuprofen can be given to reduce the pain. Most sore throats clear up on their own after a few days. If your child has a sore throat for more than 4 days, has a high temperature and is generally unwell, or is unable to swallow fluids or saliva, see your doctor. Colds It is normal for a child to have 8 or more colds per year. This is because there are hundreds of different cold viruses and young children have no immunity to any of them as they've never had them before. Gradually they build up immunity and get fewer colds. Most colds get better in 5 to 7 days. Here are some suggestions on how to ease the symptoms in your child: Increase the amount of fluid your child normally drinks. Saline nose drops can help loosen dried nasal secretions and relieve a stuffy nose. Ask your pharmacist, doctor or early childhood nurse about them. If your child has a fever, pain or discomfort, paracetamol or ibuprofen can help. There are child and infant products that will state on the packet how much you should give children of different ages. Encourage the whole family to wash their hands regularly to stop the cold spreading. Nasal decongestants can make stuffiness worse. Never use them for more than 2 or 3 days. Ear infections Ear infections are common in babies and small children. They often follow a cold and sometimes cause a temperature. A child may pull or rub at an ear, but babies can’t always tell where pain is coming from and may just cry and seem uncomfortable. If your child has an earache but is otherwise well, give them infant or child dose paracetamol or ibuprofen for 12-24 hours. Don’t put any oil, eardrops or cotton buds into your child’s ear unless your doctor advises you to do so. Most ear infections are caused by viruses, which can’t be treated with antibiotics. They will just get better by themselves. After an ear infection your child may have a problem hearing for 2 to 6 weeks. If the problem lasts for any longer than this, ask your doctor for advice. Glue ear Repeated middle ear infections (otitis media) may lead to 'glue ear' (otitis media with effusion), where sticky fluid builds up and can affect your child’s hearing. This may lead to unclear speech or behavioural problems. Your doctor will give you advice on treating glue ear. Sources: NHS Choices (UK) (Colds, coughs and ear infections in children) Last reviewed: October 2016"
264,"2018-04-19 02:10:02",Goitre,"What causes goitre? The main causes of goitre in Australia are: autoimmune diseases such as Hashimoto’s disease or Grave’s disease inherited thyroid conditions nodules or lumps in the thyroid gland thyroid cancer Around the world, the main cause of goitre is a lack of iodine, a mineral that is used in the production of thyroid hormones. In Australia iodine deficiency is not as common, because iodine is added to most salt and almost all breads. But it can still occur. Goitre is more common in: women who are pregnant or going through menopause smokers Goitre symptoms A goitre can show as an obvious lump or swelling at the bottom of your neck. Goitres are usually painless, but you might feel sore or tender around the thyroid area. A large goitre can press on your windpipe or your oesophagus (or, 'gullet'). A goitre can also: make it hard for you to swallow cause breathing problems make you cough give you a hoarse voice You might also experience problems caused by having too much thyroid hormone (hyperthyriodism) or too little thyroid hormone (hypothyroidism). In some people, a goitre causes no obvious symptoms. Front view of a healthy thyroid Goitre diagnosis Your doctor will talk to you and examine you. Specifically, they’ll carefully examine your thyroid gland, feeling its shape and size, checking for lumps. You will have blood tests to see how well your thyroid gland is functioning. You might need scans or other tests such as: ultrasound scan of your thyriod computed tomography (CT) scan nuclear thyroid scan, where a small amount of weak radioactive substance is injected into your vein or given as a pill. (The substance then gathers in the thyroid, while a special camera takes images of the area from different angles.) biopsy, where a medical professional uses a fine needle to draw out a sample of tissue or fluid from the thyroid gland Goitre treatment The treatment will depend on the cause. If the goitre is small and your thyroid is healthy, you might not need treatment. If you do, your options are medication, radiation and surgery. Your doctor should guide you towards the treatment that best suits you and your condition. Medication If your thyroid gland is producing too little thyroid hormone, you may be prescribed thyroid tablets to take regularly. This can decrease the size of the goitre. If your body is producing too much thyroid hormone, then you may be prescribed anti-thyroid tablets to bring the levels back to normal. To reduce inflammation, your doctor may recommend aspirin or corticosteroids. Radiation or surgery Your doctor may suggest radioactive iodine treatment, where iodine that’s been made radioactive is given in capsule form in a controlled hospital setting. The radioactive iodine spreads through the body and is absorbed only by thyroid cells, killing them but not affecting other (healthy) cells. It’s considered an effective and safe treatment for some types of thyroid disease, including thyroid cancer. It’s not, however, recommended for pregnant women or women considering becoming pregnant. People with cancer or a large goitre that is causing difficulty breathing or swallowing might need surgery. Preventing goitre To prevent goitre, you need the right amount of iodine in your diet. This substance occurs naturally in seawater and coastal soils, and is found in shellfish, seaweed (often used in sushi) and other foods. You can use iodised salt in your food. Most bread in Australia contains iodised salt, so eating bread regularly should help maintain your iodine levels. The National Health and Medical Research Council recommends that women who are pregnant, considering becoming pregnant or breastfeeding should take a 150-microgram iodine supplement each day. Do not consume too much iodine, as that can also lead to a goitre. When to seek help Consult a doctor if you see or feel a lump at the base of your neck, or if you have any of the other symptoms of goitre. Sources: RACGP (Thyriod Goitre, causes, investigation and management), ABC Health and Wellbeing (Fact file, Thyroid disorders), Lab Tests Online (Thyroid diseases), Harvard Health Publishing (Thyroid nuclear medicine tests (thyroid scan and uptake)), Mayo Clinic (Goiter, overview), Mayo Clinic (Goiter, diagnosis and treatment), NHS UK (Goitre), Inside Radiology (Nuclear Medicine Thyroid Scan), National Health and Medical Research Council (Iodine Supplementation for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women) Last reviewed: March 2018"
265,"2018-04-19 02:10:03",Gonorrhoea,"Gonorrhoea often has no symptoms, and if left untreated, can cause permanent damage and infertility in men and women. How do you get gonorrhoea? Gonorrhoea is spread by having unprotected vaginal, anal or oral sex with an infected person. Gonorrhoea can also be passed from an infected mother to her baby during birth, which can cause eye infection (neonatal conjunctivitis) and even blindness. What if I have gonorrhoea? If you think you have gonorrhoea it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Your doctor can confirm the diagnosis with testing and start treatment. It is very important to tell all your sexual partners from the past three months that you have been diagnosed with gonorrhoea. They will need to be tested for gonorrhoea and treated if infected. Your doctor will help you decide who you need to tell and how you can tell them. The following website can provide advice and sample emails, SMSs and letters to send either personally or anonymously: www.letthemknow.org.au. More information To learn more about gonorrhoea contact your doctor, sexual health clinic or call healthdirect on 1800 022 222. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about gonorrhoea (the clap), check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Family Planning NSW (Gonorrhoea), Let Them Know (Gonorrhoea fact sheet), Healthy WA (Gonorrhoea) Last reviewed: August 2017"
266,"2018-04-19 02:10:06","GORD (reflux)","GORD can affect everyone, even children, but mostly affects adults aged 40 and over. If you are worried about a child or infant with reflux symptoms then read The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne fact sheet on reflux. The most common symptoms of GORD include: heartburn - a feeling of burning rising up from the stomach or lower chest or a burning chest pain or discomfort after eating regurgitation – when stomach acids comes back up into your mouth causing an unpleasant sour taste pain when swallowing and difficulty swallowing. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Doctors believe there are a combination of factors that cause GORD, but the most important is that the muscle around the bottom of the oesophagus, which helps to keep the contents of the stomach from rising back up the oesophagus, is not working properly. This muscle is known as the lower oesophageal sphincter (LOS).While there can be some serious complications, the outlook for GORD is mostly good. Many people experience occasional episodes of GORD, while others have recurring symptoms that may need attention.Many people can control their symptoms without the need for medicines. Those who do need medicines usually find they ease their symptoms.Treatments for GORD aim to:relieve symptomsreduce the risk of complicationsimprove quality of lifeheal any ulcers in the oesophagus. Sources: NHS Choices (UK) (Heartburn and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Heartburn – Oesophageal Reflux), The Gut Foundation (GORD) Last reviewed: November 2016"
267,"2018-04-19 02:10:08",Gout,"Gout is the result of a build of waste material called uric acid, which forms tiny crystals in some of the joints of the body. Uric acid is normally found in the blood of all people, and comes from the breakdown of cells, DNA and from the food and drinks we consume each day. Uric acid is mostly excreted by the kidneys. Too much uric acid builds up in the blood either because it is not excreted quickly enough or because too much is being produced. This excess can end up in the joints as crystals (called ‘urate’). These crystals can cause sudden and severe inflammation of the joint. Gout is uncommon in women before the onset of menopause. It is more common in men than in women, and in older people than in younger people, but can affect anyone. Apart from sex and age, gout is most common in people who: are taking medications that increase water excretion by the kidneys (diuretics) are overweight have kidney disease, high blood pressure, diabetes, or abnormal levels of fat and cholesterol in the blood consume a lot of red meat, oily seafood or sugary drinks drink alcohol, especially beer, port or spirits are of Maori and Pacific Islander origin, as they tend to have high uric acid levels which predispose them to gout Gout can also affect people with certain types of blood disorders (such as the blood cancers leukaemia and lymphoma) and people being treated for cancer. Prompt treatment will help relieve the pain and inflammation of acute gout. Frequently, attacks of gout can cause irreversible damage to the joint and the nearby bone. This is one of the main reasons people suffering gout should seek medical help. You can also get more information from the Arthritis Australia website. Sources: Arthritis Australia (Arthritis information sheet - Gout (pdf document)), Arthritis SA (Gout and Diet), myDr (Gout), NHS Choices UK (Gout) Last reviewed: December 2017"
268,"2018-04-19 02:10:10",Granuloma,"A granuloma is a small area of inflammation tissue. It is caused by a collection of immune system cells, as a result of chronic inflammation. Granulomas often occur in the lungs, but can occur elsewhere in the body. Granulomas occur in conditions such as sarcoidosis, chronic granulomatous disease (CGD) and tuberculosis. Follow the links below to find trusted information about granuloma. Last reviewed: July 2016"
269,"2018-04-19 02:10:14","Graves' disease","This condition causes the thyroid gland in the neck to produce too much thyroid hormone, and can eventually lead to goitre and bulging eyes. Graves' disease is an auto-immune condition. The body’s immune system produces antibodies that attack the thyroid tissue, leading to the thyroid becoming overactive (hyperthyroidism). Symptoms include racing heart, sweating, weight loss, irritability, fatigue and sleep loss. About 1 in 3 people who have had Graves' disease can develop bulging eyes, or exophthalmos. This is because the antibodies that attack the thyroid can also attack the muscles and tissues around the eyes. This is called Thyroid Eye Disease (TED). It is also possible for people with Grave's disease to get a goitre, which is a swollen thyroid gland visible to others. Treatments involve reducing the activity of the thyroid gland with medicines, and sometimes surgery. Follow the links below to find trusted information about Graves' disease. Sources: My VMC (Grave's disease), Lab Tests Online (Grave's disease), NHS Choices UK (Bulging eyes) Last reviewed: February 2018"
270,"2018-04-19 02:10:17","Growth disorders","Follow the links below to find trusted information about growth disorders. Last reviewed: July 2016"
271,"2018-04-19 02:10:20","Guillain-Barre syndrome","What is Guillain-Barre syndrome? The exact cause of Guillain-Barre syndrome is not known, but it usually comes on after an infection. Occasionally it is triggered by surgery. It causes weakness, numbness or paralysis. Most people with this nervous system disorder need treatment in hospital for some time, but most recover well. Antibodies in the immune system attack and damage the nerves. When the immune system attacks the body, it is called an auto-immune response. Guillain-Barre syndrome symptoms It usually begins with tingling or weakness in the legs. Sometimes, it begins as trouble moving your eyes or face. It spreads, sometimes slowly, sometimes quickly, through most of the body. Other signs and symptoms include: difficulty walking difficulty moving your eyes or face difficulty swallowing severe pain difficulty controlling the bladder or bowel a fast heart rate low or high blood pressure difficulty breathing Guillain-Barre syndrome diagnosis If you think you may have Guillain-Barre syndrome, your doctor will talk to you and examine you. You may be referred to a neurologist and be asked to have tests to see how well your nerves are working. You may also be asked to have a lumbar puncture, in which a needle is put into your lower back to check the fluid around your spine and brain. Guillain-Barre syndrome treatment In the early stages, a person with Guillain-Barre syndrome may need to be on a ventilator in intensive care to help them breathe. With time, it usually gradually improves. Most people are walking again within 6 months. Guillain-Barre syndrome can be treated with: plasma exchange, which involves removing part of the blood and replacing it with plasma from the blood bank intravenous immunoglobulin therapy – using antibodies from blood donors to alter the abnormal immune response medicines to relieve pain and prevent blood clots physiotherapy Most people recover - some within a few weeks, and others in a couple of years. Some people have symptoms for life. Visit the Brain Foundation website for more information about Guillain-Barre syndrome. Sources: National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke (Guillain-Barre syndrome information page), Mayo Clinic (Guillain-Barre Syndrome), Medline Plus (Guillain-Barre Syndrome), Cochrane Library (Plasma Exchange for Guillain-Barre Syndrome), Cochrane Library (Multidisciplinary care for Guillain-Barre syndrome) Last reviewed: December 2017"
272,"2018-04-19 02:10:22",Haemochromatosis,"What is haemochromatosis? In people with haemochromatosis, too much iron is absorbed from the gut, leading to iron overload. The human body controls iron levels by absorbing just the right amount of iron from our food. It has no method of excreting excess iron - any excess is stored in organs and joints in the body. This can lead to damage to the liver, heart and pancreas. Haemochromatosis causes Haemochromatosis is the most common genetic disorder in Australia. It is caused by an abnormal gene, carried by 1 in 200 people of northern European origin. This gene is usually inherited from a parent. People who carry the abnormal gene might have haemochromatosis, or they might not. Haemochromatosis symptoms Most people develop symptoms between 30 and 60 years. Early on, most people have no symptoms. Symptoms may include: tiredness weakness pain in the abdomen pain in the joints unexplained tanning of the skin. Without treatment, organ damage can lead to: liver problems diabetes from damage to the pancreas heart problems loss of sex drive or erection problems thyroid problems Haemochromatosis screening If someone in the family has haemochromatosis, you can have genetic testing to see if you carry the gene. Haemochromatosis diagnosis A blood test can see how much iron you have in your blood. Haemochromatosis is not the only cause of having too much iron in your blood. Other tests will be needed, such as genetic testing. Sometimes a liver biopsy (taking a small tissue sample) is done to see if there is damage to the liver. Haemochromatosis treatments There is no cure for haemochromatosis, but treatments can keep it under control. You can help maintain your health by: following a low iron diet, if suggested by your doctor avoiding vitamin C supplements, as these increase iron absorption limiting alcohol consumption or stopping drinking alcohol completely if your liver is damaged. You might also be advised to have some blood taken out of your body regularly. This is known as venesection. If it is done regularly, venesection lowers your iron levels and can lead to an improvement in your health. Help and support groups Contact Haemochromatosis Australia to get more information about support groups for haemochromatosis. Sources: UpToDate (Haemochromatosis - hereditary iron overload), Haemochromatosis Australia (Haemochromatosis) Last reviewed: October 2016"
273,"2018-04-19 02:10:28","Haemolytic uraemic syndrome","Follow the links below to find trusted information about haemolytic uraemic syndrome. Last reviewed: July 2016"
274,"2018-04-19 02:10:33",Haemophilia,"What is haemophilia? Haemophilia is a bleeding disorder caused by a gene mutation. If you have haemophilia, your blood doesn’t clot properly, which makes it difficult to control bleeding. When a blood vessel is injured, special proteins in your blood called ‘clotting factors’ act to control blood loss by plugging or patching up the injury. If you have lower than normal levels of a clotting factor, then you have haemophilia. Types of haemophilia There are two types of haemophilia. Haemophilia A (also called classical haemophilia) is the most common type. It is caused by lack of clotting factor 8, which results from a mutation in gene F8. Haemophilia B (sometimes called Christmas Disease) is caused by lack of clotting factor 9, which results from a mutation in gene F9. Some people have mild haemophilia, while others are more severely affected. Symptoms or signs of haemophilia Most people who have haemophilia have a family history of bleeding problems. The main signs of haemophilia are: easy bruising from an early age bleeding for no obvious reason, especially in the joints and muscles greater than normal bleeding following injury or surgery abnormally heavy bleeding during menstruation or after giving birth (in females). Although bleeding problems often start from a young age, some children don’t have symptoms until they begin walking or running. People with mild haemophilia may not bleed excessively until they get an injury or have surgery. Haemophilia diagnosis If haemophilia is suspected, blood tests can measure the levels of clotting factors. These tests can show the type and severity of the disease. Genetic testing can often confirm a diagnosis of haemophilia, although a gene mutation can’t always be found. Living with haemophilia Haemophilia can be complex to manage. Australian guidelines recommend that people with haemophilia receive care from a multidisciplinary team of health-care professionals, made up of doctors, nurses, medical scientists, physiotherapists, social workers and psychologists. If you are diagnosed with haemophilia, you should discuss with your doctor the benefits of referral to a haemophilia treatment centre which can provide you with comprehensive care by a multidisciplinary team. When someone with haemophilia has a bleeding episode, treatment is needed to help their blood clot and stop the bleeding. This usually involves giving clotting factors by infusion or injection. Complications of the disease also need to be managed, such as damage to joints and muscles that can result from bleeding into these areas. Where to go for help? Haemophilia Foundation Australia provides information and support for people with haemophilia. More informationVisit our genetic disorders guide to learn more about genes, types of genetic disorders and where to go for help and more information. Sources: Haemophilia Foundation Australia (Haemophilia), Centre for Genetics Education (Haemophilia), Australian Haemophilia Centre Directors’ Organisation (Guidelines for the management of haemophilia in Australia), National Blood Authority (Guidelines for the management of haemophilia in Australia) Last reviewed: September 2016"
275,"2018-04-19 02:10:37","Haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB)","Follow the links below to find trusted information about haemophilus influenzae type B (HIB). Last reviewed: July 2016"
276,"2018-04-19 02:10:39","Hair disorders","Follow the links below to find trusted information about hair disorders. Last reviewed: July 2016"
277,"2018-04-19 02:10:43","Hairloss (in men)","Some men aren't troubled by this at all. Others, however, suffer great emotional distress associated with a lack of self-esteem and, in some cases, depression. Pattern baldness is often inherited and can affect men and women. It is caused when hair follicles are oversensitive to the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT), produced by the male hormone, testosterone. DHT causes the follicles to shrink and eventually stop functioning. Both men and women produce this hormone in different amounts. The involvement of testosterone in balding has led to the myth that going bald is a sign of virility. But men with male-pattern baldness don't have more male hormones than other men. Their hair follicles are simply more sensitive to the hormones. Receding hairline Male-pattern baldness is so called because it tends to follow a set pattern. The first stage is usually a receding hairline, followed by thinning of the hair on the crown and temples. When these two areas meet in the middle, it leaves a horseshoe shape of hair around the back and sides of the head. Eventually, some men go completely bald. Male-pattern baldness is not a disease, so it won't affect your health. However, if it's causing you distress, consult your doctor to get a diagnosis. Your doctor can refer you to a dermatologist for further analysis and, if necessary, to a counsellor to help with the trauma of hair loss. If you have inherited the genes responsible for male-pattern or female-pattern baldness there's little you can do to prevent it from happening. Treatments can slow down the process, but there's no cure. The two most effective treatments for male-pattern baldness (also called 'androgenetic alopecia') are medicines called minoxidil and finasteride. Other treatments for hair loss include wigs, hair transplants and plastic surgery procedures, such as scalp reduction. As a general rule, it's easier to maintain existing hair than to regrow it, and once the hair follicle has stopped working it cannot be revived. Sources: Andrology Australia (Male pattern hair loss) Last reviewed: November 2016"
278,"2018-04-19 02:10:45",Halitosis,"Gingivitis Gingivitis is a form of gum disease. Bleeding gums is a common sign of gingivitis, a disease of the gums. Other symptoms can include tenderness, redness and swelling of the gums. Gingivitis occurs when plaque builds up on your teeth. Plaque is usually removed by brushing, but if it builds up it can irritate your gums and may cause bleeding and swelling. Gingivitis can be caused by a number of things, but it is most commonly caused by poor oral hygiene. If you have an existing health condition, such as diabetes, you may be more likely to have oral hygiene problems such as gingivitis. Without treatment gingivitis can get worse and cause serious problems such as abscesses, receding gums and tooth loss. However, gingivitis is reversible if treated early on. Halitosis (bad breath) Halitosis is the medical name for bad breath. The most common cause of bad breath is tiny food particles trapped in your teeth and mouth. When the natural bacteria in your mouth break down these tiny bits of food, a foul smelling gas is released. This causes bad breath. Good oral hygiene helps prevent bad breath. Certain medical conditions can also cause bad breath. Other factors causing bad breath include strong-flavoured foods, such as garlic and onion, and smoking. The best way to get rid of bad breath is to floss regularly, clean your teeth twice a day (including your tounge) and drink plenty of water. Get advice on mouth care. Please see your dentist if halitosis persists or you are concerned. Sources: Dental Services Victoria (Periodontitis - gum disease), MyVMC (Gingivitis), MyVMC (Dental hygiene - proper brushing and flossing techniques), NHS Choices (UK) (Gum disease) Last reviewed: November 2017"
279,"2018-04-19 02:10:47","Hand foot and mouth disease","Hand, foot and mouth disease is highly contagious. It’s especially common in childcare and kindergartens. The main symptoms are fever and tiny blisters on the cheeks, gums and sides of the mouth and on the hands and feet. Children may also have a sore throat. There is no treatment to kill the virus that causes hand, foot and mouth disease. The blisters usually last for seven to ten days. But it’s possible to improve comfort by treating the symptoms with paracetamol, rest and plenty to drink. Sources: NSW Health (Communicable disease factsheet - Hand, foot and mouth disease), Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Hand foot and mouth disease – coxsackie virus), Raising Children Network (Hand, foot and mouth disease) Last reviewed: November 2016"
280,"2018-04-19 02:10:55","Hashimoto's disease","Your thyroid gland is a bow-shaped gland near the base of your throat. This gland produces thyroid hormones. These hormones influence important body processes such as temperature, energy levels and growth. What is Hashimoto's disease? Hashimoto's disease is an autoimmune condition. In Hashimoto's disease, your body's immune system attacks your thyroid gland, preventing it from producing enough thyroid hormones. Your thyroid gland may become noticeably larger - this is called a goitre. Or it may shrink. Lumps or nodules may also develop in your thyroid gland. Causes of Hashimoto's disease The cause of Hashimoto's disease is unknown. There is no known way to prevent it. The condition may run in families. Symptoms of Hashimoto's disease Hashimoto's disease can gradually cause a lack of thyroid hormones, which is known as hypothyroidism. The symptoms might be mild or they might be severe. They include: tiredness and needing more sleep than usual being unable to stand the cold depression or low mood inability to concentrate weight gain constipation pain in the muscles dry skin thin hair brittle nails weak or aching muscles poor memory enlarged thyroid low libido (in men or women) Diagnosis of Hashimoto's disease If you think you have symptoms of hypothyroidism, see your doctor. They will examine you and probably run blood tests, including testing your hormone levels. Hashimoto's disease treatment While there is no cure for Hashimoto's disease, hypothyroidism itself can be treated. You may need thyroid hormone replacement treatment for life. You will probably need to have your thyroid hormone levels checked regularly so that your doctor can adjust the treatment if necessary. Complications of Hashimoto's disease If left untreated, hypothyroidism can lead to problems including goitre (an increase in the size of the thyroid gland), heart problems, or mental health problems. Occasionally, it is life-threatening. Sources: The Australian Thyroid Foundation (Hashimoto's disease (thyroiditis)), The Australian Thyroid Foundation (Understanding the thyroid), The Australian Thyroid Foundation (Hypothyroidism), Department of Health WA (Hypothyroidism), Medline Plus (Chronic thyroiditis (Hashimoto disease)), Mayo Clinic (Hashimoto's disease) Last reviewed: January 2018"
281,"2018-04-19 02:11:01","Hay fever","What is hay fever? Hay fever is the common term for 'allergic rhinitis'. It’s caused by an allergic response to outdoor or indoor allergens such as pollen, dust mites, fungal spores, animal fur or occupational sources. Allergens are most commonly proteins or enzymes that can cause the nose, eyes, throat and sinuses (small air-filled cavities behind your cheekbones and forehead) to become swollen, irritated and inflamed. When you have an allergic reaction, your body overreacts to something that would be harmless for most people. Your immune system (the body’s natural defence system) starts to respond as if it’s under threat, and releases a number of chemicals including histamine. This results in swelling and inflammation. Hay fever symptoms include: sneezing a runny nose itchy eyes. Hay fever usually begins in childhood or during the teenage years, but you can acquire it at any age. It affects nearly to 1 in 5 Australians at some point in their life, and is more likely to occur if there is a family history of allergies – particularly asthma or eczema. In fact, hay fever and asthma share many of their risk and trigger factors including a genetic predisposition to develop allergic reactions. Most people are able to relieve their symptoms with treatment – at least to a certain extent. Speak with your doctor if your symptoms are troublesome as you may require prescription medication. Not sure what to do next?If you are still concerned about your hay fever, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention.The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Allergic rhinitis), NHS Choices (Hay fever), Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (What is allergy?), Australian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Pollen allergy) Last reviewed: July 2017"
282,"2018-04-19 02:11:04","Head cancer","Follow the links below to find trusted information about head and neck cancers. Last reviewed: July 2016"
283,"2018-04-19 02:11:05","Head injuries","The most common causes of head injuries are falls, assaults and car accidents. The most common causes of serious head injuries are: car accidents sports injuries accidents at home, such as slips, falls or trips accidents at work, such as falls or being hit on the head assaults. Even in a mild head injury there is a small risk of you developing serious complications so you should be watched closely by another adult for 24 hours after the accident. If you show any of these symptoms or signs after your head injury, or you get worse, go to the nearest hospital, doctor or telephone an ambulance immediately. Fainting or drowsiness - or you can’t wake up Acting strange, saying things that do not make sense (change in behaviour) A constant severe headache or a headache that gets worse Vomiting or throwing up more than twice Cannot remember new events, recognise people or places (increased confusion) Pass out or have a blackout or a seizure (any jerking of the body or limbs) Cannot move parts of your body or clumsiness Blurred vision or slurred speech Continual fluid or bleeding from the ear or nose A serious head injury can cause anything from nausea to concussion to bleeding to death. If you have a fit or seizure or fall unconscious, even if its only for a second, you should call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. If you are bleeding and it won’t stop, or if you have fluid coming from your nose or ears, you should go to your nearest emergency department immediately. Sources: The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Head injury), St John (Lifesaving tips for head injury first aid treatment), Mayo Clinic (Head trauma), NSW Health (Head injury advice sheet) Last reviewed: August 2017"
284,"2018-04-19 02:11:09","Head lice","How head lice spreads Head lice commonly affects children, however adults can also get it. It can be passed between people by contact with personal items, for example shared combs and brushes. Research has shown that head lice are not spread by shared hats. Lice need warmth and blood to survive. They do not live for long on clothing, bedding or personal items. Head lice symptoms Lice often cause itching of the skin, but this is not always the case. Bites can cause the skin to become red and irritated, which can be made worse by scratching. You can see the lice and nits (eggs) if you look closely at your head and scalp. Nits look like tiny white dots attached firmly to the hair. They cannot be brushed or flicked off the hair, but must be physically removed with fingers or fingernails. Head lice treatment Treating head lice involves the removal of head lice and nits from the hair by either using the conditioner and comb method, or chemical treatments. The conditioner and comb method involves the use of conditioner and a special metal fine-toothed nit comb. The conditioner briefly stuns the lice making it easier for the nit comb to trap and remove the lice and nits. If you decide to use a chemical, it is important that you follow the instructions closely that come with it. 2 to 3 chemical treatments with a week in between each should remove living lice. No single chemical treatment will work for everyone. A nit comb can be used to look for any signs of living lice. Visit Pregnancy, Birth and Baby website for more information about treatments for head lice and how head lice affects children. Sources: myDr (Head lice), Department of Health, Victoria (About head lice), National Health and Medical Research Council (Staying healthy - Preventing infectious diseases in early childhood education and care services) Last reviewed: January 2018"
285,"2018-04-19 01:51:50","Heart and cardiovascular health",
286,"2018-04-19 02:11:17","Heart attack","A heart attack is a serious medical emergency where the supply of blood to the heart is suddenly blocked, usually by a blood clot. Lack of blood to the heart can seriously damage the heart muscle. A heart attack is known medically as an 'acute myocardial infarction'. Dial triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance if you suspect that you, or someone you know, is having a heart attack. Symptoms of a heart attack can include: chest pain - the chest can feel like it is being pressed or squeezed by a heavy object, and pain can radiate from the chest to the jaw, neck, arms, shoulders and back shortness of breath feeling weak or light-headed an overwhelming feeling of anxiety nausea cold sweat. If you have any of the symptoms above, you could be having a heart attack. If your symptoms are severe, get worse quickly or last longer than 10 minutes call triple zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance. If calling triple zero (000) does not work on your mobile try calling 112. Early treatment could save your life. It is important to stress that not everyone experiences severe chest pain. The pain can often be mild and mistaken for indigestion. Some people will not experience any chest pain at all. It is the combination of symptoms that is important in determining whether a person is having a heart attack, and not the severity of chest pain. Personal story: heart attack Recovering from a heart attack can be both emotionally and practically challenging. Listening to others who have experienced similar situations is often re-assuring and can be helpful for you, your loved ones or when preparing questions for your doctor or a specialist. Watch this video about a patient's experience recovering from a heart attack. Read the related video transcript > More information about this video > Video Copyright: ©2013 University of Oxford. Used under licence from DIPEx. All rights reserved. Sources: NHS Choices, UK (Heart attack), Heart Foundation (Heart attack warning signs), healthtalk.org (Heart attack Interview HA22) Last reviewed: September 2016"
287,"2018-04-19 02:11:22","Heart failure","Heart failure occurs when the heart muscle has become too weak or too stiff to pump blood through the body as effectively as normal. Breathlessness or shortness of breath, feeling very tired and swollen legs, ankles and feet, tiredness and dizziness are the main symptoms of heart failure. Sometimes the symptoms of heart failure can develop quickly (acute heart failure). However, they usually develop gradually, over time (chronic heart failure). Heart failure does not usually have a single cause. There are a number of health conditions that increase your risks of developing heart failure including: coronary heart disease high blood pressure diabetes heart attack heart muscle damage (cardiomyopathy) heart rhythm disturbance (atrial fibrillation) heart valve disease (damage or problems with the heart’s valves). Sometimes, anaemia (a lack of oxygenated red blood cells) or an overactive thyroid gland (hyperthyroidism) can also lead to heart failure. In most cases, heart failure is a lifelong condition that cannot be cured. Personal story: heart failure Being diagnosed with heart failure can be both emotionally and practically challenging. Listening to others who have experienced similar situations is often re-assuring and can be helpful for you, your loved ones or when preparing questions for your doctor or a specialist. Watch this video about a patient's experience after being diagnosed with heart failure. Read the related video transcript > More information about this video > Video Copyright: ©2013 University of Oxford. Used under licence from DIPEx. All rights reserved. Sources: Heart Foundation (Chronic heart failure), Heart Foundation (Living well with chronic heart failure), healthtalk.org (Heart failure, aged 61-70, interview HF04) Last reviewed: September 2016"
288,"2018-04-19 02:11:25",Heartburn,"The pain typically worsens when you are lying down or bending over. Heartburn that is mild and occasional can usually be managed with lifestyle changes and over-the-counter medications. In more serious cases, other treatment may be needed. What causes heartburn? Normally, a ring of muscle at the lower end of the oesophagus (the tube connecting your mouth to your stomach) relaxes to let food in, and tightens to prevent stomach acid from escaping. However, if the muscle relaxes when it shouldn’t, or is weak, stomach acid is able to rise up into the oesophagus where it can cause pain and irritation. Heartburn can also occur when the stomach is producing a lot of acid, such as when stressed. Common triggers for heartburn Some people experience heartburn regardless of what they eat. Others find they only get it after eating certain foods or meals. Common triggers for heartburn include: large meals fatty or spicy foods coffee and cola drinks citrus foods alcohol chocolate cigarettes peppermints. Other things that can increase your risk of heartburn are: being overweight or obese being pregnant taking certain medications (check with your doctor). eating a large meal exercising too soon after eating Looking after yourself If you have heartburn, there are some lifestyle changes that may help prevent it, or at least manage the symptoms. These include: eating smaller, more frequent meals instead of large meals avoiding any foods you know trigger heartburn avoiding lying down soon after a meal - wait for 3 hours don’t eat too late at night lift the head of your bed so you are raised from the waist up losing weight, if you are overweight stopping smoking, if you smoke avoid tightfitting clothing. You may also want to try over-the-counter medicines called antacids, which neutralise stomach acid. If you are pregnant, check with your doctor or pharmacist if these medications are safe for you to take. When to see a doctor about heartburn or indigestion If over-the-counter treatments don't work, or you rely on them often, see your doctor. If you have heartburn more than twice a week, it could be a symptom of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (GORD), in which case you may need prescription medicines. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners recommends that you discuss any medication you are taking for GORD or heartburn with your doctor or specialist to assess the possibility of reducing your dose or stopping the medication if safe to do so. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Read about other symptoms of GORD. If you experience chest pain and have any doubt about whether it is heartburn or a heart attack, seek immediate medical attention by calling triple zero (000). Sources: NHS Choices (Heartburn and gastro-oesophgeal reflux disease), Mayo Clinic (Heartburn: Definition), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Heartburn - Oesophageal Reflux), Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Interventions for heartburn in pregnancy), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations) Last reviewed: July 2017"
289,"2018-04-19 02:11:28",Heatstroke,"What is heatstroke? Heatstroke occurs when a person’s body temperature rises from about 37°C to above 40.5°C. It is sometimes called hyperthermia. Heatstroke needs immediate first aid to lower the body temperature as quickly as possible. Dehydration and heat exhaustion are milder types of heat-related illnesses. What causes heatstroke? Heatstroke is caused by prolonged exposure to heat. You can get heatstroke inside or outside. You can get it exercising in the heat. You are more likely than others to get heatstroke if you are: over 75 or very young pregnant or breastfeeding overweight living alone, homeless or lacking social support working or exercising in hot conditions affected by chronic diseases such as heart disease and diabetes taking certain medications Heatstroke symptoms The signs and symptoms of heatstroke include: rapid pulse and fast, shallow breathing trouble speaking, slurred speech problems concentrating or coordinating movements aggressive or strange behaviour dizziness, confusion, seizures or loss of consciousness sudden rise in body temperature hot and dry and possibly red skin, possibly with no sweat dry, swollen tongue headache nausea or vomiting intense thirst Heatstroke treatment Heatstroke is a medical emergency. If someone has heatstroke call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. Meanwhile, give the person sips of cool fluid if possible and lay them in a cool shady place. Lower their body temperature any way you can, for example by: removing excess clothing sponging or spraying them with water and fanning the damp skin immersing them in cool water placing cold packs under their armpits or groin, or on the back of their neck If a person with suspected heat stroke is unconscious, place them on their side with their mouth down (to drain any fluid) and the chin up to prevent possible suffocation. Do not give aspirin or paracetamol to someone with heatstroke as they may make things worse. Heatstroke prevention Heatstroke is linked to dehydration, so in hot conditions: Drink plenty of water – even if you don’t feel thirsty. Avoid hot or sugary drinks. Keep cool – try to avoid direct sun. Wear a hat and lightweight, loose-fitting, cotton clothing. Keep your house cool – close windows, shut curtains and blinds, and use air-conditioning if you have it. Help others – visit or phone friends, family and neighbours who are more at risk. Keep children cool and give them lots to drink. Ensure pets have plenty of water and shade. Never leave babies, children or animals alone in a car. Have a plan – know who to call if you need help, and follow your doctor’s advice if you have any medical conditions. Postpone or cancel any activities, or reschedule them to a cooler part of the day or a cooler location. Check the Bureau of Meteorology for warnings about hot weather. Sources: NSW Government (Heat-related illness including heatstroke), NSW Government (Beat the heat), Northern Territory Government (Heat stress), Smartplay & SunSmart (UV exposure and heat illness guide), RSPCA (What can I do in hot weather to prevent heatstroke in my pet?), SA Government (Extreme heat) Last reviewed: February 2018"
290,"2018-04-19 02:11:31","Heel spur","What is a heel spur? A heel spur is a bony growth under the heel bone, visible on X-ray only. What causes a heel spur? Heel spurs are often caused by a combination of factors, including: problems with how the feet function (biomechanics) running on hard surfaces unsupportive footwear being overweight or obese. All of these things can cause strain on the heel bone, ligaments, plantar fascia and muscles of the foot. The plantar fascia tightens and starts tugging on the heel bone, causing the spur to form. Heel spur symptoms Heel spurs cause intermittent or chronic pain when inflammation builds up where the spur connects to the soft tissues of your foot. You may feel pain when walking or running, especially on hard surfaces. Heel pain is usually caused by injury and inflammation to soft tissues, for example plantar fasciitis, and not by the heel spur itself. You may feel a sharp pain when pressure is applied in the area, such as when you stand up or when getting out of bed in the morning. After a while, the pain may become a dull ache. Heel spur diagnosis A heel spur can be diagnosed using an X-ray. Heel spur treatment Treatment for heel spurs may incorporate a range of options: footwear needs to fit, provide adequate support for the types of activity you do, and not cause you any pain strapping/Taping to support the foot, taking the strain away from the foot muscles and plantar fascia, which allows the area to heal stretching exercises for the plantar fascia and calf muscles orthotics for your shoes that support, align and improve how your foot functions medication such as anti-inflammatories to reduce pain and inflammation in the area surgery is only considered after all other treatments fail. Surgery may involve removing the spur from the bone, though it can also involve releasing the plantar fascia. It usually takes about 6 to 8 weeks to recover from a heel spur, when the area is strapped and rested. Heel spur prevention To prevent heel spurs, wear appropriate footwear, manage your weight, avoid exercising on hard surfaces and keep feet and leg muscles and joints flexible. Sources: Australian Podiatry Council (Heel pain), WebMD (Heel spur causes, symptoms, treatments), MyDr (Heel spurs), Australian Podiatry Council (Footwear advice), Australian Podiatry Council (Prescription Orthoses) Last reviewed: June 2016"
291,"2018-04-19 02:11:34",Hepatitis,"Types of hepatitis There are many types of hepatitis which cause symptoms that range from mild to very serious. Five types of viral hepatitis are: hepatitis A – an illness that can last from a few weeks to six months hepatitis B – a serious infection that can lead to liver damage hepatitis C – a disease that can be acute or chronic, but is easily treatable hepatitis D – a disease that only affects people infected with Hepatitis B, and is a rarer type of hepatitis in Australia hepatitis E –a short-term illness that can be severe in pregnant women, but is rare in Australia. There are other types of hepatitis that are not infectious, including: autoimmune hepatitis alcoholic hepatitis. Having one type of hepatitis doesn’t stop you from getting other types. Hepatitis symptoms Depending on the type of hepatitis you have, the symptoms may include: jaundice – a yellowing of the skin and eyes fatigue nausea and loss of appetite abdominal pain joint pain fever clay-coloured stools (poo) dark urine. You can also have hepatitis without knowing it and without any symptoms. What causes hepatitis Hepatitis A infection is spread by direct contact with a person who has the illness, or from consuming food, drink or ice contaminated with the faeces (poo) of an infected person. In 2015 there was an outbreak of hepatitis A across Australia caused by people eating contaminated frozen berries imported from China. Particular brands of frozen berries were recalled, and health warnings and information issued by the Australian Government Department of Health. Hepatitis B spreads through contact with the bodily fluids (such as blood, sweat, saliva or semen) of a person who has it. You can have hepatitis B without knowing it and may be a carrier. Hepatitis C is usually transferred by blood, such as between intravenous drug users, or between a mother and her baby. Hepatitis diagnosis Your doctor will talk to you and examine you for signs of hepatitis. Infection with hepatitis A, B and C can be confirmed with blood tests. You can talk to your doctor if you think you may be at risk of being infected with hepatitis through contact with bodily fluids or medical treatments. Also discuss prevention if you’re planning to travel to a country where you might consume contaminated food or water. Sources: MyDr (MyDr - Hepatitis an overview), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Viral hepatitis), Australian Government Department of Health (Hepatitis A linked to frozen berries), Hepatitis NSW (Hep A, B and C), Hepatitis Australia (Hepatitis E) Last reviewed: July 2017"
292,"2018-04-19 02:11:37","Hepatitis A","It’s caused by a virus that’s spread through: person-to-person contact consuming contaminated food, drinks or ice eating from or licking contaminated utensils. The illness may last only a few weeks, but some people are seriously ill for up to six months. Hepatitis A usually doesn’t cause long-term damage like other types of hepatitis can. What causes hepatitis A? Hepatitis A is caused by a virus that attacks the liver. You get hepatitis A by coming in contact with someone with the virus, or through consuming contaminated food, drink or ice. The food or drinks would need to be contaminated by the faeces (poo) of an infected person. It can also be transmitted through sexual contact. It’s more common in countries or places lacking clean water or where there are risky hygienic practices, such as people not washing their hands after using the toilet. Hepatitis A symptoms Symptoms can appear a few weeks after you pick up the infection, but usually they appear at about 30 days. Some people, especially young children, can have hepatitis A without having any symptoms. People who do have symptoms may have: abdominal pain nausea and loss of appetite fever and muscle/joint pains fatigue pain in the right side of your abdomen (where your liver is) dark urine clay-coloured bowel movements (poo) jaundice - a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Some people get their symptoms back within a few months, but after that most people recover completely and develop immunity. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis A A blood test will confirm the virus. There is no medication to treat hepatitis A. Your doctor may suggest rest and relief for any nausea or pain. To protect your liver, you shouldn’t drink any alcohol at all while you have hepatitis. If you have hepatitis A you are infectious and can spread the illness. This infectious period lasts from about two weeks before the symptoms appear to a week or so after they go away. While you are infectious, you should touch people as little as possible, and you should not work as a food handler. If your children have hepatitis A, they should not attend preschool or school during the infectious period as they could spread the illness. If you are diagnosed with hepatitis A, your doctor will need to enter details on the Notifiable Diseases database. Hepatitis A prevention You can be effectively vaccinated against hepatitis A. The virus can live on your hands for several hours and in food left at room temperature for much longer. The virus is resistant to heating and freezing. Washing your hands carefully after going to the toilet, before preparing food and before eating helps prevent infection. Practicing safe sex will also help. Your doctor may suggest you be vaccinated if you’re planning to visit a region with potentially risky hygiene practices. In those regions, you should avoid food and drinks that may include or be washed in contaminated water. If someone in your house has hepatitis A, you should discuss with your doctor whether you should have an immunoglobulin injection, which gives short-term protection against some diseases. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Hepatitis A – treatments and drugS), Department of Health (Hepatitis A - National guidelines for public health units), Hepatitis Australia (Hepatitis A), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Viral hepatitis) Last reviewed: June 2017"
293,"2018-04-19 02:11:48","Hepatitis B","Viral hepatitis can be caused by hepatitis A, B, C, D and E viruses. It can also be caused by glandular fever (EBV) and cytomegalovirus (CMV). In hepatitis B, the virus infects the liver cells and causes an immune response which can lead to liver damage over time. How do I get hepatitis B? Most people with hepatitis B become infected at the time of their birth or in early childhood. This is usually the case in places where hepatitis B is widespread. Some people get hepatitis B when they are older. It can happen through exposure to infected blood and other bodily fluids in the following situations: sharing needles and other injecting drug equipment sexual contact (either heterosexual or homosexual) tattooing with unsterilised needles and equipment close family contact with someone with hepatitis B  accidental exposure such as a needle stick injury or being splashed with infected blood or body fluid blood transfusion – this is now very rare as blood in Australia is screened for hepatitis B. How do I know if I have hepatitis B? A diagnosis of hepatitis B infection is made using a number of blood tests. Because many people do not have symptoms when they get hepatitis B they may never be diagnosed. That’s why screening for hepatitis B is recommended in a number of people including: people at higher risk: people who have injected drugs men who have sex with men people born in areas of the world where hepatitis B is widespread Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders. people about to have chemotherapy or other treatment that can suppress the immune system people with HIV or hepatitis C pregnant women. If you think you have been exposed to infected blood or body fluids, see a doctor as soon as possible. There are treatments which can reduce your risk of developing the infection, if given shortly after exposure. Sources: Australian Immunisation Handbook. 10th Edition (4.5 Hepatitis B), National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance (Hepatitis B Fact Sheet), World Health Organization (Hepatitis B fact sheet), Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (AFP July 2013: Hepatitis B. What's new?) Last reviewed: July 2017"
294,"2018-04-19 02:11:53","Hepatitis C","Types of hepatitis C Hepatitis C can be: Acute: a short-term illness that you can get soon after you’re exposed to infected blood Chronic: a long-term or lifetime infection that can lead to serious liver problems. Around 75% to 85% of people who have acute hepatitis C develop chronic hepatitis C infection. The rest recover without treatment. You can have chronic hepatitis C without having any symptoms. What causes hepatitis C? Most people with hepatitis C are infected through the transfer of blood from someone with the virus – even microscopic amounts of blood can transfer the virus. In Australia, it’s estimated about 80% of new cases of hepatitis C result from unsafe injecting of drugs. In about 6% of cases, a pregnant mother can transfer the virus to her baby, especially if she also has HIV. Breastfeeding is usually safe for mothers who have hepatitis C. You’re at greater risk of being infected with hepatitis C if you have: ever used intravenous drugs had sex with someone with hepatitis C received a blood transfusion in Australia before 1990, or in a country with a high rate of hepatitis C had a needle stick or other injury had a tattoo or piercing in a facility with poor hygiene spent a long time on dialysis have HIV. Hepatitis C symptoms Acute hepatitis C Most people with acute hepatitis C don’t have any symptoms. However, you may experience: fever fatigue nausea or vomiting loss of appetite abdominal pain joint pain dark urine clay-colored bowel movements (poo) jaundice – a yellowing of the skin and eyes. Symptoms usually appear six or seven weeks after exposure to the virus. Chronic hepatitis C Some people have chronic hepatitis C for many years without knowing it or having any symptoms. But the virus can still be causing serious damage to their liver and they can still pass it on to other people. Chronic hepatitis C can lead to scarring of the liver (cirrhosis) or liver cancer. Some people with chronic hepatitis C end up needing a liver transplant. Diagnosis and treatment of hepatitis C You should see a doctor if you think you might have hepatitis C. If blood tests show you have it, you will often be prescribed medication. New drugs are now available in Australia that can cure up to 95% of people with hepatitis C, with few side effects. If you have an acute infection the medication will reduce the chances of it developing into chronic hepatitis C. You should check with your doctor before taking any other medication or supplements, and whether you need vaccinations against hepatitis A and hepatitis B. You should avoid alcohol if you have hepatitis. Hepatitis C prevention There’s no vaccination against hepatitis C. Practicing safe sex and avoiding blood-to-blood contact can help prevent it. You should also avoid sharing needles, syringes or other equipment when injecting medication or drugs. If you have hepatitis C, you cannot donate blood or sperm. Sources: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (HIV/AIDS and viral Hepatitis), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Hepatitis C FAQs for the public), Hepatitis Australia (About Hep C) Last reviewed: July 2017"
295,"2018-04-19 02:11:59",Hernias,"What is a hernia? A hernia occurs when tissues or organs bulge through a weak point in the wall of the abdomen (belly muscles). Some hernias are there at birth. Some occur after surgery. Other times, weaknesses develop in the muscles of the belly wall over time and eventually ‘give out’ causing a hernia. Hernias are generally more common in people whose abdomens are under higher than usual pressure, such as people who do a lot of heavy lifting, are obese, are pregnant, have a chronic cough, or have chronic constipation. Hernias may not cause any symptoms, but typical symptoms include: a bulge in the groin or abdomen pain, heaviness or discomfort, especially when coughing, straining or lifting a pulling sensation around the bulge. If your doctor thinks you may have a hernia, he or she will examine you. Your doctor may ask you to cough, strain or stand while pressing on the hernia. If the hernia is small, or if it not causing any problems, then you and your doctor may decide to wait and see what happens. But if the hernia is very large, or if it’s causing pain or getting trapped at times, then surgery will be recommended. And if it’s trapped and can’t be pushed back, and you are in serious pain, you should see a doctor immediately as you could need emergency surgery. Sources: The Australian and New Zealand Gastric and Oesophageal Surgery Association (Hiatus hernia), Mayo Clinic (Hiatus Hernia, Inguinal Hernia, Umbilical Hernia) Last reviewed: April 2017"
296,"2018-04-19 02:12:04","Herpes (genital)","As many as 1 in 8 sexually active Australian adults has genital herpes. Genital herpes can cause outbreaks of blisters or sores on the genitals and anus. Once infected, you can continue to have recurrent episodes of symptoms throughout your life. There are 2 types of HSV, both viruses can affect either the lips, mouth, genital or anal areas, however: HSV1 commonly causes cold sores on the lips or face. HSV2 causes most genital herpes. It is most easily spread when there are blisters or sores, but can still be passed even if a person has no current blisters or sores or other symptoms. What if I have genital herpes? If you think you have genital herpes, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Your doctor can confirm the diagnosis with testing and start treatment. If you have genital herpes, it is important to always use condoms and dental dams when having sex, even when you have no symptoms. A dental dam is a square of thin latex that can be placed over the vulva or anal area during oral sex. It is safest to avoid sex when you have blisters, sores or symptoms. Anti-viral medication may help to prevent transmission. Talk to your doctor about this in more detail. It is also important to tell your sexual partners that you have genital herpes. Your doctor can help you decide who to tell and how to tell them. What if I’m pregnant? It's important to tell your obstetrician that you or a partner have had genital herpes, so that they can monitor you for symptoms and manage your pregnancy safely. There is a risk you can pass the virus on to your baby if you have a vaginal delivery during a first attack of genital herpes. If this happens you may be recommended to have a caesarean delivery. More information To learn more about genital herpes contact your doctor, sexual health clinic or call healthdirect on 1800 022 222. You can also visit Family Planning NSW https://www.fpnsw.org.au Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your genital herpes, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Family Planning NSW (Genital herpes), Healthy WA (Genital herpes) Last reviewed: May 2017"
297,"2018-04-19 02:12:10","Herpes zoster (shingles)","Shingles is a painful rash caused by the varicella-zoster virus, which is the same virus that causes chickenpox. The shingles rash develops into itchy blisters, usually on one side of the body, either on the face, chest, back, abdomen or pelvis. They can take several weeks to settle. Shingles can occur at any age, but it usually affects older adults. About 1 in 3 people will develop shingles at some stage during their lifetime. Shingles diagnosis Almost everyone has had chickenpox by the time they turn 40 (unless they have been previously vaccinated against it). If you have had chickenpox in the past, the chickenpox virus stays in the nerve cells near your spine but will not be active. Shingles occurs when the virus becomes active again. If you have not had chickenpox, you can catch chickenpox by coming into direct contact with fluid on the blisters of someone who has shingles. Shingles, however, frequently occurs with no known trigger, although you cannot catch shingles from someone who has the condition. Shingles is more likely to occur if you: are 60 years of age or older are experiencing physical and emotional stress have HIV and AIDS have had an organ transplant have recently had a bone-marrow transplant have a condition which requires treatment that impacts the immune system, such as chemotherapy for cancer. Usually, people only get shingles once in their lives. But if you have a weakened immune system you might get repeated infections. Antiviral medication can help reduce the impact of shingles if given within 3in the first three days from the start of the rash appearing. Over-the-counter medications, such as paracetamol or non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, can be used for pain relief. If over-the-counter medicines do not control your pain, your doctor may prescribe other medicines. These could include opioids, anti-depressants or anticonvulsants, which may help control nerve pain. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about shingles, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self-care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: myVMC (Shingles (Herpes Zoster; HZ)), Queensland Health (Shingles (Herpes-Zoster)), Mayo Clinic (Shingles), National Centre for Immunisation Research & Surveillance (Shingles) Last reviewed: May 2017"
298,"2018-04-19 02:12:13","Herpesvirus infections","Follow the links below to find trusted information about herpesvirus infections. Last reviewed: July 2016"
299,"2018-04-19 02:12:15","Hiatus hernia","What is a hiatus hernia? A hernia is where a part of the body protrudes through an abnormal opening in another part, and gets into a space where it doesn’t normally sit. In a hiatus hernia, a part of the stomach pushes up through a hole in the diaphragm, which is the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen.  So part of the stomach ends up in the lower part of the chest. A hiatus hernia can also be called a hiatal hernia. Symptoms of a hiatus hernia Many people with a hiatus hernia have no symptoms. Some people feel: pain in the abdomen heartburn an acid taste in the back of the mouth bringing food or liquids back up into your mouth acid reflux (acid entering the oesophagus) difficulty swallowing vomiting chest or abdominal pain and shortness of breath Some people with a hiatus hernia burp a lot. These symptoms might be worse after meals or when lying down. If you have severe pain in the chest, or feel short of breath with some chest pain, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. Treatment of a hiatus hernia Some people find the symptoms ease up or go away if they lose weight and drink less caffeine and alcohol. If you smoke, quitting will help. You can buy antacids over the counter to neutralise stomach acid and relieve your symptoms. There are also medicines available - talk to your pharmacist or doctor. A very small number of people need surgery. Sources: MyDr (Hiatus hernia: diagnosis and treatment), Australia & New Zealand Gastric Oesophageal Surgery Association (Hiatus hernia), Mayo Clinic (Hiatal hernia) Last reviewed: February 2018"
300,"2018-04-19 02:12:20","High blood pressure (Hypertension)","When the heart is squeezing blood into the arteries, the pressure is high. When the heart is relaxed, the pressure is lower. Your blood pressure is a measurement taken of the highest reading and the lowest reading. It is given as two figures - highest (systolic) over lowest (diastolic). What is high blood pressure? Your blood pressure is high if the reading is higher than 140/90 mm/Hg and is considered to then put you at risk of having a heart attack or stroke (cardiovascular disease). Having a blood pressure below this figure is even better in terms of reducing cardiovascular risk. That is, you have high blood pressure if the higher figure (systolic) is higher than 140, or the lower figure (diastolic) is higher than 90, or both. This is also known as hypertension. More than 30% of Australians over the age of 18 have high blood pressure. Why is your blood pressure important? Your blood pressure is important because if it is too high, it affects the blood flow to your organs. Over the years, this increases your chances of developing heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, diabetes, eye disease, erectile dysfunction and other conditions. Very occasionally, people with very high blood pressure are at serious risk of problems and need urgent treatment in hospital to reduce the risk of a stroke or heart attack. Current Australian guidelines recommend that if you have persisent raised blood pressure over 160/100, but are at low risk of having a stroke or heart attack, your should talk to your doctor or specialist about taking medication to lower your blood pressure. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. If you’re over 18, you should have your blood pressure checked by your doctor at least every two years, or more often if advised. What causes high blood pressure? For most people, the cause of high blood pressure is not known. This is known as ‘essential’ or ‘primary’ hypertension.  But while the cause is not known, it is clear that various conditions and behaviours make high blood pressure more likely. These are known as risk factors, and include: leading a sedentary lifestyle (with little or no exercise) smoking being overweight a diet with a high salt intake high blood cholesterol a family history of high blood pressure high alcohol consumption. In a few people, there is an identifiable cause such as narrowing of the arteries of the kidney (renal stenosis) or some hormonal conditions. What are the symptoms of high blood pressure? Most people with high blood pressure have no symptoms, and may feel quite well. This is why it’s important to see your doctor and have your blood pressure checked regularly, especially if you have one or more of the risk factors listed above. A few people with very high blood pressure may experience headache, dizziness or the sudden effects of diseases of the arteries such as chest pain or stroke. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Diagnosing high blood pressure Your blood pressure varies from day to day, even moment to moment. Generally, if a person has a blood pressure reading greater than 140/90 taken on three different occasions, they have high blood pressure. What is the treatment for high blood pressure? For most people, the first step is to make changes to their lifestyle. These include: doing regular physical activity stopping smoking improving your diet to reduce salt, reduce fat and eat plenty of fruit and vegetables losing weight limiting your alcohol intake to no more than two drinks per day for men, or one drink per day for women with high blood pressure. Lifestyle changes may not be enough. Some people also need medication to help reduce blood pressure levels to normal. While medicines are usually very effective at lowering blood pressure, they may cause side effects in some people. Usually doctors will start a person on a low dose of a medicine and see how it goes. If it doesn’t work well enough, or if there are troublesome side effects, other medicines will be used, sometimes in combination, until the blood pressure is controlled. This can take time. Some people will take medicines for life, although others will find that continuing to lose weight and change their diet reduces the need for medicines. Someone whose blood pressure is very high or causing symptoms such as headache, or if they have conditions such as heart disease or diabetes, may need urgent treatment with medicines to bring the blood pressure down to normal levels. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners recommends that you regularly review with your doctor or specialist any medications you are taking for high blood pressure or high cholesterol to assess the ongoing benefits and risks. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Preventing high blood pressure If you can follow a healthy diet, keep to a healthy weight and avoid smoking, you will reduce your chances of having high blood pressure. More information There are a number of resources and services available if you need help or more information on high blood pressure: Healthdirect - Is your blood pressure healthy? Download Managing high blood pressure information sheet from the Heart Foundation High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia National Stroke Foundation High Blood Pressure and Stroke Sources: Heart Foundation (High blood pressure statistics), Heart Foundation (Blood pressure), Heart Foundation (Hypertension guideline), High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia (What is High Blood Pressure), myDr (High blood pressure should be treated), The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice (Blood pressure)), myvmc (Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)), NHS Choices (UK) (Low blood pressure (hypotension)), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations) Last reviewed: October 2016"