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61 | 2018-04-19 01:57:44 | Bacterial vaginosis | If you think you may have bacterial vaginosis, it’s a good idea to get checked by your doctor, as it can lead to other problems. What causes bacterial vaginosis? The exact cause of bacterial vaginosis is not known. However, it is thought to result from an overgrowth of bacteria that live naturally in the vagina. You are more likely to have bacterial vaginosis if you regularly douche (rinse or flush your vagina), use an intrauterine device (IUD) and have had sex, particularly with a new partner or multiple partners. Having bacterial vaginosis can put you at an increased risk of other conditions, including sexually transmitted infections, pelvic inflammatory disease, and complications during pregnancy. Get checked by your doctor, as bacterial vaginosis can lead to other problems. Symptoms of bacterial vaginosis In about half of all cases of bacterial vaginosis, there are no noticeable symptoms. When they do occur, symptoms usually include a white or grey watery vaginal discharge, and an unpleasant or ‘fishy’ vaginal odour. Sometimes these symptoms come and go, or are more noticeable during menstrual periods. Your doctor or nurse can make a diagnosis of bacterial vaginosis by taking a swab of vaginal discharge, and having it examined under a microscope. Bacterial vaginosis treatment and prevention Bacterial vaginosis doesn’t necessarily have to be treated if there are no symptoms. However, if you are pregnant, it’s important you seek treatment because you can be at risk of complications such as miscarriage and premature delivery. Treatment is with antibiotics such as metronidazole, tinidazole or clindamycin, which may be given as oral tablets, or a vaginal antibiotic cream or gel. More than one course of treatment may be needed. You can also buy an acidic jelly for the vagina over the counter to help correct the acid balance of the vagina. It is not normally necessary to treat sexual partners, but spread between female sexual partners is possible. If you have had bacterial vaginosis, there are some things you can do to help prevent further episodes. In particular, avoid smoking, douching or using perfumed talcs or deodorants around your vagina. Sources: Women's Health Queensland Wide (Thrush and other vaginal infections), myDr (Bacterial vaginosis), MedScape (Bacterial Vaginosis), Family Planning NSW (Common vaginal and vulval conditions) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
62 | 2018-04-19 01:57:48 | Baker's cysts | People with a Baker’s cyst might also have arthritis or an injury such as a torn cartilage in their knee. Baker’s cyst symptoms If the cyst is small, you might not notice it. Otherwise, you may have aching, a swelling or lump behind your knee, or feel pressure when you straighten your leg. Your doctor can often diagnose a Baker’s cyst by examining your knee and shining a torch through the lump. You might also have an ultrasound or MRI scan. Baker’s cyst complications Occasionally Baker’s cysts become infected, grow bigger or can bleed. Sometimes a Baker’s cyst ruptures or bursts, causing pain and swelling in your calf. Your doctor may want to rule out a serious problem such as a blood clot (deep vein thrombosis). Baker’s cyst treatments If a child has a painless Baker’s cyst, it can usually be left alone. In children, most Baker’s cysts disappear eventually without treatment. Adults can ease any pain from a Baker’s cyst with cold packs, or by taking paracetamol or anti-inflammatory medications. The pain may also ease with physical activities such as walking, swimming or Tai Chi. If you are overweight, losing weight may help. Taking supplements or wearing a brace is unlikely to help with your symptoms. If you have a troublesome Baker's cyst, your doctor may drain it using an ultrasound and inject it with corticosteroids, which has been shown to result in significant improvements and a low chance of the cyst coming back. If the cyst is associated with arthritis or a knee injury, then treating these conditions can help. For some people, surgery is needed to fix the cause. For example, repairing a torn cartilage might help. Removing the cyst alone isn't helpful, as it usually recurs unless the underlying cause is addressed. Your doctor can advise you on the treatment options that are best for you. Sources: Cochrane Library (Ultrasound-guided aspiration and corticosteroid injection compared to horizontal therapy for treatment of knee osteoarthritis complicated with Bakers cyst), Patient.co.uk (Bakers Cyst), Murtagh Patient Education (Bakers Cyst), Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Orthopaedic fact sheet 5, Baker’s cyst), Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Guidelines for the non-surgical management of hip and knee osteoarthritis) Last reviewed: July 2017 |
63 | 2018-04-19 01:57:51 | Balanitis | Symptoms of balanitisIf you have balanitis, you might notice:redness and swellingitchingpainperhaps a smell and a discharge. What causes balanitis?The inflammation is due to overgrowth of the microorganisms, particularly yeast, normally found on the glans. If you are uncircumcised, the warm moist environment under the foreskin provides ideal conditions for the growth of yeast. It is not as common in men and boys who have been circumcised.Balanitis can also be caused by allergies, scabies and nappy rash.It’s not sexually transmitted. Men can’t get it from their partners. Balanitis treatmentYou can usually clear up balanitis by looking after your penis well.At least once a day, gently wash the glans, including the part under the foreskin, and dry it gently. If you have a foreskin, pull it back.You should avoid soap, hot water and vigorous rubbing, which can make the inflammation worse. Your pharmacist will be able to recommend soap-free products.If the careful washing and drying routine does not work, talk to your doctor or pharmacist about the use of over-the-counter mild steroid or antifungal creams.For babies, nappy rash cream applied to the tip of the penis can help clear up or prevent balanitis.Balanitis preventionKeeping the glans clean and dry is the first line of prevention.You can also help prevent balanitis by:washing the penis soon after sex (if balanitis tends to flare up soon after sex)washing your hands free of chemicals before touching your penispulling back your foreskin when weeing and drying any urine before replacing the foreskin.You should see your doctor if you can’t comfortably pull your foreskin back to expose the glans. Don’t use force, especially in toddlers. The foreskin only becomes easy to pull back later in childhood. Sources: SA Health (Health topics- Balanitis), Melbourne Sexual Health Centre (Sexual Health Factsheets - Balanitis), Dermet NZ (Balanitis), Royal Children's Hospital (Clinical practice guidelines - The penis and foreskin) Last reviewed: June 2016 |
64 | 2018-04-19 01:57:56 | Baldness (in men) | Some men aren't troubled by this at all. Others, however, suffer great emotional distress associated with a lack of self-esteem and, in some cases, depression. Pattern baldness is often inherited and can affect men and women. It is caused when hair follicles are oversensitive to the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT), produced by the male hormone, testosterone. DHT causes the follicles to shrink and eventually stop functioning. Both men and women produce this hormone in different amounts. The involvement of testosterone in balding has led to the myth that going bald is a sign of virility. But men with male-pattern baldness don't have more male hormones than other men. Their hair follicles are simply more sensitive to the hormones. Receding hairline Male-pattern baldness is so called because it tends to follow a set pattern. The first stage is usually a receding hairline, followed by thinning of the hair on the crown and temples. When these two areas meet in the middle, it leaves a horseshoe shape of hair around the back and sides of the head. Eventually, some men go completely bald. Male-pattern baldness is not a disease, so it won't affect your health. However, if it's causing you distress, consult your doctor to get a diagnosis. Your doctor can refer you to a dermatologist for further analysis and, if necessary, to a counsellor to help with the trauma of hair loss. If you have inherited the genes responsible for male-pattern or female-pattern baldness there's little you can do to prevent it from happening. Treatments can slow down the process, but there's no cure. The two most effective treatments for male-pattern baldness (also called 'androgenetic alopecia') are medicines called minoxidil and finasteride. Other treatments for hair loss include wigs, hair transplants and plastic surgery procedures, such as scalp reduction. As a general rule, it's easier to maintain existing hair than to regrow it, and once the hair follicle has stopped working it cannot be revived. Sources: Andrology Australia (Male pattern hair loss) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
65 | 2018-04-19 01:58:02 | Barmah Forest virus | Barmah Forest virus symptoms and treatment Symptoms of Barmah Forest virus include fever, headache, tiredness, joint pain, swollen joints, muscle tenderness and skin rashes. Some people (particularly infected children) may show no symptoms. Treatment for Barmah Forest virus involves managing the symptoms. Medication is not always necessary. Prevention against Barmah Forest virus To protect yourself from Barmah Forest virus, you need to protect yourself from mosquito bites. To lessen your chance of being bitten by mosquitoes (as well as midges), cover up as much skin as possible and stay inside in the early morning or at dusk. Screen living areas, and make sure you use an insect repellent when you are outside and there are mosquitoes around. Information on staying safe around mosquitoes can be found on the Queensland Health website. More information Download healthdirect's infographic guide to mosquito bites. Visit our information partners' links below. Sources: SA Health (Barmah Forest virus), Queensland Health (Barmah Forest virus) Last reviewed: January 2017 |
66 | 2018-04-19 01:58:08 | Bartholin’s cysts | What causes a Bartholin’s cyst Bartholin’s glands are found on each side of the vaginal opening and produce the fluid that helps lubricate the vagina. Sometimes the glands become blocked and the fluid causes a Bartholin’s cyst. If the fluid becomes infected, it will form pus and become a Bartholin’s abscess. You'll usually have a cyst or abscess on one side of your vaginal opening. Bartholin cysts can also recur. Bartholin’s cysts symptoms You can have a Bartholin’s cyst and not have symptoms, but a cyst may grow so that you feel a lump near the opening of your vagina. If it becomes infected, you may notice: a tender or painful lump near the vaginal entrance pain during intercourse discomfort when walking or sitting fever. Bartholin’s cysts diagnosis and treatment If your cyst isn't causing pain or discomfort, you may not need treatment. Sometimes home treatment, such as soaking the affected part several times a day in a shallow, warm bath, will make an infected cyst break open and drain by itself. See your doctor if your cyst doesn't get better after three days of treatment with these baths. If the pain is severe, see your doctor right away. Your doctor might want to rule out cancer, especially if you're over . The type of treatment will depend on: the size of the cyst if it's painful whether the cyst is infected whether it is cancerous. Your doctor may perform a pelvic examination and send samples of vaginal secretions for testing. You may need to have the cyst drained or take a course of antibiotics if it's infected. In rare cases, surgery may be needed. Sources: Medical News Today (What are cysts? What causes cysts?), Mayo Clinic (Bartholin’s cyst – Definition), Mayo Clinic (Bartholin’s cyst – Symptoms), Mayo Clinic (Bartholin’s cyst – Treatments and drugs), Mayo Clinic (Bartholin’s cyst – Tests and diagnosis) Last reviewed: July 2017 |
67 | 2018-04-19 01:58:10 | Basal cell carcinoma (skin cancer) | Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in Australia. Skin cancer is a disease of the body’s skin cells caused mainly by cumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun. Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastatic (spread to other locations in the body). There are two types of skin cancers: Melanoma - is a serious type of cancer that begins in the skin and can spread to other organs in the body. Non-melanoma skin cancer - refers to a group of skin cancers that affect the upper layers of skin. The most common sign of melanoma is the appearance of a new mole or a change in an existing mole. This can happen anywhere on the body, but most often on the back, legs, arms and face. In many cases, melanomas have an irregular shape and have more than one colour. They may also be larger than normal moles and can sometimes be itchy or bleed. Non-melanoma skin cancers are usually named after the type of skin cell from which they develop. The two most common types are: basal cell carcinoma (BCC) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Early detection improves survival and other outcomes. Get to know your skin. If you find a suspicious spot or mole, see your doctor as soon as possible. Skin cancer is diagnosed by physical examination and biopsy. Biopsy is a quick and simple procedure where part or all of the spot is removed and sent to a laboratory. It may be done by your family doctor or you can be referred to a dermatologist or surgeon. Results may take about a week to be ready. Sources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Skin cancer in Australia), NHS Choices, UK (Skin cancer (melanoma)), NHS Choices, UK (Skin cancer (non-melanoma)), SunSmart (Skin cancer, diagnosis and treatment) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
68 | 2018-04-19 01:58:14 | Bat bites | Usually bites are minor, but infections can occur if the skin is broken and bacteria from the saliva (spit) of the animal that has bitten you is passed into your bloodstream. Bites often result in the following types of injury. puncture lacerations abrasions or scrapes bruising and swelling. Bites can be very painful and uncomfortable. You should also pay close attention for signs of an infection developing. Signs of an infection include: swelling redness increasing tenderness around the bite the wound gets more painful discharge from the wound swollen lymph nodes (especially in the neck, armpits or groin) shivers or developing a high temperature (over 38°C ). Learn more about bacterial infections, such as tetanus, and how to treat minor wounds or cuts from bites in the ‘Treatment and self-care’ section below. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Dog bites Most dog bites are caused either by a family pet or a dog that belongs to someone you know, such as a neighbour. Dogs can bite anybody, but children under 5 are most at risk. A dog can bite if it: is provoked, stressed or frightened is looking after puppies and gets disturbed is unwell or in pain is disturbed while eating or asleep becomes too excited during play is young. Bites from dogs typically cause a puncture wound in the skin, as well as lacerations (jagged cuts) and abrasions (scrapes or grazes).Young children are more likely to be bitten on the head, neck and face – around the lips, cheek or nose. Dog bites can lead to infection and scarring. Cat bites Cat bites usually cause only minor injuries but they tend to increase the risk of an infection developing. However, because cats have smaller and sharper teeth they can cause very deep puncture wounds, which can sometimes go right down to the bone. Cat bites generally occur on the upper limbs (arms and hands) but children may also be bitten on the face and neck. Learn more about bacterial infections, such as tetanus, or how to treat minor wounds or cuts from bites in the ‘Treatment and self-care’ section below. Bat bites Australian bat lyssavirus (ABLV) belongs to a group of viruses known as lyssaviruses. ABLV is transmitted from bats to humans, but is very rare. Only 3 cases of ABLV have been recorded since the virus was first identified in 1996. All 3 were in Queensland and were fatal. The early symptoms are flu-like, including headache, fever and fatigue. The best way to prevent yourself from being exposed to ABLV is to avoid handling any bat in Australia. Only people who have been vaccinated against ABLV and who have been trained in the care of bats should ever handle bats or flying foxes. Anyone who comes across an injured bat should contact the local WIRES wildlife rescue network on 1300 094 737. If you are bitten or scratched by a bat in Australia you should: immediately wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water for at least 5 minutes apply an antiseptic solution or alcohol gel after washing see your doctor – you may need a tetanus injection or other treatment. Treatment and self-care Tetanus Tetanus is a serious bacterial infection that releases toxins into the blood stream and can be fatal. If you have been bitten by an animal and the skin is broken, your healthcare professional may recommend that you have a tetanus booster injection. Treating minor wounds or cuts from bites You can easily treat a minor wound or cut. However, a larger or more serious wound or cut will need medical attention. A wound or cut is considered to be deep if tendons or other internal parts can be seen. A gaping wound is one where the edges of the cut cannot be pulled back together. If the wound is still bleeding: cover it with a clean cloth, apply pressure with the palm of your hand, then keep the pressure on the wound for 15 minutes apply pressure directly over the affected area with a pad made from a clean, rolled up piece of material such as a handkerchief or towel; the material should be dampened with clean water if possible since this will reduce the amount of blood soaked up use a bandage to wrap around the pad or dressing; do not wrap the bandage too tightly since it may affect the circulation if the bleeding is very heavy, it may seep through the bandage; you should use a second dressing to cover the first one if the bleeding continues through both bandages and pads, remove the second bandage only and apply a new one do not look at the wound to see if it has stopped bleeding in case removing the pressure causes it to start bleeding again. If the wound is not bleeding: rinse under running water for 2 minutes (it might be easier for you to rinse the injury with a shower head, if possible); pat dry with a clean cloth, then cover the wound with a dry, sterile, non-sticky dressing to help prevent infection check the area daily for signs of infection such as increasing pain, redness, swelling or yellow discharge if you have not had a full course of tetanus immunisation, or if your boosters are not up to date, contact your doctor. if you are in pain, get advice from a pharmacist or doctor on medicines you can take. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about an animal bite, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self-care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Dog bites), Australian Family Physician (Management of mammalian bites), Women's and Children's Health Network (Cuts, grazes and bruises), NSW Health (Rabies and Australian Bat Lyssavirus Infection), Australian Doctor (A systematic approach to the assessment of bite wounds), Queensland Government (Australian Bat Lyssavirus) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
69 | 2018-04-19 01:58:19 | Bell's palsy | What is Bell’s palsy? Bell’s palsy is a weakness or paralysis of the facial muscles that usually affects just one side of the face. It is thought to be mainly caused by an infection with a virus. The infection inflames or puts pressure on the nerve that controls your facial muscles. It can be mild, or it can be severe. Most people recover without treatment in 3 to 9 months. Bell’s palsy signs and symptoms The main symptom is weakness or paralysis of one side of the face. It usually is at its worst within 2 to 3 days of starting. It can also cause: drooping eyelid or difficulty closing one eye difficulty smiling and making facial expressions drooping of one side of the mouth difficulty eating and drinking drooling pain or sensitivity around the affected area headache loss of taste changes in the amount of tears or saliva If you develop these symptoms, see your doctor immediately or go to your nearest emergency department. Bell’s palsy diagnosis There is no specific test for Bell’s palsy, but it is important to make sure you don’t have a more serious condition like a stroke or a tumour. Your doctor will diagnose the condition by examining you carefully. You may be referred to a specialist or have tests such as X-rays or CT scans to rule out other causes. Bell’s palsy treatment 3 out of 4 people recover, with or without treatment. However, your doctor may prescribe oral steroids, or an antiviral medicine in the first few days of the onset of Bell’s palsy, as this can improve the chances of full recovery. They may also prescribe lubricating eye drops and an eye ointment to protect the affected eye and recommend physiotherapy or face massage. Recovery from Bell’s palsy You can help your recovery by: use prescribed eye drops and ointment regularly wear glasses or goggles during the day use an eye patch or tape your eye shut if recommended If the pain is bothering you, place a warm, damp washcloth over your face several times a day and take over-the-counter pain medication. Most people begin improving within two weeks and recover within 3 to 9 months. A few people don’t recover fully and are left with some weakness or paralysis of the muscles in their face. Sources: NPS Medicinewise (Management of Bell's palsy), MedlinePlus (Bell’s palsy), EyeSmart (What is Bell’s Palsy?), American Academy of Neurology (Bell’s Palsy: Treatment with steroids and antiviral drugs), NHS Choices (Bell’s Palsy), The Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Bell’s Palsy), Mayo Clinic (Bell’s Palsy), National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (Bell’s Palsy information) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
70 | 2018-04-19 01:58:24 | Benign prostate hypertrophy | It can cause symptoms that interfere with your ability to urinate and affect your sex life. Here is some basic information about benign prostate hypertrophy, including what it is, what symptoms to look out for and how it’s treated. What and where is the prostate? The prostate is a gland found only in men, forms an important part of the reproductive system. It secretes a fluid that keeps sperm alive and healthy and that forms part of semen. The prostate is found behind the base of the penis and underneath the bladder. The urethra, the tube that carries urine from the bladder to the penis, runs through the middle of the prostate. What is benign prostate hypertrophy? Benign prostate hypertrophy, also called prostate enlargement or BPH, is a non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate gland. The prostate enlarges slowly, and over time puts increasing pressure on the urethra and the base of the bladder. This is what causes the symptoms of BPH. What causes BPH? The causes of an enlarged prostate are not clear. It becomes more common as you age – half of men over the age of 60 have some symptoms. It is also related to testosterone (a male sex hormone) and may run in families. BPH symptoms There are usually no symptoms at the start, even after the prostate has started to enlarge. The first sign of BPH is usually problems with urinating. This is because the enlarged prostate is squeezing and narrowing the urethra. The symptoms of BPH can include: inability to completely empty the bladder when peeing poor urine flow urgent need to pee, which can disturb your sleep if you need to urgently empty your bladder at night dribbling of urine at the end of peeing bladder infections. Occasionally, BPH interferes with your ability to have sex, causing impotence or painful orgasms. BPH diagnosis To diagnose BPH, your doctor may: talk to you and examine you do a digital rectal examination, which involves your doctor placing a gloved finger into your rectum (back passage) to feel the size and shape of your prostate do blood tests or urine tests. You might also need to have a biopsy or ultrasound. BPH treatment BPH treatment usually depends on your symptoms. Treatment options include: no treatment – especially if your symptoms are mild medicines – to help manage considerable symptoms surgery – you may need transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) if the symptoms are significantly affecting your daily life. Read more about treatments for prostate problems. Sources: Andrology Australia (Enlarged prostate or BPH), Lab tests online (Benign prostatic hypertrophy), myDr (Prostate problems: benign prostatic hypertrophy) Last reviewed: August 2016 |
71 | 2018-04-19 01:58:33 | Bipolar disorder | Bipolar disorder is a condition that affects moods where people are able to swing from one extreme to another. It was previously known as 'manic depression'. People with bipolar disorder experience periods or 'episodes' of: depression - where they feel very low and lethargic mania - where they feel very high and overactive (less severe mania is known as 'hypomania'). There are 2 main types of bipolar disorder: Bipolar disorder I - where people are more likely to experience mania for longer periods of time, as well as depressive episodes and sometimes psychotic symptoms. Bipolar disorder II - people generally have shorter, less severe episodes of mania (hypomania) and depressive episodes. In between, they may have periods where their mood is relatively normal. There are also people who experience 'mixed episodes' where they can feel some of the signs and symptoms of both depression and mania. The symptoms of bipolar disorder depend on which mood the person is experiencing. Unlike simple mood swings, each extreme episode can last for several weeks or longer, and some people may not experience a 'normal' mood very often. Depression The depression phase of bipolar disorder is often diagnosed first. You may initially be diagnosed with clinical depression before having a manic episode later (sometimes years later), after which you may be diagnosed with bipolar disorder. During an episode of depression, you may have overwhelming feelings of worthlessness, which can potentially lead to thoughts of suicide. If you're feeling suicidal or having severe depressive symptoms, contact your doctor, or the local mental health emergency services as soon as possible. If you can't or don't want to contact these people, call Lifeline on 13 11 14. You can call them 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Mania During a manic phase of bipolar disorder, you may feel very happy and have lots of ambitious plans and ideas. You may spend large amounts of money on things that you cannot afford and would not normally want. Not feeling like eating or sleeping, talking quickly and becoming annoyed easily are also common characteristics of the manic phase of bipolar disorder. During the manic phase, you may feel very creative and view mania as a positive experience. However, during the manic phase of bipolar disorder, you may also have symptoms of psychosis (where you see or hear things that are not there or become convinced of things that are not true). Where to get help If you need help, talking to your doctor is a good place to start. If you'd like to find out more, or talk to someone else, here are some organisations that can help: Black Dog Institute (people affected by mood disorders) – online help Lifeline (anyone having a personal crisis) – call 13 11 14 or chat online Suicide Call Back Service (anyone thinking about suicide) – call 1300 659 467 SANE Australia (people living with a mental illness) – call 1800 18 7263 beyondblue (anyone feeling depressed or anxious) – call 1300 22 4636 or chat online You can also visit Head to Health, an online gateway funded by the Australian Government that can help you find free and low-cost, trusted phone and online mental health resources, including information about bipolar and related disorders. Sources: ReachOut.com (What is bipolar disorder?), NHS Choices, UK (Bipolar disorder), beyondblue (Bipolar disorder) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
72 | 2018-04-19 01:58:36 | Bird flu | Follow the links below to find trusted information about avian influenza (bird flu). Last reviewed: July 2016 |
73 | 2018-04-19 01:58:41 | Birth defects | Birth defects are quite common. Some are minor and cause little, if any, long term problems. Other birth defects are life threatening or cause significant disability. Birth defects may affect how the body looks and functions, such as structural problems with bones, skin, nerves or tissues. Examples include cleft lip, spina bifida and neural tube defects. Birth defects can also cause mental disabilities. Some of the causes of birth defects include: genetic problems, inherited from one or both parents exposure to chemicals exposure to high risk medicines, which are known to increase the risk of birth defects such as thalidomide, isotretinoin, and lithium. exposure to alcohol - as seen in foetal alcohol syndrome Follow the links below to find trusted information about birth defects. Sources: MedlinePlus (Birth Defects), Healthline (Birth Defects) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
74 | 2018-04-19 01:51:49 | Bites and stings | |
75 | 2018-04-19 01:58:50 | Bites and stings (sea creatures) | It’s important to be aware that bites and stings can cause a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) in some people. Learn more about first aid treatment for severe allergic reactions in the ‘anaphylaxis’ section below. Box jellyfish and other tropical stingers Tropical stingers (jellyfish) live in tropical waters around Australia’s coastline north of Bundaberg in Queensland through to Geraldton in Western Australia. The most dangerous are the box jellyfish and Irukandji. The stinger season generally runs from November to March. To treat a sting, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and pour vinegar liberally over the tentacles on the person’s skin for at least 30 seconds to deactivate the sting. If vinegar is not available wash the area with seawater. Do not use fresh water. You may need to provide emergency assistance including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Keep the person calm. Never substitute vinegar with methylated spirits or alcohol because they will make the sting worse. If you are in tropical waters and you can’t clearly identify the cause of the jellyfish sting, then treat the sting with vinegar and seek medical assistance just to be safe. Stonefish Stonefish live all around the Australian coastline. They look like rocks and actually live among rocks on coral reefs. They can also be found sleeping in the mud or sand. The stonefish’s back is lined with spines that release a venomous toxin. This makes it very dangerous. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and soak the affected area in hot water (no hotter than can be easily tolerated) for 20 minutes to relieve the pain. Remove briefly before reimmersing and continue this cycle if pain persists. If immersion is not possible, a hot shower is an alternative. The person may need hospital treatment to further relieve their pain and to be given stonefish antivenom. To protect yourself from stonefish stings, wear thick-soled shoes and shuffle your feet when you walk in the shallows. Also, don't pick up rocks on reefs – they could be stonefish. Blue-ringed octopus, sea snake and coneshell bites and stings Bites and stings from the blue-ringed octopus, sea snakes and coneshells are very dangerous. Provide emergency care including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if needed. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage and keep the person calm and as still as possible until medical help arrives. A guide to pressure immobilisation bandages can be found on the Australian Venom Research Unit website. Non-tropical stingers (jellyfish) Non-tropical stingers live in waters all around Australia’s coastline, but are more generally found south of Bundaberg in Queensland and south of Geraldton in Western Australia. To treat a sting, wash any remaining tentacles off the skin with seawater or pick them off the skin. Soak the affected area in hot water (no hotter than can be easily tolerated) for 20 minutes to relieve the pain. Remove briefly before reimmersing and continue this cycle if pain persists. If immersion is not possible, a hot shower is an alternative. Seek further medical attention if the person’s condition gets worse. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Bluebottle stings Bluebottle stings are the most common jellyfish stings in Australia. If stung wash any remaining tentacles off the skin with seawater, or carefully pick them off the skin (wearing gloves if possible). Do not use vinegar. Immerse the person’s sting in hot water (no hotter than can be easily tolerated) for at least 20 minutes. You can even run a hot shower over the affected area if that’s easier. Do not use this method for suspected box jellyfish or Irukandji stings. If you can’t access hot water, apply an ice pack or cold water to the affected area. Seek medical attention if the person develops further symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, or if there is continuing pain, itchiness or blistering at the site. Never rub sand or pour soft drink over any jellyfish sting, or urinate on the stung area. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Fish stings injuries There are numerous other venomous or spiny fish, such as red rock cod in New South Wales, and soldier fish and cobblers in southern Australia. Most of these cause injuries when they are handled, for example by fishermen. They cause immediate severe pain that lasts for up to an hour with minimal other effects. There are a number of things you can do to help manage pain from fish sting injuries: any pieces of spine should be removed for pain relief immerse affected area in water (or shower) as hot as patient can tolerate (45°C) until resolution of pain, or a maximum of 90 minutes. The temperature must be tested with an unaffected limb first painkillers can be used to treat the pain. Sea urchin injuries Most sea urchin injuries are from non-venomous spines and the main problem is removal of broken-off spines. Venomous spines are less common but cause more intensely painful puncture wounds. There are a number of things you can do to help manage pain from sea urchin injuries: remove spines close to the surface pain relief – immerse affected area in water (or shower) as hot as patient can tolerate (45°C) until resolution of pain, or for a maximum of 90 minutes. The temperature must be tested with an unaffected limb first painkillers can be used to treat the pain. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Sponge injuries Sponge contact reactions are uncommon and may be difficult to diagnose if they are delayed. Initially there may only be a mild sensation with localised itchiness and stinging developing after minutes to hour. In some cases this sensation increases and can cause intense symptoms for two to three days. No specific treatment has been recommended except washing the sting site. The effects resolve over days to weeks irrespective of treatment. Painkillers can be used to manage the pain. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Read these articles for an overview of: cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) how to perform CPR. For printable charts, see St John Ambulance Australia’s first aid resuscitation procedures (DRSABCD) poster, as well as their quick guide to first aid management of bites and stings. Pressure immobilisation bandage A pressure immobilisation bandage is recommended for anyone stung by a sea creature. This involves firmly bandaging the area of the body involved, such as the arm or leg, and keeping the person calm and still until medical help arrives. If possible, mark the site of the bite on the bandage with a pen. A guide to pressure immobilisation bandages can be found on the Australian Venom Research Unit website. Anaphylactic shock Occasionally some people have a severe allergic reaction to being stung. In cases of severe allergic reaction, the whole body can react within minutes to the bite or sting which can lead to anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock is very serious and can be fatal. Symptoms of anaphylactic shock may include: swelling of the mouth, throat or tongue difficulty swallowing difficulty breathing or shortness of breath or wheezing difficulty talking a rash that may appear anywhere on the body itching – usually around your eyes, ears, lips,throat or roof of the mouth flushing (feeling hot and red) stomach cramps, feeling or being sick feeling weak collapsing or falling unconscious. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. If the person has a 'personal action plan' to manage a known severe allergy, they may need assistance to follow their plan. This may include administering adrenaline to the person via an autoinjector (such as an Epipen®) if one is available. The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy recommends that for a severe allergic reaction adrenaline is the initial treatment. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. The St John Ambulance Australia first aid fact sheet for bites and stings can be found on their website. For more information on anaphylaxis, including setting up a personal action plan, go to www.allergy.org.au. People with diagnosed allergies should avoid all trigger agents and confirmed allergens and have a readily accessible anaphylaxis action plan and medical alert device It is wise to ensure your friends and family know how to follow your anaphylaxis action plan too in case you need help. How to prevent bites and stings To protect you from marine stingers: swim at patrolled beaches between the red and yellow flags and inside stinger nets if they’re available don’t enter the water when the beaches are closed wear a full-body lycra suit for extra protection (particularly from tropical stingers during stinger season) don’t touch marine stingers if they are on the beach – they can still sting you enter the water slowly to give marine stingers time to swim away ask a lifeguard for help or advice if needed. More information on marine stingers can be found on the Marine Stingers website. Should I do a first aid course? Knowing what to do in an emergency can save a life, so it’s a very good idea to do a first aid course. You can book a first aid course through St John Ambulance Australia’s website or call them at 1300 360 455. You will need to pay a fee to do a course. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your bite or sting from a sea creature, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA) (Allergic reactions to bites and stings), Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia (What is anaphylaxis?), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), NSW Poisons Information Centre (Bites and Stings), St John Ambulance Australia (Bites and stings - Quick guide to first aid management, PDF), St John Ambulance Australia (DRSABCD action plan PDF), St John Ambulance Australia (Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) - managing a severe allergic reaction PDF), Australian Venom Research Unit (Pressure immobilisation bandaging), Australian Prescriber (Managing injuries by venomous sea creatures in Australia) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
76 | 2018-04-19 01:58:55 | Bladder cancer | What is bladder cancer? The bladder is a small organ in the lower part of the stomach which stores urine. If you develop bladder cancer, abnormal cells grow in the lining of the bladder. This is called superficial bladder cancer. The cancer cells can sometimes spread to the muscle wall of the bladder or even further to other organs or lymph nodes. This is called invasive bladder cancer. While it can be treated if detected early on, more than 1,000 people in Australia still die of bladder cancer each year. Bladder cancer risk factors We don’t fully understand why bladder cancer develops in some people. Your risk is greater if: you smoke you are exposed to certain chemicals you have diabetes other people in your family have had bladder cancer you have chronic inflammation of the bladder you have had some sorts of chemotherapy or radiotherapy treatment for cancer Types of bladder cancer The most common form of bladder cancer is called urothelial carcinoma. This starts in the urothelial cells in the bladder wall. Rarer types of bladder cancer are squamous cell carcinoma, which begins in the cells that line the bladder, and adenocarcinoma, which starts in a type of cell that produces mucus. Bladder cancer symptoms The most common sign of bladder cancer is blood in the urine. It usually happens suddenly but isn’t painful. If you ever see blood in your urine, you should always get it checked by a doctor. Other symptoms of bladder cancer include: having trouble emptying the bladder when you go to the toilet a burning feeling when you’re trying to pass urine needing to pass urine often, or feeling the need to go urgently pain in your lower stomach or back None of these symptoms are necessarily caused by bladder cancer. But if you have any of the above, tell your doctor. Anatomy of the kidneys and bladder with a bladder tumour Bladder cancer diagnosis Your doctor will examine you and may order several tests, including blood tests, urine tests and scans such as a CT, ultrasound or MRI scan. However, the main test to diagnose bladder cancer is called a cystoscopy, which is usually performed by a specialist doctor called a urologist. The doctor will look inside your bladder with a small camera. If they see anything suspicious, they will take a biopsy, a small sample of tissue, to be examined in a laboratory. Bladder cancer treatment Any treatment will depend on the type of bladder cancer and how far it has spread. Surgery may be done to remove any tumours. This is called a ‘transurethral resection’ and is done using a cystoscope with a wire loop at the end. The cancer cells can also be burned or lasered during surgery. If you have non-invasive bladder cancer, you may be given medicine to stimulate your own immune system to fight the cancer (known as immunotherapy). Some people will have chemotherapy medicine delivered straight into the bladder via a catheter. Invasive bladder cancer is usually treated with surgery and sometimes radiotherapy and chemotherapy as well. If the cancer has spread to the muscle and other organs, the entire bladder will probably need to be removed along with nearby lymph nodes. A new bladder will be constructed for you either inside your body or in a bag outside your body. Living with bladder cancer If your bladder has been removed, you will have reconstructive surgery. You will need to learn how to manage a bladder reconstruction and will be helped with this by continence nurses and physiotherapists. For more information, visit the Cancer Council Victoria website. After you have been treated for cancer, it is normal to feel afraid that the cancer will return. If you are struggling, it is important to seek support from your doctor, a therapist or other people who have been through cancer. More information The Continence Foundation of Australia provides information about bladder control. Call them on 1800 33 00 66. The National Public Toilet Map helps you find the location of the nearest public toilet. You can download it as an app. Information on the social and emotional impact of cancer is available in the Cancer Australia resource, Cancer – how are you travelling? Cancer Council Australia provides services and support to all people affected by cancer. Call on 13 11 20. beyondblue provides support for people with depression and anxiety. Sources: Cancer Council Australia (Bladder cancer), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Cancer in Australia 2017), Cancer Australia (Bladder cancer), The Conversation (Australia’s high rates of bladder cancer deaths show why blood in urine should always be investigated), healthdirect (Cystoscopy), Australian Cancer Research Foundation (Bladder cancer), Cancer Council Victoria (Living with a bladder reconstruction), Cancer Council Australia (Living with cancer) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
77 | 2018-04-19 01:58:59 | Bleeding after menopause | There can be several causes for vaginal bleeding after menopause. In most cases a cause is never found. However, it can also be a sign of something more serious, so you will need to see your doctor to rule this out. Bleeding after menopause is often caused by: inflammation and thinning of the lining of your vagina thinning of the lining of your uterus thickening of the lining of the uterus, often because of hormone replacement therapy (HRT) polyps (growths) in the cervix or uterus abnormalities in the cervix or uterus. You may also want to check with your doctor to see if your Pap tests are up to date. You may think you have finished menopause if you have not had a period for a few months. However, it is still possible to have a period up to a year after your last one. It’s important you visit your doctor to discuss your bleeding. If you are bleeding very heavily or you feel faint or as if you might pass out call triple zero (000) immediately and ask for an ambulance. If calling triple zero (000) does not work on your mobile phone, try calling 112. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about bleeding after menopause, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: The Royal Women’s Hospital (Bleeding after menopause) Last reviewed: June 2017 |
78 | 2018-04-19 01:59:00 | Bleeding disorders | Follow the links below to find trusted information about bleeding disorders. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
79 | 2018-04-19 01:59:06 | Blepharitis | What causes blepharitis? The most common cause of blepharitis is a bacterial infection. The infection can be at the base of the eyelashes or in the glands of the eyelids. Other causes include: blocked oil glands at the edge of the eyelids allergic reactions to eye drops skin complaints such as dandruff or rosacea (skin redness) Blepharitis symptoms If you have blepharitis, you might: feel that something is in your eye have itchy or burning eyes and eyelids find the edge of your eyelids are red have watery eyes be sensitive to light have crusty or sticky eyelashes, especially in the morning Self-care tips for blepharitis To treat blepharitis, you can: massage your eyelid towards your nose clean your eyelids with: water an eyelid cleaner. Eyelid cleaners are available as a foam, liquid or wipe. Ask your pharmacist for more information. diluted baby shampoo (2 drops in 1/2 cup of warm water). Dip a cloth in this and gently scrub your eyelids use warm compresses for 5 to 10 minutes a few times a day Don’t wear your contact lenses until the swelling goes down. When to see your doctor If your eyes do not get better after a few days of eye care, see your doctor. Your doctor will probably ask you about your symptoms and check your eyes. If your doctor suspects an infection, they may prescribe an antibiotic ointment. Your doctor may also prescribe steroid eye drops to reduce the swelling. Your doctor may check and treat you for related conditions such as dandruff and dry eye syndrome. Blepharitis prevention To stop blepharitis from coming back, keep your eyelids clean. Don’t use cosmetics around your eye. Sources: The Royal Australia and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists (Blepharitis), Merck Manual Consumer Version (Blepharitis), Cochrane Library (Interventions for chronic blepharitis) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
80 | 2018-04-19 01:59:15 | Blepharospasm | A twitching eye happens when the muscles in your eyelid contract (spasm) without your control. Causes of twitching eye Numerous factors can cause eye twitches, including stress, fatigue, bright lights and excess caffeine. These sorts of twitches usually go away on their own. Eye twitches can remain for longer than a week or become more serious, such as when the eyelid closes for a few seconds, and may be triggered by eye irritations, such as: dry eyes injury to the eye surface (cornea) sensitivity to light. Other causes of troublesome eye twitching are blepharospasm (a movement disorder of the muscles around the eye) and hemifacial spasm (spasm caused by irritation of a facial nerve). Very rarely, serious eyelid spasms may be a sign of a brain and nerve disorder such as Tourette syndrome, Bell’s palsy, or multiple sclerosis Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Twitching eye treatments While most eye twitches are mild and short-lived, it may help to: get enough sleep rest the eyes avoid bright lights (and screens) use lubricating eye drops manage your stress avoid caffeine. If the twitching makes it difficult to keep your eyes open, see your doctor. Depending on the cause, botulinum toxin type A injections (such as Botox or Dysport) in the muscles surrounding your eye may be given to reduce the spasms. When to see your doctor While most eye spasms are mild, it’s important to see your doctor if: the twitching lasts longer than a few weeks the twitching closes your eyelid the spasms also happen in other parts of your face or body you have droopy eyelids your eyes are red, swollen, or discharge (fluid) is oozing from them. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Eye twitching - Causes), Mayo Clinic (Eye twitching - Definition), Benign Essential Blepharospasm Research Foundation (What is Blepharospasm), Brain Foundation (Blepharospasm), Mayo Clinic (Eye twitching – When to see a doctor) Last reviewed: February 2017 |
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