health_topic.id,health_topic.ts,health_topic.title,health_topic.content
1,"2018-04-19 01:51:49",Accidents,
2,"2018-04-19 01:53:45","Achilles tendon","You can strain your Achilles, or it can become weak due to a lot of very small tears (which is known as degeneration), or it can tear (which is known as rupture). If you have a problem with your Achilles, it is a good idea to see your doctor or physiotherapist. Achilles tendon symptoms If you have injured your Achilles, it might hurt during or after exercise. You might also feel weakness or stiffness at the back of your heel or have some swelling in the tendon. If you rupture your Achilles, it can feel like a hit to the back of the ankle. You might have trouble walking. If you have pain under the heel, it is usually not an Achilles problem. Achilles tendon diagnosis To diagnose a tendon injury, your doctor or physiotherapist will examine you and ask about your symptoms. An ultrasound or other scan such as an x-ray may be done to help identify the problem, but this is usually not needed. Achilles tendon treatment If you think you may have hurt your Achilles, see a doctor straight away. It is a good idea to stop any activity and carry out RICER – rest, ice, compression, elevation and referral for treatment – for two to three days. Painkillers such as paracetamol can help relieve pain, if necessary. Depending on the nature of your injury, your doctor or physiotherapist may advise you to: keep your weight off your ankle (such as by using crutches) do stretching and strengthening exercises tape your foot and heel use orthotics (firm inserts placed into a shoe). If your Achilles is completely torn, surgery may be needed to repair it. This may reduce the chance that it will rupture again. Some people require a program of rehabilitation that can last for months. For more information, visit the Sports Medicine Australia website. Achilles tendon prevention You can help protect your Achilles tendons by: wearing supportive shoes warming up and stretching before and after exercise gradually building up your level of physical activity resting between workouts doing exercises that strengthen your calf muscles. Sources: Sports Medicine Australia (Achilles Tendon Injuries), The Cochrane Library (Surgical Interventions for Treating Acute Achilles Tendon Ruptures (Review)), Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Tendon injuries: Practice tips for GPs) Last reviewed: March 2017"
3,"2018-04-19 01:53:46",Acne,"Acne consists of spots and painful bumps on the skin. It's most noticeable on the face, but can also appear on the back, shoulders and buttocks. Severe acne can cause scarring. What causes acne? The causes of acne continue to be investigated by scientists, but even after decades of research there are no definite answers. It appears that a person's genes have the strongest influence on whether they get acne or not. This could be due to the way skin reacts to hormonal changes. The skin contains sebaceous (oil) glands that naturally release sebum, an oily substance that helps protect it. During puberty, changes in levels of the hormone testosterone can cause changes in the sebum produced. This happens in both boys and girls. The sebum can block hair follicles. When dead skin cells mix with the blockage, it can lead to the formation of spots. Bacteria in the skin multiply, which can cause pain and swelling (inflammation) beneath the blockages. If you have acne, it can be made worse by: stress a poor diet being overweight not exercising enough being pregnant having polycystic ovarian syndrome. There are different kinds of spots: blackheads are small, blocked pores whiteheads are small, hard bumps with a white centre pustules are spots with a lot of pus visible nodules are hard, painful lumps under the skin. Inflammatory acne is when the skin is also red and swollen. This needs to be treated early to prevent scarring, and should be discussed with your doctor. Try not to pick or squeeze spots as this can cause inflammation and lead to scarring. Spots will eventually go away on their own, but they might leave redness in the skin for some weeks or months afterwards. If you have acne, wash your skin gently with a mild cleanser and use an oil-free moisturiser. Scrubbing or exfoliating can irritate the skin, making it look and feel sore. Myths about acne Several myths about what causes acne are described below. Food Research shows that eating low GI foods and cutting down on processed foods can help acne. But remember changing what you eat can only do so much. Medical treatments are still the main way to improve severe acne. If you notice your acne is worse after you eat certain foods, cut these out for a while and see what happens. Bad hygiene Some people believe that acne is caused by bad personal hygiene, but this is not true. If you are going to get acne, you will get it no matter how much you clean your skin. Too much cleaning can make the condition worse by removing the protective oils in your skin. Make-up There is also a myth that wearing make-up can cause spots, but there is no evidence that this is the case. The less you touch your skin, the fewer bacteria will be spread to your skin. If you wear make-up, wash your hands before putting your make-up on and always remove it before going to bed. If acne is severe, your doctor can refer you to a dermatologist who may prescribe medication. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your acne, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Magin, P. et al (A systematic review of the evidence for ‘myths and misconceptions’ in acne management: diet, face-washing and sunlight (2005)), NHS Choices (Dealing with acne), Smith E., Grindlay, D., Williams, H., (What’s new in acne? An analysis of systematic reviews published in 2009–2010 (2011)) Last reviewed: September 2017"
4,"2018-04-19 01:53:49",Acromegaly,"What is acromegaly? Acromegaly is a disorder that affects adults and is caused by overproduction of growth hormone. Growth hormone (also called human growth hormone, GH or HGH) controls the normal growth of the body’s tissues, organs and bones, as well as helping control its metabolism. A similar condition, known as gigantism, can occur in children and can make them grow very tall. Adults with too much growth hormone don’t grow exceptionally tall because once they have gone through puberty, their long bones don’t grow any longer. Causes of acromegaly Acromegaly is caused by the pituitary gland in the brain producing too much growth hormone, usually because of a benign tumour in the gland. Pituitary tumours (also known as pituitary adenomas) tend to grow very slowly. Very rarely, acromegaly can be caused by hormone-producing tumours in other parts of the body, such as the lungs, pancreas or adrenal glands. Symptoms of acromegaly The main signs of acromegaly are: changes to facial features, such as a broadening nose, enlarging jaw and more widely spaced teeth enlarged lips or tongue enlarged hands and feet A pituitary tumour can also cause a range of other problems, such as: carpal tunnel syndrome, which causes numbness or burning in the hands or feet high blood sugar levels and diabetes high blood pressure and heart disease arthritis an enlarged thyroid gland headaches or vision problems thick oily skin, with excessive sweating sleep apnoea tiredness or fatigue If you have symptoms of acromegaly, see your doctor for advice. Diagnosis of acromegaly Because the changes happen slowly, it can take a while for you to notice them and to get medical advice. But getting an early diagnosis is important since it can lower your chances of developing problems such as diabetes or heart disease. Tests used to diagnose acromegaly include: blood tests – to measure the level of hormones oral glucose tolerance test – to see how growth hormone levels change when blood sugar level is increased an MRI or CT scan – to see the pituitary gland x-rays of the skull and jaw – to check bone thickness Treatment of acromegaly Treatments can reduce your production of growth hormone to a normal level and help control symptoms. The options for treatment are: surgery – to remove a pituitary tumour radiotherapy – to shrink a pituitary tumour drug therapy – to counter the effects of too much growth hormone These treatments can be used on their own or in any combination. Living with acromegaly Living with acromegaly can be a stressful experience, particularly while you are waiting for a diagnosis, treatment or for your symptoms to improve. However, treatment is often successful. While it might not be possible to reverse all changes to the shape and size of your bones, many people notice their bodies gradually returning to normal over time. More information Try the healthdirect Question builder to help you prepare a list of questions for when you visit your doctor. Check your symptoms with healthdirect's online Symptom Checker for advice on what to do next. Contact the Australian Pituitary Foundation. Sources: Australian Pituitary Foundation (Acromegaly), Hormone Health Network (Acromegaly), Mayo Clinic (Acromegaly – Overview), Lab Tests Online (Growth hormone) Last reviewed: February 2018"
5,"2018-04-19 01:53:53",ADD,"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterised by symptoms including inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviour. These symptoms are associated with learning, behavioural and emotional problems. Types of ADHD There are 3 types of ADHD: Inattentive ADHD means a person is easily distractible or inattentive but isn’t hyperactive or impulsive. Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD occurs when a person has symptoms of impulsivity and hyperactivity, but can maintain concentration. Combined ADHD is where a person has a mixture of symptoms including hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Treatment for ADHD Everyone gets restless and distracted from time to time. But for people with ADHD it can be extremely hard to stay focused on a task. The good news is that ADHD is treatable. Psychological and behaviour therapies, and medication can all be effective. For children, positive parenting techniques are also recommended. Sources: Royal Children's Hospital (ADHD - an overview), Adults with ADHD (About Adult ADHD factsheet), Australian Psychological Society (ADHD), Women's and Children’s Health Network (ADD and ADHD - what are they?), Better Health Channel (ADHD) Last reviewed: July 2016"
6,"2018-04-19 01:53:59",Addiction,"Addiction is most commonly associated with gambling, drugs – both illicit and prescription – alcohol and nicotine, but it's possible to be addicted to anything, such as: Work – workaholics are obsessed with their work to the extent that they suffer physical exhaustion. If your relationship, family and social life are suffering and you never take holidays, you may be a work addict. Computers – as computer use has increased, so too has computer addiction. People may spend hours each day and night surfing the internet or playing games while neglecting other aspects of their lives. Solvents – 'volatile substance abuse' involves inhaling substances such as glue, aerosols, paint or lighter fuel, to give you a feeling of intoxication. Solvent abuse can be fatal. Shopping – shopping becomes an addiction when you buy things you don't need or want in order to achieve a buzz. This is quickly followed by feelings of guilt, shame or despair. Whatever a person is addicted to, they can't control how they use it, and they may become dependent on it to get through daily life. Why does addiction begin? There are many reasons why addictions begin. In the case of drugs, alcohol and nicotine, these substances affect the way you feel, both physically and mentally. These feelings can be enjoyable and create a powerful urge to use the substances again. Gambling may result in a similar mental 'high' after a win, followed by a strong urge to try again and re-create that feeling. This can develop into a habit that becomes very hard to stop. Being addicted to something means that not having it causes withdrawal symptoms or a 'come down'. Because this can be unpleasant, it's easier to carry on having or doing what you crave, and so the cycle continues. Often, an addiction gets out of control because you need more and more to satisfy a craving and achieve the 'high'. The strain of managing an addiction can seriously damage a person's work performance and relationships. In the case of substance abuse (for example, drugs and alcohol), an addiction can have serious psychological and physical effects. Some studies suggest that addiction is genetic, but environmental factors, such as being brought up by someone with an addiction, are also thought to increase the risk. An addiction can be a way of blocking out difficult issues. Unemployment and poverty can trigger addiction, along with stress, and emotional or professional pressure. Symptoms of addiction People may or may not know they are addicted. The symptoms that indicate you, or someone you know, has an addiction include: repeating something even though it interferes with your life stealing or selling things to continue the addictive behaviour losing interest in other things being angry, violent, moody, or depressed seeing changes in eating habits, sleeping habits, or weight feeling sick or shaky when trying to quit. Some drugs, such as alcohol and ice, can make people unpredictable and violent. If you are worried about your safety, or the safety of someone else, call the police on triple zero (000). Visit the Alcohol and Drug Foundation website for more information on supporting someone with an addiction. If you are caring for someone with an addiction, it is just as important to continue to look after yourself. Visit Carer Gateway or call 1800 422 737 (Monday-Friday, 8am-6pm) for more information. Where to get help Overcoming addiction is easier if you seek help. Talk to your doctor, or see below for a service that can help. You can search for a doctor in your region here. The Australian Drug Information Network (ADIN) lists support services, including services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people. ReachOut.com has information about addiction and mental health for young people. The Family Drug Helpline. Call 1300 660 068. Family Drug Support Australia. Call 1300 368 186. Alcoholics Anonymous. Call 1300 222 222. Lifeline. Call 13 11 14. To speak to someone anonymously about any kind of addiction, you can also look at a range of national and state-based support services at adf.org.au. Sources: ReachOut.com (The facts about drug addiction), ReachOut.com (What is addiction), Lifeline (Substance abuse & addiction), Australian Drug Information Network (Help & support services), Australian Drug Foundation (Help and support) Last reviewed: October 2016"
7,"2018-04-19 01:54:02","Addison's disease","It is also known as chronic adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism. It can make people feel weak and tired, but it can also be effectively treated with replacement steroids. Types of Addison’s disease There are two main types of Addison’s disease. Primary adrenal insufficiency: the adrenal glands do not produce enough cortisol and aldosterone Secondary adrenal insufficiency: the pituitary gland in the brain does not release enough of the hormone that stimulates the adrenal gland to release cortisol. What causes Addison’s disease? Addison’s disease may be caused by anything that damages the adrenal glands, such as: autoimmune disease where the immune system attacks some of the bodies own tissues) Infection of the adrenal glands blood loss, blood thinning drugs cancer in the adrenal glands bleeding in the adrenal glands tuberculosis conditions such as type 1 diabetes genetic defects disease in the pituitary glands If you suddenly stop taking corticosteroids for conditions like asthma or arthritis. It can also be caused by anything that affects the pituitary gland in the brain, such as a tumour. Addison’s disease symptoms The symptoms of Addison’s disease start gradually and can include: a darkening of the skin, with or without sun exposure weight loss low blood pressure and sometimes fainting fatigue and muscle weakness loss of appetite salt cravings low blood sugar abdominal pain muscle or joint pains poor growth in children nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea irritability and depression menstrual periods that become irregular or stop Loss of hair Sexual problems in women. What is an Addisonian crisis? An Addisonian crisis can occur when an accident or illness causes symptoms to worsen. These can include sudden pain in the lower back, legs or abdomen, low blood pressure, severe vomiting and diarrhoea and loss of consciousness. An untreated Addisonian crisis can be fatal. In the case of accident, illness, vomiting or diarrhoea people with Addison’s disease must have their medication adjusted according to their specific needs. Addison’s disease diagnosis Addison’s disease can be diagnosed in a variety of ways, including: blood tests to determine hormone levels a blood sugar test X-ray, MRI or CT scan to look at the structure of the adrenal or pituitary glands medical and family history. Addison’s disease treatment Treatment for Addison’s disease requires life-long steroid replacement therapy. This includes corticosteroid tablets, corticosteroid injections, androgen replacement and sometimes increased sodium (salt) intake. People with Addison’s disease are advised to wear an identification disc or bracelet noting treatment in an emergency. Sources: Australian Addison's Disease Association (What is Addisons?), Kidspot (Addison's disease), Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Adrenal crisis and Acute adrenal insufficiency), Mayo Clinic (Addison’s disease causes) Last reviewed: August 2017"
8,"2018-04-19 01:54:06",Adenoidectomy,"Adenoidectomy is the surgical removal of the adenoids, which are small lumps of soft tissue found at the back of the nose in children. It is a short and safe procedure, but your child will have a sore throat for a couple of days. Why is an adenoidectomy performed? The adenoids are part of a child’s immune system and help protect their nose and throat from infection. But the adenoids can also get infected themselves, and if that happens frequently, it can cause problems such as: recurrent ear infections, glue ear or sinusitis interference with breathing and disrupted sleep, leading to snoring or sleep apnoea If these problems are serious and they continue, your doctor might recommend an adenoidectomy for your child. Sometimes, adenoids are also removed when a child is having their tonsils out or grommets inserted for a glue ear since these conditions are all related. An enlarged adenoid can cause breathing and sleep problems. How to prepare for an adenoidectomy You should follow any guidelines your hospital or clinic provides on how to prepare your child for an adenoidectomy. For example, they will be asked not to eat or drink some hours before the operation. Learn more about preparing for surgery here. What happens during an adenoidectomy An adenoidectomy is performed under a general anaesthetic, so your child will have no awareness or pain during the operation. The surgeon will remove the adenoid tissue through the child’s open mouth. This usually takes about 30 minutes. What to expect after an adenoidectomy Your child will recover from the general anaesthetic in an hour or so, although the anaesthetic might make them feel tired and sick and they will have a sore throat. They will be encouraged to drink and eat light foods when they can, and will need to drink before they go home. Children can often go home on the day of the surgery, but they might be asked to stay overnight. Their throat will probably be sore for a day or two, and the pain can be treated with medication, as recommended by your doctor. If the tonsils are also removed, they will have more pain and it will last longer. Your child should rest for a day or two, then they can go back to their normal activities. For a few days - or maybe even weeks - they might still have: a blocked nose a smelly nose a light, blood-stained discharge What could go wrong? Adenoidectomy is a safe procedure, but all surgery has some risks. Contact your doctor if your child has: a high fever (above 38°C) bright red bleeding from the nose or mouth serious pain that isn’t relieved by pain-killers More information The Sydney Children’s Hospitals Network: Adenoidectomy. Sources: Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (Adenoidectomy for otitis media in children), Paediatric Anaesthesia (Postoperative pain during the first week after adenoidectomy and guillotine adenotonsillectomy in children), Sydney Children's Hospitals Network (Adenoidectomy), NHS UK (Adenoids and adenoidectomy), Patient.info (Otitis media with effusion), Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Day surgery: Adenoidectomy) Last reviewed: February 2018"
9,"2018-04-19 01:54:11",Adenomyosis,"What is adenomyosis?Adenomyosis occurs when the cells that normally line the uterus grow in the layer of muscle in the wall of the uterus. They should not normally be there.It occurs only in women who are making the female hormone oestrogen. It usually disappears after menopause when oestrogen production drops.It can cause enlargement of the uterus and heavy periods.If you have adenomyosis, you might also have a similar condition called endometriosis.What causes adenomyosis?It is not certain how or why the uterus-lining cells enter the muscle wall. It is thought that they might enter: during surgeryearly in the development of the foetusafter childbirth when the wall of the uterus is weakened by inflammation.It sometimes happens after:the birth of a babysurgery involving the uterus, such as caesarean section or removal of fibroids.Adenomyosis symptomsWomen with adenomyosis might have:heavy periodspainful periodspain during sexbleeding between periodstiredness from the anaemia caused by blood loss.The symptoms might be mild, but they can be severe enough to interfere with work and your enjoyment of life.Adenomyosis diagnosisYour doctor will talk to you and examine you. You might also be asked to have scans. Adenomyosis often takes time to diagnose.Adenomyosis treatmentYou can ease the symptoms by:anti-inflammatory medicineswarm baths and heat packshormone treatment.Hysterectomy is an option for women with severe adenomyosis. Sources: Jean Hailes (Adenomyosis), Mayo Clinic (Adenomyosis) Last reviewed: April 2016"
10,"2018-04-19 01:54:15",ADHD,"Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is characterised by symptoms including inattention, hyperactivity and impulsive behaviour. These symptoms are associated with learning, behavioural and emotional problems. Types of ADHD There are 3 types of ADHD: Inattentive ADHD means a person is easily distractible or inattentive but isn’t hyperactive or impulsive. Hyperactive-Impulsive ADHD occurs when a person has symptoms of impulsivity and hyperactivity, but can maintain concentration. Combined ADHD is where a person has a mixture of symptoms including hyperactivity, inattention, and impulsivity. Treatment for ADHD Everyone gets restless and distracted from time to time. But for people with ADHD it can be extremely hard to stay focused on a task. The good news is that ADHD is treatable. Psychological and behaviour therapies, and medication can all be effective. For children, positive parenting techniques are also recommended. Sources: Royal Children's Hospital (ADHD - an overview), Adults with ADHD (About Adult ADHD factsheet), Australian Psychological Society (ADHD), Women's and Children’s Health Network (ADD and ADHD - what are they?), Better Health Channel (ADHD) Last reviewed: July 2016"
11,"2018-04-19 01:54:17","Adrenal fatigue","There can be many reasons why people feel tired all the time and therefore it is often not easy to pinpoint a cause. What is adrenal fatigue? The term adrenal fatigue is used by some people to describe a collection of symptoms, such as: fatigue body aches nervousness low blood pressure sleep disturbances digestive issues. Your adrenal glands sit on top of each kidney. Their role is to produce hormones, including adrenaline and noradrenaline – both of which are used to prepare your body for fight or flight. Supporters of the unproven theory of ‘adrenal fatigue’ claim it occurs when the adrenal glands are ‘burnt out’ from producing these hormones in response to stress. Certain conditions, such as the rare Addison’s disease, can prevent your adrenal glands from making enough hormones. The symptoms of Addison’s disease include fatigue, body aches, unexplained weight loss, low blood pressure, lightheadedness, loss of body hair and skin discolouration. Addison’s disease is recognised by doctors and can be detected through blood tests that show insufficient hormone levels. On the other hand, these tests are often normal in adrenal fatigue. Other causes of fatigue There are many causes of fatigue. It could be due to lifestyle factors such as: too much work family life lack of sleep too little or too much physical activity alcohol use or abuse mental health - such as anxiety and depression There are many physical illnesses that cause unexplained fatigue. These include thyroid problems, diabetes, fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue syndrome, cancer, anaemia, kidney or liver disease, infections, heart disease or multiple sclerosis. What are my options? Generally, having a healthy lifestyle may help with relieving fatigue. Some self-help tips to try include: getting enough sleep every day – most adults need 6-8 hours reducing stress through activities you find relaxing cutting down on alcohol getting enough rest if you have been doing too much physical activity, or getting more active if you have been sedentary. If you have unexplained fatigue or exhaustion that persists, see your doctor. Your doctor will probably ask you about your symptoms and run some tests to rule out other health problems. Treating an underlying issue, such as a low thyroid level, can help reverse fatigue. Sources: myVMC (Chronic Fatigue Syndrome), Mayo Clinic (Addison's disease - Is there such a thing as adrenal fatigue?), Mayo Clinic (Fatigue) Last reviewed: November 2016"
12,"2018-04-19 01:54:22","AIDS and HIV infection","HIV is the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV damages the immune system, and without treatment, can lead to serious infections and cancers over time. The late stage of HIV infection is called AIDS. The difference between having an HIV infection and being given a diagnosis of AIDS is when you develop certain types of infections and cancers caused by organisms that wouldn’t normally affect healthy people. Not all people with HIV have AIDS. People with HIV who take effective treatment are unlikely to develop AIDS and have a near-normal life expectancy. What if I have been exposed to HIV? There are medications which can sometimes prevent HIV from infecting a person who has been exposed. This is known as Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). It is best to start PEP as soon as possible, and within 72 hours (three days) of exposure. You can find out more about PEP by talking to a doctor or calling a HIV PEP hotline in your state or territory: Australian Capital Territory – 1800 022 222 (healthdirect helpline) New South Wales – 1800 737 669 Northern Territory – 1800 022 222 (healthdirect helpline) Queensland – 13 43 25 84 South Australia – 1800 022 226 Tasmania – 1800 675 859 Victoria – 1800 889 887 Western Australia – 1300 767 161 Alternatively you call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 or visit the Get PEP website for details on local PEP services across all states and territories. It is also important to be tested for HIV. Your doctor or sexual health clinic can order a blood test for HIV. They may also use a rapid test in the office that can provide a result within 30 minutes, but this will always need to be confirmed by laboratory tests. There is no home testing available in Australia yet. An early diagnosis can help you get the best treatment, prevent the progression to AIDS and reduce the chance of spreading the infection to others. Whatever type of test you have, it can take up to 24 days (and sometimes longer) following exposure for blood to show positive for infection with HIV. This is known as the ‘window period’. So you may need more than one test over time to know for sure if you do or do not have an HIV infection. It is important to use safe sex and safe injecting practices while waiting for the test results, and maintaining these practices after testing, even if you get a negative result, will reduce your risk of future exposure and infection. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Family Planning NSW (HIV overview), NSW Health (HIV fact sheet), Ending HIV (HIV testing) Last reviewed: July 2017"
13,"2018-04-19 01:54:27",Albinism,"The genes for albinism are passed down from both parents, who may not be directly affected by it themselves. However, there is no simple test to determine whether a person carries a gene for albinism. Types of albinism There are two main types of albinism: ocular albinism, in which the eyes are affected, but the colour of their hair and skin is fairly normal oculocutaneous albinism, in which the hair, skin and eyes are all affected. There are also some extremely rare conditions where people have albinism and other health problems. Examples are Hermansky Pudlak syndrome, Chediak Higashi syndrome and Griscelli syndrome. Signs and symptoms of albinism Some children with albinism are born with pinkish-white skin and white hair. Their eyes are usually light grey, blue or hazel, although they can look pink in the light. People with albinism usually have poor vision. Glasses can help, but some have poor vision even with glasses. Some people with albinism also have nystagmus, which is involuntary flicking movements of the eye. Albinism diagnosis Usually, albinism is picked up at birth. Genetic testing can help confirm the diagnosis. Living with albinism People with albinism have a higher risk than others of sunburn, skin problems and skin cancer. Given Australia’s climate, good sun protection for the skin is essential, as well as sunglasses to protect the eyes. People with albinism can also suffer from discrimination. Good support for all involved can help deal with it. Where to go for help? The Albinism Fellowship of Australia provides support and education to people with albinism, parents of children with albinism, as well as their families and friends. More information Visit healthdirect's genetic disorders guide to learn more about genes, types of genetic disorders and where to go for help and more information. Sources: Centre for Genetics Education (Albinism), National Organization for Albinism and Hypopigmentation (What is albinism?), Vision Australia (Albinism) Last reviewed: September 2016"
14,"2018-04-19 01:54:32",Alcoholism,"What is alcoholism? If you drink a lot of alcohol, you might become dependent on it to make you feel good. Your drinking behaviour could tip over into alcoholism, a type of substance abuse. The signs of alcoholism You or someone you know might be drinking too much if they: have a strong urge to drink cannot control how much they drink feel physical effects like nausea, sweating, shakiness and anxiety if they stop after a period of heavy drinking need to drink more over time to get the same good feeling drink while alone, or hide alcohol from members of the household struggle with work, education or relationships for no obvious reason lie about how much they drink drink early in the day or are anxious about when they will be able to drink forget what they said or did while they were drinking Effects of alcoholism If you drink too much alcohol, you are at increased risk of illnesses such as heart disease and liver disease, cancer, diabetes and damage to the brain. It can also have a bad effect on those around you as it is a key player in car accidents, family violence and crime. Although it seems to make you feel good, alcohol can increase the risk of depression and anxiety and also can make these worse if they are already present. If you are a family member or friend living with an alcoholic you are likely to feel upset, angry, anxious, guilty, stressed, disappointed and helpless at various times. If you are a carer, carers associations in your state or territory can provide counselling and help to organise respite care. Visit the Carer Gateway website or call 1800 422 737 (Monday-Friday, 8am-6pm) for more information. Treatment for alcoholism The most important starting point for treatment is to talk to your doctor about how to control your alcohol consumption. You can search for a doctor in your region here. Treatment options depend on the strength of alcohol dependence. For low level dependence, your doctor might discuss the problem with you and suggest changes you can make or recommend counselling. Stronger dependence will need different treatments to manage the effects of alcohol withdrawal. The treatments might include: behavioural treatment to improve coping skills medication peer support through groups such as Alcoholics Anonymous or Smart Recovery spending time at a detoxification facility Preventing alcoholism and harm Becoming familiar with the Australian guidelines for low-risk drinking habits can help guard against alcoholism. If you have children, you should talk to them about drugs, alcohol and mental health, including binge drinking. Being a good role model can also help. ReachOut.com has information about addiction and mental health for teenagers. More information The Australian Drug Information Network (ADIN) lists support services, including services for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people and people living in rural and remote locations. The Alcohol and Drug Foundation’s website has information on how to deal with people with drug and/or alcohol problems. Family Drug Helpline supports people concerned about a loved one’s drug or alcohol use. Call 1300 660 068. The Right Mix has tips, tools and strategies to reduce the impact of drinking on your lifestyle. On Track is for people with risky levels of drinking. Walking a Tightrope is for families dealing with alcohol and violence. Counselling Online provides free 24-hour drug and alcohol counselling. Call 1800 888 236. Alcoholics Anonymous offers help to people with a drinking problem. Call 1300 222 222. beyondblue offers support for people with depression and anxiety. Call 1300 22 4636. Sources: Foundation for a Drug Free World (What is alcoholism or alcohol dependence), Australian Indigenous Healthinfo Net (What do we know about alcohol use among Indigenous people), NHMRC (Australian Guidelines to Reduce Health Risks from Drinking Alcohol), National institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (Alcohol Alert), beyondblue (Alcohol and drug use), NSW Health (Families and friends affected by the drug and alcohol use of someone close), ReachOut.com (Signs you might have a drinking problem), Department of Health (Quick reference guide to the treatment of alcohol problems) Last reviewed: March 2018"
15,"2018-04-19 01:54:38","Allergic reactions to antibiotics","If you are allergic to antibiotics, you get signs and symptoms like a rash, swelling of the face or difficulty breathing. A severe allergic reaction is known as anaphylaxis, and usually occurs within an hour of taking an antibiotic. A severe allergic reaction is a medical emergency requiring immediate medical attention. You may need to call triple zero (000) and perform first aid. The symptoms of anaphylaxis are: Difficult/noisy breathing Swelling of the tongue Swelling/tightness of the throat Difficulty talking/hoarse voice Wheezing or coughing Dizziness or collapse Pale and floppy (young children) Sometimes you can get less dangerous symptoms before an anaphylaxis, such as: Swelling of the face, lips and/or eyes Hives or welts Abdominal pain or vomiting The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy rrecommends that for a severe allergic reaction adrenaline is the initial treatment. If you are allergic to antibiotics you may be instructed by a doctor how to avoid triggers and if severe may instruct you how to use a self administered adrenalin injection such as epipen. The doctor will record the allergy and type of reaction in your notes and electronic health records and will give you an anaphylaxis action plan. Most allergies are caused by penicillin or antibiotics closely related to penicillin, or by another type of antibiotic called sulfonamides. Feeling nauseous and vomiting after taking antibiotics is usually a side-effect of the medicine, rather than an allergic reaction. Your doctor can usually diagnose allergic reactions to antibiotics by talking to you. He or she may refer you to an allergy specialist, who may ask for skin allergy and blood tests. If you have any other concerns about antibiotics, including possible side effects, contact your doctor. Sources: ASCIA (Sulfonamide antibiotic allergy), ASCIA (Antibiotic allergy) Last reviewed: November 2016"
16,"2018-04-19 01:54:40","Allergic reactions to cow's milk","Allergy to cow's milk is an immune system reaction (true allergy) against proteins in milk. About 1 infant in 50 is allergic to cow’s milk and dairy products. Most of these children will outgrow cow’s milk allergy by the time they are 4 years old. Exposure to even a trace amount of milk protein can be a problem for someone with milk protein allergy. True allergy to cow’s milk is rare in adults. Symptoms of allergy to cow’s milk may include a rash (eczema or hives), swelling, vomiting, diarrhoea or breathing difficulties. Anaphylaxis is the most severe allergic reaction and requires immediate treatment. If you think someone is having an allergic reaction, seek medical advice urgently as symptoms can worsen rapidly. If breathing is affected, call triple zero (000). Diagnosis of cow’s milk allergy is often obvious when symptoms occur within minutes of exposure. Skin prick allergen tests from your doctor may also help. When symptoms are delayed, cow’s milk allergy can be harder to diagnose. Lactose in cow’s milk is a problem for people who lack the enzyme lactose, but this is different to cow’s milk allergy. Choosing Wisely and allergen testing The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy recommends you should speak to your doctor or specialist about the benefits and safety of allergen immunotherapy or before attempting any allergy testing or treatment. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Follow the links below to find trusted information about allergic reactions to cow's milk. Sources: Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Cow's milk (dairy) allergy), Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Anaphylaxis) Last reviewed: October 2016"
17,"2018-04-19 01:54:45","Allergic rhinitis (hay fever)","What is hay fever? Hay fever is the common term for 'allergic rhinitis'. It’s caused by an allergic response to outdoor or indoor allergens such as pollen, dust mites, fungal spores, animal fur or occupational sources. Allergens are most commonly proteins or enzymes that can cause the nose, eyes, throat and sinuses (small air-filled cavities behind your cheekbones and forehead) to become swollen, irritated and inflamed. When you have an allergic reaction, your body overreacts to something that would be harmless for most people. Your immune system (the body’s natural defence system) starts to respond as if it’s under threat, and releases a number of chemicals including histamine. This results in swelling and inflammation. Hay fever symptoms include: sneezing a runny nose itchy eyes. Hay fever usually begins in childhood or during the teenage years, but you can acquire it at any age. It affects nearly to 1 in 5 Australians at some point in their life, and is more likely to occur if there is a family history of allergies – particularly asthma or eczema. In fact, hay fever and asthma share many of their risk and trigger factors including a genetic predisposition to develop allergic reactions. Most people are able to relieve their symptoms with treatment – at least to a certain extent. Speak with your doctor if your symptoms are troublesome as you may require prescription medication. Not sure what to do next?If you are still concerned about your hay fever, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention.The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Allergic rhinitis), NHS Choices (Hay fever), Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (What is allergy?), Australian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Pollen allergy) Last reviewed: July 2017"
18,"2018-04-19 01:54:49","Allergies (food)","A food allergy occurs when the immune system responds to an allergen (an ingredient that is usually harmless) in food. This triggers an immune reaction, which can range from mild to severe. The majority of food allergies in children are not severe and usually children will outgrow many allergies with time. Some allergies, particularly nut and seafood allergies are less likely to decrease with age. Symptoms of a mild allergy include: hives (red circular weals on the skin) swelling of the face or around the mouth vomiting abdominal discomfort or pain. Symptoms of severe allergy may include: trouble breathing difficulty talking more than a few words wheeze cough tightness of the throat collapse light-headedness or dizziness diarrhoea. A severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) is a medical emergency. Call triple zero (000) immediately. Lay the person down. If they have an adrenaline injector and you are able to administer it, do so. Some foods are more likely to cause allergies than others. These include: dairy (including milk) peanuts walnuts, almonds, pine nuts, brazil nuts, pecans and other tree nuts soy grains that contain gluten (wheat, barley, rye and oats) fish and shellfish. Allergen testing The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy recommends that you should speak to your doctor or specialist about the benefits and safety of allergen immunotherapy before commencing any treatment for a food allergy. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Follow the links below to find trusted information about food allergies. Sources: Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Food Allergy), WebMD (Common Food Allergy Triggers) Last reviewed: July 2016"
19,"2018-04-19 01:54:53","Allergies and hypersensitivities","People have immune systems that recognize what is usually part of the body (blood, cells, hair etc.) and what is not (bacteria, viruses, splinters etc.). Sometimes the immune system becomes hypersensitive to chemicals from foods (peanuts, shellfish, nuts, eggs, wheat); animals (dogs, cats); and other materials (grasses, dust, dustmites, medicines). This causes allergic reactions. For most people, the allergic reaction is hay fever (runny nose and itchy eyes) or hives (a bumpy skin rash). In some people this reaction is severe and causes anaphylaxis, which is an emergency needing immediate injection with adrenaline from an epi-pen. The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA) recommends that for a severe allergic reaction adrenaline is the initial treatment. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Allergies can be treated with antihistamine medicines, and allergy tests might find the cause of the hypersensitivity. If so, it may be possible to have regular injections to stop the body overreacting. ASCIA also recommends that you should speak to your doctor or specialist about the benefits and safety of allergen immunotherapy or before attempting any allergy testing or treatment. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Follow the links below to find trusted information about allergies and hypersensitivities. Sources: Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations)"
20,"2018-04-19 01:54:57","Altitude sickness","If you normally live near sea level and travel to a high altitude, you might get altitude sickness. This page describes the symptoms of altitude sickness and what to do if you become sick. What is altitude sickness? Altitude sickness, also known as mountain sickness, is caused by the low oxygen levels in the air at altitudes above about 2,500 metres. It occurs when the body has not had time to adjust to less oxygen. Altitude sickness can affect anybody - being young or physically fit does not decrease the risk. Whether or not you get altitude sickness could depend on: your height above sea level the time you took to make the ascent whether or not you have any problems affecting you heart and lungs. Altitude sickness can be fatal if not treated. What are the symptoms of altitude sickness? If you have altitude sickness, you are likely to feel dizzy and weak, you might also have a headache and feel nauseous. It can feel like a hangover. Altitude sickness can affect your lungs, in which case it is sometimes known as high altitude pulmonary edema or HAPE. People with HAPE can feel short of breath and have a cough and a racing heart. In extreme cases, their lips turn blue. Altitude sickness can also cause your brain to swell with fluid, which is sometimes known as high altitude cerebral edema or HACE. People with HACE can feel confused and irritable and behave in an erratic way. Altitude sickness can be worse at night and can last for days, even if you stay at the same altitude. How is altitude sickness treated? If you have altitude sickness, you should stay at the same altitude or go lower until the symptoms disappear. Rest, fluids and pain killers are likely to improve the symptoms. Do not continue to climb higher. It is best not to drink alcohol or take sedatives or sleeping pills because they interfere with the body's adaptation to high altitude. If you have signs of altitude sickness affecting their lungs or their brain, this is a medical emergency. You need help to descend as soon as possible. Breathing oxygen from a tank can help. How is altitude sickness prevented? If you're planning to travel to a high altitude, consider talking to your doctor about drugs that can help with acclimatisation, particularly if you have had altitude sickness before. You can reduce the chance of getting altitude sickness by: avoiding a rapid ascent from sea level - don't go above about 2,500 metres for the first night's sleep once you get above 3,000 metres, ascending by no more than 500 metres per day spending the night below the day's highest altitude avoiding strenuous exercise before your body has had time to adjust to the lower oxygen levels avoiding alcohol at high altitude. If you have a medical problem that affects your lungs, heart or circulation, you are at increased risk of getting altitude sickness. If you are worried that you have altitude sickness call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 to speak to a registered nurse. Sources: Altitude (Altitude sickness), UpToDate (Patient information: High altitude illness (including mountain sickness) (Beyond the Basics) Last reviewed: August 2016"