Hemophilia is one of a group of inherited bleeding disorders that cause abnormal or exaggerated bleeding and poor blood clotting.
Hemophilia A and B are inherited in an X-linked recessive genetic pattern, so males are commonly affected while females are usually carriers of the disease.
Hemophilia A is caused by a deficiency of clotting Factor VIII, while hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease) results from a deficiency of Factor IX.
Hemophilia varies in its severity among affected individuals.
Symptoms include excessive bleeding from any site in the body; long-term damage to joints from repeated bleeding episodes is characteristic.
The formation of inhibitors to the treatment factor concentrates is a significant complication of treatment.
Gene therapy treatments are a source of active research and hold promise for the future.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"2": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 2,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is hemophilia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Hemophilia is not one disease but rather one of a group of inherited bleeding disorders that cause abnormal or exaggerated bleeding and poor blood clotting. The term is most commonly used to refer to two specific conditions known as hemophilia A and hemophilia B, which will be the main subjects of this article. Hemophilia A and B are distinguished by the specific gene that is mutated (altered to become defective) and codes for a defective clotting factor (protein) in each disease. Rarely, hemophilia C (a deficiency of Factor XI) is encountered, but its effect on clotting is far less pronounced than A or B.Hemophilia A and B are inherited in an X-linked recessive genetic pattern and are therefore much more common in males. This pattern of inheritance means that a given gene on the X chromosome expresses itself only when there is no normal gene present. For example, a boy has only one X chromosome, so a boy with hemophilia has the defective gene on his sole X chromosome (and so is said to be hemizygous for hemophilia). Hemophilia is the most common X-linked genetic disease.Although it is much rarer, a girl can have hemophilia, but she would have to have the defective gene on both of her X chromosomes or have one hemophilia gene plus a lost or defective copy of the second X chromosome that should be carrying the normal genes. If a girl has one copy of the defective gene on one of her X chromosomes and a normal second X chromosome, she does not have hemophilia but is said to be heterozygous for hemophilia (a carrier). Her male children have a 50% chance of inheriting the one mutated X gene and thus have a 50% chance of inheriting hemophilia from their carrier mother.Hemophilia A occurs in about 1 out of every 5000 live male births. Hemophilia A and B occurs in all racial groups. Hemophilia A is about four times more common than B. B occurs in about 1 out of 20- 30,000 live male births.Hemophilia has been called the Royal Disease because Queen Victoria, Queen of England from 1837 to 1901, was a carrier. Her daughters passed the mutated gene on to members of the royal families of Germany, Spain, and Russia. Alexandra, Queen Victoria's granddaughter, who became Tsarina of Russia in the early 20th century when she married Tsar Nicholas II, was a carrier. Their son, the Tsarevich Alexei, suffered from hemophilia.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"3": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 3,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What causes hemophilia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "As mentioned above, hemophilia is caused by a genetic mutation. The mutations involve genes that code for proteins that are essential in the blood clotting process. The bleeding symptoms arise because blood clotting is impaired.The process of blood clotting involves a series of complex mechanisms involving 13 different proteins, classically termed factors I through XIII and written with Roman numerals. If the lining of the blood vessels becomes damaged, platelets are recruited to the injured area to form an initial plug. These activated platelets release chemicals that start the clotting cascade, activating the series of 13 proteins known as clotting factors. Ultimately, fibrin is formed, the protein that crosslinks with itself to form a mesh that makes up the final blood clot. The protein involved with hemophilia A is factor VIII (factor 8) and with hemophilia B is factor IX (factor 9).Picture of the blood clotting processHemophilia A is caused by a mutation in the gene for factor VIII, so there is deficiency of this clotting factor. Hemophilia B (also called Christmas disease) results from a deficiency of factor IX due to a mutation in the corresponding gene.A condition referred to as hemophilia C involves a deficiency of clotting factor XI. This condition is much rarer than hemophilia A and B and typically leads to mild symptoms. It is also not inherited in an X-linked manner and affects persons of both sexes.Hemophilia A is more common than hemophilia B. About 80% of people with hemophilia have hemophilia A. Hemophilia B occurs in about 1 out of every 20,000 to 30,000 people. A subgroup of those with hemophilia B has the so-called Leyden phenotype, which is characterized by a severe hemophilia in childhood that improves at puberty.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"4": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 4,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the signs and symptoms of hemophilia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 3
Share Your Story
Hemophilia can vary in its severity, depending upon the particular type of mutation (genetic defect). The degree of symptoms depends upon the levels of the affected clotting factor. Severe disease is defined as ",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"5": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 5,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How is hemophilia diagnosed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
Share Your Story
The majority of patients with hemophilia have a known family history of the condition. However, about one-third of cases occur in the absence of a known family history. Most of these cases without a family history arise due to a spontaneous mutation in the affected gene. Other cases may be due to the affected gene being passed through a long line of female carriers.If there is no known family history of hemophilia, a series of blood tests can identify which part or protein factor of the blood clotting mechanism is defective if an individual has abnormal bleeding episodes.The platelet (a blood particle essential for the clotting process) count and bleeding time test should be measured as well as two indices of blood clotting, the prothrombin time (PT) and activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT). A normal platelet count, normal PT, and a prolonged aPTT are characteristic of hemophilia A and hemophilia B. Specific tests for the blood clotting factors can then be performed to measure factor VII or factor IX levels and confirm the diagnosis.Genetic testing to identify and characterize the specific mutations responsible for hemophilia is also available in specialized laboratories.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"6": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 6,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Is it possible to know if you are a carrier of hemophilia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Since men with the genetic mutation will have hemophilia, a man who does not have the condition cannot be a carrier of the disease. A woman who has a son with known hemophilia is termed an obligate carrier, and no testing is needed to establish that she is a carrier of hemophilia. Women whose carrier status is unknown can be evaluated either by testing for the clotting factors or by methods to characterize the mutation in the DNA. The DNA screening methods are generally the most reliable. Prenatal diagnosis is also possible with DNA-based tests performed on a sample obtained through amniocentesis or chorionic villus sampling. Most individuals are seen and tested by consultants who specialize in genetically linked diseases.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"7": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 7,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are treatments for hemophilia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
Share Your Story
The mainstay of treatment is replacement of the blood clotting factors. Clotting factor concentrates can be purified from human donor blood or made in the laboratory using methods that do not use donor blood. This type of therapy is known as replacement therapy. Clotting factor replacement therapy is carried out by infusing the clotting factor concentrates into a vein, much like a blood transfusion. This type of therapy can be administered at home with proper instruction and training.Depending upon the severity of the condition, replacement therapy of the deficient clotting factor may be carried out on an as-needed basis (called demand therapy) or on a regular basis to prevent bleeding episodes (known as prophylactic therapy).People who have mild cases of hemophilia A are sometimes treated with the drug desmopressin, also known as DDAVP. This drug stimulates release of substances from platelets that help form the platelet plug. It is administered either slowly through the intravenous route (IV) or, occasionally, in nasal spray form.Pain relievers may be prescribed for symptom relief, but pain relievers other than aspirin or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medications (such as naproxen, ibuprofen) must be used, since these types of drugs further inhibit the blood's ability to clot. Acetaminophen (Tylenol and others) is often given for pain relief.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"8": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 8,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Inhibitors",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "A major complication of treatment is the development of so-called inhibitors to the clotting factors. Inhibitors (antibodies) are produced because the body sees the factor concentrates used to treat patients to reduce or prevent bleeding, as foreign and activates an immune response in the patient to destroy the foreign substances (factor VIII or factor IX). Inhibitors to factor VIII are the most common and occur in about one-third of those with severe hemophilia A and about 1 out of every 50 people with mild or moderate hemophilia A. They typically develop in childhood in those with severe hemophilia A and later in life in milder cases. Inhibitors destroy both the replacement factor VIII concentrates as well as any factor VIII that is present in the body. This is a serious complication of treatment because the factor concentrates are no longer effective in treating the condition. The action of inhibitors to destroy factor VIII concentrates shows different degrees of severity among individuals and can even vary over time in the same individual. In about two-thirds of cases, the inhibitors disappear on their own or with treatment known as immune tolerance therapy (ITT) or immune tolerance induction (ITI). In cases of severe hemophilia A with persistence of inhibitors, other factor concentrates, such as activated prothrombin complex concentrate or recombinant factor VIIa, are administered to attempt to help control bleeding. The development of inhibitors to factor IX is much less common and occurs in about 1% of those with hemophilia B. However, these can cause a very serious allergic reaction when factor IX concentrates are given. Immune tolerance therapy to eliminate inhibitors is less successful than with hemophilia A.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"9": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 9,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Infections",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Share Your Story
Blood-borne infections, such as the HIV virus and hepatitis B and C, were a major complication of treatment for hemophilia during the 1980s. These infections were transmitted through the factor concentrates and other blood products that were used to treat hemophilia. The use of large blood donor pools to prepare factor concentrates and the lack of specific tests for infectious agents both contributed to the contamination of blood products used to treat hemophilia. By 1985, about 90% of people with severe hemophilia were infected with the HIV virus, and about half of all people with hemophilia were HIV-positive. Today, improved screening and manufacturing practices including virus removing techniques as well as the development of recombinant factors have essentially eliminated this tragic complication of treatment.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"10": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 10,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Can hemophilia be prevented?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Hemophilia is a genetic (inherited) disease and cannot be prevented. Genetic counseling, identification of carriers through molecular genetic testing, and prenatal diagnosis are available to help individuals understand their risk of having a child with hemophilia.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"11": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 11,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the outlook (prognosis) for hemophilia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Before factor concentrates were developed, those with hemophilia had a significantly decreased life expectancy. Life expectancy before the 1960s for those with severe hemophilia was limited to 11 years. Currently, the mortality (death) rate for males with hemophilia is twice that of healthy males. As mentioned before, the increase in HIV and hepatitis infections associated with therapy during the 1980s led to a corresponding increase in death rates. Currently, prompt and adequate treatment can greatly reduce the risks of life-threatening bleeding episodes and the severity of long-term damage to joints, but joint deterioration remains a chronic complication of hemophilia.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
},
"12": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 12,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are possible future treatments for hemophilia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Multiple trials and studies are underway to examine the possibility to use gene therapy to replace the defective genes in hemophilia. To date, stable and sustained production of the deficient clotting factors has not been achieved in humans, but this is an area of active investigation that holds great promise for the future.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hemophilia (Hemophilia)"
}
}
},
"2": {
"diseases.id": 2,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"2": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 2,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"13": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 13,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Hepatitis A facts*",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "*Hepatitis A facts medical author: Charles Patrick Davis, MD, PhD
Hepatitis A is an inflammatory disease of the liver caused by a virus.
The liver stores nutrients and vitamins, helps digest foods, helps prevent infections, and helps remove harmful substances from blood.
Hepatitis A viruses cause the disease termed hepatitis A
People at higher risk to be infected with hepatitis A virus include those that use illegal drugs, men who have sex with men, people who live with individuals that have the disease, and people who travel to developing countries.
Hepatitis A virus can be transmitted to others by contaminated stools (feces), foods prepared by an infected person, contaminated water, and close personal contact (for example, touching hands, sex), with an infected person but not by sneezing, cough, hugging (without skin contact) or by being near an infected person.
Some young infected individuals may have no symptoms. In other infected individuals symptoms of hepatitis A may include flu-like symptoms such as tiredness, stomach discomfort, fever, decreased appetite, and diarrhea; light-colored stools; more specific symptoms include dark yellow urine, and jaundice (white of eyes and skin become yellowish).
Hepatitis A is diagnosed by commonly available blood tests
Hepatitis A resolves in most patients in a few weeks without treatment; a doctor may prescribe medications to reduce symptoms.
Hepatitis A vaccine can help protect against the disease; two shots are required, but some protection begins even after the first shot; the shots do not protect individuals against other hepatitis-causing viruses (types B, C and others).
Hepatitis A immune globulin may protect some people if administered shortly after initial exposure to the virus; research is ongoing to produce other treatments
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"14": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 14,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is hepatitis A?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Hepatitis A is a virus, or infection, that causes liver disease and inflammation of the liver. Viruses can cause sickness. For example, the flu is caused by a virus. People can pass viruses to each other. Inflammation is swelling that occurs when tissues of the body become injured or infected. Inflammation can cause organs to not work properly.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"15": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 15,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the liver?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The liver is an organ that does many important things. You cannot live without a liver. The liver
removes harmful chemicals from your blood
fights infection
helps digest food
stores nutrients and vitamins
stores energy
Picture of the liver ",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"16": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 16,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Who gets hepatitis A?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Anyone can get hepatitis A, but those more likely to are people who
travel to developing countries
live with someone who currently has an active hepatitis A infection
use illegal drugs, including noninjection drugs
have unprotected sex with an infected person
provide child care
Also, men who have sex with men are more likely to get hepatitis A.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"17": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 17,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How could I get hepatitis A?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Share Your Story
You could get hepatitis A through contact with an infected person's stool. This contact could occur by
eating food made by an infected person who didn't wash his or her hands after using the bathroom
drinking untreated water or eating food washed in untreated water
placing a finger or object in your mouth that came into contact with an infected person's stool
having close personal contact with an infected person, such as through sex or caring for someone who is ill
You cannot get hepatitis A from
being coughed or sneezed on by an infected person
sitting next to an infected person
hugging an infected person
A baby cannot get hepatitis A from breast milk.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"18": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 18,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the symptoms of hepatitis A?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 2
Share Your Story
Most people do not have any symptoms of hepatitis A. If symptoms of hepatitis A occur, they include
feeling tired
muscle soreness
upset stomach
fever
loss of appetite
stomach pain
diarrhea
dark-yellow urine
light-colored stools
yellowish eyes and skin, called jaundice
Symptoms of hepatitis A can occur 2 to 7 weeks after coming into contact with the virus. Children younger than age 6 may have no symptoms. Older children and adults often get mild, flulike symptoms. See a doctor right away if you or a child in your care has symptoms of hepatitis A.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"19": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 19,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How is hepatitis A diagnosed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "A blood test will show if you have hepatitis A. Blood tests are done at a doctor's office or outpatient facility. A blood sample is taken using a needle inserted into a vein in your arm or hand. The blood sample is sent to a lab to test for hepatitis A.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"20": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 20,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How is hepatitis A treated?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
Share Your Story
Hepatitis A usually gets better in a few weeks without treatment. However, some people can have symptoms for up to 6 months. Your doctor may suggest medicines to help relieve your symptoms. Talk with your doctor before taking prescription and over-the-counter medicines. See your doctor regularly to make sure your body has fully recovered. If symptoms persist after 6 months, then you should see your doctor again. When you recover, your body will have learned to fight off a future hepatitis A infection. However, you can still get other kinds of hepatitis.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"21": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 21,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How can I avoid getting hepatitis A?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Share Your Story
You can avoid getting hepatitis A by receiving the hepatitis A vaccine. Vaccines are medicines that keep you from getting sick. Vaccines teach the body to attack specific viruses and infections. The hepatitis A vaccine teaches your body to attack the hepatitis A virus. The hepatitis A vaccine is given in two shots. The second shot is given 6 to 12 months after the first shot. You should get both hepatitis A vaccine shots to be fully protected. All children should be vaccinated between 12 and 23 months of age. Discuss the hepatitis A vaccine with your child's doctor. Adults at higher risk of getting hepatitis A and people with chronic liver disease should also be vaccinated. If you are traveling to countries where hepatitis A is common, including Mexico, try to get both shots before you go. If you don't have time to get both shots before you travel, get the first shot as soon as possible. Most people gain some protection within 2 weeks after the first shot. You can also protect yourself and others from hepatitis A if you
always wash your hands with warm, soapy water after using the toilet or changing diapers and before fixing food or eating
use bottled water for drinking, making ice cubes, and washing fruits and vegetables when you are in a developing country
tell your doctor and your dentist if you have hepatitis A",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"22": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 22,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What should I do if I think I have been exposed to the hepatitis A virus?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "See your doctor right away if you think you have been in contact with the hepatitis A virus. A dose of the hepatitis A vaccine or a medicine called hepatitis A immune globulin may protect you from getting sick if taken shortly after coming into contact with the hepatitis A virus.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"23": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 23,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Eating, Diet, and Nutrition",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "If you have hepatitis A, you should do things to take care of yourself, including eating a healthy diet. Avoid drinking alcohol, which can harm the liver. Talk with your doctor before taking vitamins and other supplements.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"24": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 24,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Hope through Research",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) supports basic and clinical research into many digestive disorders, including hepatitis A. Researchers are studying new ways to prevent hepatitis A. Participants in clinical trials can play a more active role in their own health care, gain access to new research treatments before they are widely available, and help others by contributing to medical research. For information about current studies, visit www.ClinicalTrials.gov.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"25": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 25,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "For More Information",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "American Liver Foundation 75 Maiden Lane, Suite 603 New York, NY 10038–4810 Phone: 1–800–GO–LIVER (1–800–465–4837) or 212–668–1000 Fax: 212–483–8179 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.liverfoundation.org Hepatitis Foundation International 504 Blick Drive Silver Spring, MD 20904–2901 Phone: 1–800–891–0707 or 301–622–4200 Fax: 301–622–4702 Email: [email protected] Internet: www.hepfi.org",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
},
"26": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 26,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:51",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Acknowledgments",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Publications produced by the Clearinghouse are carefully reviewed by both NIDDK scientists and outside experts. The NDDIC would like to thank the following individuals for providing scientific and editorial review or facilitating field-testing of the original version of this publication: Bruce Bacon, M.D. American Liver Foundation New York, NY Theo Heller, M.D. NIDDK, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD Luby Garza-Abijaoude, M.S., R.D., L.D. Texas Department of Health Austin, TX Thelma Thiel, R.N. Hepatitis Foundation International Cedar Grove, NJ",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "A, Hepatitis (Hepatitis A)"
}
}
},
"3": {
"diseases.id": 3,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"3": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 3,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"27": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 27,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm definition and facts",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
An aneurysm is an abnormal area of localized widening of a blood vessel.
The aorta bulges at the site of an aneurysm like a weak spot on a worn tire.
Aortic aneurysms are typically spindle-shaped and involve the aorta below the arteries to the kidneys.
The most common cause of an aneurysm is arteriosclerosis. Smoking is a major risk factor.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms often do not cause symptoms. If they do, they may cause deep boring pain in the lower back or flank. Prominent abdominal pulsations may be present.
X-rays of the abdomen and other radiologic tests including ultrasound, CT, and MRI may be used in diagnosing and monitoring the aneurysm.
Rupture of an aortic aneurysm is a catastrophe.
Repair of the aneurysm can be done by surgery or endovascular stenting.
An aneurysm is an area of a localized widening (dilation) of a blood vessel. The word \"aneurysm\" is borrowed from the Greek \"aneurysma\" meaning \"a widening.\" An aortic aneurysm involves the aorta, the major artery that leaves the heart to supply blood to the body. An aortic aneurysm is a dilation or bulging of the aorta.Aortic aneurysms can develop anywhere along the length of the aorta but the majority are located in the abdominal aorta. Most of these abdominal aneurysms are located below the level of the renal arteries, the vessels that provide blood to the kidneys. Abdominal aortic aneurysms can extend into the iliac arteries.The inside walls of aneurysms are often lined with a blood clot that forms because there is stagnant blood. The wall of an aneurysm is layered, like a piece of plywood.What are the thoracic and abdominal aorta?The aorta is the large artery that exits the heart and delivers blood to the body. It begins at the aortic valve that separates the left ventricle of the heart from the aorta and prevents blood from leaking back into the heart after a contraction, when the heart pumps blood. The various sections of the aorta are named based upon the relation to the heart and the location in the body. Thus, the beginning of the aorta is referred to as the ascending aorta, followed by the arch of the aorta, then the descending aorta. The portion of the aorta that is located in the chest (thorax) is referred to as the thoracic aorta, while the abdominal aorta is located in the abdomen. The abdominal aorta extends from the diaphragm to the mid-abdomen where it splits into the iliac arteries that supply the legs with blood.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"29": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 29,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 33
Share Your Story
Most abdominal aortic aneurysms produce no symptoms (they are asymptomatic) and are discovered incidentally when an imaging test of the abdomen (CT scan or ultrasound) is performed. They can also be detected by physical examination when the health care professional feels the abdomen and listens for a bruit, the sound made by turbulent blood flow.Pain is the most common symptom when the aneurysm expands or ruptures. It often begins in the central abdomen and radiates to the back or flank. Other symptoms can occur depending upon where the aneurysm is located in the aorta and whether nearby structures are affected.Abdominal aortic aneurysms can remain asymptomatic or produce minimal symptoms for years. However, a rapidly expanding abdominal aneurysm can cause sudden onset of severe, steady, and worsening middle abdominal and back or flank pain. Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm can be catastrophic, even lethal, and is associated with abdominal distension, a pulsating abdominal mass, and shock due to massive blood loss.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"30": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 30,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 13
Share Your Story
Threatened rupture of abdominal aneurysms is a surgical emergency. Once an aneurysm ruptures, 50% of those with the aneurysm die before they reach the hospital. The longer it takes to get to the operating room, the higher the mortality.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"31": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 31,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the causes of abdominal aortic aneurysms?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The most common cause of aortic aneurysms is \"hardening of the arteries\" called arteriosclerosis. A majority of aortic aneurysms are caused by arteriosclerosis. The arteriosclerosis can weaken the aortic wall and the increased pressure of the blood being pumped through the aorta causes weakness of the inner layer of the aortic wall.The aortic wall has three layers, the tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima. The layers add strength to the aorta as well as elasticity to tolerate changes in blood pressure. Chronically increased blood pressure causes the media layer to break down and leads to the continuous, slow dilation of the aorta.Smoking is a major cause of aortic aneurysm. Studies have shown that the rate of aortic aneurysm has fallen at the same rate as population smoking rates.Other causes of aortic aneurysms
Genetic/hereditary: Genetics may play a role in developing an aortic aneurysm. The risk of having an aneurysm increases if a first-degree relative also has one. The aneurysm may present at a younger age and is also at a higher risk of rupture.
Genetic disease: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome are two connective tissue diseases that are associated with the development of aortic aneurysm. Abnormalities of the connective tissue in the layers of the aortic wall can contribute to weakness in sections of the aorta.
Post-trauma: Trauma can injure the aortic wall and cause immediate damage or it may cause an area of weakness that will form an aneurysm over time.
Arteritis: Inflammation of blood vessels as occurs in Takayasu disease, giant cell arteritis, and relapsing polychondritis can contribute to aneurysm.
Mycotic (fungal) infection: A mycotic or fungal infection may be associated with immunodeficiency, IV drug abuse, syphilis, and heart valve surgery.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"32": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 32,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What size are most abdominal aortic aneurysms?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Most aortic aneurysms are fusiform. They are shaped like a spindle (\"fusus\" means spindle in Latin) with widening all around the circumference of the aorta. (Saccular aneurysms just involve a portion of the aortic wall with a localized out pocketing).",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"33": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 33,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Who gets abdominal aortic aneurysms? Are they genetic?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms tend to occur in white males over the age of 60. In the United States, these aneurysms occur in up to 3.0% of the population. Aneurysms start to form at about age 50 and peak at age 80. Women are less likely to have aneurysms than men and African Americans are less likely to have aneurysms than Caucasians.There is a genetic component that predisposes one to developing an aneurysm; the prevalence in someone who has a first-degree relative with the condition can be as high as 25%.Collagen vascular diseases that can weaken the tissues of the aortic walls are also associated with aortic aneurysms. These diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"34": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 34,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The risk factors for aortic aneurysm are the same as those for atherosclerotic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease and include:
Cigarette smoking: This not only increases the risk of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm, but also increases the risk of aneurysm rupture. Aortic rupture is a life-threatening event where blood escapes the aorta and the patient can quickly bleed to death.
High blood pressure
Elevated blood cholesterol levels
Diabetes mellitus
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"35": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 35,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How are abdominal aortic aneurysms diagnosed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Physical examination can be the initial way the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm is made. The health care professional may be able to feel a pulsatile mass in the center of the abdomen and make the clinical diagnosis. In obese patients with a large girth, physical exam is less helpful. In very thin patients, the aorta can often be seen to pulsate under the skin and this may be a normal finding. Listening with a stethoscope may also reveal a bruit or abnormal sound from turbulence of blood within the aneurysm.In most cases, X-rays of the abdomen show calcium deposits in the aneurysm wall. But plain X-rays of the abdomen cannot determine the size and the extent of the aneurysm.Ultrasonography usually gives a clear picture of the size of an aneurysm. Ultrasound has about 98% accuracy in measuring the size of the aneurysm and is safe and noninvasive.CT scan of the abdomen is highly accurate in determining the size and extent of the aneurysm and its location in the aorta. To help plan repair, if needed, it is important to know whether the aneurysm is above or below where the renal arteries branch off to go to the kidneys and whether the aneurysm extends towards the chest or down into the iliac arteries into the legs. CT scans require dye to be injected to evaluate the blood vessels (including the aorta). People with kidney disease or dye allergies may not be candidates for CT. MRI/MRA (magnetic resonance imaging and arteriography) may be an alternative.An aortogram, an X-ray study where dye is directly injected into the aorta, was the test of choice, but CT and MRI have taken its place.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"36": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 36,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms gradually expand over time. The larger the aneurysm, the greater the risk of rupture and death. Small aneurysms can be observed and followed with repeated ultrasounds or other imaging.Guidelines for following an aneurysm are as follows:
A normal aorta measures up to 1.7 cm in a male and 1.5 cm in a female.
Aneurysms that are found incidentally or by accident that are less than 3.0 cm do not need to be re-evaluated or followed.
Aneurysms measuring 3.0 to 4.0 cm should be rechecked by ultrasound every year to monitor for potential enlargement and dilation.
Aneurysms measuring 4.0 to 4.5 cm should be monitored every 6 months by ultrasound.
Aneurysms measuring greater than 4.5 cm should be evaluated by a surgeon for potential repair.
Each patient is different and the decision to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm depends upon the size of the aneurysm, the age of the patient, underlying medical conditions, and life expectancy.There are two approaches for repair:
The first is the traditional surgical approach. A large incision is made in the abdomen, the aortic aneurysm is identified and cut out or resected. The missing piece of aorta is replaced with a synthetic graft.
The second approach is placing an endovascular graft. A catheter or tube is threaded into the femoral artery in the groin and the graft is positioned so that it spans and sits inside the aneurysm and protects it from expanding (endovascular: endo = inside + vascular = blood vessel).
The approach to treatment needs to be tailored to the individual patient and very much depends upon the location, size, and shape of the aneurysm.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"38": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 38,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the nonsurgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Once an aneurysm is detected, the goal is to try to prevent it from enlarging. Life-long control of risk factors is a must and includes the following:
Stopping cigarette smoking.
Controlling high blood pressure: Beta blocker medications may be used to control both blood pressure and to decrease the pressure within the aneurysm.
Controlling blood cholesterol.
Keeping diabetes under control.
Routine monitoring of the size of the aneurysm:
A normal aorta measures up to 1.7 cm in a male and 1.5 cm in a female.
Aneurysms that are found incidentally or by accident that are less than 3.0 cm do not need to be re-evaluated or followed.
Aneurysms measuring 3.0 to 4.0 cm should be rechecked by ultrasound every year to monitor for potential enlargement and dilation.
Aneurysms measuring 4.0 to 4.5 cm should be monitored every 6 months by ultrasound.
Aneurysms measuring greater than 4.5 cm should be evaluated by a surgeon for potential repair.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
},
"39": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 39,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:23:54",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the complications with an abdominal aortic aneurysm?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "An aortic aneurysm can leak causing an increase in the patient's abdominal pain. When pain is felt in the back or flank, the symptoms can be misdiagnosed as a kidney stone. If the diagnosis is missed or if the patient does not present for care, the aneurysm can burst or rupture causing potential catastrophe and death.Since aneurysms are associated with atherosclerosis and plaque along the aortic wall and since aneurysms often contain a clot, debris can travel, or embolize, into smaller blood vessels and cause symptoms due to decreased blood flow.Aneurysms can rarely become infected.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAA (Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm)"
}
}
},
"4": {
"diseases.id": 4,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"4": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 4,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"40": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 40,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency definition and facts*",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "*Facts medically reviewed by Charles P. Patrick, MD, PhD
Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD, antitrypsin deficiency, or alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency) is a disorder (disease) that causes the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein to be reduced or missing from the blood. This protein is necessary for healthy lungs, and the body uses it to protect the lungs from damage. If a person has low or no levels of AAT their lungs may be damaged.
Statistically, the disorder affects about one in 1500 to 3500 individuals with European ancestry. It is uncommon in Asians.
The signs and symptoms most people experience with this deficiency are:
Chronic cough
Emphysema
COPD
Liver failure
Hepatitis
Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Mutations in the gene termed SERPNA1 cause alpha –1 antitrypsin deficiency.
A patient with lung or liver disease like COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) with no obvious cause maybe AATD deficient.
Doctors can confirm the diagnosis of this deficiency with blood tests or liver biopsy.
How doctors treat AATD depends on the patient’s signs and symptoms. Examples of treatments include:
Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids can help lung problems.
Intravenous use of purified human ATT (Prolastin) raise the level of ATT in the blood and lungs (augmentation therapy) - end stage lung and liver disease may need transplantation of these organs as a definitive treatment.
Management of AATD involves pulmonary function tests, liver function monitoring and yearly vaccinations against influenza. Moreover, doctors recommend that patient’s with the deficiency be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and pneumococcus.
Stop smoking or reduce exposure to secondhand smoke.
Reduce exposure to environmental pollutants.
The prognosis for someone with this problem is quite variable, and is related to the development and progression of severity of the symptoms. However, many people have a somewhat shortened lifespan. If the symptoms are severe, the prognosis can be very poor.
Medical professionals refer to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
AAT
AATD
Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor
Alpha-1 related emphysema
Genetic emphysema
Hereditary pulmonary emphysema
Inherited emphysema
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"41": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 41,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a disorder that causes a deficiency or absence of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein in the blood. AAT is made in the liver and sent through the bloodstream to the lungs, to protect the lungs from damage. Having low levels of ATT (or no ATT) can allow the lungs to become damaged, making breathing hard. Age of onset and severity of AATD can vary based on how much ATT an affected person is missing. In adults, symptoms may include shortness of breath; reduced ability to exercise; wheezing; respiratory infections; fatigue; vision problems; and weight loss. Some people have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Liver disease (cirrhosis) may occur in affected children or adults. Rarely, AATD can cause a skin condition called panniculitis.[1] AATD is caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene and is inherited in a codominant manner.[2] Treatment is based on each person's symptoms and may include bronchodilators; antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections; intravenous therapy of AAT; and/or lung transplantation in severe cases.[1][3]",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"42": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 42,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Chart of signs and symptoms of lung and liver disease caused by AATD",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 11
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The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) provides the following list of features that have been reported in people with this condition. Much of the information in the HPO comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. If available, the list includes a rough estimate of how common a feature is (its frequency). Frequencies are based on a specific study and may not be representative of all studies.Signs and Symptoms of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin DeficiencySigns and SymptomsApproximate number of patients (when available)EmphysemaVery frequent (present in 80%-90% of cases)Hepatic failure (liver failure)Very frequent (present in 80%-90% of cases)Hepatitis (liver inflammation or infection)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)An abnormally enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)Jaundice (signs of a liver problem)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)Cirrhosis (a complication of liver disease)Occasional (present in 5%-29% of cases)Autosomal recessive inheritanceCOPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)Elevated hepatic transaminasesLiver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"43": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 43,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How common is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency occurs worldwide, but its prevalence varies by population. This disorder affects about 1 in 1,500 to 3,500 individuals with European ancestry. It is uncommon in people of Asian descent. Many individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are likely undiagnosed, particularly people with a lung condition called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD can be caused by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency; however, the alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is often never diagnosed. Some people with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are misdiagnosed with asthma.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"44": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 44,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What gene mutations cause alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 2
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Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene cause alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.The SERPINA1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin. This protein protects the body from being damaged by a powerful enzyme called neutrophil elastase. Neutrophil elastase is released from white blood cells to fight infection, but it can attack normal tissues (such as lung tissue) if not carefully controlled by alpha-1 antitrypsin. Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene can lead to a shortage (deficiency) of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein or an abnormal form of the protein that cannot control neutrophil elastase. Uncontrolled, neutrophil elastase destroys alveoli, which can lead to emphysema. The abnormal form of alpha-1 antitrypsin can also accumulate in the liver and may damage this organ.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"45": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 45,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What tests diagnose AATD?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "AATD may first be suspected in people with evidence of liver disease at any age, or lung disease (such as emphysema), especially when there is no obvious cause or it is diagnosed at a younger age.Confirming the diagnosis involves a blood test showing a low serum concentration of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein, and either:
detecting a functionally deficient AAT protein variant by isoelectric focusing (a method for detecting mutations); or
detecting SERPINA1 gene mutations on both copies of the gene with molecular genetic testing. (This confirms the diagnosis when the above-mentioned tests are not performed or their results are not in agreement.)[3]
Specialists involved in the diagnosis may include primary care doctors, pulmonologists (lung specialists), and/or hepatologists (liver specialists).[4]",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"46": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 46,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency treatment and management guidelines",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Treatment of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) depends on the symptoms and severity in each person. COPD and other related lung diseases are typically treated with standard therapy.[3][4] Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids can help open the airways and make breathing easier.[4]Intravenous augmentation therapy (regular infusion of purified, human AAT to increase AAT concentrations) has been recommended for people with established fixed airflow obstruction (determined by a specific lung function test).[3] This therapy raises the level of the AAT protein in the blood and lungs.[4]Lung transplantation may be an appropriate option for people with end-stage lung disease. Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for advanced liver disease.[3]When present, panniculitis may resolve on its own or after dapsone or doxycycline therapy. When this therapy does not help, it has responded to intravenous augmentation therapy in higher than usual doses.[3]All people with severe AATD should have pulmonary function tests every 6 to 12 months. Those with ATT serum concentrations 10% to 20% of normal should have periodic evaluation of liver function to detect liver disease. People with established liver disease should have periodic ultrasounds of the liver to monitor for fibrotic changes and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma).[3]Yearly vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcus are recommended to lessen the progression of lung disease. Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is recommended to lessen the risk of liver disease. People with AATD should avoid smoking and occupations with exposure to environmental pollutants.[3]Parents, older and younger siblings, and children of a person with severe AATD should be evaluated to identify as early as possible those who would benefit from treatment and preventive measures.[3]Management guidelines
GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions.
Orphanet Emergency Guidelines is an article which is expert-authored and peer-reviewed that is intended to guide health care professionals in emergency situations involving this condition
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"47": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 47,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "FDA approved treatment medications for AATD",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition.Alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor (Human) (Brand name: Prolastin) - Manufactured by Grifols United States: FDA-approved indication: For chronic replacement therapy of individuals having congenital deficiency of alpha1- proteinase inhibitor with clinically demonstrable panacinar emphysema.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"48": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 48,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What's the prognosis and life expectancy for a person with AATD?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The prognosis of a genetic condition includes its likely course, duration, and outcome. When health professionals refer to the prognosis of a disease, they may also mean the chance of recovery; however, most genetic conditions are life-long and are managed rather than cured.Disease prognosis has multiple aspects, including:
How long a person with the disorder is likely to live (life expectancy)
Whether the signs and symptoms worsen (and how quickly) or are stable over time
Quality of life, such as independence in daily activities
Potential for complications and associated health
The prognosis of a genetic condition depends on many factors, including the specific diagnosis and an individual's particular signs and symptoms. Sometimes the associated genetic change, if known, can also give clues to the prognosis. Additionally, the course and outcome of a condition depends on the availability and effectiveness of treatment and management approaches. The prognosis of very rare diseases can be difficult to predict because so few affected individuals have been identified. Prognosis may also be difficult or impossible to establish if a person's diagnosis is unknown.The prognoses of genetic disorders vary widely, often even among people with the same condition. Some genetic disorders cause physical and developmental problems that are so severe they are incompatible with life. These conditions may cause a miscarriage of an affected embryo or fetus, or an affected infant may be stillborn or die shortly after birth. People with less severe genetic conditions may live into childhood or adulthood but have a shortened lifespan due to health problems related to their disorder. Genetic conditions with a milder course may be associated with a normal lifespan and few related health issues.The prognosis of a disease is based on probability, which means that it is likely but not certain that the disorder will follow a particular course. Your healthcare provider is the best resource for information about the prognosis of your specific genetic condition. He or she can assess your medical history and signs and symptoms to give you the most accurate estimate of your prognosis.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AAT (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"49": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 49,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:05",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Where can I find information about treatment for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 7
Share Your Story
These resources address the management of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and may include treatment providers.
Alpha1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD, antitrypsin deficiency, or alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency) is a disorder (disease) that causes the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein to be reduced or missing from the blood. This protein is necessary for healthy lungs, and the body uses it to protect the lungs from damage. If a person has low or no levels of AAT their lungs may be damaged.
Statistically, the disorder affects about one in 1500 to 3500 individuals with European ancestry. It is uncommon in Asians.
The signs and symptoms most people experience with this deficiency are:
Chronic cough
Emphysema
COPD
Liver failure
Hepatitis
Hepatomegaly (enlarged liver)
Jaundice
Cirrhosis
Mutations in the gene termed SERPNA1 cause alpha –1 antitrypsin deficiency.
A patient with lung or liver disease like COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease) with no obvious cause maybe AATD deficient.
Doctors can confirm the diagnosis of this deficiency with blood tests or liver biopsy.
How doctors treat AATD depends on the patient’s signs and symptoms. Examples of treatments include:
Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids can help lung problems.
Intravenous use of purified human ATT (Prolastin) raise the level of ATT in the blood and lungs (augmentation therapy) - end stage lung and liver disease may need transplantation of these organs as a definitive treatment.
Management of AATD involves pulmonary function tests, liver function monitoring and yearly vaccinations against influenza. Moreover, doctors recommend that patient’s with the deficiency be vaccinated against hepatitis A and B, and pneumococcus.
Stop smoking or reduce exposure to secondhand smoke.
Reduce exposure to environmental pollutants.
The prognosis for someone with this problem is quite variable, and is related to the development and progression of severity of the symptoms. However, many people have a somewhat shortened lifespan. If the symptoms are severe, the prognosis can be very poor.
Medical professionals refer to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.
AAT
AATD
Alpha-1 proteinase inhibitor
Alpha-1 related emphysema
Genetic emphysema
Hereditary pulmonary emphysema
Inherited emphysema
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"51": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 51,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:15",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD)?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is a disorder that causes a deficiency or absence of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein in the blood. AAT is made in the liver and sent through the bloodstream to the lungs, to protect the lungs from damage. Having low levels of ATT (or no ATT) can allow the lungs to become damaged, making breathing hard. Age of onset and severity of AATD can vary based on how much ATT an affected person is missing. In adults, symptoms may include shortness of breath; reduced ability to exercise; wheezing; respiratory infections; fatigue; vision problems; and weight loss. Some people have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or asthma. Liver disease (cirrhosis) may occur in affected children or adults. Rarely, AATD can cause a skin condition called panniculitis.[1] AATD is caused by mutations in the SERPINA1 gene and is inherited in a codominant manner.[2] Treatment is based on each person's symptoms and may include bronchodilators; antibiotics for upper respiratory tract infections; intravenous therapy of AAT; and/or lung transplantation in severe cases.[1][3]",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"52": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 52,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:15",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Chart of signs and symptoms of lung and liver disease caused by AATD",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 11
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The Human Phenotype Ontology (HPO) provides the following list of features that have been reported in people with this condition. Much of the information in the HPO comes from Orphanet, a European rare disease database. If available, the list includes a rough estimate of how common a feature is (its frequency). Frequencies are based on a specific study and may not be representative of all studies.Signs and Symptoms of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin DeficiencySigns and SymptomsApproximate number of patients (when available)EmphysemaVery frequent (present in 80%-90% of cases)Hepatic failure (liver failure)Very frequent (present in 80%-90% of cases)Hepatitis (liver inflammation or infection)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)An abnormally enlarged liver (hepatomegaly)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)Jaundice (signs of a liver problem)Frequent (present in 30%-79% of cases)Cirrhosis (a complication of liver disease)Occasional (present in 5%-29% of cases)Autosomal recessive inheritanceCOPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease)Shortness of breath (Dyspnea)Elevated hepatic transaminasesLiver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma)",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"53": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 53,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:15",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How common is alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency occurs worldwide, but its prevalence varies by population. This disorder affects about 1 in 1,500 to 3,500 individuals with European ancestry. It is uncommon in people of Asian descent. Many individuals with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are likely undiagnosed, particularly people with a lung condition called chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD can be caused by alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency; however, the alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency is often never diagnosed. Some people with alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency are misdiagnosed with asthma.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"54": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 54,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:15",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What gene mutations cause alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 2
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Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene cause alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency.The SERPINA1 gene provides instructions for making a protein called alpha-1 antitrypsin. This protein protects the body from being damaged by a powerful enzyme called neutrophil elastase. Neutrophil elastase is released from white blood cells to fight infection, but it can attack normal tissues (such as lung tissue) if not carefully controlled by alpha-1 antitrypsin. Mutations in the SERPINA1 gene can lead to a shortage (deficiency) of alpha-1 antitrypsin protein or an abnormal form of the protein that cannot control neutrophil elastase. Uncontrolled, neutrophil elastase destroys alveoli, which can lead to emphysema. The abnormal form of alpha-1 antitrypsin can also accumulate in the liver and may damage this organ.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"55": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 55,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:15",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What tests diagnose AATD?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "AATD may first be suspected in people with evidence of liver disease at any age, or lung disease (such as emphysema), especially when there is no obvious cause or it is diagnosed at a younger age.Confirming the diagnosis involves a blood test showing a low serum concentration of the alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) protein, and either:
detecting a functionally deficient AAT protein variant by isoelectric focusing (a method for detecting mutations); or
detecting SERPINA1 gene mutations on both copies of the gene with molecular genetic testing. (This confirms the diagnosis when the above-mentioned tests are not performed or their results are not in agreement.)[3]
Specialists involved in the diagnosis may include primary care doctors, pulmonologists (lung specialists), and/or hepatologists (liver specialists).[4]",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"56": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 56,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:15",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency treatment and management guidelines",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Treatment of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) depends on the symptoms and severity in each person. COPD and other related lung diseases are typically treated with standard therapy.[3][4] Bronchodilators and inhaled steroids can help open the airways and make breathing easier.[4]Intravenous augmentation therapy (regular infusion of purified, human AAT to increase AAT concentrations) has been recommended for people with established fixed airflow obstruction (determined by a specific lung function test).[3] This therapy raises the level of the AAT protein in the blood and lungs.[4]Lung transplantation may be an appropriate option for people with end-stage lung disease. Liver transplantation is the definitive treatment for advanced liver disease.[3]When present, panniculitis may resolve on its own or after dapsone or doxycycline therapy. When this therapy does not help, it has responded to intravenous augmentation therapy in higher than usual doses.[3]All people with severe AATD should have pulmonary function tests every 6 to 12 months. Those with ATT serum concentrations 10% to 20% of normal should have periodic evaluation of liver function to detect liver disease. People with established liver disease should have periodic ultrasounds of the liver to monitor for fibrotic changes and liver cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma).[3]Yearly vaccinations against influenza and pneumococcus are recommended to lessen the progression of lung disease. Vaccination against hepatitis A and B is recommended to lessen the risk of liver disease. People with AATD should avoid smoking and occupations with exposure to environmental pollutants.[3]Parents, older and younger siblings, and children of a person with severe AATD should be evaluated to identify as early as possible those who would benefit from treatment and preventive measures.[3]Management guidelines
GeneReviews provides current, expert-authored, peer-reviewed, full-text articles describing the application of genetic testing to the diagnosis, management, and genetic counseling of patients with specific inherited conditions.
Orphanet Emergency Guidelines is an article which is expert-authored and peer-reviewed that is intended to guide health care professionals in emergency situations involving this condition
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"57": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 57,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:15",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "FDA approved treatment medications for AATD",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The medication(s) listed below have been approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) as orphan products for treatment of this condition.Alpha1-Proteinase Inhibitor (Human) (Brand name: Prolastin) - Manufactured by Grifols United States: FDA-approved indication: For chronic replacement therapy of individuals having congenital deficiency of alpha1- proteinase inhibitor with clinically demonstrable panacinar emphysema.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"58": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 58,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:15",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What's the prognosis and life expectancy for a person with AATD?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The prognosis of a genetic condition includes its likely course, duration, and outcome. When health professionals refer to the prognosis of a disease, they may also mean the chance of recovery; however, most genetic conditions are life-long and are managed rather than cured.Disease prognosis has multiple aspects, including:
How long a person with the disorder is likely to live (life expectancy)
Whether the signs and symptoms worsen (and how quickly) or are stable over time
Quality of life, such as independence in daily activities
Potential for complications and associated health
The prognosis of a genetic condition depends on many factors, including the specific diagnosis and an individual's particular signs and symptoms. Sometimes the associated genetic change, if known, can also give clues to the prognosis. Additionally, the course and outcome of a condition depends on the availability and effectiveness of treatment and management approaches. The prognosis of very rare diseases can be difficult to predict because so few affected individuals have been identified. Prognosis may also be difficult or impossible to establish if a person's diagnosis is unknown.The prognoses of genetic disorders vary widely, often even among people with the same condition. Some genetic disorders cause physical and developmental problems that are so severe they are incompatible with life. These conditions may cause a miscarriage of an affected embryo or fetus, or an affected infant may be stillborn or die shortly after birth. People with less severe genetic conditions may live into childhood or adulthood but have a shortened lifespan due to health problems related to their disorder. Genetic conditions with a milder course may be associated with a normal lifespan and few related health issues.The prognosis of a disease is based on probability, which means that it is likely but not certain that the disorder will follow a particular course. Your healthcare provider is the best resource for information about the prognosis of your specific genetic condition. He or she can assess your medical history and signs and symptoms to give you the most accurate estimate of your prognosis.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "AATD (Alpha 1 Antitrypsin Deficiency)"
},
"59": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 59,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:15",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Where can I find information about treatment for alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 7
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These resources address the management of alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency and may include treatment providers.
Abdominal adhesions are bands of scar tissue that form between abdominal tissues and organs, causing them to stick together.
Symptoms caused by abdominal adhesions vary; however, most adhesions do not cause symptoms.
Typical symptoms caused by abdominal adhesions include abdominal discomfort around the belly button that is cramp-like followed by distention of the abdomen. Symptoms may become intense with obstruction.
Abdominal surgery is the most frequent cause of abdominal adhesions. Other causes of abdominal adhesions include inflammation of an organ such as cholecystitis or appendicitis, peritonitis, foreign objects left inside the abdomen at the time of surgery, bleeding into the peritoneal cavity, or inflammatory conditions such as pelvic inflammatory disease.
At the sites of where abdominal adhesions occur, the intestine can twist on itself, and the twisting may obstruct the normal movement of its contents (particularly in the small intestine).
Abdominal adhesions that cause a complete intestinal obstruction may be life-threatening and require immediate medical attention and often surgery.
Abdominal adhesions can cause female infertility by preventing fertilized eggs from reaching the uterus, where fetal development takes place.
No tests are available to diagnose adhesions, and adhesions cannot be seen through imaging techniques such as X-rays or ultrasound.
An intestinal obstruction can be seen through abdominal X-rays, barium contrast studies (lower or upper GI series), and computerized tomography (CT).
The treatment for abdominal adhesions is either laparoscopic surgery or open surgery whereby the adhesions are cut by scalpel or electric current.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
},
"61": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 61,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are abdominal adhesions?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Abdominal adhesions are bands of tissue that form between abdominal tissues and organs. these vary from a consistency of wet tissue paper, which are of little significance, to a strong, fibrous band that can readily cause obstruction. Normally, internal tissues and organs have slippery surfaces, which allow them to shift easily as the body moves. Adhesions cause tissues and organs to stick together. Picture of the organs and glands in the abodmen The intestines are part of the digestive system. Abdominal adhesions can cause an intestinal obstruction. Although most adhesions cause no symptoms or problems, others cause chronic abdominal or pelvic pain. Adhesions are also a major cause of intestinal obstruction and female infertility.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
},
"62": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 62,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What causes abdominal adhesions?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 29
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Abdominal surgery is the most frequent cause of abdominal adhesions. Almost everyone who undergoes abdominal surgery develops adhesions; however, the risk is greater after operations on the lower abdomen and pelvis, including bowel and gynecological surgeries. Adhesions can become larger and tighter as time passes, causing problems years after surgery. Surgery-induced causes of abdominal adhesions include
tissue incisions, especially those involving internal organs
the handling of internal organs
the drying out of internal organs and tissues
contact of internal tissues with foreign materials, such as gauze, surgical gloves, and stitches
blood or blood clots that were not rinsed out during surgery
A less common cause of abdominal adhesions is inflammation from sources not related to surgery, including
appendicitis - in particular, appendix rupture
radiation treatment for cancer
gynecological infections
abdominal infections
Rarely, abdominal adhesions form without apparent cause.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
},
"63": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 63,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How can abdominal adhesions cause intestinal obstruction?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Abdominal adhesions can kink, twist, or pull the intestines out of place, causing an intestinal obstruction. An intestinal obstruction partially or completely restricts the movement of food or stool through the intestines. A complete intestinal obstruction is life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention and often surgery.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
},
"64": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 64,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How can abdominal adhesions cause female infertility?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 5
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Abdominal adhesions cause female infertility by preventing fertilized eggs from reaching the uterus, where fetal development takes place. Adhesions can kink, twist, or pull out of place the fallopian tubes, which carry eggs from the ovaries - where eggs are stored and released - to the uterus.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
},
"65": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 65,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the symptoms of abdominal adhesions?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 25
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Although most abdominal adhesions go unnoticed, the most common symptom is chronic abdominal or pelvic pain. The pain often mimics that of other conditions, including appendicitis, endometriosis, and diverticulitis.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
},
"66": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 66,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the symptoms of an intestinal obstruction?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Symptoms of an intestinal obstruction include
severe abdominal pain, nausea, or cramping
vomiting
bloating
loud bowel sounds
swelling of the abdomen
inability to pass gas
constipation
A person with these symptoms should seek medical attention immediately.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
},
"67": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 67,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions diagnosed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 7
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No tests are available to diagnose adhesions, and adhesions cannot be seen through imaging techniques such as X-rays or ultrasound. Most adhesions are found during exploratory surgery. An intestinal obstruction, however, can be seen through abdominal X-rays, barium contrast studies - also called a lower GI series - and computerized tomography.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
},
"68": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 68,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How are abdominal adhesions and intestinal obstructions treated?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 11
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Treatment for abdominal adhesions is usually not necessary, as most do not cause problems. Surgery is currently the only way to break adhesions that cause pain, intestinal obstruction, or fertility problems. More surgery, however, carries the risk of additional adhesions and is avoided when possible. A complete intestinal obstruction usually requires immediate surgery. A partial obstruction can sometimes be relieved with a liquid or low-residue diet. A low-residue diet is high in dairy products, low in fiber, and more easily broken down into smaller particles by the digestive system.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
},
"69": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 69,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:23",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Can abdominal adhesions be prevented?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Abdominal adhesions are difficult to prevent. However, careful, gentle, surgical techniques can minimize the formation of adhesions. Laparoscopic surgery avoids opening up the abdomen with a large incision. Instead, the abdomen is inflated with gas (carbon dioxide) while special surgical tools and a video camera are threaded through a few, small abdominal incisions. Inflating the abdomen gives the surgeon room to operate. If a large abdominal incision is required, a special filmlike material (Seprafilm) can be inserted between organs or between the organs and the abdominal incision at the end of surgery. The filmlike material, which looks similar to wax paper, is absorbed by the body in about a week and tends to minimize adhesion formation. Other steps during surgery to reduce adhesion formation include using starch- and latex-free gloves, handling tissues and organs gently, shortening surgery time, and not allowing tissues to dry out.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Adhesions (Scar Tissue)"
}
}
},
"7": {
"diseases.id": 7,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"7": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 7,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"70": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 70,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Abdominal aortic aneurysm definition and facts",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
An aneurysm is an abnormal area of localized widening of a blood vessel.
The aorta bulges at the site of an aneurysm like a weak spot on a worn tire.
Aortic aneurysms are typically spindle-shaped and involve the aorta below the arteries to the kidneys.
The most common cause of an aneurysm is arteriosclerosis. Smoking is a major risk factor.
Abdominal aortic aneurysms often do not cause symptoms. If they do, they may cause deep boring pain in the lower back or flank. Prominent abdominal pulsations may be present.
X-rays of the abdomen and other radiologic tests including ultrasound, CT, and MRI may be used in diagnosing and monitoring the aneurysm.
Rupture of an aortic aneurysm is a catastrophe.
Repair of the aneurysm can be done by surgery or endovascular stenting.
An aneurysm is an area of a localized widening (dilation) of a blood vessel. The word \"aneurysm\" is borrowed from the Greek \"aneurysma\" meaning \"a widening.\" An aortic aneurysm involves the aorta, the major artery that leaves the heart to supply blood to the body. An aortic aneurysm is a dilation or bulging of the aorta.Aortic aneurysms can develop anywhere along the length of the aorta but the majority are located in the abdominal aorta. Most of these abdominal aneurysms are located below the level of the renal arteries, the vessels that provide blood to the kidneys. Abdominal aortic aneurysms can extend into the iliac arteries.The inside walls of aneurysms are often lined with a blood clot that forms because there is stagnant blood. The wall of an aneurysm is layered, like a piece of plywood.What are the thoracic and abdominal aorta?The aorta is the large artery that exits the heart and delivers blood to the body. It begins at the aortic valve that separates the left ventricle of the heart from the aorta and prevents blood from leaking back into the heart after a contraction, when the heart pumps blood. The various sections of the aorta are named based upon the relation to the heart and the location in the body. Thus, the beginning of the aorta is referred to as the ascending aorta, followed by the arch of the aorta, then the descending aorta. The portion of the aorta that is located in the chest (thorax) is referred to as the thoracic aorta, while the abdominal aorta is located in the abdomen. The abdominal aorta extends from the diaphragm to the mid-abdomen where it splits into the iliac arteries that supply the legs with blood.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"72": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 72,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the symptoms of an abdominal aortic aneurysm?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 33
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Most abdominal aortic aneurysms produce no symptoms (they are asymptomatic) and are discovered incidentally when an imaging test of the abdomen (CT scan or ultrasound) is performed. They can also be detected by physical examination when the health care professional feels the abdomen and listens for a bruit, the sound made by turbulent blood flow.Pain is the most common symptom when the aneurysm expands or ruptures. It often begins in the central abdomen and radiates to the back or flank. Other symptoms can occur depending upon where the aneurysm is located in the aorta and whether nearby structures are affected.Abdominal aortic aneurysms can remain asymptomatic or produce minimal symptoms for years. However, a rapidly expanding abdominal aneurysm can cause sudden onset of severe, steady, and worsening middle abdominal and back or flank pain. Rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm can be catastrophic, even lethal, and is associated with abdominal distension, a pulsating abdominal mass, and shock due to massive blood loss.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"73": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 73,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is a ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 13
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Threatened rupture of abdominal aneurysms is a surgical emergency. Once an aneurysm ruptures, 50% of those with the aneurysm die before they reach the hospital. The longer it takes to get to the operating room, the higher the mortality.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"74": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 74,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the causes of abdominal aortic aneurysms?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The most common cause of aortic aneurysms is \"hardening of the arteries\" called arteriosclerosis. A majority of aortic aneurysms are caused by arteriosclerosis. The arteriosclerosis can weaken the aortic wall and the increased pressure of the blood being pumped through the aorta causes weakness of the inner layer of the aortic wall.The aortic wall has three layers, the tunica adventitia, tunica media, and tunica intima. The layers add strength to the aorta as well as elasticity to tolerate changes in blood pressure. Chronically increased blood pressure causes the media layer to break down and leads to the continuous, slow dilation of the aorta.Smoking is a major cause of aortic aneurysm. Studies have shown that the rate of aortic aneurysm has fallen at the same rate as population smoking rates.Other causes of aortic aneurysms
Genetic/hereditary: Genetics may play a role in developing an aortic aneurysm. The risk of having an aneurysm increases if a first-degree relative also has one. The aneurysm may present at a younger age and is also at a higher risk of rupture.
Genetic disease: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome and Marfan syndrome are two connective tissue diseases that are associated with the development of aortic aneurysm. Abnormalities of the connective tissue in the layers of the aortic wall can contribute to weakness in sections of the aorta.
Post-trauma: Trauma can injure the aortic wall and cause immediate damage or it may cause an area of weakness that will form an aneurysm over time.
Arteritis: Inflammation of blood vessels as occurs in Takayasu disease, giant cell arteritis, and relapsing polychondritis can contribute to aneurysm.
Mycotic (fungal) infection: A mycotic or fungal infection may be associated with immunodeficiency, IV drug abuse, syphilis, and heart valve surgery.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"75": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 75,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What size are most abdominal aortic aneurysms?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Most aortic aneurysms are fusiform. They are shaped like a spindle (\"fusus\" means spindle in Latin) with widening all around the circumference of the aorta. (Saccular aneurysms just involve a portion of the aortic wall with a localized out pocketing).",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"76": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 76,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Who gets abdominal aortic aneurysms? Are they genetic?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms tend to occur in white males over the age of 60. In the United States, these aneurysms occur in up to 3.0% of the population. Aneurysms start to form at about age 50 and peak at age 80. Women are less likely to have aneurysms than men and African Americans are less likely to have aneurysms than Caucasians.There is a genetic component that predisposes one to developing an aneurysm; the prevalence in someone who has a first-degree relative with the condition can be as high as 25%.Collagen vascular diseases that can weaken the tissues of the aortic walls are also associated with aortic aneurysms. These diseases include Marfan syndrome and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"77": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 77,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The risk factors for aortic aneurysm are the same as those for atherosclerotic heart disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease and include:
Cigarette smoking: This not only increases the risk of developing an abdominal aortic aneurysm, but also increases the risk of aneurysm rupture. Aortic rupture is a life-threatening event where blood escapes the aorta and the patient can quickly bleed to death.
High blood pressure
Elevated blood cholesterol levels
Diabetes mellitus
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"78": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 78,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How are abdominal aortic aneurysms diagnosed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Physical examination can be the initial way the diagnosis of abdominal aortic aneurysm is made. The health care professional may be able to feel a pulsatile mass in the center of the abdomen and make the clinical diagnosis. In obese patients with a large girth, physical exam is less helpful. In very thin patients, the aorta can often be seen to pulsate under the skin and this may be a normal finding. Listening with a stethoscope may also reveal a bruit or abnormal sound from turbulence of blood within the aneurysm.In most cases, X-rays of the abdomen show calcium deposits in the aneurysm wall. But plain X-rays of the abdomen cannot determine the size and the extent of the aneurysm.Ultrasonography usually gives a clear picture of the size of an aneurysm. Ultrasound has about 98% accuracy in measuring the size of the aneurysm and is safe and noninvasive.CT scan of the abdomen is highly accurate in determining the size and extent of the aneurysm and its location in the aorta. To help plan repair, if needed, it is important to know whether the aneurysm is above or below where the renal arteries branch off to go to the kidneys and whether the aneurysm extends towards the chest or down into the iliac arteries into the legs. CT scans require dye to be injected to evaluate the blood vessels (including the aorta). People with kidney disease or dye allergies may not be candidates for CT. MRI/MRA (magnetic resonance imaging and arteriography) may be an alternative.An aortogram, an X-ray study where dye is directly injected into the aorta, was the test of choice, but CT and MRI have taken its place.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"79": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 79,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the treatment for abdominal aortic aneurysms?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Abdominal aortic aneurysms gradually expand over time. The larger the aneurysm, the greater the risk of rupture and death. Small aneurysms can be observed and followed with repeated ultrasounds or other imaging.Guidelines for following an aneurysm are as follows:
A normal aorta measures up to 1.7 cm in a male and 1.5 cm in a female.
Aneurysms that are found incidentally or by accident that are less than 3.0 cm do not need to be re-evaluated or followed.
Aneurysms measuring 3.0 to 4.0 cm should be rechecked by ultrasound every year to monitor for potential enlargement and dilation.
Aneurysms measuring 4.0 to 4.5 cm should be monitored every 6 months by ultrasound.
Aneurysms measuring greater than 4.5 cm should be evaluated by a surgeon for potential repair.
Each patient is different and the decision to repair an abdominal aortic aneurysm depends upon the size of the aneurysm, the age of the patient, underlying medical conditions, and life expectancy.There are two approaches for repair:
The first is the traditional surgical approach. A large incision is made in the abdomen, the aortic aneurysm is identified and cut out or resected. The missing piece of aorta is replaced with a synthetic graft.
The second approach is placing an endovascular graft. A catheter or tube is threaded into the femoral artery in the groin and the graft is positioned so that it spans and sits inside the aneurysm and protects it from expanding (endovascular: endo = inside + vascular = blood vessel).
The approach to treatment needs to be tailored to the individual patient and very much depends upon the location, size, and shape of the aneurysm.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"81": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 81,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the nonsurgical management of abdominal aortic aneurysm?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Once an aneurysm is detected, the goal is to try to prevent it from enlarging. Life-long control of risk factors is a must and includes the following:
Stopping cigarette smoking.
Controlling high blood pressure: Beta blocker medications may be used to control both blood pressure and to decrease the pressure within the aneurysm.
Controlling blood cholesterol.
Keeping diabetes under control.
Routine monitoring of the size of the aneurysm:
A normal aorta measures up to 1.7 cm in a male and 1.5 cm in a female.
Aneurysms that are found incidentally or by accident that are less than 3.0 cm do not need to be re-evaluated or followed.
Aneurysms measuring 3.0 to 4.0 cm should be rechecked by ultrasound every year to monitor for potential enlargement and dilation.
Aneurysms measuring 4.0 to 4.5 cm should be monitored every 6 months by ultrasound.
Aneurysms measuring greater than 4.5 cm should be evaluated by a surgeon for potential repair.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
},
"82": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 82,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:28",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the complications with an abdominal aortic aneurysm?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "An aortic aneurysm can leak causing an increase in the patient's abdominal pain. When pain is felt in the back or flank, the symptoms can be misdiagnosed as a kidney stone. If the diagnosis is missed or if the patient does not present for care, the aneurysm can burst or rupture causing potential catastrophe and death.Since aneurysms are associated with atherosclerosis and plaque along the aortic wall and since aneurysms often contain a clot, debris can travel, or embolize, into smaller blood vessels and cause symptoms due to decreased blood flow.Aneurysms can rarely become infected.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm"
}
}
},
"8": {
"diseases.id": 8,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"8": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 8,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"83": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 83,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Heat cramps facts",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Heat cramps are intermittent, involuntary spasms of larger muscles that occur in an individual who is physically active in hot weather.
Heat cramps, heat exhaustion, and heat stroke are collectively known as heat-related illness. Heat cramps are the least serious of the three, but still may be very painful and alarming.
Heat cramps usually affect the major muscles that are being stressed in a hot environment.
Individuals at risk for heat cramps include those who work, exercise, or are active in a hot environment.
Individuals with impaired temperature control mechanisms, such as infants, young children, and the elderly, are also at a greater risk of heat cramps.
Heat cramps are the earliest symptoms of a heat-related illness.
Symptoms of heat cramps include profuse sweating with involuntary spasms of the large muscles in the body.
Heat cramps also may be a symptom of heat exhaustion.
The diagnosis of heat cramps is usually made by reviewing the patient history and identifying the muscle groups that are involuntarily in spasm.
Treatment of heat cramps include rest, cooling the body, hydration, and stretching the muscles that are cramping.
Heat cramps can be prevented by avoiding exercise or work during the heat of the day, drinking plenty of fluids, and resting in cool or shaded areas when possible.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
},
"84": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 84,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are heat cramps?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Heat cramps are the intermittent, involuntary spasm of muscles that occur in an individual who is physically active (for example, working or exercising) in hot or humid weather. They are often associated with dehydration. Heat cramps usually affect the major muscles that are being stressed in the hot environment. Most often these are the thigh and leg (quadriceps, hamstrings, gastrocnemius), the core muscles (abdominal wall and back) and the arm muscles (biceps, triceps). Heat cramps can also occur after the activity has been completed. For example, construction workers or roofers can develop cramps a few hours after their work shift is over.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
},
"85": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 85,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Who is at risk for heat cramps?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "While heat cramps tend to affect those who are active in a hot environment, it should be noted that heat cramps are one of the symptoms associated with heat exhaustion as part of the spectrum of heat-related illness. Those individuals who have impaired temperature control mechanisms are at higher risk for developing heat-related illness. The body's most effective way of cooling itself is through sweat, and then the sweat evaporates into the environment. Those at most risk for heat cramps include:
Infants and young children because they depend upon others to avoid the heat, dress them appropriately (avoid swaddling an infant since it prevents air movement over the skin to promote sweat evaporation) and provide enough fluid to drink
The elderly because they may have underlying medical conditions, including heart and lung disease, and they can easily become dehydrated
People who live by themselves or who cannot afford air conditioning are at higher risk for heat related illness
A variety of medications can impair the body's sweat and heat regulation. Examples of drugs include medication prescribed for psychiatric conditions, including antipsychotic medications and tranquilizers. Over-the-counter cold medications and antihistamines also impair the body's temperature control mechanism.
While it was thought that dehydration and electrolyte imbalance was the cause of muscle cramping, there are alternative theories as to why muscles cramp when the body is exposed to heat. Since heat cramps begin after significant exercise in a hot environment where the affected individual begins sweating profusely, the theory was that muscles were depleted of water and sodium affecting their ability to contract and relax. Some new research suggests that as the muscles tire from excess activity and work, the ability for the muscle to regulate its own contraction is lost and this is called altered neuromuscular control. Regardless of the cause, the diagnosis and treatment for heat cramps remain the same.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
},
"87": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 87,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the signs and symptoms of heat cramps?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
Share Your Story
Heat cramps are the earliest symptoms of the spectrum of heat-related illness.
There is usually significant sweating with involuntary spasm of the large muscles in the body.
The muscles that cramp are usually those that have been stressed.
Runners and football players tend to get leg muscle cramps, but people who lift objects as part of their job can get cramps in the muscles of the arms or the core trunk muscles like the abdominal muscles (rectus abdominus).
Heat cramps usually begin after significant activity has occurred, but they also can occur hours after the activity has been completed.
Do individuals with heat cramps tend only to have muscle cramps? If an individual has other signs or symptoms such as lightheadedness, weakness, nausea and vomiting, and headache he or she may be suffering from heat exhaustion. Affected individuals who have stopped sweating or who develop a fever and become confused may be developing heat stroke, which is a true medical emergency.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
},
"88": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 88,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "When should an individual seek medical care for heat cramps?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Heat cramps can usually be treated when and where they occur. The affected individual should stop all activity and find a cool place to rest. The muscle cramps and spasms can be overcome by gently stretching the cramped muscle(s). Individuals can often replace their fluid loss by drinking a combination of water, sports drinks, or other electrolyte replacement solutions. If the cramps cannot be controlled, the affected individual should seek medical care. There is no specific condition that differentiates heat cramps from heat exhaustion. The symptoms of these conditions form a spectrum from mild to moderate heat-related illness and symptoms can overlap. Severe heat cramps may actually be heat exhaustion. This is especially true if the person has nausea or vomiting and cannot replace the fluid loss, if they have significant fatigue and weakness, or of they have profuse sweating that does not stop when placed in a cooler environment. Heat stroke is a true medical emergency and can be deadly. The body's ability to cool itself no longer functions, and as the temperature spikes, sometimes greater than 106 F (41 C), confusion and coma can occur. Emergency medical services should be activated (call 911) immediately if an individual is thought to have heat stroke. While waiting for help to arrive, the person should be moved to a cool place, clothes should be removed to help air circulate over the body, and cool water should be sprayed or sponged onto the body to attempt to cool it. Prevention is the key to avoiding heat cramps, or other heat-related illness. A person who has had heat cramps is more prone to developing them again. Some professions are at higher risk for heat cramps, for example, construction workers and roofers are potentially exposed not only to the heat from the sun but also from the radiant heat from the hot shingles and liners on the roof. It may be helpful to acclimate to the hot environment over a period of days to allow the body and its muscles to adapt to its water and electrolyte needs.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
},
"89": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 89,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How are heat cramps diagnosed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The diagnosis of heat cramps is usually made after taking the patient's history. It is important to know about the environment where the person affected by heat cramps was working, exercising, etc..
How hot was it?
How humid was it?
Was there adequate air circulation?
What activity was being performed and for how long?
When did the cramps start? What muscles were involved?
Was there associated sweating?
Had the affected individual been acclimated to the hot environment?
Was the person drinking enough water? One sign of heat cramps or a heat-related illness may be the color of urine. When the body becomes dehydrated, the kidneys conserve water and the result is concentrated, strong smelling, darker, yellow urine. If there is adequate water in the body the urine tends to be clear.
Often the physical examination will be relatively normal. The cramped muscles may be sore to touch and if there hasn't been adequate fluid replacement, the muscle may cramp again when taken through its normal range of motion. The physical exam may find signs of dehydration such as a dry mouth and tongue, lack of sweat in the armpits and groin, and decreased urine output. The vital signs can be a clue (for example, low blood pressure) and rapid heart rate (tachycardia). The affected person's blood pressure may be much lower upon standing compared to lying down (orthostatic hypotension).",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
},
"90": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 90,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What first aid treatments can help heat cramps?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Share Your Story
Most first aid treatment for heat cramps can occur before seeking medical care:
stop the activity being performed,
get to a cooler place,
drink plenty of fluids, and
gently stretch the muscles that are cramping.
At the health care professional's office or a hospital, medical care focuses on symptom relief. It makes it difficult to replace body fluids if the patient has nausea or vomiting, so intravenous fluids may be administered. Anti-nausea medications like promethazine (Phenergan), prochlorperazine (Compazine), droperidol (Inapsine), or ondansetron (Zofran) may be used to control those symptoms. Painful muscles may be treated with over-the-counter anti-inflammatory medications, such as ibuprofen (Advil, Motrin, Nuprin, and others) or naproxen (Aleve, Anaprox, Naprosyn, Naprelan). Though it is a non-prescription medication, it is important to remember that there may side effects or interactions with prescription medications. When you are not certain which medication to consider, consult your health care professional or pharmacist as a helpful information resource.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
},
"91": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 91,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the complications of heat cramps?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "There are few long-term consequences of heat cramps, however, once a person experiences heat cramps, they may be at risk for future episodes.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
},
"92": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 92,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How can heat cramps be prevented?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Share Your Story
Prevention is the best treatment for heat cramps. If possible, try to avoid working or exercising in the heat of the day, but if it is required, acclimating to the hot weather is important. Drink plenty of fluids and if the activity lasts a prolonged period of time, consider using sports or balanced electrolyte drinks. This is especially true if significant sweating occurs and electrolytes are lost through sweat. Try to rest in cool or shaded areas whenever possible. ",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
},
"93": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 93,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:32",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the prognosis for heat cramps?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Heat cramps resolve with relatively simple treatments including rest, hydration and stretching. It is important to remember that heat cramps are the initial presentation of heat related illness and may progress to the more serious conditions of heat exhaustion or heat stroke.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Cramps (Heat Cramps)"
}
}
},
"9": {
"diseases.id": 9,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"9": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 9,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"94": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 94,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is an abdominal hernia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "An abdominal hernia occurs when an organ or other piece of tissue protrudes through a weakening in one of the muscle walls that enclose the abdominal cavity. The sac that bulges through the weak area may contain a piece of intestine or fatty lining of the colon (omentum) if the hernia occurs in the abdominal wall or groin. If the hernia occurs through the diaphragm, the muscle that separates the chest from the abdomen, part of the stomach may be involved.The abdominal wall is made up of layers of different muscles and tissues. Weak spots may develop in these layers to allow contents the abdominal cavity to protrude or herniate. The most common abdominal hernias are in the groin (inguinal hernias), in the diaphragm (hiatal hernias), and the belly button (umbilicus). Hernias may be present at birth (congenital), or they may develop at any time thereafter (acquired).",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"95": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 95,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the different types of abdominal hernias?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 5
Share Your Story
Hernias of the abdominal and pelvic floorInguinal hernias are the most common of the abdominal hernias. The inguinal canal is an opening that allows the spermatic cord and testicle to descend from the abdomen into the scrotum as the fetus develops and matures. After the testicle descends, the opening is supposed to close tightly, but sometimes the muscles that attach to the pelvis leave a weakened area. If later in life there is a stress placed on that area, the weakened tissues can allow a portion of small bowel or omentum to slide through that opening, causing pain and producing a bulge. Inguinal hernias are less likely to occur in women because there is no need for an opening in the inguinal canal to allow for the migration and descent of testicles.A femoral hernia may occur through the opening in the floor of the abdomen where there is space for the femoral artery and vein to pass from the abdomen into the upper leg. Because of their wider bone structure, femoral hernias tend to occur more frequently in women.Obturator hernias are the least common hernia of the pelvic floor. These are mostly found in women who have had multiple pregnancies or who have lost significant weight. The hernia occurs through the obturator canal, another connection of the abdominal cavity to the leg, and contains the obturator artery, vein, and nerve.Hernias of the anterior abdominal wallThe abdominal wall is made up of two sets muscles on each side of the body, that mirror each other. They include the rectus abdominus muscles, the internal obliques, the external obliques, and the transversalis.When epigastric hernias occur in infants, they occur because of a weakness in the midline of the abdominal wall where the two rectus muscles join together between the breastbone and belly button. Sometimes this weakness does not become evident until later in adult life as it becomes a bulge in the upper abdomen. Pieces of bowel, fat, or omentum can become trapped in this type of hernia.The belly button, or umbilicus, is where the umbilical cord attached the fetus to mother allowing blood circulation to the fetus. Umbilical hernias cause abnormal bulging in the belly button and are very common in newborns and often do not need treatment unless complications occur. Some umbilical hernias enlarge and may require repair later in life.Spigelian hernias occur on the outside edges of the rectus abdominus muscle and are rare.Incisional hernias occur as a complication of abdominal surgery, where the abdominal muscles are cut to allow the surgeon to enter the abdominal cavity to operate. Although the muscle is usually repaired, it becomes a relative area of weakness, potentially allowing abdominal organs to herniate through the incision.Diastasis recti is not a true hernia but rather a weakening of the membrane where the two rectus abdominus muscles from the right and left come together, causing a bulge in the midline. It is different than an epigastric hernia because, the diastasis does not trap bowel, fat, or other organs inside it.Hernias of the diaphragmHiatal hernias occur when part of the stomach slides through the opening in the diaphragm where the esophagus passes from the chest into the abdomen. A sliding hiatal hernia is the most common type and occurs when the lower esophagus and portions of the stomach slide through the diaphragm into the chest. Paraesophageal hernias occur when only the stomach herniates into the chest alongside the esophagus. This can lead to serious complications of obstruction or the stomach twisting upon itself (volvulus).Traumatic diaphragmatic hernias may occur due to major injury where blunt trauma weakens or tears the diaphragm muscle allowing immediate or delayed herniation of abdominal organs into the chest cavity. This may also occur after penetrating trauma from a stab or gunshot wound. Usually these hernias involve the left diaphragm because the liver, located under the right diaphragm, tends to protect it from herniation of bowel.Congenital diaphragmatic hernias are rare and are caused by failure of the diaphragm to completely form and close during fetal development. This can lead to failure of the lungs to fully mature, and it leads to decreased lung function if abdominal organs migrate into the chest. The most common type is a Bochdalek hernia at the side edge of the diaphragm. Morgagni hernias are even rarer and are a failure of the front of the diaphragm.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"96": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 96,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What causes an abdominal hernia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 6
Share Your Story
A hernia may be congenital and present at birth or it may develop over time in areas of weakness within the abdominal wall. Increasing the pressure within the abdominal cavity can cause stress at the weak points and allow parts of the abdominal cavity to protrude or herniate.Increased pressure within the abdomen may occur in a variety of situations including chronic cough, increased fluid within the abdominal cavity (ascites), peritoneal dialysis used to treat kidney failure, and tumors or masses in the abdomen. The pressure may increase due to lifting excess weight, straining to have a bowel movement or urinate, or from trauma to the abdomen. Pregnancy or excess abdominal weight and girth are also factors that can lead to a hernia.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"97": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 97,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the risk factors for a hernia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Increased intra-abdominal pressure may lead to weakening of a portion of the abdominal wall, either acutely or gradually over time. Some risk factors include the following:
Chronic constipation
Chronic cough
Recurrent vomiting
Obesity
Ascites (an abnormal collection of fluid in the abdominal cavity)
Peritoneal dialysis
Abdominal masses
Pregnancy
Abdominal surgeries (a risk for incisional hernias)
Repeatedly moving or lifting heavy objects",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"98": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 98,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the signs and symptoms of an abdominal hernia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 13
Share Your Story
Most people can feel a bulge where an inguinal hernia develops in the groin. There may be a burning or sharp pain sensation in the area because of inflammation of the inguinal nerve or a full feeling in the groin with activity. If a hernia occurs because of an event like lifting a heavy weight, a sharp or tearing pain may be felt. However, many people do not have any complaint other than a feeling of fullness in the area of the inguinal canal.Complications occur when a piece of intestine or omentum becomes trapped (incarcerated) in the hernia sac. A piece of bowel may enter the hernia and become stuck. If the bowel swells, it can cause a surgical emergency as it loses its blood supply and becomes strangulated. In this situation, there can be significant pain and nausea and vomiting, signaling the possible development of a bowel obstruction. Fever may be associated with strangulated, dead bowel.A Richter's hernia is an uncommon type of hernia that leads to strangulation. Only a part of the bowel wall becomes stuck in the hernia. It won't necessarily cause a complete obstruction initially, since the passageway of the intestine still allows bowel contents to pass, but that portion of bowel wall that is trapped can strangulate and die.Femoral and obturator hernias present in much the same way as inguinal hernias, though because of their anatomic location, the fullness or lumps may be much more difficult to appreciate.Umbilical hernias are easy to appreciate and in adults often pop out with any increase in abdominal pressure. The complications again include incarceration and strangulation.A hiatal hernia does not cause many symptoms by itself, but when a sliding hernia occurs, the abnormal location of the gastroesophageal (GE) junction above the diaphragm affects its function and stomach contents can reflux into the esophagus. Gastroesophageal reflux (GERD) may cause burning chest pain, epigastric pain and burning in the upper abdomen nausea, vomiting, and a sour taste from stomach acid that washes into the back of the throat.A sports hernia is a tear or strain of any tissue in the lower abdomen or groin. It causes pain in the groin or inguinal area. It can involve any soft tissue, including muscle, tendon, or ligament and can initiated by physical activity, usually involving twisting or blunt force trauma to the abdomen.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"99": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 99,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What types of medical professionals treat and repair hernias?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Most often, primary care providers are the first to diagnose and treat a hernia. For hiatal hernias, usually medical, not surgical, care is needed and controlling the symptoms of GERD is the primary goal. Occasionally, a gastroenterologist will be involved in the care to assess the severity of GERD. Some hiatal hernias do require surgery and a general surgeon and/or a thoracic surgeon performs the operation, depending upon the location of the organs in the stomach or chest and the size of the defect in the diaphragm.While primary care providers make the diagnosis of an abdominal wall hernia, it is the general surgeon who performs the operation and repairs the hernia.When a hernia becomes incarcerated, often the patient goes to the emergency department and the physician there makes the diagnosis and sometimes can push the hernia back into place (reduced). If the hernia is reduced, referral as an outpatient to a general surgeon may be an option. If the hernia remains trapped (incarcerated) or if there is concern that the hernia is strangulated, an immediate consultation with a surgeon is required.Hernias in the neonatal period are often recognized by the pediatrician or family provider in the delivery suite or the newborn nursery. A pediatric surgeon may be consulted for their evaluation.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"100": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 100,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How do health care professionals diagnose abdominal hernias?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "For inguinal hernias, most patients notice a feeling of fullness or a lump in the groin area with pain and burning. Physical examination can usually confirm the diagnosis. Femoral or obturator hernias are more difficult to appreciate and symptoms of recurrent inguinal or pelvic pain without obvious physical findings may require a CT scan to reveal the diagnosis. Umbilical hernias are much easier to locate with the bulging of the belly button.Hernias that are incarcerated or strangulated present a greater challenge since the potential complication of dead bowel increases the urgency. The health care professional seeks clues of obstruction, including a history of pain, nausea, vomiting, or fever. During a physical examination, a doctor may often discover that a patient has a markedly tender abdomen. These hernias are often exquisitely tender and firm. The exam may be enough to suspect incarceration or strangulation and require immediate consultation with a surgeon. Doctors may use X-rays or CT scans to confirm the diagnosis, depending upon the clinical situation.Doctors may be able to diagnose hiatal hernias associated with GERD by learning a patient's medical history during his or her physical exam. A chest X-ray can reveal part of the stomach within the chest. If there is concern about complications including esophageal inflammation (esophagitis), ulcers, or bleeding, a gastroenterologist may need to perform an endoscopy.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"101": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 101,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What types of surgery repair an abdominal hernia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 10
Share Your Story
Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most common surgical procedures performed in the U.S. with almost a million operations occurring each year. Most abdominal wall hernias are repaired electively when the health of the patient can be maximized to decrease the risk of both the surgery and the anesthetic.Surgery to repair a hernia may use a laparoscope or an open procedure called a herniorrhaphy, where the surgeon directly repairs the hernia through an incision in the abdominal wall. The type of operation depends upon the clinical situation and the urgency of surgery. The decision as to which operation to perform depends upon the patient's clinical situation.Other abdominal wall hernias can similarly be repaired to strengthen the defect in the abdominal wall and decrease the complication risk of bowel incarceration and strangulation.Sliding hiatal hernias may be treated surgically to place the stomach back into the abdominal cavity and to strengthen the gastroesophageal junction. However, doctors do not routinely offer surgery because most symptoms are due to GERD and medical therapy is often adequate. Medication, diet, lifestyle changes, and weight loss may help control symptoms and minimize the need for surgery.Paraesophageal hernia repair is done to prevent the complication of strangulation or volvulus.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"102": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 102,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What non-surgical treatments are available for an abdominal hernia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "If an inguinal or umbilical hernia is small and does not cause symptoms, a watchful waiting approach may be reasonable. Routine follow-up may be all that is needed, especially if the hernia does not grow in size. However, if the hernia does grow or if there is concern about potential incarceration, then surgery may be recommended. Patients who are at high risk for surgery and anesthesia may be offered a watch and wait approach.Trusses, corsets, or binders can hold hernias in place by placing pressure on the skin and abdominal wall. These are temporary approaches and potentially can cause skin damage or breakdown, and infection because of rubbing and chafing. They are often used in older or debilitated patients when the hernia defect is very large and there is an increased risk of complications should they undergo surgery.Unless the defect is large, umbilical hernias in children tend to resolve on their own by 1 year of age. Surgery may be considered if the hernia is still present at age 3 or 4, or if the defect in the umbilicus is large.Hiatal hernias by themselves do not cause symptoms. Instead it is the acid reflux that causes gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Treatment is aimed at decreasing acid production in the stomach and preventing acid from entering the esophagus. For more, please refer to the Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) article.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"103": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 103,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are hernia complications?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The major complication of a hernia is incarceration, where a piece of bowel or fat gets stuck in the hernia sac and cannot be reduced. Swelling can occur to the point that blood supply to the tissue is lost and it dies. This is called a strangulated hernia.If a hiatal hernia is large, part of the stomach and esophagus can displace into the chest. Depending up the situation and anatomy, the stomach can twist (volvulus) potentially leading to strangulation. This is a surgical emergency.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"104": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 104,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the prognosis for an abdominal hernia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Most patients who undergo elective hernia repair do well. Incisional hernias may recur up to 10% of the time. The prognosis for patients who undergo emergent hernia repair because of incarcerated or strangulated bowel depends upon the extent of surgery, how much intestine is damaged, and their underlying health and physical condition prior to the surgery. For this reason, elective hernia repair is much preferred.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
},
"105": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 105,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:35",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Is it possible to prevent an abdominal hernia?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "While congenital hernias cannot be prevented, the risk of developing a hernia that occurs as life goes on can be minimized. The goal is to avoid an increase in pressure within the abdomen that could stress the weak areas in the abdominal wall.
Maintain a healthy weight.
Eat a healthy diet and exercise routinely to minimize the risk of constipation and straining to have a bowel movement.
Use proper lifting techniques especially when trying to lift heavy objects. This is important to remember at work, home, and in sports.
Stop smoking to decrease recurrent coughing.
If a hernia develops, seek medical care to have it evaluated and potentially treated before it gets too large or becomes incarcerated.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Hernia (Hernia Overview)"
}
}
},
"10": {
"diseases.id": 10,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"10": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 10,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"106": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 106,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:42",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Abdominal migraine in children facts",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Abdominal migraine is believed to be a variant of migraine that is common in children but rare in adults.
Abdominal migraine is characterized by pain in the center of the abdomen that may be severe.
Symptoms can last for one hour or up to a several days.
Nausea and vomiting may be associated with the pain.
Sleep typically brings relief from abdominal migraine. Medications used to treat classic migraine can also be effective, although there is no single treatment that is known to be effective in all patients.
Most children with abdominal migraine have a family history of migraine, and most go on to develop migraine as adults.
The exact cause of abdominal migraine is poorly understood. It may be related to both neurologic and endocrinologic (hormone) factors.
The diagnosis of abdominal migraine can be difficult, and depends upon ruling out other potential causes for the abdominal pain and symptoms. There is no one diagnostic test that confirms the diagnosis.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults"
},
"107": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 107,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:42",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is abdominal migraine?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 4
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Like adults, children can develop migraines. This can be the same type of condition seen in adults, which is typically occurs with a headache, and is sometimes preceded by an aura. Nausea, vomiting, and photophobia (decreased tolerance to light) can occur. Children also develop some unusual and atypical variations of migraine, not associated with headaches in particular, that are not usually observed in adults. Abdominal migraine is one of these variants. Abdominal migraine is a condition thought to be related to migraine that is characterized by pain in the abdomen. It is often precipitated by the usual triggers of classic migraine. The pain can be severe, and nausea and vomiting can occur. Abdominal migraine is rare in adults, but it has been estimated that up to 2% of all children may develop abdominal migraines. Children who have the condition usually go on to develop migraine headaches as adults. Girls are affected more frequently than boys. Abdominal migraine typically occurs for the first time between the ages of 2 and 10.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults"
},
"108": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 108,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:42",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What causes abdominal migraine?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The cause of abdominal migraine is poorly understood. Abdominal migraine is thought by some researchers to be related to neurologic or endocrinologic changes and may be caused by alterations in the levels of serotonin and histamine in the body. Genetic factors may also be involved as the condition is more common in children who have a family history of migraine. About 60% of children with the condition have a positive family history for migraine. Triggers for abdominal migraine have been described, similar to triggers for classic migraine. These include chocolate or nitrite-containing foods, stress, and anxiety.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults"
},
"109": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 109,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:42",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the symptoms of abdominal migraine?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "As mentioned, abdominal migraine causes pain in the abdomen that can be severe and debilitating. It is typically located in the middle portion of the belly, often around the umbilicus. Cramping, nausea, and vomiting can accompany the pain. Pallor (paleness) of the skin is often observed. There may not be associated headache. The symptoms are usually relieved by sleep and can last anywhere from one hour to several days.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults"
},
"110": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 110,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:42",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How is abdominal migraine diagnosed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Because of the frequent absence of headache, the condition can be difficult to diagnose, especially during the first episode. There is no specific test that can establish the diagnosis of abdominal migraine, so the diagnosis is based on exclusion of other conditions. Laboratory tests and imaging studies are usually directed to rule out other conditions that could be responsible for the symptoms. Electroencephalography (EEG) is sometimes done to rule out a seizure disorder as the cause of the symptoms.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults"
},
"111": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 111,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:42",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the treatment for abdominal migraine?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The treatment of abdominal migraine has two components - to reduce symptoms of an acute attack and to prevent or lessen the severity of future episodes. Research to date has not provided sufficient data to firmly establish the role of any particular medication in either treating symptoms or preventing future episodes of abdominal migraine. Still, many patients respond to anti-migraine medications and other medications.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults"
},
"112": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 112,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:42",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Medications to treat abdominal migraine",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Types of medications that may be used to manage abdominal migraine include:
Analgesic drugs, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) or acetaminophen
Sumatriptan (Imitrex, Alsuma), a member of the triptan class of drugs used to treat migraine in adults, has been used to treat some older children with abdominal migraine
Tricyclic antidepressants and drugs that block the effects of serotonin have been used in some patients to decrease frequency of attacks.
Valproic acid (Depakote), an antiseizure medication, has been used to treat abdominal migraine.
Ergotamine medications, also used for adults with migraine, are used to treat some childhood variants of migraine.
Low dose aspirin and low dose beta-blocker medications have been used over the long term in some patients in an attempt to diminish the frequency of future attacks.
The antihistamine cyproheptadine has been shown to be effective in some children with migraine variants.
Other aspects of treatment may include the administration of intravenous fluids if vomiting is severe, and the use of sedatives or antiemetic drugs. Treatment may also include advice to recognize and avoid triggers, if these are known. For example, if food triggers have been identified, these should be avoided, although not all those who experience abdominal migraine have identifiable food triggers. Stress management and relaxation programs may be of benefit to some.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults"
},
"113": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 113,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:42",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the prognosis for abdominal migraine?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The prognosis for abdominal migraine is good; most children eventually stop having the attacks of abdominal pain. However, most children (about 70% in one study of 54 children) who have abdominal migraine go on to develop migraines in adulthood.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominal Migraines in Children and Adults"
}
}
},
"11": {
"diseases.id": 11,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abdominal Pain (Causes, Remedies, Treatment)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"11": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 11,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {}
},
"12": {
"diseases.id": 12,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck ( Abdominoplasty))",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"12": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 12,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"114": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 114,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:55",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Introduction",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Are sit-ups just not giving you the taut tummy you desire? If you've got a little too much flab or excess skin in your abdomen that won't diminish with diet or exercise, you may want to consider an abdominoplasty, popularly referred to as a \"tummy tuck.\" This procedure flattens your abdomen by removing extra fat and skin, and tightening muscles in your abdominal wall. However, this is a major surgery. So if you're considering it, take the time to educate yourself, thoroughly analyze your own situation and do not rush to make the final decision. A tummy tuck should be the last resort for people who have exhausted all other measures, and the procedure should not be used as an alternative to weight loss.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck ( Abdominoplasty))"
},
"115": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 115,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:55",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Who Are the Best Candidates For a Tummy Tuck?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "A tummy tuck is suitable for both men and women who are in good overall general health. It should not be confused with a liposuction (the cosmetic surgery used to remove fat deposits), although your surgeon may elect to perform liposuction as part of a tummy tuck. Women who have muscles and skin stretched by multiple pregnancies may find the procedure useful to tighten those muscles and reduce that skin. A tummy tuck is also an alternative for men or women who were obese at one point in their lives and still have excessive fat deposits or loose skin in the abdominal area.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck ( Abdominoplasty))"
},
"116": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 116,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:55",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Who Should Not Consider a Tummy Tuck?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "If you're a woman who is still planning to have children, then you may want to postpone a tummy tuck until you're through bearing children. Here's why: During surgery, your vertical muscles are tightened. Future pregnancies can separate these muscles. Are you still planning to lose a lot of weight? If so, you do not want to consider a tummy tuck. It's important to note that a tummy tuck can cause prominent, permanent scarring. If this is something you don't want, you may want to reconsider. Your doctor will discuss all these options with you when you go for the consultation.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck ( Abdominoplasty))"
},
"117": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 117,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:55",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How a Tummy Tuck is Done",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Depending on your desired results, this surgery can take anywhere from one to five hours. The complexity of your particular situation also will determine whether you have it completed as an in-patient or outpatient procedure. You will receive general anesthesia, which will put you to sleep during the operation. It's important to have someone with you who can drive you home. If you live alone, you also will need someone to stay with you at least the first night after the surgery. There are two options for a tummy tuck. You and your surgeon will discuss your desired results, and he or she will determine the appropriate procedure during your consultation. Complete abdominoplasty. Your abdomen will be cut from hipbone to hipbone in this procedure, the option for those patients who require the most correction. The incision will be made low, at about the same level as your pubic hair. Your surgeon will then manipulate and contour the skin, tissue and muscle as needed. Your belly button will have a new opening if you undergo this procedure, because it's necessary to free your navel from surrounding tissue. Drainage tubes may be placed under your skin and these will be removed in a few days as your surgeon sees fit. Partial or mini abdominoplasty. Mini-abdominoplasties are often performed on patients whose fat deposits are located below the navel and require shorter incisions. During this procedure, your belly button most likely will not be moved. Your skin will be separated between the line of incision and your belly button. This type of surgery may also be performed with an endoscope (small camera on the end of a tube). The procedure may only take up to two hours, again, depending on your own personal situation and the complexity of your needs.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abdominoplasty (Tummy Tuck ( Abdominoplasty))"
},
"118": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 118,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:24:55",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How to Prepare For Tummy Tuck Surgery",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "If you smoke, you will have to stop for a certain period as determined by your doctor. It is not enough to just cut down on smoking. You must stop completely for at least two weeks prior to surgery and for two weeks after. Smoking can increase the risk of complications and delay healing. Make sure you eat well-balanced, complete meals and do not try to diet excessively before the surgery. Proper nutrition plays a key role in healing properly. If you take certain medications, your surgeon may instruct you to stop taking these for a certain period before and after the surgery. Your surgeon will determine this as part of your pre-operative consultation. Before undergoing the surgery, you'll need to get your home ready for your post-operative care. Your home recovery area should include:
Plenty of ice packs
Supply of loose, comfortable clothing that can be taken on and off very easily
The Maze procedure. During this traditional open-heart surgical procedure, the surgeon makes small cuts in the heart to interrupt the conduction of abnormal impulses and to direct normal sinus impulses to travel to the atrioventricular node (AV node) as they normally should. When the heart heals, scar tissue forms and the abnormal electrical impulses are blocked from traveling through the heart.
Minimally invasive surgical ablation. Unlike traditional heart surgery, there is no large chest wall incision and the heart is not stopped. These techniques utilize smaller incisions and endoscopes (small, lighted instruments that contain a camera).
The modified Maze procedure. The surgeon uses a special catheter to deliver energy that creates controlled lesions on the heart and ultimately scar tissue. This scar tissue blocks the abnormal electrical impulses from being conducted through the heart and promotes the normal conduction of impulses through the proper pathway. One of four energy sources may be used to create the scars: radiofrequency, microwave, laser, or cryothermy (cold temperatures). The modified Maze procedure involves a single incision in the left atrium.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation Therapy for Arrhythmias"
},
"124": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 124,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:07",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Why do I need ablation therapy?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
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Doctors recommend ablation therapy to treat:
Atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter
AV Nodal re-entry tachycardia (AVNRT)
Accessory pathways
Ventricular tachycardia
In addition to re-establishing a normal heart rhythm in people with certain arrhythmias, ablation therapy can help control the heart rate in people with rapid arrhythmias, and reduce the risk of blood clots and strokes.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation Therapy for Arrhythmias"
},
"125": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 125,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:07",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How should I prepare for catheter ablation?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The ablation preparation may vary, depending on whether you're having surgical or nonsurgical ablation. These are general guidelines; your doctor or nurse will give you specific instructions. To prepare for ablation, there are several steps you should take. Among them:
Ask your doctor which medications you should stop taking and when to stop them. Your doctor may ask you to stop certain drugs (such as those that control your heart rate or blood thinners including aspirin products) one to five days before your procedure. If you are diabetic, ask your doctor how you should adjust your diabetic medications.
Do not eat or drink anything after midnight the evening before the procedure. If you must take medications, drink only with a small sip of water.
When you come to the hospital, wear comfortable clothes. You will change into a hospital gown for the procedure. Leave all jewelry and valuables at home.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation Therapy for Arrhythmias"
},
"126": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 126,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:07",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What can I expect during catheter ablation?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "During nonsurgical catheter ablation, the following things will occur:
The procedure will take place in a special room called the EP (electrophysiology) lab. Before the test begins, a nurse will help you get ready. You will lie on a bed and the nurse will start an IV (intravenous) line in your hand or arm. This is so the doctors and nurses can give you medications and fluids through your vein during the procedure. You will be given a medication through your IV to help you relax. Depending on the type of ablation you have, you may or may not be awake during your procedure. If you are awake, you will be asked to report any symptoms, answer questions, or follow instructions given to you by your doctor. If you are uncomfortable or need anything, please let your nurse know.
The nurse will connect you to several monitors.
After you become drowsy, your groin area will be shaved and your neck, upper chest, arm, and groin will be cleansed with an antiseptic solution. Sterile drapes will be placed to cover you from your neck to your feet.
The doctor will numb the insertion site by injecting a medication. You will feel an initial burning sensation, and then it will become numb. Then, several catheters (special wires that can pace the heart and record its electrical activity) will be inserted through a small incision into a large blood vessel(s) and/or artery (in your groin, neck, or arm) and advanced to your heart. If you are awake, it is important that you remain still and resist the temptation to raise your head to see what the doctor is doing while the catheters are being placed.
After the catheters are in place, the doctor will look at the monitor to assess your heart's conduction system.
Then, the doctor will perform the ablation procedure.
During traditional ablation, the doctor will use a pacemaker-like device to send electrical impulses to the heart to increase your heart rate. You may feel your heart beating faster or stronger when the pacemaker delivers the impulses. If your arrhythmia occurs during the procedure, the nurse will ask you how you are feeling. It is very important to tell the doctor or nurse the symptoms you feel. The doctor will then move the catheters around your heart to see which area(s) your arrhythmia is coming from. Once the doctor finds the area of your arrhythmia, energy is applied. You may feel some discomfort or a burning sensation in your chest, but you must stay quiet, keep very still, and avoid taking deep breaths. If you are feeling pain, ask your doctor or nurse to give you more medication.
During pulmonary vein ablation (for atrial fibrillation), the doctor delivers energy through a catheter to the area of the atria that connects to the pulmonary vein (ostia), producing a circular scar. The scar will then block any impulses firing from within the pulmonary veins, thus preventing atrial fibrillation from occurring. The process is repeated to all four pulmonary veins. In some cases, ablation may also be performed to other parts of the heart such as the subclavian veins and coronary sinus. The catheter is a special \"cool tip\" catheter. Fluid circulates through the catheter to help control the intensity of the temperature.
Once the ablation is complete, the electrophysiologist will use monitoring devices to observe the electrical signals in the heart to ensure that the abnormal heart rhythm was corrected.
The procedure usually takes about four to eight hours, but may take longer.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation Therapy for Arrhythmias"
},
"127": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 127,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:07",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What happens after catheter ablation?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "After your nonsurgical catheter ablation:
The doctor will remove the catheters from your groin and apply pressure to the site to prevent bleeding. You will be on bed rest for one to six hours. Keep your legs as still as possible during this time to prevent bleeding.
After your procedure, you may be admitted to the hospital. During your recovery, a special monitor, called telemetry, will be used to follow your heart rate and rhythm. Telemetry consists of a small box connected by wires to your chest with sticky electrode patches. The box allows your heart rhythm to be displayed on several monitors on the nursing unit. The nurses will be able to observe your heart rate and rhythm. In most cases, you will be able to go home the next day after the catheter ablation procedure but in some cases you may be able to go home the same day of the procedure.
You and your family will receive the results of the procedure afterwards. Your doctor will also discuss when you can resume activities and how often you will need to visit your doctor.
Temporarily, many individuals experience heart palpitations on and off for a few weeks after the procedure. Sometimes you may also feel as if your abnormal heart rhythm is returning, but then it stops. These sensations are normal and you should not be alarmed. When these symptoms occur during your recovery, it is important to document them by calling your doctor or nurse as directed. Also call your doctor or nurse if you feel as if your abnormal heart rhythm has recurred.
You may be required to take medications for a certain period of time after your procedure.
If you have any other questions, please ask your doctor or nurse. Ask your health care provider how often you will need to go for follow-up appointments.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation Therapy for Arrhythmias"
},
"128": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 128,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:07",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How should I care for the wound site?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "You will have a small dressing on your wound. It may be removed the next day. Keep the area clean and dry. Call your doctor if you notice any redness, swelling, or drainage at the incision site.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation Therapy for Arrhythmias"
},
"129": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 129,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:07",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What can I expect during surgical ablation?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "During surgical ablation, you can expect the following:
General anesthesia (the patient is asleep) or local anesthesia with sedation (the patient is awake but relaxed and pain-free) may be used, depending on the individual case.
During minimally invasive surgery, the surgeon views the outer surface of the heart using an endoscope. Specialized instruments are used to locate the areas needing ablation and to create the lines of conduction block. Unlike traditional heart surgery, there is no large chest wall incision, and the heart is not stopped.
The Maze procedure requires an incision along the sternum (breast bone). The incision may be traditional (about 6 to 8 inches long), or in some cases, minimally invasive (about 3 to 5 inches long). The heart is stopped during this procedure. A heart-lung machine oxygenates the blood and circulates it throughout the body during surgery.
The modified Maze procedure involves using one of four different energy sources to create the lines of conduction block (radiofrequency, microwave, laser, or cryothermy). The energy probe of choice is inserted, and under direct vision, used to create the lesion lines. As in the classic Maze procedure, these lesions create lines of conduction block that interrupt the abnormal impulses and restore the normal sinus rhythm. This procedure is used primarily in patients who have atrial fibrillation and other indications for surgery.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation Therapy for Arrhythmias"
},
"130": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 130,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:07",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What happens after surgical ablation?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "If your ablation surgery was combined with valve, bypass, or another surgical procedure, your post-procedure care may be different. After surgical ablation:
The patient is usually transferred to an intensive care unit (ICU) for close monitoring for about one to two days after the surgery. When the patient's condition is stable, he or she is transferred to a regular nursing unit (called a telemetry unit).
The monitoring during recovery includes heart, blood pressure, and blood oxygen monitoring and frequent checks of vital signs and other parameters, such as heart sounds.
Most patients stay in the hospital about 5 to 7 days after the procedure, depending on their rate of recovery. Patients who had minimally invasive surgery may be able to go home 2 to 3 days after surgery. Your health care team will follow your progress and help you recover as quickly as possible.
Full recovery from surgery takes about 6 to 8 weeks. Most patients are able to drive in about 3 to 8 weeks after surgery. Your health care team will provide specific guidelines for your recovery and return to work, including specific instructions on activity, incision care, and general health after the surgery.
Many patients may experience skipped heartbeats or short episodes of atrial fibrillation during the first three months after the procedure. This is common due to inflammation (swelling) of the heart tissue and is treated with medications. After the heart has healed, these abnormal heartbeats should subside.
A small number of patients require a pacemaker after surgery due to an underlying abnormal rhythm which previously was undetected.
Medications after surgery may include:
Anticoagulants (blood thinners), such as Coumadin, to prevent blood clots.
Antiarrhythmic medication to control abnormal heartbeats.
Diuretics to reduce fluid retention.
Your doctor will monitor your recovery and determine when or if these medications can be discontinued.
Endometrial ablation is the surgical destruction of the lining tissues of the uterus.
Endometrial ablation is one type of treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding that is due to a benign (non-cancerous) condition.
Endometrial ablation must not be performed if pregnancy is desired in the future.
Laser beam, electricity, freezing, and heating are all successfully used methods for endometrial ablation. The choice of procedure depends upon a number of factors.
Some women may experience regrowth of the endometrium and require further surgery.
Endometrial ablation is the surgical destruction of the lining tissues of the uterus, known as the endometrium. Endometrial ablation is one type of treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Endometrial (Endometrial Ablation)"
},
"133": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 133,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:13",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Why is endometrial ablation done?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Endometrial ablation is a treatment for abnormal bleeding of the uterus that is due to a benign (non-cancerous) condition. It is not a sufficient treatment when bleeding is caused by cancer of the uterus, since cancer cells may have grown into the deeper tissues of the uterus and can't often be removed by the procedure. Endometrial ablation is only performed on a nonpregnant woman who does not plan to become pregnant in the future. It should not be performed if the woman has an active infection of the genital tract. This treatment is not a first-line therapy for heavy bleeding and should only be considered only when medical and hormonal therapies have not been sufficient to control the bleeding.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Endometrial (Endometrial Ablation)"
},
"134": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 134,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:13",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How is endometrial ablation performed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Prior to the procedure, a woman needs to have an endometrial sampling (biopsy) performed to exclude the presence of cancer. Imaging studies and/or direct visualization with a hysteroscope (a lighted viewing instrument that is inserted to visualize the inside of the uterus) are necessary to exclude the presence of uterine polyps or benign tumors (fibroids) beneath the lining tissues of the uterus. Polyps and fibroids are possible causes of heavy bleeding that can be simply removed without ablation of the entire endometrium. Obviously, the possibility of pregnancy must be excluded, and intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) must be removed prior to endometrial ablation.Hormonal therapy may be given in the weeks prior to the procedure (particularly in younger women), in order to shrink the endometrium to an extent where ablation therapy has the greatest likelihood for success. The belief is the thinner the endometrium, the greater the chances for successful ablation.To begin the procedure, the cervical opening is dilated to allow passage of the instruments into the uterine cavity. Different procedures have been used and are all similarly effective for destroying the uterine lining tissue. These include laser beam, electricity, freezing, and heating.The choice of procedure depends upon a number of factors, including
the surgeon's preference and experience,
the presence of fibroids, the size and shape of the uterus,
whether or not pretreatment medication is given, and
type of anesthesia desired by the patient.
The type of anesthesia required depends upon the method used, and some endometrial ablation procedures can be performed with minimal anesthesia during an office visit. Others may be performed in an outpatient surgery center.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Endometrial (Endometrial Ablation)"
},
"135": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 135,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:13",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the risks and complications of endometrial ablation?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 19
Share Your Story
Complications of the procedure are not common but may include:
accidental perforation of the uterus,
tears or damage to the cervical opening (the opening to the uterus), and
infection, bleeding, and burn injuries to the uterus or intestines.
In very rare cases, fluid used to expand the uterus during the procedure can be absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema).Some women may experience regrowth of the endometrium and need further surgery (see below).Minor side effects from the procedure can occur for a few days, include cramping (like menstrual cramps), nausea, and frequent urination that may last for 24 hours. A watery discharge mixed with blood may be present for a few weeks after the procedure and can be heavy for the first few days.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Endometrial (Endometrial Ablation)"
},
"136": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 136,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:13",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the outlook after endometrial ablation?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The majority of women who undergo endometrial ablation report a successful reduction in abnormal bleeding. Up to half of women will stop having periods after the procedure. Yet, studies indicate the rate of failure (defined as bleeding or pain after endometrial ablation that required hysterectomy or reablation) was 16% to 30% at 5 years. Failure was most likely to occur in women younger than 45 years and in women with 5 or more children, prior tubal ligation, and a history of painful menstrual cramps. After endometrial ablation, 11% to 36% of women had a repeat ablation or other uterine-sparing procedure. Although the procedure removes the uterine lining and typically results in infertility, it should not be considered as a birth control measure, because pregnancy can still occur in a small portion of the endometrium which remains or has regrown. In this case there may be severe problems with the pregnancy, and the procedure should never be performed if the woman may desire pregnancy in the future.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Endometrial (Endometrial Ablation)"
}
}
},
"15": {
"diseases.id": 15,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Ablation, Uterus (Endometrial Ablation)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"15": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 15,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"137": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 137,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:22",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Endometrial ablation facts",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Endometrial ablation is the surgical destruction of the lining tissues of the uterus.
Endometrial ablation is one type of treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding that is due to a benign (non-cancerous) condition.
Endometrial ablation must not be performed if pregnancy is desired in the future.
Laser beam, electricity, freezing, and heating are all successfully used methods for endometrial ablation. The choice of procedure depends upon a number of factors.
Some women may experience regrowth of the endometrium and require further surgery.
Endometrial ablation is the surgical destruction of the lining tissues of the uterus, known as the endometrium. Endometrial ablation is one type of treatment for abnormal uterine bleeding.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Uterus (Endometrial Ablation)"
},
"139": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 139,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:22",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Why is endometrial ablation done?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Endometrial ablation is a treatment for abnormal bleeding of the uterus that is due to a benign (non-cancerous) condition. It is not a sufficient treatment when bleeding is caused by cancer of the uterus, since cancer cells may have grown into the deeper tissues of the uterus and can't often be removed by the procedure. Endometrial ablation is only performed on a nonpregnant woman who does not plan to become pregnant in the future. It should not be performed if the woman has an active infection of the genital tract. This treatment is not a first-line therapy for heavy bleeding and should only be considered only when medical and hormonal therapies have not been sufficient to control the bleeding.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Uterus (Endometrial Ablation)"
},
"140": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 140,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:22",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How is endometrial ablation performed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Prior to the procedure, a woman needs to have an endometrial sampling (biopsy) performed to exclude the presence of cancer. Imaging studies and/or direct visualization with a hysteroscope (a lighted viewing instrument that is inserted to visualize the inside of the uterus) are necessary to exclude the presence of uterine polyps or benign tumors (fibroids) beneath the lining tissues of the uterus. Polyps and fibroids are possible causes of heavy bleeding that can be simply removed without ablation of the entire endometrium. Obviously, the possibility of pregnancy must be excluded, and intrauterine contraceptive devices (IUDs) must be removed prior to endometrial ablation.Hormonal therapy may be given in the weeks prior to the procedure (particularly in younger women), in order to shrink the endometrium to an extent where ablation therapy has the greatest likelihood for success. The belief is the thinner the endometrium, the greater the chances for successful ablation.To begin the procedure, the cervical opening is dilated to allow passage of the instruments into the uterine cavity. Different procedures have been used and are all similarly effective for destroying the uterine lining tissue. These include laser beam, electricity, freezing, and heating.The choice of procedure depends upon a number of factors, including
the surgeon's preference and experience,
the presence of fibroids, the size and shape of the uterus,
whether or not pretreatment medication is given, and
type of anesthesia desired by the patient.
The type of anesthesia required depends upon the method used, and some endometrial ablation procedures can be performed with minimal anesthesia during an office visit. Others may be performed in an outpatient surgery center.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Uterus (Endometrial Ablation)"
},
"141": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 141,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:22",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the risks and complications of endometrial ablation?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 19
Share Your Story
Complications of the procedure are not common but may include:
accidental perforation of the uterus,
tears or damage to the cervical opening (the opening to the uterus), and
infection, bleeding, and burn injuries to the uterus or intestines.
In very rare cases, fluid used to expand the uterus during the procedure can be absorbed into the bloodstream, leading to fluid in the lungs (pulmonary edema).Some women may experience regrowth of the endometrium and need further surgery (see below).Minor side effects from the procedure can occur for a few days, include cramping (like menstrual cramps), nausea, and frequent urination that may last for 24 hours. A watery discharge mixed with blood may be present for a few weeks after the procedure and can be heavy for the first few days.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Uterus (Endometrial Ablation)"
},
"142": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 142,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:22",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the outlook after endometrial ablation?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The majority of women who undergo endometrial ablation report a successful reduction in abnormal bleeding. Up to half of women will stop having periods after the procedure. Yet, studies indicate the rate of failure (defined as bleeding or pain after endometrial ablation that required hysterectomy or reablation) was 16% to 30% at 5 years. Failure was most likely to occur in women younger than 45 years and in women with 5 or more children, prior tubal ligation, and a history of painful menstrual cramps. After endometrial ablation, 11% to 36% of women had a repeat ablation or other uterine-sparing procedure. Although the procedure removes the uterine lining and typically results in infertility, it should not be considered as a birth control measure, because pregnancy can still occur in a small portion of the endometrium which remains or has regrown. In this case there may be severe problems with the pregnancy, and the procedure should never be performed if the woman may desire pregnancy in the future.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Ablation, Uterus (Endometrial Ablation)"
}
}
},
"16": {
"diseases.id": 16,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"16": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 16,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"143": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 143,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is an abnormal heart rhythm (arrhythmia)?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "When the heart's electrical system malfunctions, the normal rhythm of the heart can be affected. Depending upon the abnormality, the heart may begin to beat too fast, too slow, irregularly, or not at all. Heart rhythm disorders are often referred to as cardiac arrhythmias (cardiac = heart; a = lack of) but this is technically incorrect, since in most cases there is a heart rhythm, but it is abnormal. Cardiac dysrhythmia (dys = abnormal or faulty + rhythm) might be a better term.Dysrhythmias may occur because of problems directly associated with the electrical \"wiring,\" the SA node, the AV node, or ventricular conducting system. The issue may also be due to influences on the conducting system from outside the heart. These can include electrolyte abnormalities in the bloodstream, abnormal hormone levels (for example thyroid function that is too high or too low), and medication or drug ingestions.Any abnormality of the electrical cycle within the heart that generates an abnormal beat, whether it is too fast, too slow, skipped, or irregular is considered a dysrhythmia.Dysrhythmias are usually classified as originating from above the AV node (supraventricular ) or below, from the ventricle. They are either fast, slow, or irregular and persistent or intermittent.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"144": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 144,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How does the heart work?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The heart is a two-stage electric pump whose job it is to circulate blood through the body. The initial electrical impulse that begins the process of a heartbeat is generated by a group of cells located in the upper chamber of the heart, the atrium. These cells act as an automatic pacemaker, starting the electric signal that spreads along the \"wiring\" within the heart muscle, allowing a coordinated squeeze so that the pump can function.The heart has four chambers. The upper chambers are the right and left atria (singular = atrium) while the lower chambers are the right and left ventricles. The right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs while the left side pumps it to the rest of the body.Blood from the body depleted of oxygen and containing carbon dioxide is collected in the right atrium and then pushed into the right ventricle with a small beat of the upper chamber of the heart. The right ventricle pumps the blood to the lungs to pick up oxygen and release the carbon dioxide. The oxygen-rich blood returns to the left atrium where the small atrial beat pushes it to the left ventricle. The left ventricle is much thicker than the right because it needs to be strong enough to send blood to the entire body.There are special cells in the right atrium called the sinoatrial node (SA node) that generate the first electrical impulse, allowing the heart to beat in a coordinated way. The SA node is considered the \"natural pacemaker\" of the heart. This pacemaker function begins the electrical impulse, which follows pathways in the atrial walls, almost like wiring, to a junction box between the atrium and ventricle called the atrioventricular node (AV node). This electric signal causes muscle cells in both atria to contract at once. At the AV node, the electric signal waits for a very short time, usually one- to two-tenths of a second, to allow blood pumped from the atria to fill up the ventricles. The signal then passes through electric bundles in the ventricle walls to allow these chambers to contract, again in a coordinated way, and pump blood to the lungs and body.The SA node generates an electric beat about 60 to 80 times a minute, and each should result in a heartbeat. That beat can be felt as an external pulse. After a heartbeat, the muscle cells of the heart need a split second to get ready to beat again, and the electrical system allows a pause for this to happen.Picture of the great vessels of the heart.Picture of the heart's electrical system.The heart and its electrical activity work within a narrow range of normal. Fortunately, the body tends to protect the heart as best as it can. Rhythm disturbances may be normal physiologic responses, but some may be potentially life threatening.Every cell in the heart can act as a pacemaker. A healthy SA node has an intrinsic heart beat generation rate of 60 to 80. If the atrium fails to generate a heartbeat, then a healthy AV node can do so at a rate of about 40, and if needed, the ventricles themselves can generate heartbeats at a rate of about 20 per minute. This may occur if the cells of the upper chamber fail to generate an electrical impulse or if the electrical signals to the ventricle are blocked. However, these lower rates may be associated with the inability of the heart to pump blood to the body to meet its needs and may result in shortness of breath, chest pain, weakness, or passing out.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"145": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 145,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What causes heart rhythm disorders?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Heart rhythm disturbances may occur because of problems within the heart itself or be the result of abnormalities in the body's environment that can affect the heart's ability to conduct electricity.Cardiac or heart muscle cells become irritated when they are depleted of oxygen. This can occur during a heart attack, in which the coronary arteries, the blood vessels that supply the heart with blood, are blocked. Lack of oxygen can occur when the lungs are unable to extract oxygen from the air. Significant anemia, or low red blood cell count, decreases the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and may prevent adequate oxygen delivery. Rapid heart rates may be due to \"wiring\" problems with the electrical pathways in the heart. This can cause \"short circuits\" making the heart speed up and beat 150 beats a minute or more. The abnormality can be due to a physical extra electrical pathway such as that seen in Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome, or it can be due to changes in the electrical physiology between a few cells, like in atrial flutter.Rapid heart rates can also occur because of environmental issues that affect the heart. These can be intrinsic to the body, like anemia, abnormal electrolyte levels, or abnormal thyroid hormone levels. They may also be due to reactions to outside influences like caffeine, alcohol, over-the-counter cold remedies, or stimulants such as amphetamines. To the cardiac muscle cell, they all appear to be adrenaline-like substances that can cause cell irritation.Slow dysrhythmias can also be problematic. If the heart beats too slowly, the body may not be able to maintain an adequate blood pressure and supply the body's organs with enough oxygen-rich blood to function.Slow heart rates may be due to aging of the SA node and its inability to generate an electrical pacemaker signal. Often though, it is due to the side effects of medications used to control high blood pressure. Side effects of beta blocker and certain calcium channel blocker drugs include a slowing of the heart rate.Body environment is also important with slow heart rhythm abnormalities. Hypothermia, or low body temperature, is a potential cause.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"146": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 146,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the different types of heart rhythm disorders?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 36
Share Your Story
Heart rhythm disorders are classified according to where they occur in the heart and how they affect the heartbeat.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"147": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 147,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the signs and symptoms of heart rhythm disorders?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
Share Your Story
Many people may have heart rhythm disturbances and never be aware of them. Premature atrial contractions (PACs) and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are variations of normal and most often, people are unaware that an extra beat has occurred. However, some patients are keenly aware of any extra heartbeat, even if it is a normal variant and requires no treatment.That said, the initial symptom of dysrhythmia is often palpitations, a sensation that the heart is beating too quickly, too slowly, beating irregularly, or skipping a beat. The palpitations may be intermittent or may require medical intervention to resolve.Because of the heart rhythm abnormality, other symptoms may occur because of decreased cardiac output (the amount of blood that the heart pushes out to meet the body's demand for oxygen and energy). The patient may complain of lightheadedness, weakness, nausea and vomiting, chest pain, and shortness of breath.In critical situations, the patient may fall to the ground or lose consciousness. This may be due to life-threatening dysrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation or ventricular tachycardia. It may be due to heart rates so fast that there isn't enough blood pressure generated to supply the brain with what it needs. The same result can also occur if the heart beats too slowly and insufficient blood pressure is generated.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"148": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 148,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Atrial fibrillation (A-fib)",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Share Your Story
Atrial fibrillation occurs when the atrium has lost the ability to beat in a coordinated fashion. Instead of the SA node generating a single electrical signal, numerous areas of the atrium become irritated and produce electrical impulses. This causes the atrium to jiggle, or fibrillate, instead of beating. The AV node sees all the electrical signals, but because there are so many, and because they are so erratic, only some of the hundreds of signals per minute are passed through to the ventricle. The ventricles then fire irregularly and often very quickly.As in PSVT, the symptoms may include palpitations, lightheadedness, and shortness of breath. The cause of atrial fibrillation, however, may be more significant, since it may be due to aging of the conducting system of the heart and there may be associated atherosclerotic heart disease. Therefore, atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response associated with chest pain or shortness of breath may need emergent cardioversion (a procedure that uses electricity to shock the heart back into a normal rhythm) or intravenous medications to control the heart rate.One significant complication of atrial fibrillation is the formation of blood clots along the inside of the heart wall. These clots may break off and travel to different organs in the body (embolize), blocking blood vessels and causing the affected organs to malfunction because of the loss of blood supply. A common complication is a clot traveling to the brain, resulting in a stroke.The treatment of atrial fibrillation depends upon many factors including how long it has been present, what symptoms it causes, and the underlying health of the individual. The patient and his or her doctor will decide whether or not to restore a normal sinus rhythm or to simply keep the heart rate under control.Atrial fibrillation can be a safe rhythm and not life threatening when the rate is controlled. Medications are used to slow the electrical impulses through the AV node, so that the ventricles do not try to capture each signal being produced. The reason to return people to a regular rhythm has to do with cardiac output. In atrial fibrillation, the atria do not beat and pump blood to the ventricles. Instead, blood flows into the ventricles by gravity alone. This lack of atrial kick can decrease the heart's efficiency and cardiac output by 10% to 15%.Blood thinning, or anticoagulation, may be recommended for those patients with atrial fibrillation and elevated risk for stroke. Oral drugs that anticoagulate are warfarin (Coumadin), dabigatran (Pradaxa), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), and apixaban (Eliquis). There are other injectable drugs that are used in a hospital setting. If the patient is at low risk, the doctor may recommend aspirin alone for stroke prevention. If atrial fibrillation is poorly tolerated due to symptomatic palpitations or symptoms of reduced cardiac output, or if there are concerns with lifelong anticoagulation therapy, more definitive therapy may include specific medications, electrical cardioversion, or catheter based ablation (sometimes with a pacemaker inserted). Atrial fibrillation is a common condition, with many implications, and the best plan for each patient should be discussed at length with one's physician.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"149": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 149,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Atrial flutter",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Atrial flutter is similar to atrial fibrillation except that instead of having chaotic electrical firing from all points in the atrium, one point has become irritated and can fire 300 times per minute or more. Many issues that exist for atrial fibrillation apply to atrial flutter. Atrial flutter may degenerate into atrial fibrillation, and the two can often coexist.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"150": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 150,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Sinus bradycardia",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The heart, its cells, and its electricity may come under the many outside influences causing it to beat more slowly. Sinus bradycardia (brady = slow + cardia = heart) by definition, is a heartbeat generated by the SA node at a rate slower than 60 beats per minute. This may be normal in people who are active and athletic or in patients taking medications designed to slow the heart such as beta blockers and some calcium channel blockers.Vasovagal syncope is an episode of profound sinus bradycardia associated with a noxious stimulus that causes the vagal system of the body to kick in and slow the heart rate. While the sympathetic system of the body is mediated by adrenaline, the parasympathetic system is mediated by the vagus nerve and the chemical acetylcholine, which promotes the exact opposite body reaction than adrenaline. In some people, exposure to pain or a difficult emotional situation can stimulate the vagus nerve, slow the heart, and dilate blood vessels (veins), causing cardiac output to decrease and making a person feel lightheaded or faint. The vagus nerve also can be stimulated to slow the heart when one bears down to urinate (micturition syncope) or have a bowel movement.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"151": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 151,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Tachycardia",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Rapid heart rates can originate from either the atrium or the ventricle, but rhythms from the ventricle are more often life threatening. The initial approach to rapid heart rates is to quickly identify the rhythm, and if blood pressure is maintained and there is no evidence of a failing heart, then treatment is directed to rate control with the eventual return of the heart back to normal sinus rhythm. If, however, there is evidence that the heart is failing because of the rapid rate, then emergency measures, including using electricity to shock the heart back into a regular rhythm, may be necessary.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"152": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 152,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Sinus tachycardia",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "The heart, its cells, and its electricity may come under many outside influences that may cause it to beat more quickly. Sinus tachycardia (sinus = from the SA node + tachy = rapid + cardia = heart), or a rapid regular heartbeat, is a common rhythm issue. It occurs when the body signals the heart to pump more blood, or when the electrical system is stimulated by chemicals.The body needs increased cardiac output in times of physiologic stress. Cardiac output is the amount of blood the heart pumps in the course of 1 minute. It can be calculated by the amount of blood that the heart pumps with each beat (stroke volume) multiplied by the heart rate.Cardiac output = (stroke volume) x (heart rate)The stroke volume tends to be relatively constant. When the body requires extra oxygen delivery, the heart rate needs to increase to meet that demand. Examples include:
exercise, in which the muscles have greater oxygen requirements and the heart rate speeds up to pump more blood to meet that need;
dehydration, in which there is less fluid in the body and the heart rate has to speed up to compensate; or
in cases of acute bleeding that may occur after trauma.
The electrical system can be stimulated in a variety of ways to make the heart beat faster. In times of stress, the body generates cortisol and adrenaline, causing an increased heart rate in addition to other changes in the body. Think of being frightened and feeling your heart race. Increased thyroid hormone levels in the body can also cause a tachycardia. Ingestion of a variety of drugs can also cause the heart to race, including caffeine, alcohol, and over-the-counter cold medications that include chemicals such as phenylephrine and pseudoephedrine. These compounds are metabolized by the body and act like an adrenaline stimulus to the heart. Illegal drugs such as methamphetamine and cocaine can also cause a sinus tachycardia.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"153": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 153,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib)",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Ventricular fibrillation is technically not a rapid heart rhythm because the heart ceases to beat. In ventricular fibrillation, the ventricles do not have a coordinated electrical pattern and the ventricles, instead of beating, just jiggle, or fibrillate. Since the heart doesn't beat, blood is not circulated to the body or brain and all bodily functions stop. Without a coordinated impulse to signal the ventricle to beat, sudden cardiac death occurs.The treatment for V-fib is defibrillation with an electrical shock. Automated external defibrillators (AEDs) in public places have helped decrease the mortality from sudden cardiac death, but prevention remains the mainstay to survive this event. Some people, such as those with a very weak heart muscle or who have a prior history of ventricular fibrillation will require an implantable defibrillator to prevent future episodes of sudden death and treat this rhythm.This rhythm is often associated with a heart attack in which the heart muscle doesn't get enough blood supply (myocardial ischemia), becomes irritated, and causes secondary irritation of the electrical system. Aside from myocardial ischemia, other causes of ventricular fibrillation may include severe weakness of the heart muscle (cardiomyopathy), electrolyte disturbances, drug overdose, and poisoning.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"154": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 154,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Ventricular tachycardia (V-tach)",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Ventricular tachycardia is another rapid heart rate that originates in the ventricle. The causes are the same as those for ventricular fibrillation, but because of the electrical conduction pattern in the heart pathways, an organized signal is provided to the ventricles, potentially allowing them to beat. This remains an emergency, since V-tach may degenerate into ventricular fibrillation.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"155": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 155,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Premature atrial contractions (PACs) and premature ventricular contractions (PVCs)",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Every person experiences the occasional palpitation in which the atrium or the ventricle beats early. These premature atrial contractions (PACs) or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) are normal variants and most people are unaware of their occurrence. However, some patients report a palpitation in the chest and neck, often described as a \"thump\" or \"thud.\" PACs and PVCs in otherwise healthy individuals do not pose any health risks.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"156": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 156,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT)",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) occurs when the pathways in the AV node or atrium allow an altered conduction of electricity, and the atrium begins firing in a fast but regular rate, sometimes more than 150 to 200 times per minute. The ventricles, sensing the electrical activity coming through the AV node, try to beat along with each electrical impulse and PSVT occurs.This is rarely a life-threatening event, but people may feel uncomfortable when PSVT occurs. They may become lightheaded, weak, have shortness of breath, and describe a feeling of fullness in the throat. PSVT may also be tolerated and may stop on its own. If this is a first time event, activating EMS (emergency medical services) and calling 9-1-1 is important, since other tachycardias can be life threatening.The treatment for PSVT includes attempts to stimulate the vagus nerve to slow the heart (see vasovagal syncope above) by holding one's breath and bearing down as if to have a bowel movement. Intravenous medications are often used to interrupt the episode. Many patients have PSVT due to congenital abnormalities in the electrical conduction system of the heart. External causes can include hyperthyroidism, electrolyte imbalances, and the use of caffeine, alcohol, over-the-counter cold medications containing stimulants, or illegal drugs like cocaine and methamphetamine.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"157": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 157,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Wolff-Parkinson-White (WPW) syndrome",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome is a specific type of PSVT, in which an inborn error of wiring has occurred near the AV node, and an accessory electrical pathway exists. The diagnosis is made by electrocardiogram (EKG) or electrophysiologic testing, and the treatment may include medication or destruction of the accessory electrical pathway by invasive catheter ablation.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"158": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 158,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Bradycardia",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Aside from medications that are meant to slow the heart for treatment of a variety of medical problems, bradycardia (brady = low + cardia = heart) is usually due to heart block and the aging of the electrical wiring of the heart. This is no different than the aging of your home's electrical system; but instead of being able to rewire the heart, these conditions may need to be treated with an implantable pacemaker.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"159": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 159,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Heart blocks",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Heart blocks involving the ventricle may be asymptomatic and of little consequence except to point to underlying heart or lung disease. They are diagnosed by EKG.Heart blocks involving the atrium can be classified as first-, second-, and third-degree.
First-degree heart block is common and usually of little significance. There is a slight delay in getting the electrical signal from the SA node to the AV node, but the heart functions normally.
There are two types of second-degree heart block (Mobitz I and Mobitz II, with Type II being more serious than Type I.
Third-degree heart block describes the complete loss of connection between the electrical activity of the atria and the ventricles. Second- and third-degree heart blocks are diagnosed by analyzing heart rhythm strips and EKGs.
Heart blocks are symptomatic because the heart beats so slowly that cardiac output is decreased. The symptoms may include lightheadedness or passing out (syncope), weakness, shortness of breath, and chest pain.Diagnosis and treatment of life-threatening heart block happen at the same time. Often, the patient with bradycardia may be taking medications that can slow the heart including beta blockers and certain calcium channel blockers. If the patient is stable, time can be taken to have the medications wear off while the patient is monitored. If the bradycardia remains, a pacemaker may be needed. In certain situations, a temporary pacemaker can be placed to stabilize the patient, while decisions are made as to a permanent solution.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"160": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 160,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "When to seek medical care",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Unexplained palpitations are not normal, especially when associated with shortness of breath, sweating, feelings of chest pressure, or passing out. The person should be made comfortable and laid flat, and EMS (emergency medical service) should be activated by calling 9-1-1 or the emergency number in your area.If the person is unconscious or unresponsive, Basic life support (American Heart Association) should be initiated. Call 9-1-1, get an AED, and decide whether CPR should be initiated.If the episode is short-lived and resolves spontaneously, the primary care professional should be contacted urgently to seek advice.If the episode is a recurrent problem, the diagnosis is known, and the rhythm disturbance resolves itself, then a less urgent call to the primary care professional is warranted.It is reasonable to seek emergent medical care any time that a heart rhythm disturbance occurs or if there is concern that a heart problem is present.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"161": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 161,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How are heart rhythm disorders diagnosed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 2
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The mainstay of diagnosis remains the EKG and heart rhythm monitoring. These are often done immediately in the ambulance or upon arrival in the emergency department. In many patients, the palpitations or symptoms may have resolved, and no acute rhythm abnormalities can be found.Depending on the associated symptoms and the history, observation and monitoring of the heart may occur in hospital or as an outpatient. In patients who have passed out, admission to the hospital often occurs. Those patients with chest pain and shortness of breath may also be admitted to evaluate their heart. In patients who are not admitted, a heart monitoring device may be placed to monitor the rhythm for a duration of time. Monitors may be worn for 24 hours or up to 1 month. In some instances, rhythm identification is elusive and may take months or years to capture and identify. Implantable cardiac monitors may be placed for periods greater than 1 year.If the rhythm is known, then tests to identify potential causes may be done. These are dependent on the specific rhythm abnormality and can range from blood tests to lung evaluations and sleep studies to echocardiograms and electrophysiologic testing.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"162": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 162,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the treatment for heart rhythm disorders?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 9
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There is no one treatment for a heart rhythm abnormality. When the patient is unstable, with no pulse or blood pressure, or when they are unconscious, American Heart Association guidelines are available to direct care to hopefully restore the heart rhythm to normal and return a pulse.For V-fib and V-tach, electricity may be the most important drug, and the heart is shocked back into a heart rhythm, hopefully compatible with life. Other common medications used in crises situations depend upon the life-threatening rhythm and may include epinephrine (adrenalin), atropine, and amiodarone.For patients with supraventricular tachycardia (SVT), the goal is not only to slow down the heart rate but also to identify which rhythm is present. Vasovagal maneuvers, like holding one's breath and bearing down as if to have a bowel movement may resolve the situation, or it may slow the rate temporarily to make the diagnosis. Adenosine can be injected and may convert SVT to normal sinus rhythm by slowing the electrical impulse at the AV node. It can also be used as a diagnostic challenge to help identify atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter with rapid ventricular response.For atrial fibrillation with rapid ventricular response, the initial goal is to slow the rate and maintain normal blood pressure. Calcium channel clockers like diltiazem and beta blockers like metoprolol may be used intravenously to control rate. Digoxin is a second-line medication that may be helpful when first-line medications fail. In unstable patients, with chest pain, shortness of breath, or decreased consciousness, cardioversion with an electric shock may be required. The decision to electively convert A-fib to normal sinus rhythm depends upon the patient and situation and is often a decision left to the primary care professional. The question regarding anticoagulation also will need to be addressed.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"163": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 163,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the prognosis for heart rhythm disorders?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "While most heart dysrhythmias can be treated and controlled, ventricular fibrillation or tachycardia can be fatal. Their recognition and treatment are true emergencies, and there is no guarantee that sudden cardiac death can be reversed.For all other rhythm abnormalities, there may be time to make the diagnosis and design a treatment plan. The goal is to minimize the effect that the dysrhythmia has on daily activity and quality of life.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
},
"164": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 164,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:33",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Can heart rhythm disorders be prevented?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Minimizing risk factors for heart disease will be helpful, including controlling blood pressure, lowering cholesterol, keeping diabetes under control, and not smoking.For those with rapid palpitations that are intermittent, avoiding stimulants like alcohol, caffeine, over-the-counter cold medications, and illicit drugs are important preventive measures.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Heart Rhythms (Heart Rhythm Disorders)"
}
}
},
"17": {
"diseases.id": 17,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abnormal Liver Enzymes (Liver Blood Tests)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"17": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 17,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {}
},
"18": {
"diseases.id": 18,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"18": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 18,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"165": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 165,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:48",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Vaginal bleeding facts",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Normal vaginal bleeding is the periodic blood flow from the uterus.
Normal vaginal bleeding is also called menorrhea. The process by which menorrhea occurs is called menstruation.
In order to determine whether bleeding is abnormal, and its cause, the doctor must answer 3 questions: Is the woman pregnant? What is the pattern of the bleeding? Is she ovulating?
Abnormal vaginal bleeding in women who are ovulating regularly most commonly involves excessive, frequent, irregular, or decreased bleeding.
There are many causes of abnormal vaginal bleeding that are associated with irregular ovulation.
A woman who has irregular menstrual periods requires a physical examination with a special emphasis on the thyroid, breast, and pelvic organs.
Treatment for irregular vaginal bleeding depends on the underlying cause. After the cause is determined, the doctor decides if treatment is actually necessary.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)"
},
"166": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 166,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:48",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is normal vaginal bleeding?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Normal vaginal bleeding is the periodic blood that flows as a discharge from the woman's uterus. Normal (menstrual) vaginal bleeding is also called menorrhea. The process by which menorrhea occurs is called menstruation.Normal vaginal bleeding occurs as a result of cyclic hormonal changes. The ovaries are the main source of female hormones, which control the development of female body characteristics such as the breasts, body shape, and body hair. The hormones also regulate the menstrual cycle. The ovary, or female gonad, is one of a pair of reproductive glands in women. They are located in the pelvis, one on each side of the uterus. Each ovary is about the size and shape of an almond. The ovaries produce eggs (ova) and female hormones. During each monthly menstrual cycle, an egg is released from one ovary. The egg travels from the ovary through a Fallopian tube to the uterus. Picture of the female reproductive system Unless pregnancy occurs, the cycle ends with the shedding of part of the inner lining of the uterus, which results in menstruation. Although it is actually the end of the physical cycle, the first day of menstrual bleeding is designated as \"day 1\" of the menstrual cycle in medical jargon.The time of the cycle during which menstruation occurs is referred to as menses. The menses occurs at approximately four week intervals, representing the menstrual cycle.Menarche is the time in a girl's life when menstruation first begins. Menopause is the time in a woman's life when the function of the ovaries ceases and menstrual periods stop. Menopause is defined as the absence of menstrual periods for 12 consecutive months. The average age of menopause is 51 years old.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)"
},
"167": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 167,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:48",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is abnormal vaginal bleeding?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Abnormal vaginal bleeding is a flow of blood from the vagina that occurs either at the wrong time during the month or in inappropriate amounts. In order to determine whether bleeding is abnormal, and its cause, the doctor must consider three questions:
Is the woman pregnant?
What is the pattern of the bleeding?
Is she ovulating?
Every woman who thinks she has an irregular menstrual bleeding pattern should think carefully about the specific characteristics of her vaginal bleeding in order to help her doctor evaluate her particular situation. Her doctor will require the details of her menstrual history. Each category of menstrual disturbance has a particular list of causes, necessary testing, and treatment. Each type of abnormality is discussed individually below. 1. Is the woman having abnormal vaginal bleeding during pregnancy? Much of the abnormal vaginal bleeding during pregnancy occurs so early in the pregnancy that the woman doesn't realize she is pregnant. Therefore, irregular bleeding that is new may be a sign of very early pregnancy, even before a woman is aware of her condition. Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy can also be associated with complications of pregnancy, such as miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. 2. What is the pattern of the abnormal vaginal bleeding? The duration, interval, and amount of vaginal bleeding may suggest what type of abnormality is responsible for the bleeding. An abnormal duration of menstrual bleeding can be either bleeding for too long of a period (hypermenorrhea), or too short of a period (hypomenorrhea). The interval of the bleeding can be abnormal in several ways. A woman's menstrual periods can occur too frequently (polymenorrhea) or too seldom (oligomenorrhea). Additionally, the duration can vary excessively from cycle to cycle (metrorrhagia). The amount (volume) of bleeding can also be abnormal. A woman can either have too much bleeding (menorrhagia) or too little volume (hypomenorrhea). The combination of excessive bleeding combined with bleeding outside of the expected time of menstruation is referred to as menometrorrhagia. 3. Is the woman ovulating? Usually, the ovary releases an egg every month in a process called ovulation. Normal ovulation is necessary for regular menstrual periods. There are certain clues that a woman is ovulating normally including regular menstrual intervals, vaginal mucus discharge halfway between menstrual cycles, and monthly symptoms including breast tenderness, fluid retention, menstrual cramps, back pain, and mood changes. If necessary, doctors will order hormone blood tests (progesterone level), daily home body temperature testing, or rarely, a sampling of the lining of the uterus (endometrial biopsy) to determine whether or not a woman is ovulating normally. On the other hand, signs that a woman is not ovulating regularly include prolonged bleeding at irregular intervals after not having a menstrual period for several months, excessively low blood progesterone levels in the second half of the menstrual cycle, and lack of the normal body temperature fluctuation during the time of expected ovulation. Sometimes, a doctor determines that a woman is not ovulating by using endometrial sampling with biopsy.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)"
},
"168": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 168,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:48",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What conditions cause abnormal vaginal bleeding in women who are ovulating regularly?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 9
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Abnormal vaginal bleeding in women who are ovulating regularly, most commonly involve excessive, frequent, irregular, or decreased bleeding. Some of the common conditions that produce each of these symptoms are discussed below. Excessively heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia) Excessively heavy menstrual bleeding, called menorrhagia, is menstrual bleeding of greater than about eight tablespoons per month (normal menstrual bleeding produces between two and eight tablespoons per cycle). The most common pattern of menorrhagia is excessive bleeding that occurs in regular menstrual cycles and with normal ovulation. There are several important reasons that menorrhagia should be evaluated by a doctor. First, menorrhagia can cause a woman substantial emotional distress and physical symptoms, such as severe cramping. Second, the blood loss can be so severe that it causes a dangerously lowered blood count (anemia), which can lead to medical complications and symptoms such as dizziness and fainting. Third, there can be dangerous causes of menorrhagia that require more urgent treatment. Benign (noncancerous) causes of menorrhagia include:
Uterine fibroids (benign tumors of smooth muscle; this type of tumor is known as a leiomyoma)
Endometrial polyps (tiny benign growths that protrude into the womb)
Adenomyosis (the presence of uterine lining tissue within the muscular wall of the uterus)
Intrauterine devices (IUD's)
Underactive thyroid function (hypothyroidism)
The autoimmune disorder systemic lupus erythematosus
Blood clotting disorders such as inherited bleeding disorders
Certain medications, especially those that interfere with blood clotting
Though not common, menorrhagia can be a sign of endometrial cancer. A potentially precancerous condition known as endometrial hyperplasia can also result in abnormal vaginal bleeding. This situation is more frequent in women who are over the age of 40. Although there are many causes of menorrhagia, in most women, the specific cause of menorrhagia is not found even after a full medical evaluation. These women are said to have dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Although no specific cause of the abnormal vaginal bleeding is found in women with dysfunctional uterine bleeding, there are treatments available to reduce the severity of the condition. Irregular vaginal bleeding; menstrual periods that are too frequent (polymenorrhea) Menstrual periods that are abnormally frequent (polymenorrhea) can be caused by certain sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) (such as Chlamydia or gonorrhea) that cause inflammation in the uterus. This condition is called pelvic inflammatory disease. Endometriosis is a condition of unknown cause that results in the presence of uterine lining tissue in other locations outside of the uterus. This can lead to pelvic pain and polymenorrhea. Sometimes, the cause of polymenorrhea is unclear, in which case the woman is said to have dysfunctional uterine bleeding. Menstrual periods at irregular intervals (metrorrhagia) Irregular menstrual periods (metrorrhagia) can be due to benign growths in the cervix, such as cervical polyps. The cause of these growths is usually not known. Metrorrhagia can also be caused by infections of the uterus (endometritis) and use of birth control pills (oral contraceptives). Sometimes after an evaluation, a woman's doctor might determine that her metrorrhagia does not have an identifiable cause and that further evaluation is not necessary at that time. Perimenopause is the time period approaching or around menopause. It often is characterized by irregular menstrual cycles, including menstrual periods at irregular intervals and variations in the amount of blood flow. Menstrual irregularities may precede the onset of true menopause (defined as the absence of periods for one year) by several years. Decreased amount or duration of menstrual flow (hypomenorrhea) An overactive thyroid function (hyperthyroidism) or certain kidney diseases can both cause hypomenorrhea. Oral contraceptive pills can also cause hypomenorrhea. It is important for women to know that lighter, shorter, or even absent menstrual periods as a result of taking oral contraceptive pills does not indicate that the contraceptive effect of the oral contraceptive pills is inadequate. In fact, many women appreciate this \"side effect\" of oral contraceptives. Bleeding between menstrual periods (intermenstrual bleeding) Women who are ovulating normally can experience light bleeding (sometimes referred to as \"spotting\") between menstrual periods. Hormonal birth control methods (oral contraceptive pills or patches) as well as IUD use for contraception may sometimes lead to light bleeding between periods. Psychological stress, certain medications such as anticoagulant drugs, and fluctuations in hormone levels may all be causes of light bleeding between periods. Other conditions that cause abnormal menstrual bleeding, or bleeding in women who are not ovulating regularly also can be the cause of intermenstrual bleeding.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)"
},
"169": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 169,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:48",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What conditions cause vaginal bleeding after menopause or abnormal vaginal bleeding in women who are not ovulating regularly?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 2
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Many conditions can interfere with the proper function of female hormones that are necessary for ovulation. For example, many conditions or circumstances may cause oligomenorrhea (reduction in the number of menstrual periods and/or amount of flow than usual) such as:
If a woman has chronic medical illnesses or is under significant medical or emotional stress, she can begin to have a loss of her menstrual periods.
Malfunction of a particular part of the brain, called the hypothalamus, can cause oligomenorrhea.
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder associated with excessive thinness that causes many serious medical consequences as well as oligomenorrhea or amenorrhea (the absence of menstrual periods).
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCO, PCOS, POS) is a hormonal problem that causes women to have a variety of symptoms that include irregular or no menstrual periods, acne, obesity, infertility, and excessive hair growth.
The complete loss of ovulation is referred to as anovulation. Since ovulation allows the body to maintain an adequate supply of progesterone, anovulation is a condition in which a woman's hormonal balance is tipped toward too much estrogen and not enough progesterone. The excess estrogen stimulates the growth of the lining of the uterus. The result is that the lining of the uterus becomes too thick, which eventually leads to an increased risk of uterine pre-cancer or uterine cancer over many years. In order to replace progesterone and establish a proper hormonal balance, doctors will prescribe either progesterone to be taken at regular intervals, or an oral contraceptive that contains progesterone. Such treatment dramatically decreases the risk of uterine cancer in women who do not ovulate. Because uterine cancer results from many years of anovulation, any woman with prolonged anovulation needs to be treated to avoid developing uterine cancer. Women who are postmenopausal (those who have not had a menstrual period for 12 consecutive months or more) should not experience vaginal bleeding. Any vaginal bleeding is considered abnormal in postmenopausal women. Women who are taking combined estrogen and progesterone hormone therapy (HRT or HT) may experience some light, irregular vaginal bleeding during the first six months of treatment. Likewise, postmenopausal women who are taking a cyclic hormone regimen (oral estrogen and a progestin for 10-12 days per month) may experience some vaginal bleeding that is similar to a menstrual period for a few days each month. Postmenopausal women who experience heavy or prolonged vaginal bleeding while on hormone therapy should always see a doctor to rule out more serious causes of vaginal bleeding. Less frequent but serious causes of vaginal bleeding in postmenopausal women include endometrial cancer or hyperplasia (overgrowth of the lining tissues of the uterus, which can be precancerous in some cases).",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)"
},
"170": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 170,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:48",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What causes abnormal vaginal bleeding during pregnancy?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Many women have some amount of vaginal bleeding during pregnancy. Some studies show that up to 30% of pregnant women will experience some degree of vaginal bleeding while they are pregnant. Vaginal bleeding during pregnancy is more common with twins and other multiple gestations than with singleton pregnancies (pregnancy with one fetus). Sometimes women experience a very scant amount of bleeding in the first two weeks of pregnancy, usually around the time of the expected menstrual period. This slight bleeding is sometimes referred to as \"implantation bleeding.\" Doctors do not know for certain what causes this bleeding, but it may occur as a result of the fertilized egg implanting in the uterine wall. The amount of the bleeding, the stage of pregnancy, and any associated symptoms can all help determine the cause of vaginal bleeding in pregnancy. While vaginal bleeding in pregnancy does not always signify a problem with the pregnancy, women who experience bleeding during pregnancy should be evaluated by a doctor. Causes of vaginal bleeding in pregnancy include miscarriage, an abnormal location of the placenta, ectopic pregnancy, cervical infection or polyp, and premature labor. Chronic medical conditions and medication use can also be related to vaginal bleeding during pregnancy.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)"
},
"171": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 171,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:48",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What causes vaginal bleeding during or after sexual intercourse?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 9
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Vaginal bleeding may occur during or after sexual intercourse for a number of reasons including:
Injuries to the vaginal wall or introitus (opening to the vagina) during intercourse
Infections (for example, gonorrhea, Chlamydia, yeast infections) can be a cause of vaginal bleeding after intercourse.
Lowered estrogen levels in peri-menopausal or postmenopausal women may cause the lining of the vagina to become thinned and easily inflamed or infected, and these changes can be associated with vaginal bleeding after intercourse.
Anatomical lesions, such as tumors or polyps on the cervix or vaginal wall may lead to vaginal bleeding during or after intercourse.
Women who experience vaginal bleeding during or following sexual intercourse should always visit their doctor to determine the cause of the bleeding.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)"
},
"172": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 172,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:48",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What diagnostic tests are used to evaluate abnormal vaginal bleeding?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
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A woman who has irregular menstrual periods requires a physical examination with a special emphasis on the thyroid, breast, and pelvic area. During the pelvic examination, the physician attempts to detect cervical polyps or any unusual masses in the uterus or ovaries.
A Pap smear is also done to rule out cervical cancer. While the Pap smear is being obtained, samples might be taken from the cervix to test for the presence of infections such as chlamydia or gonorrhea.
A pregnancy test is routine if the woman is premenopausal.
A blood count may be done to rule out a low blood count (anemia) resulting from excessive blood loss.
If something in the patient's (or her family's) medical background or physical examination raises a doctor's suspicion, tests to rule out certain blood clotting disorders may be done.
Sometimes, a blood sample will be tested to evaluate thyroid function, liver function, or kidney function abnormalities.
A blood test for progesterone levels or daily body temperature charting may be recommended to verify that the woman ovulates.
If the doctor suspects that the ovaries are failing, such as with menopause, blood levels of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) may be tested.
Additional blood hormone tests are done if the doctor suspects polycystic ovary, or if excessive hair growth is present.
A pelvic ultrasound is often performed based on the woman's medical history and pelvic examination.
If a woman does not adequately respond to medical treatment, if she is over age 40, or if she has persistent vaginal bleeding between her periods, a sampling of the lining of her uterus (termed endometrial sampling or endometrial biopsy) is often analyzed. Endometrial sampling helps to rule out cancer or precancer in the uterus, or it can confirm a suspicion that a woman is not ovulating.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)"
},
"173": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 173,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:48",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How is irregular vaginal bleeding treated?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 3
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Treatment for irregular vaginal bleeding depends on the underlying cause. After the cause is determined, the doctor decides if treatment is actually necessary. Sometimes, all that is needed is for dangerous causes to be ruled out and to determine that the irregular vaginal bleeding does not bother the woman enough to warrant medication or treatment. If thyroid, liver, kidney, or blood clotting problems are discovered, treatment is directed toward these conditions. Medications for treatment of irregular vaginal bleeding depend on the cause. Examples are described below:
If the cause of the bleeding is lack of ovulation (anovulation), doctors may prescribe either progesterone to be taken at regular intervals, or an oral contraceptive, which contains progesterone, to achieve a proper hormonal balance. Such treatment dramatically decreases the risk of uterine cancer in women who do not ovulate.
If the cause of irregular vaginal bleeding is a precancerous change in the lining of the uterus, progesterone medications may be prescribed to reduce the buildup of precancerous uterine lining tissues in an attempt to avoid surgery.
When a woman has been without menses for less than six months and is bleeding irregularly, the cause may be that she is approaching menopause. During this transition, a woman is sometimes offered an oral contraceptive to establish a more regular bleeding pattern, to provide contraception until she achieves menopause (defined as 12 months without a menstrual period), and to relieve hot flashes. A woman who is found to be menopausal as the cause of her irregular bleeding may also receive menopause counseling if she has troubling symptoms.
If the cause of irregular vaginal bleeding is polyps or other benign growths, these are sometimes removed surgically to control bleeding because they cannot be treated with medication.
If the cause of bleeding is infection, antibiotics are necessary. Bleeding during pregnancy requires prompt evaluation by an obstetrician. Endometriosis can be treated with medications and/or surgery (such as laparoscopy).
Sometimes, the cause of excessive bleeding is not apparent after completion of testing (dysfunctional uterine bleeding). In these cases, oral contraceptives can improve cycle control and lessen bleeding.
If bleeding is excessive and cannot be controlled by medication, a surgical procedure called dilation and curettage (D&C) may be necessary. In addition to alleviating the excessive bleeding, the D&C provides tissue that can be analyzed for additional information that can rule out abnormalities of the lining of the uterus.
Occasionally, a hysterectomy is necessary when hormonal medications cannot control excessive bleeding. However, unless the cause is pre-cancerous or cancerous, this surgery should only be an option after other solutions have been tried.
Many new procedures are being developed to treat certain types of irregular vaginal bleeding. For example, studies are underway to evaluate techniques that selectively block the blood vessels involved in the bleeding. These newer methods may be less complicated options for some patients and as they are further evaluated they will likely become more widely available.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abnormal Vagnial Bleeding (Vaginal Bleeding)"
}
}
},
"19": {
"diseases.id": 19,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"19": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 19,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"174": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 174,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:57",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is a miscarriage?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "A miscarriage is the spontaneous loss of a pregnancy from conception to 20 weeks' gestation. The term stillbirth refers to the death of a fetus after 20 weeks' gestation. Miscarriage is sometimes referred to as spontaneous abortion, because the medical term abortion means the ending of a pregnancy, whether intentional or unintentional. Most miscarriages occur in the first trimester of pregnancy, from seven to twelve weeks after conception.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)"
},
"175": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 175,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:57",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How common is miscarriage?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Miscarriage is very common. As many or even most miscarriages occur so early in pregnancy that a woman does not even realize that she is pregnant, it is difficult to estimate how frequently miscarriages occur. Some experts believe that about half of all fertilized eggs die before implantation or are miscarried. Of known pregnancies (in which a woman misses a period or has a positive pregnancy test), about 10% to 20% end in miscarriage.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)"
},
"176": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 176,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:57",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What causes miscarriage?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
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The majority of miscarriages are believed to be caused by genetic problems within the embryo that would prevent a baby from developing normally and surviving after birth. These fatal genetic errors are not usually related to genetic problems in the mother.In other cases, certain illnesses or medical conditions can cause miscarriage or may increase the risk of miscarriage. Mothers who have diabetes or thyroid disease are at increased risk of miscarriage. Infections that spread to the placenta, including some viral infections, can also increase the risk of miscarriage.In general, risk factors for miscarriage include the following:
Older maternal age
Cigarette smoking (>10 cigarettes/day)
Moderate to high alcohol consumption
Trauma to the uterus
Radiation exposure
Previous miscarriage
Maternal weight extremes (BMI either below 18.5 or above 25 kg/m2)
Anatomical abnormalities of the uterus
Illicit drug use
Use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) around the time of conception may increase the risk of miscarriage
Women who had one miscarriage have an incidence of miscarriage of about 20%, whereas women who have three or more consecutive miscarriages may have a risk as high as 43%.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)"
},
"177": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 177,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:57",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the types of miscarriage?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Miscarriages are sometimes referred to by tissue-specific names to reflect the clinical findings or the type of miscarriage. Examples include:
Threatened abortion: a woman may experience vaginal bleeding or others signs of miscarriage (see below), but loss of the pregnancy has not yet occurred
Incomplete abortion: some of the products of conception (fetal and placental tissues) have been expelled from the uterus, but some remain.
Complete abortion: all of the tissue from the pregnancy has been expelled
Missed abortion: the fetus has not developed, so there is no viable pregnancy, but there is placental tissue and/or fetal tissue contained within the uterus
Septic abortion: a miscarriage in which there is infection in the presence of retained fetal and/or placental tissue.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)"
},
"178": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 178,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:57",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are signs and symptoms of a miscarriage?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
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Vaginal bleeding and pelvic pain are the hallmark symptoms of miscarriage. All vaginal bleeding during pregnancy should be investigated, although not all instances of bleeding result from a miscarriage. Bleeding in the first trimester of pregnancy is very common and does not typically signify a miscarriage. The pain tends to be dull and cramping, and it may come and go or be present constantly. Sometimes, there is passage of fetal or placental tissue. This material may appear whitish and covered with blood. The bleeding may be associated with the passage of blood clots. The amount of bleeding does not necessarily correlate with the severity of the situation, and miscarriage may be associated with bleeding that ranges from mild to severe.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)"
},
"179": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 179,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:57",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How is miscarriage diagnosed?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "An ultrasound examination is typically performed if a woman has symptoms of a miscarriage. The ultrasound can determine if the pregnancy is intact and if a fetal heartbeat is present. Ultrasound examination can also reveal whether the pregnancy is an ectopic pregnancy (located outside of the uterus, typically in the Fallopian tube), which may have similar symptoms and signs as miscarriage. Other tests that may be performed include blood tests for pregnancy hormones, blood counts to determine the degree of blood loss or to see whether infection is present, and a pelvic examination. The mother's blood type should also be checked at the time of a miscarriage, so that Rh-negative women can receive an injection of rho-D immune globulin (RhoGam) to prevent problems in future pregnancies.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)"
},
"180": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 180,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:57",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What happens after a miscarriage?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Share Your Story
There are no specific treatments that can stop a miscarriage, although women who are at risk and have not yet miscarried may be advised to rest in bed, abstain from sexual activity, and restrict all physical activity until any warning signs are no longer present. Once a miscarriage occurs, there is no treatment available. In many cases, the miscarriage will take its course, and unless there is severe pain and cramping or severe blood loss, no treatment is required. If a miscarriage does not completely clear the pregnancy tissue from the uterus, a procedure known as a dilatation and curettage (D&C) can be performed to remove the remaining pregnancy material. This treatment is used in the case of a missed abortion, for example, when the pregnancy material is not expelled from the uterus.As mentioned above, women who are Rh-negative will receive a dose of rho-D immune globulin to prevent complications in future pregnancies.If a miscarriage is due to infection, antibiotic treatment will be given.Miscarriage is such a common occurrence that typically, unless known risk factors are present, no special testing is performed. For couples who have experienced more than two miscarriages, diagnostic studies to detect genetic, hormonal, or anatomical problems may be recommended. Some doctors recommend evaluation of the couple after the second miscarriage, particularly if the woman is over 35 years of age.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)"
},
"181": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 181,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:57",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the outlook for future pregnancies after a miscarriage?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Most women who miscarry subsequently go on to have a successful pregnancy. The likelihood of a miscarriage in a future pregnancy increases with the total number of miscarriages a woman has previously experienced. In general, the risk of recurrence in women who have had a previous miscarriage is about 15%. The risk is about 30% in women who have had two miscarriages. Most women will have their menstrual period within 4 to 6 weeks after a miscarriage. Your doctor can advise you when you may start trying to conceive again. While it is possible to conceive again after your menstrual period has returned, some doctors advise waiting a bit longer, such as another menstrual cycle or more, to provide enough time for physical and emotional recovery.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)"
},
"182": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 182,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:25:57",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Can miscarriage be prevented?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "There is no evidence that bed rest can help prevent miscarriage, but women who have vaginal bleeding during pregnancy are often advised to rest and limit sexual activity until there are no more potential signs of miscarriage. It is possible that some risk factors for miscarriage can be minimized by maintaining a healthy weight and avoiding the use of alcohol, illicit drugs, or tobacco. Screening for, and treatment of, any sexually-transmitted diseases (STDs) can also reduce the risk of a miscarriage. In most instances, the prevention of a miscarriage is outside of the woman's control.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abortion, Spontaneous (Miscarriage Causes and Symptoms)"
}
}
},
"20": {
"diseases.id": 20,
"diseases.ts": "2017-12-14 01:09:18",
"diseases.title": "Abrasion (Cuts, Scrapes and Puncture Wounds)",
"diseases.A_Z_x_diseases_id": {
"20": {
"A_Z_x_diseases.id": 20,
"A_Z.id": 1,
"A_Z.ts": "2017-12-14 00:56:58",
"A_Z.title": "A"
}
},
"diseases.diseases_and_conditions_index_id": {
"183": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 183,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:26:06",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Cuts, scrapes (abrasions), and puncture wounds facts",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 3
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Washing a cut or scrape with soap, and water and keeping it clean and dry is all that is required to care for most wounds.
Cleaning the wound with hydrogen peroxide and iodine is acceptable initially, but can delay healing and should be avoided long-term.
Apply antibiotic ointment and keep the wound covered.
Seek medical care within 6 hours if the bleeding does not stop, as the wound might need stitches.
A delay can increase the rate of wound infection.
Any puncture wound through tennis shoes or sneakers has a high risk of infection and should be seen by a doctor.
Any redness, swelling, increased pain, fever, red streaking, or pus draining from the wound may indicate an infection that requires medical care.
",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abrasion (Cuts, Scrapes and Puncture Wounds)"
},
"184": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 184,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:26:06",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What is the best first aid for a cut or scrape?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
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The first step in the care of cuts, scrapes (abrasions) is to stop the bleeding. Most wounds respond to direct pressure with a clean cloth or bandage. Hold the pressure continuously for approximately 10 to 20 minutes. If this fails to stop the bleeding or if bleeding is rapid, seek medical assistance. Next, thoroughly clean the wound with soap and water. Remove any foreign material in the wound, such as dirt, or bits of grass, which may lead to infection. Tweezers can be used (clean them with alcohol first) to remove foreign material from the wound edges, but do not dig into the wound as this may push bacteria deeper into the wound or injure subcutaneous (under the skin) structures. The wound may also be gently scrubbed with a washcloth to remove dirt and debris. Hydrogen peroxide and povidone-iodine (Betadine) products may be used to clean the wound initially, but may inhibit wound healing if used long-term. Cover the area with a bandage (such as gauze or a Band-Aid) to help prevent infection and dirt from getting in the wound. A first aid antibiotic ointment (Bacitracin, Neosporin, Polysporin) can be applied to help prevent infection and keep the wound moist. Continued care to the wound is also important. Three times a day, wash the area gently with soap and water, apply an antibiotic ointment, and re-cover with a bandage. Change the bandage immediately if it gets dirty or wet.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abrasion (Cuts, Scrapes and Puncture Wounds)"
},
"185": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 185,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:26:06",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Who should seek medical care for a cut?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
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If you cannot control the bleeding from a cut or scrape (abrasion), seek medical attention. Any cut that goes beyond the top layer of skin or is deep enough to see into might need stitches (sutures), and should be seen by a doctor as soon as possible. Generally, the sooner the wound is sutured, the lower the risk of infection. Ideally, wounds should be repaired within six hours of the injury.People with suppressed immune systems (including people with diabetes, cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, people who take steroid medications, such as prednisone, patients on dialysis, or people with HIV) are more likely to develop a wound infection and should be seen by a doctor. People who are on blood thinning medication and cannot control the bleeding should be seen by a doctor immediately.Any wound that shows signs of infection should be seen by a doctor.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abrasion (Cuts, Scrapes and Puncture Wounds)"
},
"186": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 186,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:26:06",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "What are the signs and symptoms of a wound infection?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "
Readers Comments 1
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If the wound begins to drain yellow or greenish fluid (pus), or if the skin around the wound becomes red, warm, swollen, or increasingly painful; a wound infection may be present and medical care should be sought. Any red streaking of the skin around the wound may indicate an infection in the system that drains fluid from the tissues, called the lymph system. This infection (lymphangitis) can be serious, especially if it is accompanied by a fever. Prompt medical care should be sought if streaking redness from a wound is noticed.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abrasion (Cuts, Scrapes and Puncture Wounds)"
},
"187": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 187,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:26:06",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "How are puncture wounds different?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "A puncture wound is caused by an object piercing the skin, creating a small hole. Some punctures can be very deep, depending on the source and cause.Puncture wounds do not usually bleed much, but treatment is necessary to prevent infection. A puncture wound can cause infection because it forces bacteria and debris deep into the tissue, and the wound closes quickly forming an ideal place for bacteria to grow.For example, if a nail penetrates deep into the foot, it can hit a bone and introduce bacteria into the bone. This risk is especially great if an object has gone through a pair of sneakers or tennis shoes. The foam in sneakers can harbor bacteria that can lead to serious infection in the tissues.First aid for puncture wounds includes cleaning the area thoroughly with soap and water. These wounds are very difficult to clean out. If the area is swollen, ice can be applied and the area punctured should be elevated. Apply antibiotic ointments (Bacitracin, Polysporin, Neosporin) to prevent infection. Cover the wound with a bandage to keep out harmful bacteria and dirt. Cleanse the puncture wound and change the bandage three times a day, and monitor for signs of infection (the same signs as in the cuts section). Change the bandage any time it becomes wet or dirty.People with suppressed immune systems or any particularly deep puncture wounds should be seen by a doctor. If it is difficult to remove the puncturing object, it may have penetrated the bone and requires medical care.Most puncture wounds do not become infected, but if redness, swelling or bleeding persists, see your doctor.Puncture wounds to the feet are a particular concern. Wear shoes to minimize the risk of a puncture wound from a nail or glass, especially if the affected person has diabetes or loss of sensation in the feet for any reason.Additional common causes of puncture wounds can include animal or human bites, or splinters from wood or other plant material, which carry a high risk of infection and should be treated by a physician.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abrasion (Cuts, Scrapes and Puncture Wounds)"
},
"188": {
"diseases_and_conditions_index.id": 188,
"diseases_and_conditions_index.ts": "2018-04-02 05:26:06",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.title": "Will I need a tetanus shot for a cut, scrape, or puncture wound?",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.content": "Most people in the United States have been immunized against tetanus (lockjaw). If the affected person has been immunized, a booster shot can be given if they have not had one within 10 years, or if it is a very dirty wound, a booster shot can be given within five years. If affected person has never had a tetanus shot, or if their series is incomplete (fewer than three shots), they might need tetanus immunoglobulin, a medication that can prevent lockjaw.",
"diseases_and_conditions_index.diseases": "Abrasion (Cuts, Scrapes and Puncture Wounds)"
}
}
}
}
}
}