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21 | 2018-02-02 05:08:28 | Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-chld-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</h2><p>Childhood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> (in-ter-STISH-al) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, or chILD, is a broad term for a group of rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> that can affect babies, children, and teens. These diseases have some similar symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">chronic cough</a>, rapid breathing, and shortness of breath.</p><p>These diseases also harm the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> in similar ways. For example, they damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that surround the lungs' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>; air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a> (airways). Sometimes these diseases directly damage the air sacs and airways.</p><p>The various types of chILD can decrease lung function, reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels, and disturb the breathing process.</p><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Researchers have only begun to study, define, and understand chILD in the last decade. Currently, they don't know how many children have chILD. They also don't know how many children have each type of chILD.</p><p>Diagnosing chILD and its specific diseases is hard because chILD is rare and complex. Also, chILD is a broad term for a group of diseases with similar symptoms—it's not a precise diagnosis.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> (ILD) also occurs in adults. However, the cause of ILD in adults may be different than the cause in children. Some types of chILD are similar to the adult forms of the disease. They may even have the same names as the adult forms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hp/">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (noo-mo-NI-tis), immunodeficiency-associated lung disease, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiolitis</a> (brong-ke-o-LI-tis) obliterans.</p><p>However, research shows that the course and outcomes of these diseases often are very different for children than for adults.</p><p>Some ILDs only occur in children. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung growth abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neuroendocrine (noor-o-EN-do-krin) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperplasia</a> (hi-per-PLA-ze-ah) of infancy (NEHI)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027951" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glycogenosis</a> (gli-ko-JEN-eh-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developmental disorders, such as alveolar (al-VE-o-lar) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d1e94"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Each form of chILD may differ in its severity and how it's treated. Thus, getting a correct diagnosis is vital for understanding and treating your child's illness.</p><p>You may want to consult a pediatric pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions. This doctor's training and experience can help him or her diagnose chILD.</p><p>The outlook for children who have chILD also depends on the specific type of disease they have. Some diseases are very severe and lead to early death. Others are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-term) diseases that parents and the child's medical team must work together to manage.</p><p>At this time, chILD has no cure. However, some children who have certain diseases, such as NEHI, may slowly improve over time.</p><p>Researchers are now starting to learn more about the causes of chILD. They're also trying to find distinct patterns and traits for the various forms of chILD. This information may help doctors better understand these diseases.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</h2><p>The broad term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a>" (chILD) refers to a group of rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> that can affect babies, children, and teens. Some of these diseases are more common in certain age groups.</p><p>Diseases more common in infancy include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surfactant (sur-FAK-tant) dysfunction <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developmental disorders, such as alveolar <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung growth abnormalities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025393" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Neuroendocrine cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperplasia</a> of infancy (NEHI)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027951" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glycogenosis</a> (PIG)</div></li></ul><p>Diseases more common in children older than 2 years of age and teens include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> pneumonias: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nonspecific <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cryptogenic organizing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Desquamative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lymphocytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other primary disorders: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alveolar <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhage</a> syndromes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspiration</a> syndromes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hp/">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infectious or postinfectious disease (<a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000975.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">bronchiolitis</a> obliterans)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eosinophilic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> alveolar proteinosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> infiltrates with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eosinophilia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025777" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphatic</a> disorders (lymphangiomatosis, lymphangiectasis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> vascular disorders (haemangiomatosis)</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>ILD associated with systemic disease processes: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Connective tissue diseases</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Histiocytosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Malignancy</a>-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/sarc/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Sarcoidosis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Storage diseases</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Disorders of the compromised <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029694" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Opportunistic infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Disorders related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intervention</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> transplant-associated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse alveolar damage of unknown cause</div></li></ul> </div></li></ul><p>The various types of chILD can affect many parts of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a> (airways), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>. (Capillaries are the tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that surround the air sacs.) The structures of the lung that chILD may affect are shown in the illustration below.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e165" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e165"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/figure/d3e165/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e165" rid-ob="figobd3e165"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/bin/child.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/bin/child.jpg" alt="Normal Lungs and Lung Structures."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e165"><h4 id="d3e165"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/figure/d3e165/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e165">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Lungs and Lung Structures. Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. Figure B is a detailed view of the lung structures that childhood interstitial lung disease may affect, such as the bronchioles, neuroendocrine cells, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/figure/d3e165/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e165">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse infiltrative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse parenchyma <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Interstitial</a> pneumonitis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The chILD syndrome</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</h2><p>Researchers don't yet know all of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD). Many times, these diseases have no clear cause.</p><p>Some conditions and factors that may cause or lead to chILD include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inherited conditions, such as surfactant disorders. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. It helps with breathing and may help protect the lungs from bacterial and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Birth defects</a> that cause problems with the structure or function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspiration</a> (as-pih-RA-shun). This term refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> substances—such as food, liquid, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a>—into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Inhaling these substances can injure the lungs. Aspiration may occur in children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a> problems or gastroesophageal (GAS-tro-eh-so-fa-JE-al) reflux disease (GERD). GERD occurs if acid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune system</a> disorders. The immune system protects the body against <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>. Children who have immune system disorders aren't able to fight illness and disease as well as children who have healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to substances in the environment that can irritate the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a> and chemicals.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systemic or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collagen</a> vascular disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a>. Systemic diseases are diseases that involve many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Autoimmune diseases occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">bone marrow transplant</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) is rare. Most children are not at risk for chILD. However, some factors increase the risk of developing chILD. These risk factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or chILD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having an inherited surfactant disorder or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of this type of disorder. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. It helps with breathing and may help protect the lungs from bacterial and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>. This term "aspiration" refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> substances—such as food, liquid, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a>—into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> disorder. The immune system protects the body against <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>. Children who have immune system disorders aren't able to fight illness and disease as well as children who have healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being exposed to substances in the environment that can irritate the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a> and chemicals.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a systemic or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collagen</a> vascular disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a>. Systemic diseases are diseases that involve many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a> occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Undergoing some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">bone marrow transplant</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Certain types of chILD are more common in infants and young children, while others can occur in children of any age. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063015/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease."</a> </p><p>The risk of death seems to be higher for children who have chILD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a>, developmental or growth disorders, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> transplants, or certain surfactant problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) has many signs and symptoms because the disease has many forms. Signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fast breathing, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022344" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachypnea</a> (tak-ip-NE-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Labored breathing, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> distress</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, which also is called hypoxemia (hi-POK-se-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, wheezing, or crackling sounds in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (in older children) or while eating (in infants), which also is called dyspnea (disp-NE-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor growth or failure to gain weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiolitis</a></div></li></ul><p>If your child has any of these signs and symptoms, contact his or her doctor. The doctor may refer you to a pediatric pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) based on a child's medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a> and the results from tests and procedures. To diagnose chILD, doctors may first need to rule out other diseases as the cause of a child's symptoms.</p><p>Early diagnosis of chILD may help doctors stop or even reverse lung function problems. Often though, doctors find chILD hard to diagnose because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>There are many types of the disease and a range of underlying causes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The disease's signs and symptoms are the same as those for many other diseases</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The disease may coexist with other diseases</div></li></ul><p>Going to a pediatric pulmonologist who has experience with chILD is helpful. A pediatric pulmonologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> can help his or her doctor diagnose chILD. The doctor may ask whether your child:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has severe breathing problems that occur often.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has had severe lung infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Had serious lung problems as a newborn.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has been exposed to possible lung irritants in the environment, such as birds, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, or chemicals.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has ever had radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a>, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a>, or other medical conditions. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a> occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.)</div></li></ul><p>The doctor also may ask how old your child was when symptoms began, and whether other family members have or have had severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. If they have, your child may have an inherited form of chILD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d8e81"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>No single test can diagnose the many types of chILD. Thus, your child's doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests. For some of these tests, infants and young children may be given medicine to help them relax or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>. This painless test creates pictures of the structures inside your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can help rule out other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> as the cause of your child's symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">high-resolution CT scan</a> (HRCT). An HRCT scan uses x rays to create detailed pictures of your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show the location, extent, and severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a>. These tests measure how much air your child can breathe in and out, how fast he or she can breathe air out, and how well your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Lung function tests can assess the severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. Infants and young children may need to have these tests at a center that has special equipment for children.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bronchoalveolar lavage (BRONG-ko-al-VE-o-lar lah-VAHZH). For this procedure, the doctor injects a small amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030277" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saline</a> (salt water) through a tube inserted in the child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The fluid helps bring up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> around the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. The doctor can then look at these cells under a microscope. This procedure can help detect an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, lung injury, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>, or an airway problem.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Various tests to rule out conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acid reflux</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, neuromuscular disease, and immune deficiency.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Various tests for systemic diseases linked to chILD. Systemic diseases are diseases that involve many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> to check for inherited (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>) diseases and disorders.</div></li></ul><p>If these tests don't provide enough information, your child's doctor may recommend a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. A lung biopsy is the most reliable way to diagnose chILD and the specific disease involved.</p><p>A lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgical procedure</a> that's done in a hospital. Before the biopsy, your child will receive medicine to make him or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>During the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, the doctor will take small samples of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from several places in your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This often is done using video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (thor-ah-KOS-ko-pe).</p><p>For this procedure, the doctor inserts a small tube with a light and camera (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a>) into your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> through small cuts between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. The endoscope provides a video image of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and allows the doctor to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples.</p><p>After the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, the doctor will look at these samples under a microscope.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) is rare, and little research has been done on how to treat it. At this time, chILD has no cure. However, some children who have certain diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025393" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neuroendocrine cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperplasia</a> of infancy, may slowly improve over time.</p><p>Current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> approaches include supportive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, medicines, and, in the most serious cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplants</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d9e37"><h3>Supportive Therapy</h3><p>Supportive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that help relieve symptoms or improve quality of life. Supportive approaches used to relieve common chILD symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a>. If your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level is low, he or she may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can improve breathing, support growth, and reduce strain on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bronchodilators. These medications relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around your child’s airways, which helps open the airways and makes breathing easier.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing devices. Children who have severe disease may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilators</a> or other devices to help them breathe easier.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Extra nutrition. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help improve your child's growth and help him or her gain weight. Close monitoring of growth is especially important.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Techniques and devices to help relieve lung congestion. These may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> (CPT) or wearing a vest that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a sticky substance) to the upper airways so it can be coughed up. CPT may involve pounding the chest and back over and over with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or a device to loosen mucus in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so that your child can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Supervised <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (PR). PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) breathing problems.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d9e74"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Corticosteroids are a common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for many children who have chILD. These medicines help reduce lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p><p>Other medicines can help treat specific types or causes of chILD. For example, antimicrobial medicines can treat a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Acid-blocking medicines can prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acid reflux</a>, which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d9e83"><h3>Lung Transplant</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> may be an option for children who have severe chILD if other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> haven't worked.</p><p>Currently, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplants</a> are the only effective <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for some types of chILD that have a high risk of death, such as alveolar <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dysplasia</a> and certain surfactant dysfunction <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a>.</p><p>Early diagnosis of these diseases gives children the chance to receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplants</a>. So far, chILD doesn't appear to come back in patients' transplanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>For more information about this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung Transplant</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease Be Prevented?</h2><p>At this time, most types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) can't be prevented. People who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of inherited (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>) interstitial lung disease may want to consider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counseling</a>. A counselor can explain the risk of children inheriting chILD.</p><p>You and your child can take steps to help prevent infections and other illnesses that worsen chILD and its symptoms. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029859" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand washing</a> a family habit to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> and prevent illnesses.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to keep your child away from people who are sick. Even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a> can cause problems for someone who has chILD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your child's doctor about vaccines that your child needs, such as an annual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a>. Make sure everyone in your household gets all of the vaccines that their doctors recommend.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your child's doctor about how to prevent your child from getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> syncytial (sin-SIT-e-al) virus. This common virus leads to cold and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> symptoms for most people. However, it can make children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> very sick.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid exposing your child to air pollution, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke, and other substances that can irritate his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Strongly advise your child not to smoke now or in the future.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</h2><p>Caring for a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a> (chILD) can be challenging. However, you can take steps to help your child manage his or her disease.</p><p>Make sure your child gets ongoing care and seek support to help you, your child, and your other family members cope with the effects of chILD on daily life.</p><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d11e34"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Work with your child's health care team to manage your child's symptoms and keep him or her as healthy as possible.</p><p>This team may include doctors, nurses, dietitians, social workers, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapists</a>, and home health aides. Each of these specialists may have services that can help you and your child cope with his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p><p>You also can take other steps to help manage your child's care. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Give your child all of his or her prescribed medicines. Make sure to take your child to all followup medical visits.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Work with your child's health care team to ensure that your child is getting good nutrition. Your child's health care team also can suggest physical activities that meet your child's needs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask your child's doctor about warning signs of worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> and when to seek emergency medical care. Agree on a plan of action if these warning signs occur.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep complete records of your child's care and any instructions you receive. This information can help you manage care at home and inform various doctors about your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and status.</div></li></ul><p>Many children who have chILD need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> to help them breathe easier. Portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> units can make it easier for your child to move around and do many daily activities.</p><p>If your child's doctor prescribes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>, work with a home equipment provider to make sure you have the supplies and equipment you need. Trained personnel will show you how to use the equipment correctly and safely.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chld-sec2-d11e71"><h3>Ongoing Support</h3><p>Your child may need support to help other people in his or her life understand the special needs related to chILD. For example, you may want to talk with your child's teachers about your child's illness. You can work with the teachers to decide how to meet your child's special school-related needs.</p><p>You also may want to alert relatives, caregivers, friends, and parents of friends about your child's illness. Let them know about your child's usual care and any signs or symptoms that require emergency care.</p><p>Taking care of yourself also is important. Managing your child's disease and ongoing care can be stressful. You and your family members may feel sad, guilty, or overwhelmed.</p><p>Social workers and mental health providers can help you cope with your feelings and provide support. They also can connect you with family support groups. Taking part in a support group can show you how other people have coped with chILD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw your child from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">childhood interstitial lung disease</a>, talk with your doctor. For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p><p>You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-chld-sec1-d1e38_">What Is Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-types_">Types of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Childhood Interstitial Lung Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Childhood Int |
June 11, 2014. |
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22 | 2018-02-02 05:08:48 | Congenital Heart Defects | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-chd-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Congenital Heart Defects?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> (kon-JEN-ih-tal) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. These defects can involve:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The interior walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The valves inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or the body</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> change the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. They range from simple defects with no symptoms to complex defects with severe, life-threatening symptoms.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> are the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defect</a>. They affect 8 out of every 1,000 newborns. Each year, more than 35,000 babies in the United States are born with congenital heart defects.</p><p>Many of these defects are simple conditions. They need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> or are easily fixed. Some babies are born with complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. These defects require special medical care soon after birth.</p><p>The diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects has greatly improved over the past few decades. As a result, almost all children who have complex heart defects survive to adulthood and can live active, productive lives.</p><p>Most people who have complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects continue to need special heart care throughout their lives. They may need to pay special attention to how their condition affects issues such as health insurance, employment, birth control and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and other health issues.</p><p>In the United States, more than 1 million adults are living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-heartworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-heartworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Heart Works</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, it's helpful to know how a healthy heart works. Your child's heart is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> about the size of his or her fist. The heart works like a pump and beats 100,000 times a day.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The right side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The left side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and four valves and is connected to various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are blood vessels that carry blood from the body to the heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e41" rid-ob="figobd3e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/heart_interior.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/heart_interior.jpg" alt="A Healthy Heart Cross-Section."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e41"><h4 id="d3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">A Healthy Heart Cross-Section. The illustration shows a cross-section of a healthy heart and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-poor blood flows from the body to the lungs. The red arrow shows the direction in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Heart Chambers</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> or "rooms."</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh) are the two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as it flows into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuhls) are the two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Heart Valves</h3><p>Four valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right atrium and the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This artery carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The mitral (MI-trul) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left atrium and the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aortic (ay-OR-tik) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the body.</div></li></ul><p>Valves are like doors that open and close. They open to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow through to the next <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> or to one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves open and close, they make a "lub-DUB" sound that a doctor can hear using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The first sound—the "lub"—is made by the mitral and tricuspid valves closing at the beginning of systole (SIS-toe-lee). Systole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, or squeeze, and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The second sound—the "DUB"—is made by the aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves closing at the beginning of diastole (di-AS-toe-lee). Diastole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax and fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped into them by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d3e99"><h3>Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up a fresh supply of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> are the other important arteries attached to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which must have its own blood supply to function.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d3e118"><h3>Veins</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> also are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> so it can be pumped to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior</a> vena cavae are large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. This article contains animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Congenital Heart Defects</h2><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, some part of the heart doesn’t form properly before birth. This changes the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. Some are simple, such as a hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left and right sides of the heart to mix. Another example of a simple defect is a narrowed valve that blocks blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects are more complex. They include combinations of simple defects, problems with the location of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> leading to and from the heart, and more serious problems with how the heart develops.</p><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d4e37"><h3>Examples of Simple Congenital Heart Defects</h3><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d4e41"><h4>Holes in the Heart (Septal Defects)</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> is the wall that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> on left and right sides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The wall prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from mixing between the two sides of the heart. Some babies are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">holes in the septum</a>. These holes allow blood to mix between the two sides of the heart.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>). An ASD is a hole in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>—the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left atrium to flow into the right atrium, instead of flowing into the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> as it should. Many children who have ASDs have few, if any, symptoms.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e58" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e58"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e58/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e58" rid-ob="figobd4e58"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/atrial_septal_defect.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/atrial_septal_defect.jpg" alt="Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e58"><h4 id="d4e58"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e58/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e58">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect. Figure A shows the structure and blood flow inside a normal heart. Figure B shows a heart with an atrial septal defect. The hole allows oxygen-rich blood from the left atrium to mix <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e58/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e58">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>ASDs can be small, medium, or large. Small ASDs allow only a little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to leak from one atrium to the other. They don't affect how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works and don't need any special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Many small ASDs close on their own as the heart grows during childhood.</p><p>Medium and large ASDs allow more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to leak from one atrium to the other. They’re less likely to close on their own.</p><p>About half of all ASDs close on their own over time. Medium and large ASDs that need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can be repaired using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure or open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD). A VSD is a hole in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>—the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the right ventricle, instead of flowing into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and out to the body as it should.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e84" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e84"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e84" rid-ob="figobd4e84"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/ventr_septal_defect.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/ventr_septal_defect.jpg" alt="Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With a Ventricular Septal Defect."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e84"><h4 id="d4e84"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e84">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With a Ventricular Septal Defect. Figure A shows the structure and blood flow inside a normal heart. Figure B shows two common locations <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e84">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>VSDs can be small, medium, or large. Small VSDs don't cause problems and may close on their own. Medium VSDs are less likely to close on their own and may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Large VSDs allow a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to the right ventricle. As a result, the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> must work harder than normal. Extra blood flow increases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the right side of the heart and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s extra workload can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> and poor growth. If the hole isn't closed, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Doctors use open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair VSDs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d4e106"><h4>Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pda/">Patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) is a fairly common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect that can occur soon after birth. In PDA, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow occurs between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>.</p><p>Before birth, these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are connected by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> called the ductus arteriosus. This blood vessel is an essential part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood circulation</a>. Within minutes or up to a few days after birth, the ductus arteriosus closes.</p><p>In some babies, however, the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent). The opening allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to mix with oxygen-poor blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This can strain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> might be the only sign of PDA. (A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat.) Other signs and symptoms can include shortness of breath, poor feeding and growth, tiring easily, and sweating with exertion.</p><p>PDA is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Small PDAs often close without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d4e130"><h4>Narrowed Valves</h4><p>Simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> also can involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart's valves</a>. These valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the heart (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>).</p><p>Valves can have the following types of defects:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stenosis</a> (steh-NO-sis). This defect occurs if the flaps of a valve thicken, stiffen, or fuse together. As a result, the valve cannot fully open. Thus, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the valve.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Atresia (ah-TRE-ze-AH). This defect occurs if a valve doesn't form correctly and lacks a hole for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to pass through. Atresia of a valve generally results in more complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regurgitation (re-GUR-jih-TA-shun). This defect occurs if a valve doesn't close tightly. As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leaks back through the valve.</div></li></ul><p>The most common valve defect is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>, which is a narrowing of the pulmonary valve. This valve allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. The blood then travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> can range from mild to severe. Most children who have this defect have no signs or symptoms other than a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> isn't needed if the stenosis is mild.</p><p>In babies who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>, the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> can get very overworked trying to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. These infants may have signs and symptoms such as rapid or heavy breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and poor feeding. Older children who have severe pulmonary valve stenosis may have symptoms such as fatigue while exercising.</p><p>Some babies may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> and PDA or ASDs. If this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can flow from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the left side. This can cause cyanosis (si-ah-NO-sis). Cyanosis is a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. It occurs because the oxygen level in the blood leaving the heart is below normal.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> is treated with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d4e171"><h3>Example of a Complex Congenital Heart Defect</h3><p>Complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> need to be repaired with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Advances in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> now allow doctors to successfully repair even very complex congenital heart defects.</p><p>The most common complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tof/">tetralogy of Fallot</a> (teh-TRAL-o-je of fah-LO), which is a combination of four defects:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large VSD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An overriding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. In this defect, the aorta is located between the left and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, directly over the VSD. As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> can flow directly into the aorta instead of into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertrophy</a> (hi-PER-tro-fe). In this defect, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> of the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is thicker than usual because it has to work harder than normal.</div></li></ul><p>In tetralogy of Fallot, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is able to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>, and oxygen-poor blood flows to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e205" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e205"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e205/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e205" rid-ob="figobd4e205"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/tetralogy_fallot.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/bin/tetralogy_fallot.jpg" alt="Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With a Ventricular Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With Tetralogy of Fallot."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e205"><h4 id="d4e205"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e205/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e205">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With an Atrial Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With a Ventricular Septal Defect Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With Tetralogy of Fallot. Figure A shows the structure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062980/figure/d4e205/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e205">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Babies and children who have tetralogy of Fallot have episodes of cyanosis, which can be severe. In the past, when this condition wasn't treated in infancy, older children would get very tired during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>. Tetralogy of Fallot is repaired in infancy now to prevent these problems.</p><p>Tetralogy of Fallot must be repaired with open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, either soon after birth or later in infancy. The timing of the surgery will depend on how narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> is.</p><p>Children who have had this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect repaired need lifelong medical care from a specialist to make sure they stay as healthy as possible.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Congenital Heart Defects</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> defects</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> cardiovascular malformations</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Congenital Heart Defects?</h2><p>If your child has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a>, you may think you did something wrong during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> to cause the problem. However, doctors often don't know why <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> occur.</p><p>Heredity may play a role in some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects. For example, a parent who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> may be more likely than other people to have a child with the defect. Rarely, more than one child in a family is born with a heart defect.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Down syndrome</a>, often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. In fact, half of all babies who have Down syndrome have congenital heart defects.</p><p>Smoking during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> also has been linked to several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, including septal defects.</p><p>Researchers continue to search for the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Congenital Heart Defects?</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> cause few or no signs and symptoms. A doctor may not even detect signs of a heart defect during a physical exam.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects do cause signs and symptoms. They depend on the number, type, and severity of the defects. Severe defects can cause signs and symptoms, usually in newborns. These signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cyanosis (a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood circulation</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> don't cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or other painful symptoms.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> defects can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmurs</a> (extra or unusual sounds heard during a heartbeat). Doctors can hear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. However, not all murmurs are signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. Many healthy children have heart murmurs.</p><p>Normal growth and development depend on a normal workload for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to all parts of the body. Babies who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> may have cyanosis and tire easily while feeding. As a result, they may not gain weight or grow as they should.</p><p>Older children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> may get tired easily or short of breath during physical activity.</p><p>Many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> cause the heart to work harder than it should. With severe defects, this can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. Symptoms of heart failure include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or trouble breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> with physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Congenital Heart Defects Diagnosed?</h2><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> generally are diagnosed during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> or soon after birth. Less severe defects often aren't diagnosed until children are older.</p><p>Minor defects often have no signs or symptoms. Doctors may diagnose them based on results from a physical exam and tests done for another reason.</p><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> are doctors who specialize in the care of babies and children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> surgeons are specialists who repair heart defects using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, the doctor will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect, such as cyanosis (a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, or fingernails), shortness of breath, rapid breathing, delayed growth, or signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec2-d8e58"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e61"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. During the test, the sound waves (called ultrasound) bounce off the structures of the heart. A computer converts the sound waves into pictures on a screen.</p><p>Echo allows the doctor to clearly see any problem with the way the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is formed or the way it's working.</p><p>Echo is an important test for both diagnosing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem and following the problem over time. The test can show problems with the heart's structure and how the heart is reacting to those problems. Echo will help your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> decide if and when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is needed.</p><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, if your doctor suspects that your baby has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> echo can be done. This test uses sound waves to create a picture of the baby's heart while the baby is still in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fetal</a> echo usually is done at about 18 to 22 weeks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. If your child is diagnosed with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> before birth, your doctor can plan <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> before the baby is born.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e82"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can detect if one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> is enlarged, which can help diagnose a heart problem.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e95"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show whether the heart is enlarged. It also can show whether the lungs have extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or extra fluid, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e104"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p>For this test, a small sensor is attached to a finger or toe (like an adhesive bandage). The sensor gives an estimate of how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-chd-sec3-d8e110"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> ( |
June 11, 2014. |
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23 | 2018-02-02 05:09:00 | Coronary Heart Disease | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-cad-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Coronary Heart Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) is a disease in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis). The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e53" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e53"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d1e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e53" rid-ob="figobd1e53"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/bin/atherosclerosis_2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/bin/atherosclerosis_2011.jpg" alt="Atherosclerosis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e53"><h4 id="d1e53"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d1e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e53">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Atherosclerosis. Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a normal coronary artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal coronary artery. Figure C shows a coronary artery narrowed by plaque. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d1e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e53">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can harden or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). Hardened plaque narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot can form on its surface. A large blood clot can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> plaque also hardens and narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Overview</h3><p>If the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is reduced or blocked, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> can occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also can occur in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> occurs if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is cut off. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Without quick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, a heart attack can lead to serious health problems or death.</p><p>Over time, CHD can weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which your heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body’s needs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d1e94"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>CHD is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. In the United States, CHD is the #1 cause of death for both men and women. Lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures can help prevent or treat CHD. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> may reduce the risk of related health problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Coronary Heart Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">Atherosclerosis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary artery disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hardening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ischemic (is-KE-mik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Coronary Heart Disease?</h2><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) starts when certain factors damage the inner layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood vessel</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> might begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. The buildup of plaque in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> may start in childhood.</p><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can harden or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). Hardened plaque narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort).</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury. They may clump together to form blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can further narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. If a clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Coronary Heart Disease?</h2><p>In the United States, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) is the #1 cause of death for both men and women. Each year, more than 400,000 Americans die from CHD.</p><p>Certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for CHD. The more risk factors you have, the more likely you are to develop the disease.</p><p>You can control many risk factors, which may help prevent or delay CHD.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels</a>. This includes high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called “bad” cholesterol) and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called “good” cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, lead to unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also can limit how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> reaches the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a>. This condition occurs if the body can't use its own insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it's used for energy. Insulin resistance may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. With this disease, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>. The terms “<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>” and “<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>” refer to body weight that’s greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for CHD and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. Being physically inactive can worsen other risk factors for CHD, such as unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet. An unhealthy diet can raise your risk for CHD. Foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> can worsen other risk factors for CHD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> or lifestyle factors cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as you age. By the time you're middle-aged or older, enough plaque has built up to cause signs or symptoms. In men, the risk for CHD increases after age 45. In women, the risk for CHD increases after age 55.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with CHD before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with CHD before 65 years of age.</div></li></ul><p>Although older age and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease are risk factors, it doesn't mean that you’ll develop CHD if you have one or both. Controlling other risk factors often can lessen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> influences and help prevent CHD, even in older adults.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d5e104"><h3>Emerging Risk Factors</h3><p>Researchers continue to study other possible risk factors for CHD.</p><p>High levels of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called C-reactive protein (CRP) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may raise the risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. High levels of CRP are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> is the body's response to injury or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>' inner walls may trigger inflammation and help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> grow.</p><p>Research is under way to find out whether reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and lowering CRP levels also can reduce the risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>High levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> (tri-GLIH-seh-rides) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also may raise the risk of CHD, especially in women. Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d5e126"><h3>Other Risks Related to Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>Other conditions and factors also may contribute to CHD, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep. Untreated sleep apnea can increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a>. Research shows that the most commonly reported "trigger" for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is an emotionally upsetting event, especially one involving anger.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol. Heavy drinking can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and worsen other CHD risk factors. Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). This condition can occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. Preeclampsia is linked to an increased lifetime risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hf/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more detailed information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Heart Disease?</h2><p>A common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. You also may feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. The pain tends to get worse with activity and go away with rest. Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also can trigger the pain.</p><p>Another common symptom of CHD is shortness of breath. This symptom occurs if CHD causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. When you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, your heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body’s needs. Fluid builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, making it hard to breathe.</p><p>The severity of these symptoms varies. They may get more severe as the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> continues to narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d6e47"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Heart Problems Related to Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>Some people who have CHD have no signs or symptoms—a condition called silent CHD. The disease might not be diagnosed until a person has signs or symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>). </p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec3-d6e59"><h4>Heart Attack</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> occurs if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is cut off. This can happen if an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a> (breaks open).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> stick to the site of the injury and may clump together to form blood clots. If a clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>If the blockage isn’t treated quickly, the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> begins to die. Healthy heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue. This heart damage may not be obvious, or it may cause severe or long-lasting problems.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e75" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e75"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d6e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e75" rid-ob="figobd6e75"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/bin/heart_attack_10-4-11.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/bin/heart_attack_10-4-11.jpg" alt="Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e75"><h4 id="d6e75"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d6e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e75">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery. Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B is an overview of a heart and coronary artery showing damage (dead heart muscle) caused by a heart attack. Figure C is a cross-section of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/figure/d6e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e75">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>The most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptom is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center or left side of the chest that often lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back.</p><p>The discomfort can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. The feeling can be mild or severe. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart attack</a> pain sometimes feels like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a>.</p><p>The symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> can be similar to the symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Angina pain usually lasts for only a few minutes and goes away with rest.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort that doesn’t go away or changes from its usual pattern (for example, occurs more often or while you’re resting) might be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. If you don’t know whether your chest pain is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or a heart attack, call 9–1–1.</p><p>All <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain should be checked by a doctor.</p><p>Other common signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, which may occur with or before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, light-headedness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, or breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), or lack of energy</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart Attack</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec3-d6e121"><h4>Heart Failure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which your heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body’s needs. Heart failure doesn't mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working.</p><p>The most common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> are shortness of breath or trouble breathing; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>; and swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p>All of these symptoms are the result of fluid buildup in your body. When symptoms start, you may feel tired and short of breath after routine physical effort, like climbing stairs.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart Failure</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec3-d6e140"><h4>Arrhythmia</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. When you have an arrhythmia, you may notice that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping beats or beating too fast.</p><p>Some people describe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> as a fluttering feeling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. These feelings are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> (pal-pih-TA-shuns).</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to suddenly stop beating. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA). SCA usually causes death if it's not treated within minutes.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmia</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Coronary Heart Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063012/#nhlbisec-atrisk">risk factors</a> for CHD, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>No single test can diagnose CHD. If your doctor thinks you have CHD, he or she may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e37"><h3>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h3><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to CHD and signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Stress Testing</h3><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working hard and beating fast, it needs more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a>-narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> can't supply enough oxygen-rich blood to meet your heart's needs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> can show possible signs and symptoms of CHD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm or your heart's electrical activity</div></li></ul><p>If you can't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> for as long as what is considered normal for someone your age, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> may not be getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. However, other factors also can prevent you from exercising long enough (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/anemia/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">anemia</a>, or poor general fitness).</p><p>As part of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress tests</a>, pictures are taken of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and while you rest. These imaging stress tests can show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing in your heart and how well your heart pumps blood when it beats.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e90"><h3>Echocardiography</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The picture shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can show areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e101"><h3>Chest X Ray</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray can reveal signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, as well as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorders</a> and other causes of symptoms not related to CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e117"><h3>Blood Tests</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Abnormal levels might be a sign that you're at risk for CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d7e125"><h3>Coronary Angiography and Cardiac Catheterization</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-rah-fee) if other tests or factors show that you're likely to have CHD. This test uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>To get the dye into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, your doctor will use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun).</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, and the dye is released into your bloodstream.</p><p>Special x rays are taken while the dye is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. The dye lets your doctor study the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> catheterization usually is done in a hospital. You're awake during the procedure. It usually causes little or no pain, although you may feel some soreness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> where your doctor inserts the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Coronary Heart Disease Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) include lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> goals may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing risk factors in an effort to slow, stop, or reverse the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots forming. (Blood clots can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Widening or bypassing clogged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing complications of CHD.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec2-d8e52"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes often can help prevent or treat CHD. Lifestyle changes might be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> that some people need.</p><div id="nhlbi-cad-sec3-d8e59"><h4>Follow a Healthy Diet</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Following a healthy diet can prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a> and help you maintain a healthy weight.</p><p>For information about healthy eating, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site. This site provides practical tips on healthy eating, physical activity, and controlling your weight.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Therapeutic</a> Lifestyle Changes (TLC). Your doctor may recommend TLC if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>. TLC is a three-part program that includes a healthy diet, physical activity, and weight management.</p><p>With the TLC diet, less than 7 percent of your daily calories should come from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>. This kind of fat is found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods.</p><p>No more than 25 to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, including saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polyunsaturated fats</a>.</p><p>You also should have less than 200 mg a day of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. The amounts of cholesterol and the types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in prepared foods can be found on the foods' Nutrition Facts labels.</p><p>Foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a> also are part of a healthy diet. They help prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> from absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. These foods include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whole-grain cereals such as oatmeal and oat bran</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fruits such as apples, bananas, oranges, pears, and prunes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Legumes such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> beans, lentils, chick peas, black-eyed peas, and lima beans</div></li></ul><p>A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can increase important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>-lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compounds</a> in your diet. These compounds, called plant stanols or sterols, work like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>.</p><p>A healthy diet also includes some types of fish, such as salmon, tuna (canned or fresh), and mackerel. These fish are a good source of omega-3 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty acids</a>. These acids may help protect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. Try to have about two fish meals every week.</p><p>You also should try to limit the amount of sodium (salt) that you eat. This means choosing low-salt and "no added salt" foods and seasonings at the table or while cooking. The Nutrition Facts label on food packaging shows the amount of sodium in the item.</p><p>Try to limit drinks that contain alcohol. Too much alcohol will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the blood.) Alcohol also adds extra calories, which will cause weight gain.</p><p>Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.</p><p>For more information about TLC, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC."</a> </p><p>Dietary Approaches to Stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypertension</a> (DASH). Your doctor may recommend the DASH eating plan if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>. The DASH eating plan focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other foods that are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> h |
June 11, 2014. |
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24 | 2018-02-02 05:09:20 | Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hd-sec1-d1e31_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a> risk factors are conditions or habits that raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. These risk factors also increase the chance that existing CHD will worsen.</p><p>CHD, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>, is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up on the inner walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Reduced blood flow can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, especially when you're active. Eventually, an area of plaque can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). This causes a blood clot to form on the surface of the plaque.</p><p>If the clot becomes large enough, it can block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. Blocked blood flow to the heart muscle causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>There are many known CHD risk factors. You can control some risk factors, but not others. Risk factors you can control include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High blood cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> (tri-GLIS-er-ide) levels (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and obesity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a></div></li></ul><p>The risk factors you can't control are age, gender, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CHD.</p><p>Many people have at least one CHD risk factor. Your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> increases with the number of risk factors you have and their severity. Also, some risk factors put you at greater risk of CHD and heart attack than others. Examples of these risk factors include smoking and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>Many CHD risk factors start during childhood. This is even more common now because many children are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and don't get enough physical activity. Some CHD risk factors can even develop within the first 10 years of life.</p><p>Researchers continue to study and learn more about CHD risk factors.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d1e108"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>CHD is the #1 killer of both women and men in the United States. Following a healthy lifestyle can help you and your children prevent or control many CHD risk factors.</p><p>Because many lifestyle habits begin during childhood, parents and families should encourage their children to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy choices. For example, you and your children can lower your risk of CHD if you maintain a healthy weight, follow a healthy diet, do physical activity regularly, and don't smoke.</p><p>On average, people at low risk of CHD live nearly 10 years longer than people at high risk of CHD.</p><p>If you already have CHD, lifestyle changes can help you control your risk factors. This may prevent CHD from worsening. Even if you're in your seventies or eighties, a healthy lifestyle can lower your risk of dying from CHD.</p><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may recommend other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to help control your risk factors.</p><p>Your doctor can help you find out whether you have CHD risk factors. He or she also can help you create a plan for lowering your risk of CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, and other heart problems.</p><p>If you have children, talk with their doctors about their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> health and whether they have CHD risk factors. If they do, ask your doctor to help create a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan to reduce or control these risk factors.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</h2><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e28"><h3>High Blood Cholesterol and Triglyceride Levels</h3><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d3e31"><h4>Cholesterol</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> is a condition in which your blood has too much cholesterol—a waxy, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-like substance. The higher your blood cholesterol level, the greater your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> travels through the bloodstream in small packages called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (LI-po-pro-teens). Two major kinds of lipoproteins carry cholesterol throughout your body:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (LDL). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called "bad" cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. A high LDL cholesterol level raises your risk of CHD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (HDL). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. A low HDL cholesterol level raises your risk of CHD.</div></li></ul><p>Many factors affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels. For example, after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, women's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> levels tend to rise, and their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> levels tend to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a>. Other factors—such as age, gender, diet, and physical activity—also affect your cholesterol levels.</p><p>Healthy levels of both LDL and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> will prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> from building up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels are healthy. Talk with your doctor about having your cholesterol tested and what the results mean.</p><p>Children also can have unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, especially if they're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or their parents have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>. Talk with your child's doctor about testing your child' cholesterol levels.</p><p>To learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> and how to manage the condition, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High Blood Cholesterol</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d3e74"><h4>Triglycerides</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Some studies suggest that a high level of triglycerides in the blood may raise the risk of CHD, especially in women.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e81"><h3>High Blood Pressure</h3><p>"<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a>" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage your heart and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is measured as systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-a-STOL-ik) pressures. "Systolic" refers to blood pressure when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beats while pumping blood. "Diastolic" refers to blood pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.</p><p>You most often will see <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic number, such as 120/80 mmHg. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p>All levels above 120/80 mmHg raise your risk of CHD. This risk grows as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> levels rise. Only one of the two blood pressure numbers has to be above normal to put you at greater risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Often, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> has no signs or symptoms. However, the condition can be detected using a simple test that involves placing a blood pressure cuff around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>Most adults should have their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> checked at least once a year. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, you'll likely need to be checked more often. Talk with your doctor about how often you should have your blood pressure checked.</p><p>Children also can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, especially if they're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. Your child's doctor should check your child's blood pressure at each routine checkup.</p><p>In children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> normally rises with age and body size. Newborns often have very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> numbers, while older teens have numbers similar to adults. The ranges for normal blood pressure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> generally are lower for youth than for adults.</p><p>Your child should have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> checks starting at 3 years of age. To find out whether a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, a doctor will compare the child's blood pressure numbers to average numbers for his or her age, gender, and height.</p><p>Both children and adults are more likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> if they're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> and how to manage the condition, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High Blood Pressure</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e122"><h3>Diabetes and Prediabetes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high. The two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">types of diabetes</a> are type 1 and type 2.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024702" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 1 diabetes</a>, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move blood sugar into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, where it's used for energy. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>, the body's blood sugar level is high mainly because the body doesn't use its insulin properly.</p><p>Over time, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> level can lead to increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> doubles your risk of CHD.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prediabetes</a> is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is higher than normal, but not as high as it is in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. If you have prediabetes and don't take steps to manage it, you'll likely develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> within 10 years. You're also at higher risk of CHD.</p><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese raises your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. With modest weight loss and moderate physical activity, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a> may be able to delay or prevent type 2 diabetes. They also may be able to lower their risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Weight loss and physical activity also can help control diabetes.</p><p>Even children can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. Most children who have type 2 diabetes are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a> develops over time and sometimes has no symptoms. Go to your doctor or local clinic to have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels tested regularly to check for diabetes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dhd/">Diabetic Heart Disease</a> article. For more information about diabetes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>, go to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney Diseases</a>' (NIDDK's) Introduction to Diabetes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e156"><h3>Overweight and Obesity</h3><p>The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height. More than two-thirds of American adults are overweight, and almost one-third of these adults are obese.</p><p>The most useful measure of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> is body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. In adults, a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal. A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese.</p><p>You can use the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> is defined differently for children and teens than it is for adults. Children are still growing, and boys and girls mature at different rates. Thus, BMIs for children and teens compare their heights and weights against growth charts that take age and gender into account. This is called BMI-for-age percentile.</p><p>For more information about BMI-for-age percentile, go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) BMI-for-age calculator.</p><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese can raise your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. This is mainly because overweight and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are linked to other CHD risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e191"><h3>Smoking</h3><p>Smoking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> or long-term exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> raises your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Smoking triggers a buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Smoking also increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots forming in your arteries. Blood clots can block plaque-narrowed arteries and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Some research shows that smoking raises your risk of CHD in part by lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> levels.</p><p>The more you smoke, the greater your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Studies show that if you quit smoking, you cut your risk of heart attack in half within a year. The benefits of quitting smoking occur no matter how long or how much you've smoked.</p><p>Most people who smoke start when they're teens. Parents can help prevent their children from smoking by not smoking themselves. Talk with your child about the health dangers of smoking and ways to overcome peer pressure to smoke.</p><p>For more information, including tips on how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Hear</a> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/smo/smo_how.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">t</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p><p>For more information about children and smoking, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS') Kids and Smoking Web page and the CDC's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029756" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Smoking and Tobacco Use</a> Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e229"><h3>Lack of Physical Activity</h3><p>Inactive people are nearly twice as likely to develop CHD as those who are active. A lack of physical activity can worsen other CHD risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p><p>It's important for children and adults to make physical activity part of their daily routines. One reason many Americans aren't active enough is because of hours spent in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure activities.</p><p>Some experts advise that children and teens should reduce screen time because it limits time for physical activity. They recommend that children aged 2 and older should spend no more than 2 hours a day watching TV or using a computer (except for school work).</p><p>Being physically active is one of the most important things you can do to keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy. The good news is that even modest amounts of physical activity are good for your health. The more active you are, the more you will benefit.</p><p>For more information, go to HHS' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e256"><h3>Unhealthy Diet</h3><p>An unhealthy diet can raise your risk of CHD. For example, foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. Thus, you should try to limit these foods.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Saturated fats</a> are found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Trans fats</a> are found in some fried and processed foods. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> is found in eggs, many meats, dairy products, commercial baked goods, and certain types of shellfish.</p><p>It's also important to limit foods that are high in sodium (salt) and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>. A high-salt diet can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</p><p>Added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a> will give you extra calories without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a>. This can cause you to gain weight, which raises your risk of CHD. Added sugars are found in many desserts, canned fruits packed in syrup, fruit drinks, and nondiet sodas.</p><p>You also should try to limit how much alcohol you drink. Too much alcohol will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. It also will add calories, which can cause weight gain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e281"><h3>Stress</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> may play a role in causing CHD. Stress and anxiety also can trigger your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to tighten. This can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>The most commonly reported trigger for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is an emotionally upsetting event, especially one involving anger. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> also may indirectly raise your risk of CHD if it makes you more likely to smoke or overeat foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e290"><h3>Age</h3><p>As you get older, your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> rises. This is in part due to the slow buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> inside your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, which can start during childhood.</p><p>In men, the risk of CHD increases faster after age 45. In women, the risk of CHD increases faster after age 55.</p><p>Most people have some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> by the time they're in their seventies. However, only about 25 percent of those people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, heart attacks, or other signs of CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e303"><h3>Gender</h3><p>Before age 55, women have a lower risk of CHD than men. This is because before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> provides women some protection against CHD. After age 55, however, the risk of CHD increases similarly in both women and men.</p><p>Some risk factors may affect CHD risk differently in women than in men. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> raises the risk of CHD more in women.</p><p>Also, some risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease only affect women, such as preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). Preeclampsia is a condition that can develop during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>.</p><p>Preeclampsia is linked to an increased lifetime risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>. (Likewise, having heart disease risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, increases your risk of preeclampsia.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d3e325"><h3>Family History</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> plays a role in CHD risk. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with CHD before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with CHD before 65 years of age.</p><p>However, having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CHD doesn't mean that you will have it too. This is especially true if your affected family member smoked or had other CHD risk factors that were not well treated.</p><p>Making lifestyle changes and taking medicines to treat other risk factors often cen lessen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> influences and stop or slow the progress of CHD. </p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevent"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevent_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How To Prevent and Control Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</h2><p>You can prevent and control many <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) risk factors with lifestyle changes and medicines. Examples of these controllable risk factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a>. Only a few risk factors—such as age, gender, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>—can't be controlled.</p><p>To reduce your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, try to control each risk factor you can. The good news is that many lifestyle changes help control several CHD risk factors at the same time. For example, physical activity may lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>, reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and help control your weight.</p><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d4e52"><h3>A Lifelong Approach</h3><p>Many lifestyle habits begin during childhood. Thus, parents and families should encourage their children to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy choices, such as following a healthy diet and being physically active. Make following a healthy lifestyle a family goal.</p><p>To achieve this goal, you should learn about key health measures, such as weight, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and your child's BMI-for-age percentile. For more information about BMI in adults and children, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062987/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors."</a> </p><p>Be aware of your and your family members' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels. Once you know these numbers, you can work to bring them into, or keep them within, a healthy range.</p><p>Making lifestyle changes can be hard. But if you make these changes as a family, it may be easier for everyone to prevent or control their CHD risk factors.</p><p>For tips on how to help your children adopt healthy habits, visit the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/wecan/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> We Can!® Ways to Enhance Children's Activity & Nutrition</a> Web site.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d4e81"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>A healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of CHD. If you already have CHD, a healthy lifestyle may prevent it from getting worse. A healthy lifestyle includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Following a healthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being physically active</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintaining a healthy weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quitting smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Managing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e106"><h4>Following a Healthy Diet</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. To lower your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, you and your family should follow a diet that is:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Saturated fats</a> are found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods. Trans fats are found in some fried and processed foods. Both types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> raise your low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL), or "bad," <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> level.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High in the types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in fish and olive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oil</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> are rich in omega-3 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty acids</a>. Omega-3 fatty acids lower your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, in part by helping prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>. Fiber is found in whole grains, fruits, and vegetables. A fiber-rich diet not only helps lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level, but also provides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> that may help protect against CHD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low in salt and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>. A low-salt diet can help you manage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. A low-sugar diet can help you prevent weight gain and control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Research suggests that drinking small to moderate amounts of alcohol regularly also can lower your risk of CHD. One drink a day can lower your risk by raising your high-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (HDL), or "good," <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> level. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.</p><p>If you don't drink, this isn't a recommendation to start using alcohol. If you're pregnant, if you're planning to become pregnant, or if you have another health condition that could make alcohol use harmful, you shouldn't drink.</p><p>Also, too much alcohol can cause you to gain weight and raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level. In women, even one drink a day may raise the risk of certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>.</p><p>Teach your children how to make healthy food choices. For example, have them help you shop for and make healthy foods. Set a good example by following the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet that you ask your children to follow.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC."</a> All of these resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e161"><h4>Being Physically Active</h4><p>You don't have to be an athlete to lower your risk of CHD. You can benefit from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week.</p><p>For major health benefits, adults should do at least 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate-intensity aerobic activity or 75 minutes (1 hour and 15 minutes) of vigorous-intensity aerobic activity each week.</p><p>Another option is to do a combination of both. A general rule is that 2 minutes of moderate-intensity activity counts the same as 1 minute of vigorous-intensity activity.</p><p>The more active you are, the more you'll benefit. If you're obese, or if you haven't been active in the past, start physical activity slowly and build up the intensity over time.</p><p>Children and youth should do 60 minutes or more of physical activity every day. A great way to encourage physical activity is to do it as a family. You also may want to limit your children's TV, video, and computer time to encourage them to be more active.</p><p>If you have CHD or symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, talk with your doctor before you start a new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> plan. Find out how much and what kinds of physical activity are safe for you. Avoid exercising outdoors when air pollution levels are high or the temperature is very hot or cold.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' (HHS') "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e194"><h4>Maintaining a Healthy Weight</h4><p>Following a healthy diet and being physically active can help you maintain a healthy weight. Controlling your weight helps you control CHD risk factors.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, try to lose weight. A loss of just 5 to 10 percent of your current weight can lower your risk of CHD.</p><p>To lose weight, cut back your calorie intake and do more physical activity. Eat smaller portions and choose lower calorie foods. Don't feel that you have to finish the entrees served at restaurants. Many restaurant portions are oversized and have too many calories for the average person.</p><p>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> children and teens, slowing the rate of weight gain is important. However, reduced-calorie diets aren't advised, unless approved by a doctor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e210"><h4>Quitting Smoking</h4><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can raise your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> and worsen other CHD risk factors. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>You can help your children avoid smoking or quit smoking. Talk with them about the health effects of smoking. Teach them how to handle peer pressure to smoke.</p><p>Teens who have parents who smoke are more likely to smoke themselves. Set a good example by not smoking or quitting smoking. Set firm rules about no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> use in your home.</p><p>If you have a child who smokes, help him or her create a plan to quit. Offer your child information and resources on how to quit. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> the natural rewards that come with quitting, such as freedom from addiction, better fitness and sports performance, and improved appearance. Reinforce the decision to quit with praise.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p><p>For more information about children and smoking, go to HHS' Kids and Smoking Web page and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029756" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Smoking and Tobacco Use</a> Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e247"><h4>Managing Stress</h4><p>Learning how to manage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, relax, and cope with problems can improve your emotional and physical health. Having supportive people in your life with whom you can share your feelings or concerns can help relieve stress.</p><p>Physical activity, medicine, and relaxation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. You may want to consider taking part in a stress management program.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec3-d4e256"><h4>Other Lifestyle Concerns</h4><p>If making lifestyle changes is hard for you, try taking things one step at a time. Learn about the benefits of lifestyle changes. Talk with your doctor, and read some of the resources in "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062987/#nhlbisec-links">Links to Other Information About Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hd/hd_links.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">.</a>"</p><p>Figure out what's stopping you from making or sticking to your lifestyle changes. Try to find ways to overcome these issues. For example, if you're too tired to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> after work, you may want to try working out before you go to work.</p><p>Make a plan to carry out your lifestyle changes that includes specific, realistic goals. Act on your plan and work toward your goals. You may want to do so with the help of a support group or supportive friends and family.</p><p>Reward yourself for the gains you've made. Think about what you need to do to maintain your lifestyle changes and avoid unhealthy habits.</p><p>Don't give up if you go off your diet or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> plan or start smoking again. Instead, find out what you need to do to get back on track so you can meet your goals. Many people find that it takes more than one try to make long-term lifestyle changes.</p><p>Changing the eating and activity habits of children takes time. Start with small, easy steps. For example, cut out after-dinner snacks or go for an after-dinner walk instead of watching TV.</p><p>Set a good example, and try to get your children involved in choosing a new healthy step to take each day. If you make lifestyle changes a group effort, it will make them easier.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hd-sec2-d4e286"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Sometimes lifestyle changes aren't enough to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, or other CHD risk factors. Your doctor also may prescribe medicines. For example, you may need medicines to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li></ul><p>Take your medicines as prescribed. Don't cut back on the dosage unless your doctor tells you to. If you have side effects or other problems related to your medicines, talk with your doctor. He or she may be able to provide other options.</p><p>You should still follow a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy lifestyle, even if you take medicines to control your CHD risk factors.</p><p>____________ ® We Can! is a registered trademark of HHS.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has helped doctors learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) risk factors, as well as ways to prevent or treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about CHD risk factors. For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How risk factors for CHD affect people's health as they age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether omega-3 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty acids</a> reduce early signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How nutritional and behavioral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> can help treat CHD risk factors</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat vari |
June 11, 2014. |
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25 | 2018-02-02 05:09:40 | Coronary Microvascular Disease | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-cmd-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Coronary Microvascular Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the tiny coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, the walls of the heart's tiny arteries are damaged or diseased.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> is different from traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>. In CHD, a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up in the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. The buildup of plaque also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, however, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are affected. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> doesn't create blockages in these vessels as it does in the heart's large arteries.</p><p> </p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062964/bin/coronary-mvd_9-28-11.jpg" alt="Figure A shows the small coronary artery network (microvasculature), containing a normal artery and an artery with coronary MVD. Figure B shows a large coronary artery with plaque buildup."></div> <p></p><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Studies have shown that women are more likely than men to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Many researchers think the disease is caused by a drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> combined with traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors.</p><p>Both men and women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. Some people who have coronary MVD may have inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">heart muscle diseases</a>.</p><p>Diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> has been a challenge for doctors. Standard tests used to diagnose CHD aren't designed to detect coronary MVD. More research is needed to find the best diagnostic tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d1e88"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Most of what is known about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> comes from the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/news/press-releases/2006/wise-study-of-women-and-heart-disease-yields-important-findings-on-frequently-undiagnosed-coronary-syndrome.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> Wise study</a> (Women's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023204" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ischemia</a> Syndrome Evaluation).</p><p>The WISE study started in 1996. The goal of the study was to learn more about how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease develops in women.</p><p>Currently, research is ongoing to learn more about the role of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and to find better ways to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p><p>Studies also are under way to learn more about the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, how to treat the disease, and the expected health outcomes for people with coronary MVD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Coronary Microvascular Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac syndrome X</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nonobstructive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Coronary Microvascular Disease?</h2><p>The same risk factors that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis) may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels</a>. This includes high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol) and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "good" cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also doesn't allow enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to reach the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a>. This condition occurs if the body can't use its insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it's used for energy. Insulin resistance can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. This is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and obesity</a>. The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. Physical inactivity can worsen other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, such as unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet. An unhealthy diet can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> can worsen other atherosclerosis risk factors.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. As you get older, your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> increases. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> or lifestyle factors cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as you age. By the time you're middle-aged or older, enough plaque has built up to cause signs and symptoms. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with heart disease before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with heart disease before 65 years of age.</div></li></ul><p>In women, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> also may be linked to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels occurring before or after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>. Also, the disease may be linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or conditions that affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is thought to slow the growth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> needed to repair damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to explore other possible causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-risk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-risk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Coronary Microvascular Disease?</h2><p>Studies have shown that women are more likely than men to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). Women at high risk for the disease often have multiple risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>. (For a detailed list of these risk factors, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062964/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Coronary Microvascular Disease?"</a>)</p><p>Women may be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> if they have lower than normal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> at any point in their adult lives. (This refers to the estrogen that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a> produce, not the estrogen used in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.)</p><p>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> can raise younger women's risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. One cause of low estrogen levels in younger women is mental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Another cause is a problem with the function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a>.</p><p>Women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, especially high systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. (Systolic blood pressure is the top or first number of a blood pressure measurement.)</p><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, women tend to have more of the traditional risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, which also puts them at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p><p>Women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease are more likely to have a worse outcome, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, if they also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is thought to slow the growth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> needed to repair damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Microvascular Disease?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD) often differ from the signs and symptoms of traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD).</p><p>Many women with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. You also may feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> also is a common symptom of CHD. However, the angina that occurs in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> may differ from the typical angina that occurs in CHD. In coronary MVD, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain usually lasts longer than 10 minutes, and it can last longer than 30 minutes. Typical angina is more common in women older than 65.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> are shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and lack of energy.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> symptoms often are first noticed during routine daily activities (such as shopping, cooking, cleaning, and going to work) and times of mental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. It's less likely that women will notice these symptoms during physical activity (such as jogging or walking fast).</p><p>This differs from CHD, in which symptoms often first appear while a person is being physically active—such as while jogging, walking on a treadmill, or going up stairs.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Coronary Microvascular Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. He or she will check to see whether you have any risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><p>For example, your doctor may measure your weight and height to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>. He or she also may recommend tests for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may ask you to describe any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, including when it started and how it changed during physical activity or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. He or she also may ask about other symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), lack of energy, and shortness of breath. Women may be asked about their menopausal status.</p><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d7e49"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> and doctors who specialize in family and internal medicine might help diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Cardiologists are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d7e56"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>The risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) often are the same. Thus, your doctor may recommend tests for CHD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">Coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-rah-fee). This test uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. Coronary angiography can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the large coronary arteries. This test often is done during a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> to help find blockages in the coronary arteries.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">Stress testing</a>. This test shows how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> during physical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>. Even if coronary angiography doesn't show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> may still show abnormal blood flow. This may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a>. Doctors may use this test to evaluate people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</div></li></ul><p>Unfortunately, standard tests for CHD aren't designed to detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. These tests look for blockages in the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. Coronary MVD affects the tiny coronary arteries.</p><p>If test results show that you don't have CHD, your doctor might still diagnose you with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. This could happen if signs are present that not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is reaching your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> symptoms often first occur during routine daily tasks. Thus, your doctor may ask you to fill out a questionnaire called the Duke Activity Status Index (DASI). The questionnaire will ask you how well you're able to do daily activities, such as shopping, cooking, and going to work.</p><p>The DASI results will help your doctor decide which kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> you should have. The results also give your doctor information about how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>, including a test for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is thought to slow the growth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> needed to repair damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Research is ongoing for better ways to detect and diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Currently, researchers have not agreed on the best way to diagnose the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Coronary Microvascular Disease Treated?</h2><p>Relieving pain is one of the main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> also are used to control risk factors and other symptoms.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include medicines such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Statins to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> to lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and decrease the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> to help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nitroglycerin</a> to relax <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, improve blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li></ul><p>If you're diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>, you may benefit from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for that condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is thought to slow the growth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> needed to repair damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>If you're diagnosed with and treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, you should get ongoing care from your doctor.</p><p>Research is under way to find the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Coronary Microvascular Disease Be Prevented?</h2><p>No specific studies have been done on how to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD).</p><p>Researchers don't yet known how or in what way preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> differs from preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). Coronary MVD affects the tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, while CHD affects the large coronary arteries.</p><p>Taking action to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">heart disease risk factors</a> can help prevent or delay CHD. You can't control some risk factors, such as older age and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. However, you can take steps to prevent or control other risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>.</p><p>Lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d9e63"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Following a healthy diet is an important part of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dash/">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)</a> are two programs that promote healthy eating.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan. Controlling your weight helps you control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors.</p><p>Be as physically active as you can. Physical activity can improve your fitness level and your health. People gain health benefits from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week. The more active you are, the more you'll benefit.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can damage and tighten your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. It also can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> and worsen other heart disease risk factors.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. For more information about quitting smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p><p>Learn how to manage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, relax, and cope with problems. This can improve your emotional and physical health. Physical activity, medicine, and relaxation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> can help relieve stress. You also may want to consider taking part in a stress management program.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d9e122"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and the traits, conditions, and habits that can raise your risk for it. Talk with your doctor about your risk factors for heart disease and how to control them.</p><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may prescribe medicines to control your risk factors. Take all of your medicines as your doctor advises.</p><p>Know your numbers—ask your doctor for these three tests, and have the results explained to you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lipoprotein</a> panel. This test measures total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "good" cholesterol), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> measurement.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a>. This test is for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Know your body mass index (BMI) and waist measurement. BMI measures your weight in relation to your height and gives an estimate of your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>. You can use the NHLBI's online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>In adults, a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal. A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese.</p><p>To measure your waistline, stand and place a tape measure around your middle, just above your hipbones. Measure your waist just after you breathe out. A waist measurement of 35 inches or more for women and 40 inches or more for men is a risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems.</p><p>Know your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. If you or someone in your family has heart disease, tell your doctor.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Coronary Microvascular Disease</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD), you can take action to control it. Follow the steps described in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062964/#nhlbisec-prevention">"How Can Coronary Microvascular Disease Be Prevented?"</a> </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a>, like traditional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, increases your risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. If you have signs or symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, call 9–1–1 at once.</p><p>These signs and symptoms may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, upper body discomfort, shortness of breath, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>). For more detailed information about the warning signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, go to the section on warning signs below.</p><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d10e45"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, see your doctor regularly to make sure the disease isn't getting worse. Work with your doctor to keep track of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels. This will help your doctor adjust your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed.</p><p>You may need to see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist) in addition to your primary care doctor. Talk with your doctor about how often you should schedule office visits or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. Between those visits, call your doctor if you have any new symptoms or your symptoms worsen.</p><p>You should:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know your symptoms and how and when to seek medical help.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be able to describe the usual pattern of your symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know which medicines you take and when and how to take them.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know how to control your symptoms, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know the limits of your physical activity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learn ways to avoid or cope with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cmd-sec2-d10e86"><h3>Warning Signs</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, learn the warning signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. The signs and symptoms of a heart attack include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort. This involves uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain in the center or left side of the chest that can be mild or strong. This pain or discomfort often lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, which may occur with or before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, light-headedness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, or breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and lack of energy.</div></li></ul><p>If you think you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, call 9–1–1 at once. Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can prevent or limit damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Instead, call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving treatment on the way to the emergency room.</p><p>Let the people you see regularly know you're at risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. They can seek emergency care if you suddenly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>, collapse, or have other severe symptoms.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has helped doctors learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, its risk factors, and ways to prevent and treat the disease.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Examine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> risks and recovery in young women (aged 18–55)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Explore whether taking daily <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a> or fish <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oil</a> (omega-3) supplements reduces the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other conditions</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Examine the role that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> play in women's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary microvascular disease</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-cmd-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Coronary Microvascular Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Coronary Microvascular Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Coronary Microvascular Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-risk_">Who Is at Risk for Coronary Microvascular Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Coronary Microvascular Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Coronary Microvascular Disease Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Coronary Microvascular Disease Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Coronary Microvascular Disease Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Coronary Microvascular Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbi |
June 11, 2014. |
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26 | 2018-02-02 05:09:59 | Cough | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-cough-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Cough?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is a natural reflex that protects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear your airways of lung irritants, such as smoke and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance). This helps prevent infections. A cough also can be a symptom of a medical problem.</p><p>Prolonged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> can cause unpleasant side effects, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, exhaustion, light-headedness, and loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a> control. Coughing also can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, socializing, and work.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d1e44"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> endings in your airways become irritated. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Certain substances (such as smoke and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollen</a>), medical conditions, and medicines can irritate these nerve endings.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a>, subacute, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>, depending on how long it lasts.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts less than 3 weeks. Common causes of an acute cough are a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a> or other upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> (RES-pi-rah-tor-e) infections. Examples of other upper respiratory infections include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whooping cough</a>.</p><p>A subacute <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts 3 to 8 weeks. This type of cough remains even after a cold or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is over.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts more than 8 weeks. Common causes of a chronic cough are upper airway cough syndrome (UACS); <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>; and gastroesophageal (GAS-tro-eh-so-fa-JE-al) reflux disease, or GERD.</p><p>"UACS" is a term used to describe conditions that inflame the upper airways and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. These conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> to run down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> from the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. This is called postnasal drip.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is a long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that inflames and narrows the airways. GERD occurs if acid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d1e79"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The best way to treat a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is to treat its cause. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> is treated with medicines that open the airways.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> medicine if the cause of your cough is unknown and the cough causes a lot of discomfort. Cough medicines may harm children. If your child has a cough, talk with his or her doctor about how to treat it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Cough?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> endings in your airways become irritated. Certain irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>, medical conditions, and medicines can irritate these nerve endings.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Irritants and Allergens</h3><p>An irritant is something you're sensitive to. For example, smoking or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> can irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Smoking also can lead to medical conditions that can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Other irritants include air pollution, paint fumes, or scented products like perfumes or air fresheners.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergen</a> is something you're allergic to, such as dust, animal dander, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> from trees, grasses, and flowers.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear your airways of irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>. This helps prevent infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d3e44"><h3>Medical Conditions</h3><p>Many medical conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a>, subacute, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</p><p>Common causes of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> are a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a> or other upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections. Examples of other upper respiratory infections include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whooping cough</a>. An acute cough lasts less than 3 weeks.</p><p>A lingering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> that remains after a cold or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is gone often is called a subacute cough. A subacute cough lasts 3 to 8 weeks.</p><p>Common causes of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> are upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD). A chronic cough lasts more than 8 weeks.</p><p>"UACS" is a term used to describe conditions that inflame the upper airways and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. These conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) to run down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> from the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. This is called postnasal drip.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is a long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that inflames and narrows the airways. GERD is a condition in which acid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>Other conditions that can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> infections. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> from an upper respiratory <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> can develop into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> cough.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">Chronic bronchitis</a> (bron-KI-tis). This condition occurs if the lining of the airways is constantly irritated and inflamed. Smoking is the main cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022636" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchitis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> (brong-ke-EK-tah-sis). This is a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred. This prevents the airways from properly moving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or other condition that injures the walls of the airways usually causes bronchiectasis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>). COPD is a disease that prevents enough air from flowing in and out of the airways.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung cancer</a>. In rare cases, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is due to lung cancer. Most people who develop lung cancer smoke or used to smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. Fluid can build up in the body and lead to many symptoms. If fluid builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, it can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d3e106"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Certain medicines can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples of these medicines are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>. ACE inhibitors are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> (HBP). Beta blockers are used to treat HBP, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraine headaches</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glaucoma</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Cough?</h2><p>People at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> include those who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are exposed to things that irritate their airways (called irritants) or things that they're allergic to (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>). Examples of irritants are cigarette smoke, air pollution, paint fumes, and scented products. Examples of allergens are dust, animal dander, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> from trees, grasses, and flowers.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain conditions that irritate the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoke. Smoking can irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a>. Smoking and/or exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> also can lead to medical conditions that can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take certain medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>. ACE inhibitors are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> (HBP). Beta blockers are used to treat HBP, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraine headaches</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glaucoma</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Women are more likely than men to develop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. For more information about the substances and conditions that put you at risk for cough, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062988/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Cough?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cough?</h2><p>When you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) may come up. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear the mucus in your airways from a cold, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">bronchitis</a>, or other condition. Rarely, people cough up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. If this happens, you should call your doctor right away.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> may be a symptom of a medical condition. Thus, it may occur with other signs and symptoms of that condition. For example, if you have a cold, you may have a runny or stuffy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a>, you may have a sour <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">taste</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> can make you feel tired because you use a lot of energy to cough. It also can prevent you from sleeping well and interfere with work and socializing. A chronic cough also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a> control, sweating, and, rarely, fractured <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is the Cause of Cough Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will likely ask questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. He or she may ask how long you've had it, whether you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> anything up (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>, a slimy substance), and how much you cough.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, including whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, or other medical conditions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a> or a sour <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">taste</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. These may be signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've recently had a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you smoke or spend time around others who smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've been around air pollution, a lot of dust, or fumes.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>To check for signs of problems related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, your doctor will use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. He or she will listen for wheezing (a whistling or squeaky sound when you breathe) or other abnormal sounds.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d6e71"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests based on the results of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and physical exam. For example, if you have symptoms of GERD, your doctor may recommend a pH probe. This test measures the acid level of the fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>Other tests may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An exam of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. This test can show whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">A chest x ray</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray takes a picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can help diagnose conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a>. These tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Lung function tests can help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> and other conditions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An x ray of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>. This test can help diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cough Treated?</h2><p>The best way to treat a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is to treat its cause. However, sometimes the cause is unknown. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as medicines and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vaporizer</a>, can help relieve the cough itself.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Treating the Cause of a Cough</h3><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec3-d7e34"><h4>Acute and Subacute Cough</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts less than 3 weeks. Common causes of an acute cough are a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a> or other upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections. Examples of other upper respiratory infections include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whooping cough</a>. An acute cough usually goes away after the illness that caused it is over.</p><p>A subacute <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts 3 to 8 weeks. This type of cough remains even after a cold or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is over.</p><p>Studies show that antibiotics and cold medicines can't cure a cold. However, your doctor may prescribe medicines to treat another cause of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or subacute <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. For example, antibiotics may be given for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Chronic Cough</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> lasts more than 8 weeks. Common causes of a chronic cough are upper airway cough syndrome (UACS), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD).</p><p>"UACS" is a term used to describe conditions that inflame the upper airways and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. These conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) to run down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> from the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. This is called postnasal drip.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics. He or she also may suggest you use a medicine that you spray into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a> are causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, your doctor may advise you to avoid the substances that you're allergic to (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>) if possible.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, try to avoid irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> that make your asthma worse. Take your asthma medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>GERD occurs if acid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. Your doctor may prescribe a medicine to reduce acid in your stomach. You also may be able to relieve GERD symptoms by waiting 3 to 4 hours after a meal before lying down, and by sleeping with your head raised.</p><p>Smoking also can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. If you smoke, it's important to quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>Many hospitals have programs that help people quit smoking, or hospital staff can refer you to a program. The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart"</a> booklet have more information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Other causes of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">chronic bronchitis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for these causes may include medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> also may include avoiding irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> and quitting smoking.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> is due to a medicine you're taking, your doctor may prescribe a different medicine.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d7e103"><h3>Treating the Cough Rather Than the Cause</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> is important because it helps clear your airways of irritants, such as smoke and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance). Coughing also helps prevent infections.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cough</a> medicines usually are used only when the cause of the cough is unknown and the cough causes a lot of discomfort.</p><p>Medicines can help control a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and make it easier to cough up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Your doctor may recommend medicines such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prescription <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> suppressants, also called antitussives. These medicines can help relieve a cough. However, they're usually used when nothing else works. No evidence shows that over-the-counter cough suppressants relieve a cough.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Expectorants. These medicines may loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>, making it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bronchodilators. These medicines relax your airways.</div></li></ul><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> also may relieve an irritated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Examples include using a cool-mist humidifier or steam <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vaporizer</a> and drinking enough fluids. Examples of fluids are water, soup, and juice. Ask your doctor how much fluid you need.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d7e131"><h3>Cough in Children</h3><p>No evidence shows that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and cold medicines help children recover more quickly from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a>. These medicines can even harm children. Talk with your child's doctor about your child's cough and how to treat it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Cough</h2><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, you can take steps to recover from the condition that's causing the cough. You also can take steps to relieve your cough. Ongoing care and lifestyle changes can help you.</p><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Follow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan your doctor gives you for treating the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes. If you're using antibiotics, continue to take the medicine until it's all gone. You may start to feel better before you finish the medicine, but you should continue to take it.</p><p>Ask your doctor about ways to relieve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. He or she may recommend cough medicines. These medicines usually are used only when the cause of a cough is unknown and the cough is causing a lot of discomfort.</p><p>A cool-mist humidifier or steam <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vaporizer</a> may help relieve an irritated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Getting enough fluids (for example, water, soup, or juice) may have the same effect. Ask your doctor about how much fluid you need.</p><p>Your doctor will let you know when to schedule followup care.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cough-sec2-d8e47"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you smoke, quit. Ask your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart"</a> booklet have more information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Try to avoid irritants and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> that make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples of irritants include cigarette smoke, air pollution, paint fumes, and scented products like perfumes or air fresheners. Examples of allergens include dust, animal dander, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> from trees, grasses, and flowers.</p><p>Follow a healthy diet and be as physically active as you can. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet also is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources include general advice about healthy eating.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to your disease or condition, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-cough-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Cough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Cough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is At Risk for Cough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is the Cause of Cough Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Cough Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Cough</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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27 | 2018-02-02 05:10:10 | Cystic Fibrosis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-cf-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Cystic Fibrosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic fibrosis</a> (SIS-tik fi-BRO-sis), or CF, is an inherited disease of the secretory (see-KREH-tor-ee) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glands</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Secretory glands</a> include glands that make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>.</p><p>"Inherited" means the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. People who have CF inherit two faulty genes for the disease—one from each parent. The parents likely don't have the disease themselves.</p><p>CF mainly affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, and sex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d1e48"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mucus</a> is a substance made by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that line some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. Normally, mucus is a slippery, watery substance. It keeps the linings of certain organs moist and prevents them from drying out or getting infected.</p><p>If you have CF, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> becomes thick and sticky. It builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and blocks your airways. (Airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your lungs.)</p><p>The buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> makes it easy for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to grow. This leads to repeated, serious lung infections. Over time, these infections can severely damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>The thick, sticky <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> also can block tubes, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ducts</a>, in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>). As a result, the digestive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> that your pancreas makes can't reach your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a>.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> help break down food. Without them, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> can't fully absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> deficiency and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malnutrition</a> because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> pass through your body without being used. You also may have bulky stools, intestinal gas, a swollen belly from severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a>, and pain or discomfort.</p><p>CF also causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> to become very salty. Thus, when you sweat, you lose large amounts of salt. This can upset the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and cause many health problems. Examples of these problems include dehydration (a lack of fluid in your body), increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), weakness, decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, heat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, and, rarely, death.</p><p>If you or your child has CF, you're also at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>-thinning conditions called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis) and osteopenia (OS-te-o-PEE-nee-uh).</p><p>CF also causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infertility</a> in men, and the disease can make it harder for women to get pregnant. (The term "infertility" refers to the inability to have children.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d1e80"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The symptoms and severity of CF vary. If you or your child has the disease, you may have serious lung and digestive problems. If the disease is mild, symptoms may not show up until the teen or adult years.</p><p>The symptoms and severity of CF also vary over time. Sometimes you'll have few symptoms. Other times, your symptoms may become more severe. As the disease gets worse, you'll have more severe symptoms more often.</p><p>Lung function often starts to decline in early childhood in people who have CF. Over time, damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can cause severe breathing problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">Respiratory failure</a> is the most common cause of death in people who have CF.</p><p>As <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for CF continue to improve, so does life expectancy for those who have the disease. Today, some people who have CF are living into their forties or fifties, or longer.</p><p>Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for CF can improve your quality of life and increase your lifespan. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include nutritional and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>, medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, and other treatments.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (PR). PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) breathing problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Cystic Fibrosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic fibrosis</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fibrocystic disease</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mucoviscidosis</a> (MU-ko-vis-ih-DO-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mucoviscidosis</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pancreas</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrocystic disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pancreatic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Cystic Fibrosis?</h2><p>A defect in the CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a> (CF). This gene makes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that controls the movement of salt and water in and out of your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. In people who have CF, the gene makes a protein that doesn't work well. This causes thick, sticky <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and very salty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>.</p><p>Research suggests that the CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> also affects the body in other ways. This may help explain other symptoms and complications of CF.</p><p>More than a thousand known defects can affect the CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. The type of defect you or your child has may affect the severity of CF. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> also may play a role in the severity of the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d4e37"><h3>How Is Cystic Fibrosis Inherited?</h3><p>Every person inherits two CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>—one from each parent. Children who inherit a faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from each parent will have CF.</p><p>Children who inherit one faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> and one normal CFTR gene are "CF carriers." CF carriers usually have no symptoms of CF and live normal lives. However, they can pass the faulty CFTR gene to their children.</p><p>The image below shows how two parents who are both CF carriers can pass the faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their children.</p><p> </p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/bin/cysticfibrosis02.jpg" alt="Figure A shows the organs that cystic fibrosis can affect. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows an airway affected by cystic fibrosis. The widened airway is blocked by thick, sticky mucus containing blood and bacteria. "></div> <p></p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Cystic Fibrosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic fibrosis</a> (CF) affects both males and females and people from all racial and ethnic groups. However, the disease is most common among Caucasians of Northern European descent.</p><p>CF also is common among Latinos and American Indians, especially the Pueblo and Zuni. The disease is less common among African Americans and Asian Americans.</p><p>More than 10 million Americans are carriers of a faulty CF <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. Many of them don't know that they're CF carriers.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Cystic Fibrosis?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a> (CF) vary from person to person and over time. Sometimes you'll have few symptoms. Other times, your symptoms may become more severe.</p><p>One of the first signs of CF that parents may notice is that their baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tastes</a> salty when kissed, or the baby doesn't pass <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> when first born.</p><p>Most of the other signs and symptoms of CF happen later. They're related to how CF affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a>, digestive, or reproductive systems of the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/figure/d6e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e41" rid-ob="figobd6e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/bin/cysticfibrosis01.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/bin/cysticfibrosis01.jpg" alt="Cystic Fibrosis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e41"><h4 id="d6e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/figure/d6e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e41">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cystic Fibrosis. Figure A shows the organs that cystic fibrosis can affect. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows an airway with cystic fibrosis. The widened airway is blocked by thick, sticky mucus that contains blood and bacteria. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063023/figure/d6e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e41">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d6e47"><h3>Respiratory System Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>People who have CF have thick, sticky <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> that builds up in their airways. This buildup of mucus makes it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to grow and cause infections. Infections can block the airways and cause frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> that brings up thick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> (spit) or mucus that's sometimes bloody.</p><p>People who have CF tend to have lung infections caused by unusual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that don't respond to standard antibiotics. For example, lung infections caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> called mucoid Pseudomonas are much more common in people who have CF than in those who don't. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> caused by these bacteria may be a sign of CF.</p><p>People who have CF have frequent bouts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinusitis</a> (si-nu-SI-tis), an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>. The sinuses are hollow air spaces around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and forehead. Frequent bouts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">bronchitis</a> (bron-KI-tis) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah) also can occur. These infections can cause long-term lung damage.</p><p>As CF gets worse, you may have more serious problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a> (noo-mo-THOR-aks) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a> (brong-ke-EK-ta-sis).</p><p>Some people who have CF also develop nasal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022750" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polyps</a> (growths in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>) that may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d6e84"><h3>Digestive System Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>In CF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> can block tubes, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ducts</a>, in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>). These blockages prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> from reaching your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>.</p><p>As a result, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> can't fully absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. This can cause ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a> or bulky, foul-smelling, greasy stools. Intestinal blockages also may occur, especially in newborns. Too much gas or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> in the intestines may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain and discomfort.</p><p>A hallmark of CF in children is poor weight gain and growth. These children are unable to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> from their food because of the lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> to help absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>.</p><p>As CF gets worse, other problems may occur, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pancreatitis</a> (PAN-kre-ah-TI-tis). This is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> become inflamed, which causes pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030548" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rectal prolapse</a>. Frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> or problems passing stools may cause rectal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from inside you to move out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022230" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rectum</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> disease due to inflamed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018954" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bile ducts</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d6e120"><h3>Reproductive System Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Men who have CF are infertile because they're born without a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vas deferens</a>. The vas deferens is a tube that delivers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">testes</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024426" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">penis</a>.</p><p>Women who have CF may have a hard time getting pregnant because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> blocking the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cervix</a> or other CF complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d6e129"><h3>Other Signs, Symptoms, and Complications</h3><p>Other signs and symptoms of CF are related to an upset of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>CF causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> to become very salty. As a result, your body loses large amounts of salt when you sweat. This can cause dehydration (a lack of fluid in your body), increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), weakness, decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, heat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, and, rarely, death.</p><p>CF also can cause clubbing and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone density</a>. Clubbing is the widening and rounding of the tips of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes. This sign develops late in CF because your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> aren't moving enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into your bloodstream.</p><p>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone density</a> also tends to occur late in CF. It can lead to bone-thinning disorders called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> and osteopenia.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a> (CF) based on the results from various tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Newborn Screening</h3><p>All States screen newborns for CF using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>. The genetic test shows whether a newborn has faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. The blood test shows whether a newborn's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> is working properly.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Sweat Test</h3><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> suggests CF, a doctor will confirm the diagnosis using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> test. This test is the most useful test for diagnosing CF. A sweat test measures the amount of salt in sweat.</p><p>For this test, the doctor triggers sweating on a small patch of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> or leg. He or she rubs the skin with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>-producing chemical and then uses an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrode</a> to provide a mild electrical current. This may cause a tingling or warm feeling.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sweat</a> is collected on a pad or paper and then analyzed. The sweat test usually is done twice. High salt levels confirm a diagnosis of CF.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Other Tests</h3><p>If you or your child has CF, your doctor may recommend other tests, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic tests</a> to find out what type of CFTR defect is causing your CF.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>. This test creates pictures of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can show whether your lungs are inflamed or scarred, or whether they trap air.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> x ray. This test may show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinusitis</a>, a complication of CF.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/"> </a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a>. These tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> culture. For this test, your doctor will take a sample of your sputum (spit) to see whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> are growing in it. If you have bacteria called mucoid Pseudomonas, you may have more advanced CF that needs aggressive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e88"><h3>Prenatal Screening</h3><p>If you're pregnant, prenatal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> has CF. These tests include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> (AM-ne-o-sen-TE-sis) and chorionic villus (ko-re-ON-ik VIL-us) sampling (CVS).</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a>, your doctor inserts a hollow needle through your abdominal wall into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>. He or she removes a small amount of fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the baby. The fluid is tested to see whether both of the baby's CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are normal.</p><p>In CVS, your doctor threads a thin tube through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022600" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagina</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cervix</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. The doctor removes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample from the placenta using gentle suction. The sample is tested to see whether the baby has CF.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d7e100"><h3>Cystic Fibrosis Carrier Testing</h3><p>People who have one normal CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> and one faulty CFTR gene are CF carriers. CF carriers usually have no symptoms of CF and live normal lives. However, carriers can pass faulty CFTR <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> on to their children.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CF or a partner who has CF (or a family history of it) and you're planning a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, you may want to find out whether you're a CF carrier.</p><p>A genetics counselor can test a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024478" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saliva</a> sample to find out whether you have a faulty CF <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. This type of testing can detect faulty CF <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> in 9 out of 10 cases.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Cystic Fibrosis Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic fibrosis</a> (CF) has no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> have greatly improved in recent years. The goals of CF <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing and controlling lung infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loosening and removing thick, sticky <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or treating blockages in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Providing enough nutrition</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing dehydration (a lack of fluid in the body)</div></li></ul><p>Depending on the severity of CF, you or your child may be treated in a hospital.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d8e52"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If you or your child has CF, you may be treated by a CF specialist. This is a doctor who is familiar with the complex nature of CF.</p><p>Often, a CF specialist works with a medical team of nurses, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapists</a>, dietitians, and social workers. CF specialists often are located at major medical centers.</p><p>The United States also has more than 100 CF Care Centers. These centers have teams of doctors, nurses, dietitians, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> therapists, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapists</a>, and social workers who have special training related to CF care. Most CF Care Centers have pediatric and adult programs or clinics.</p><p>For more information about CF Care Centers, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic Fibrosis</a> Foundation's Care Center Network Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d8e71"><h3>Treatment for Lung Problems</h3><p>The main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for lung problems in people who have CF are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> (CPT), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, and medicines. Your doctor also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (PR) program.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e81"><h4>Chest Physical Therapy</h4><p>CPT also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapping or percussion. It involves pounding your chest and back over and over with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or a device to loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so that you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</p><p>You might sit down or lie on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> with your head down while you do CPT. Gravity and force help drain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Some people find CPT hard or uncomfortable to do. Several devices have been developed that may help with CPT, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An electric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapper, known as a mechanical percussor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An inflatable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> vest that uses high-frequency airwaves to force the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> that's deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> toward your upper airways so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A small, handheld device that you exhale through. The device causes vibrations that dislodge the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mask that creates vibrations that help break the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> loose from your airway walls.</div></li></ul><p>Breathing techniques also may help dislodge <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up. These techniques include forcing out a couple of short breaths or deeper breaths and then doing relaxed breathing. This may help loosen the mucus in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and open your airways.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Exercise</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022362" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aerobic exercise</a> that makes you breathe harder can help loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> in your airways so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up. Exercise also helps improve your overall physical condition.</p><p>However, CF causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> to become very salty. As a result, your body loses large amounts of salt when you sweat. Thus, your doctor may recommend a high-salt diet or salt supplements to maintain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>If you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> regularly, you may be able to cut back on your CPT. However, you should check with your doctor first.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e124"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>If you have CF, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics, anti-inflammatory medicines, bronchodilators, or medicines to help clear the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. These medicines help treat or prevent lung infections, reduce swelling and open up the airways, and thin mucus. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> called G551D, which occurs in about 5 percent of people who have CF, your doctor may prescribe the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> medicine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ivacaftor</a> (approved for people with CF who are 6 years of age and older).</p><p>Antibiotics are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to prevent or treat lung infections. Your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a>, inhaled, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) antibiotics.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> antibiotics often are used to treat mild lung infections. Inhaled antibiotics may be used to prevent or control infections caused by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> mucoid Pseudomonas. For severe or hard-to-treat infections, you may be given antibiotics through an IV tube (a tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>). This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may require you to stay in a hospital.</p><p>Anti-inflammatory medicines can help reduce swelling in your airways due to ongoing infections. These medicines may be inhaled or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a>.</p><p>Bronchodilators help open the airways by relaxing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around them. These medicines are inhaled. They're often taken just before CPT to help clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> out of your airways. You also may take bronchodilators before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> other medicines into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to reduce the stickiness of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and loosen it up. These medicines can help clear out mucus, improve lung function, and prevent worsening lung symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e149"><h4>Treatments for Advanced Lung Disease</h4><p>If you have advanced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> usually is given through nasal prongs or a mask.</p><p>If other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> haven't worked, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> may be an option if you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove a person's diseased lung and replace it with a healthy lung from a deceased donor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d8e165"><h4>Pulmonary Rehabilitation</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend PR as part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) breathing problems.</p><p>PR doesn't replace medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. Instead, it's used with medical therapy and may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> training</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nutritional counseling</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Education on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or condition and how to manage it</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Energy-conserving techniques</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing strategies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological counseling and/or group support</div></li></ul><p>PR has many benefits. It can improve your ability to function and your quality of life. The program also may help relieve your breathing problems. Even if you have advanced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, you can still benefit from PR.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">Pulmonary Rehabilitation</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d8e206"><h3>Treatment for Digestive Problems</h3><p>CF can cause many digestive problems, such as bulky stools, intestinal gas, a swollen belly, severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a>, and pain or discomfort. Digestive problems also can lead to poor growth and development in children.</p><p>Nutritional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> can improve your strength and ability to stay active. It also can improve growth and development in children. Nutritional therapy also may make you strong enough to resist some lung infections. A nutritionist can help you create a nutritional plan that meets your needs.</p><p>In addition to having a well-balanced diet that's rich in calories, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>, your nutritional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022903" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreatic enzymes</a> to help you digest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> and absorb more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Supplements of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> A, D, E, and K to replace the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> vitamins that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> can't absorb.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High-calorie shakes to provide you with extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A high-salt diet or salt supplements that you take before exercising.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A feeding tube to give you more calories at night while you're sleeping. The tube may be threaded through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. Or, the tube may be placed directly into your stomach through a surgically made hole. Before you go to bed each night, you'll attach a bag with a nutritional solution to the entrance of the tube. It will feed you while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for digestive problems may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022929" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enemas</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>-thinning medicines to treat intestinal blockages. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is needed to remove an intestinal blockage.</p><p>Your doctor also may prescribe medicines to reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> acid and help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022903" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreatic enzymes</a> work better.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d8e243"><h3>Treatments for Cystic Fibrosis Complications</h3><p>A common complication of CF is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. The type of diabetes associated with CF often requires different <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> than other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">types of diabetes</a>.</p><p>Another common CF complication is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>-thinning disorder <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a>. Your doctor may prescribe medicines that prevent your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> from losing their density.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Cystic Fibrosis</h2><p>If you or your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cystic fibrosis</a> (CF), you should learn as much as you can about the disease. Work closely with your doctors to learn how to manage CF.</p><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec2-d9e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Having ongoing medical care by a team of doctors, nurses, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> therapists who specialize in CF is important. These specialists often are located at major medical centers or CF Care Centers.</p><p>The United States has more than 100 CF Care Centers. Most of these centers have pediatric and adult programs or clinics. For more information about CF Care Centers, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022782" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cystic Fibrosis</a> Foundation's Care Center Network Web page.</p><p>It's standard to have CF checkups every 3 months. Talk with your doctor about whether you should get an annual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and other vaccines. Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes. In between checkups, be sure to contact your doctor if you have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>, increased amounts of mucus, or a change in the color or consistency of your mucus.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Decreased energy or appetite.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal pain</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a> that's dark green.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, which is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. (However, you may still have a serious infection that needs <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> even if you don't have a fever.)</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-cf-sec3-d9e62"><h4>Transition of Care</h4><p>Better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for CF allow people who have the disease to live longer now than in the past. Thus, the move from pediatric care to adult care is an important step in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>If your child has CF, encourage him or her to learn about the dis |
June 11, 2014. |
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28 | 2018-02-02 05:10:28 | Deep Vein Thrombosis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-dvt-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Deep vein thrombosis</a> (throm-BO-sis), or DVT, is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot that forms in a vein deep in the body. Blood clots occur when blood thickens and clumps together.</p><p>Most deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots occur in the lower leg or thigh. They also can occur in other parts of the body.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> can break off and travel through the bloodstream. The loose clot is called an embolus (EM-bo-lus). It can travel to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and block blood flow. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm), or PE.</p><p>PE is a very serious condition. It can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body and cause death.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots in the thighs are more likely to break off and cause PE than blood clots in the lower legs or other parts of the body. Blood clots also can form in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> closer to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>'s surface. However, these clots won't break off and cause PE.</p><p>The animation below shows a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figdvtpe" co-legend-rid="figlgnddvtpe"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062951/figure/dvt_pe/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobdvtpe"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgnddvtpe"><h4 id="dvt_pe"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062951/figure/dvt_pe/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdvtpe">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how a blood clot in a deep vein of the leg can break off, travel to the lungs, and block blood flow. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Deep Vein Thrombosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clot in the leg.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thrombophlebitis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Venous thrombosis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Venous thromboembolism</a> (VTE). This term is used for both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Deep Vein Thrombosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in your body's deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>'s inner lining is damaged. Injuries caused by physical, chemical, or biological factors can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. Such factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, serious injuries, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>, and immune responses.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> flow is sluggish or slow. Lack of motion can cause sluggish or slow blood flow. This may occur after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, if you're ill and in bed for a long time, or if you're traveling for a long time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is thicker or more likely to clot than normal. Some inherited conditions (such as factor V Leiden) increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> or birth control pills also can increase the risk of clotting.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Deep Vein Thrombosis?</h2><p>The risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A history of DVT.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions or factors that make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thicker or more likely to clot than normal. Some inherited blood disorders (such as factor V Leiden) will do this. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> or birth control pills also increase the risk of clotting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Injury to a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028122" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">broken bone</a>, or other trauma.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> due to lack of movement. This may occur after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, if you're ill and in bed for a long time, or if you're traveling for a long time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a> and the first 6 weeks after giving birth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recent or ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A central venous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>. This is a tube placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> to allow easy access to the bloodstream for medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. Being older than 60 is a risk factor for DVT, although DVT can occur at any age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your risk for DVT increases if you have more than one of the risk factors listed above.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) might be related to DVT itself or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE). See your doctor right away if you have signs or symptoms of either condition. Both DVT and PE can cause serious, possibly life-threatening problems if not treated.</p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Deep Vein Thrombosis</h3><p>Only about half of the people who have DVT have signs and symptoms. These signs and symptoms occur in the leg affected by the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> clot. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling of the leg or along a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain or tenderness in the leg, which you may feel only when standing or walking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increased warmth in the area of the leg that's swollen or painful</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Red or discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the leg</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Pulmonary Embolism</h3><p>Some people aren't aware of a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> clot until they have signs and symptoms of PE. Signs and symptoms of PE include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain with deep breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li></ul><p>Rapid breathing and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> also may be signs of PE.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Deep Vein Thrombosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. He or she will identify your risk factors and rule out other causes of your symptoms.</p><p>For some people, DVT might not be diagnosed until after they receive emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE).</p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>To learn about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, your doctor may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your overall health</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any prescription medicines you're taking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a> or injuries you've had</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've been treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will check your legs for signs of DVT, such as swelling or redness. He or she also will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests to find out whether you have DVT.</p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d7e71"><h4>Common Tests</h4><p>The most common test for diagnosing deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots is ultrasound. This test uses sound waves to create pictures of blood flowing through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the affected leg.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend a D-dimer test or venography (ve-NOG-rah-fee).</p><p>A D-dimer test measures a substance in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that's released when a blood clot dissolves. If the test shows high levels of the substance, you may have a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> blood clot. If your test results are normal and you have few risk factors, DVT isn't likely.</p><p>Your doctor may suggest venography if an ultrasound doesn't provide a clear diagnosis. For venography, dye is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the affected leg. The dye makes the vein visible on an x-ray image. The x ray will show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow is slow in the vein, which may suggest a blood clot.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d7e87"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests used to diagnose DVT include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee), or CT, scanning. These tests create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p><p>You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check whether you have an inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> disorder that can cause DVT. This may be the case if you have repeated blood clots that are not related to another cause. Blood clots in an unusual location (such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>) also may suggest an inherited clotting disorder.</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you have PE, he or she may recommend more tests, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lvq/">lung ventilation perfusion scan</a> (VQ scan). A lung VQ scan shows how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> are flowing to all areas of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>For more information about diagnosing PE, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary Embolism</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Deep Vein Thrombosis Treated?</h2><p>Doctors treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) with medicines and other devices and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. The main goals of treating DVT are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stop the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot from getting bigger</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot from breaking off and moving to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce your chance of having another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d8e43"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to prevent or treat DVT.</p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e50"><h4>Anticoagulants</h4><p>Anticoagulants (AN-te-ko-AG-u-lants) are the most common medicines for treating DVT. They're also known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners.</p><p>These medicines decrease your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>'s ability to clot. They also stop existing blood clots from getting bigger. However, blood thinners can't break up blood clots that have already formed. (The body dissolves most blood clots with time.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners can be taken as a pill, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or through a needle or tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a>, or IV, injection).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Warfarin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> are two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners used to treat DVT. Warfarin is given in pill form. (Coumadin® is a common brand name for warfarin.) Heparin is given as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or through an IV tube. There are different types of heparin. Your doctor will discuss the options with you.</p><p>Your doctor may treat you with both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> at the same time. Heparin acts quickly. Warfarin takes 2 to 3 days before it starts to work. Once the warfarin starts to work, the heparin is stopped.</p><p>Pregnant women usually are treated with just <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> is dangerous during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for DVT using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually lasts for 6 months. The following situations may change the length of treatment:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot occurred after a short-term risk (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>), your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> time may be shorter.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots before, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> time may be longer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you have certain other illnesses, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, you may need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners for as long as you have the illness.</div></li></ul><p>The most common side effect of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Bleeding can happen if the medicine thins your blood too much. This side effect can be life threatening.</p><p>Sometimes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is internal (inside your body). People treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually have regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to measure their blood's ability to clot. These tests are called PT and PTT tests.</p><p>These tests also help your doctor make sure you're taking the right amount of medicine. Call your doctor right away if you have easy bruising or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. These may be signs that your medicines have thinned your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e103"><h4>Thrombin Inhibitors</h4><p>These medicines interfere with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process. They're used to treat blood clots in patients who can't take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e109"><h4>Thrombolytics</h4><p>Doctors prescribe these medicines to quickly dissolve large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that cause severe symptoms. Because thrombolytics can cause sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, they're used only in life-threatening situations.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d8e115"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e118"><h4>Vena Cava Filter</h4><p>If you can't take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners or they're not working well, your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vena cava</a> filter.</p><p>The filter is inserted inside a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vena cava</a>. The filter catches <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots before they travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, which prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>. However, the filter doesn't stop new blood clots from forming.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec3-d8e131"><h4>Graduated Compression Stockings</h4><p>Graduated compression stockings can reduce leg swelling caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. These stockings are worn on the legs from the arch of the foot to just above or below the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knee</a>.</p><p>Compression stockings are tight at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a> and become looser as they go up the leg. This creates gentle pressure up the leg. The pressure keeps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from pooling and clotting.</p><p>There are three types of compression stockings. One type is support pantyhose, which offer the least amount of pressure.</p><p>The second type is over-the-counter compression hose. These stockings give a little more pressure than support pantyhose. Over-the-counter compression hose are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies.</p><p>Prescription-strength compression hose offer the greatest amount of pressure. They also are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies. However, a specially trained person needs to fit you for these stockings.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about how long you should wear compression stockings.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Deep Vein Thrombosis Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE). If you're at risk for these conditions:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>See your doctor for regular checkups.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get out of bed and move around as soon as possible after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or illness (as your doctor recommends). Moving around lowers your chance of developing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> your lower leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> during long trips. This helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming.</div></li></ul><p>If you've had DVT or PE before, you can help prevent future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Follow the steps above and:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take all medicines that your doctor prescribes to prevent or treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow up with your doctor for tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use compression stockings as your doctor directs to prevent leg swelling</div></li></ul><p>Contact your doctor at once if you have any signs or symptoms of DVT or PE. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062951/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?"</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d9e70"><h3>Travel Tips</h3><p>The risk of developing DVT while traveling is low. The risk increases if the travel time is longer than 4 hours or you have other DVT risk factors.</p><p>During long trips, it may help to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Walk up and down the aisles of the bus, train, or airplane. If traveling by car, stop about every hour and walk around.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Move your legs and flex and stretch your feet to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your calves.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wear loose and comfortable clothing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drink plenty of fluids and avoid alcohol.</div></li></ul><p>If you have risk factors for DVT, your doctor may advise you to wear compression stockings while traveling. Or, he or she may suggest that you take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicine before traveling.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Deep Vein Thrombosis</h2><p>If you've had a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot, you're at greater risk for another one. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and after:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062951/#nhlbisec-prevention">"How Can Deep Vein Thrombosis Be Prevented?"</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check your legs for signs of DVT. These include swollen areas, pain or tenderness, increased warmth in swollen or painful areas, or red or discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Contact your doctor right away if you have signs or symptoms of DVT.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-dvt-sec2-d10e46"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs</h3><p>DVT often is treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines. These medicines can thin your blood too much and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (sometimes inside the body). This side effect can be life threatening.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> can occur in the digestive system or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Signs and symptoms of bleeding in the digestive system include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a> or vomit that looks like coffee grounds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in your stools or black, tarry stools</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li></ul><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe pain in your head</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden changes in your vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden loss of movement in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> or legs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory loss or confusion</div></li></ul><p>If you have any of these signs or symptoms, seek medical care right away. If you have a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or injury, call 9–1–1. This could be a sign that your DVT medicines have thinned your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much.</p><p>You might want to wear a medical ID bracelet or necklace that states you're at risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. If you're injured, the ID will alert medical personnel of your condition.</p><p>Talk with your doctor before taking any medicines other than your DVT medicines. This includes over-the-counter medicines. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a>, for example, also can thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Taking two medicines that thin your blood may raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Ask your doctor about how your diet affects these medicines. Foods that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024016" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin K</a> can change how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicine) works. Vitamin K is found in green, leafy vegetables and some oils, like canola and soybean oils. Your doctor can help you plan a balanced and healthy diet.</p><p>Discuss with your doctor whether drinking alcohol will interfere with your medicines. Your doctor can tell you what amount of alcohol is safe for you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>Researchers have learned a lot about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders over the years. That knowledge has led to advances in medical knowledge and care. However, many questions remain about various blood disorders, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT).</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about DVT. For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Analyze <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors to determine the best doses of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines for certain populations</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Explore whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure to dissolve deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots can help improve outcomes for people who have DVT</div></li></ul><p>Much of the NHLBI's research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-dvt-sec1-d1e38_">What Is Deep Vein Thrombosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Deep Vein Thrombosis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Deep Vein Thrombosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Deep Vein Thrombosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Deep Vein Thrombosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Deep Vein Thrombosis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Deep Vein Thrombosis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Deep Vein Thrombosis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Deep Vein Thrombosis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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29 | 2018-02-02 05:10:47 | Diabetic Heart Disease | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-dhd-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Diabetic Heart Disease?</h2><p>The term "diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease" (DHD) refers to heart disease that develops in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Compared with people who don't have diabetes, people who have diabetes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have additional causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease at a younger age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May have more severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d1e60"><h3>What Is Diabetes?</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) level is too high. Normally, the body breaks down food into glucose and carries it to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> throughout the body. The cells use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> to turn the glucose into energy.</p><p>The two main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">types of diabetes</a> are type 1 and type 2. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024702" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 1 diabetes</a>, the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>. This causes the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level to rise.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> don't use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> properly (a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>). At first, the body reacts by making more insulin. Over time, though, the body can't make enough insulin to control its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, go to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney Diseases</a>' Introduction to Diabetes Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d1e82"><h3>What Heart Diseases Are Involved in Diabetic Heart Disease?</h3><p>DHD may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and/or diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee).</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d1e97"><h4>Coronary Heart Disease</h4><p>In CHD, a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and other substances found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. When plaque builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. The buildup of plaque also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow.</p><p>CHD can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, or even death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d1e125"><h4>Heart Failure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which your heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body's needs. The term “heart failure” doesn't mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working. However, heart failure is a serious condition that requires medical care.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, you may tire easily and have to limit your activities. CHD can lead to heart failure by weakening the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> over time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d1e135"><h4>Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</h4><p>Diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> is a disease that damages the structure and function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This disease can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, even in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> but don't have CHD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d1e141"><h3>Overview</h3><p>People who have type 1 or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> can develop DHD. The higher a person's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is, the higher his or her risk of DHD.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> affects <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk in three major ways.</p><p>First, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> alone is a very serious risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, just like <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>. In fact, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> have the same risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> and dying from heart disease as people who already have had heart attacks.</p><p>Second, when combined with other risk factors, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> further raises the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Although research is ongoing, it's clear that diabetes and other conditions—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>—interact to cause harmful physical changes to the heart.</p><p>Third, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> raises the risk of earlier and more severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. Also, people who have DHD tend to have less success with some heart disease <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d1e181"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, you can lower your risk of DHD. Making lifestyle changes and taking prescribed medicines can help you prevent or control many risk factors.</p><p>Taking action to manage multiple risk factors helps improve your outlook. The good news is that many lifestyle changes help control multiple risk factors. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> can lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, help control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level and your weight, and reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</p><p>It's also very important to follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and see your doctor for ongoing care.</p><p>If you already have DHD, follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan as your doctors advises. This may help you avoid or delay serious problems, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Diabetic Heart Disease?</h2><p>At least four complex processes, alone or combined, can lead to diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD). They include coronary <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>; and the interaction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and diabetes.</p><p>Researchers continue to study these processes because all of the details aren't yet known.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d3e53"><h3>Coronary Atherosclerosis</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. The exact cause of atherosclerosis isn't known. However, studies show that it is a slow, complex disease that may start in childhood. The disease develops faster as you age.</p><p>Coronary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> may start when certain factors damage the inner layers of the coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> may begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries. This reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>Eventually, an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). When this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury. They may clump together to form blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> even more. This limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and may worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain) or cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d3e97"><h3>Metabolic Syndrome</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk of both CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>.</p><p>If you have three or more of the five metabolic risk factors, you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. The risk factors are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large waistline (a waist measurement of 35 inches or more for women and 40 inches or more for men).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> (tri-GLIH-seh-ride) level (or you’re on medicine to treat high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>). Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol). HDL sometimes is called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (or you’re on medicine to treat high blood pressure).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A high fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>).</div></li></ul><p>It's unclear whether these risk factors have a common cause or are mainly related by their combined effects on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Obesity</a> seems to set the stage for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> can cause harmful changes in body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and how the body uses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> also may occur in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. Inflammation is the body's response to illness or injury. It may raise your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Inflammation also may contribute to or worsen metabolic syndrome.</p><p>Research is ongoing to learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> and how metabolic risk factors interact.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d3e140"><h3>Insulin Resistance in People Who Have Type 2 Diabetes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a> usually begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>. Insulin resistance means that the body can't properly use the insulin it makes.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> have higher levels of substances in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that cause blood clots. Blood clots can block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or even death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d3e149"><h3>The Interaction of Coronary Heart Disease, High Blood Pressure, and Diabetes</h3><p>Each of these risk factors alone can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. CHD reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> may cause harmful changes in the structure and function of the heart.</p><p>Having CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> is even more harmful to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Together, these conditions can severely damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. As a result, the heart has to work harder than normal. Over time, the heart weakens and isn’t able to pump enough blood to meet the body’s needs. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> weakens, the body may release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> and other substances into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These proteins and substances also can harm the heart and worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Diabetic Heart Disease?</h2><p>People who have type 1 or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> are at risk for diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD). Diabetes affects heart disease risk in three major ways.</p><p>First, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> alone is a very serious risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Second, when combined with other risk factors, diabetes further raises the risk of heart disease. Third, compared with people who don't have diabetes, people who have the disease are more likely to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> diseases. In men, the risk is double; in women, the risk is triple.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have more complications after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Die from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li></ul><p>The higher your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is, the higher your risk of DHD. (A higher than normal blood sugar level is a risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease even in people who don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a> raises your risk of having “silent” <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease—that is, heart disease with no signs or symptoms. You can even have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> without feeling symptoms. Diabetes-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage that blunts heart pain may explain why symptoms aren't noticed.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d4e65"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Other factors also can raise the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and in those who don't. You can control most of these risk factors, but some you can't.</p><p>For a more detailed discussion of these risk factors, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d4e80"><h4>Risk Factors You Can Control</h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels</a>. This includes high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol) and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "good" cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, lead to unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also can limit how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> reaches the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prediabetes</a>. This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is higher than normal, but not as high as it is in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. If you have prediabetes and don't take steps to manage it, you'll likely develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> within 10 years.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>. Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese raises your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Overweight and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> also are linked to other heart disease risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> are overweight.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. Metabolic syndrome also raises your risk of other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. Lack of physical activity can worsen other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, such as unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet. An unhealthy diet can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> can worsen other heart disease risk factors.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a>. Stress and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> can trigger your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to tighten. This can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Stress also may indirectly raise your risk of heart disease if it makes you more likely to smoke or overeat foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d4e136"><h4>Risk Factors You Can't Control</h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. As you get older, your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> rises. In men, the risk of heart disease increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55. In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, the risk of heart disease increases after age 40.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender. Before age 55, women seem to have a lower risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease than men. After age 55, however, the risk of heart disease increases similarly in both women and men.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with heart disease before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with heart disease before 65 years of age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). This condition can develop during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. Preeclampsia is linked to an increased lifetime risk of CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Diabetic Heart Disease?</h2><p>Some people who have diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD) may have no signs or symptoms of heart disease. This is called “silent” heart disease. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage that blunts heart pain may explain why symptoms aren't noticed.</p><p>Thus, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> should have regular medical checkups. Tests may reveal a problem before they're aware of it. Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can reduce or delay related problems.</p><p>Some people who have DHD will have some or all of the typical symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Be aware of the symptoms described below and seek medical care if you have them.</p><p>If you think you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, call 9–1–1 right away for emergency care. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> works best when it's given right after symptoms occur.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>A common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. You also may feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. The pain tends to get worse with activity and go away with rest. Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also can trigger the pain.</p><p>See your doctor if you think you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. He or she may recommend tests to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and to see whether you have CHD risk factors.</p><p>Other CHD signs and symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), shortness of breath, sweating, light-headedness, and weakness.</p><p>Some people don't realize they have CHD until they have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. A heart attack occurs if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot forms in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> and blocks blood flow to part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>The most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptom is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. Most heart attacks involve discomfort in the center or left side of the chest that often lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back.</p><p>The discomfort can feel like uncomfortable pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. The feeling can be mild or severe. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart attack</a> pain sometimes feels like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a>. Shortness of breath may occur with or before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks also can cause upper body discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, light-headedness or sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, and lack of energy.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms are similar to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> symptoms. Angina pain usually lasts for only a few minutes and goes away with rest. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort that doesn't go away or changes from its usual pattern (for example, occurs more often or while you're resting) can be a sign of a heart attack.</p><p>If you don't know whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, call 9–1–1 right away for emergency care.</p><p>Not everyone who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> has typical symptoms. If you've already had a heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same for another one. Also, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage can interfere with pain signals in the body. As a result, some people who have diabetes may have heart attacks without symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d5e91"><h3>Heart Failure</h3><p>The most common symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> are shortness of breath or trouble breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, and swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> weakens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure symptoms</a> worsen.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> can live longer and more active lives if the condition is diagnosed early and they follow their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plans. If you have any form of DHD, talk with your doctor about your risk of heart failure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d5e103"><h3>Diabetic Cardiomyopathy</h3><p>Diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a> may not cause symptoms in its early stages. Later, you may have weakness, shortness of breath, a severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, and swelling of the legs and feet.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Diabetic Heart Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD) based on your signs and symptoms, medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Doctors and researchers are still trying to find out whether routine testing for DHD will benefit people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> but no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Initial Tests</h3><p>No single test can diagnose DHD, which may involve <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and/or diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a>. Initially, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e53"><h4>Blood Pressure Measurement</h4><p>To measure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, your doctor or nurse will use some type of a gauge, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> (or electronic sensor), and a blood pressure cuff.</p><p>Most often, you'll sit or lie down with the cuff around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> as your doctor or nurse checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. If he or she doesn't tell you what your blood pressure numbers are, you should ask.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e62"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Abnormal levels of these substances may show that you're at risk for DHD.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> also can check the level of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called BNP (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> natriuretic peptide) in your blood. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> makes BNP, and the level of BNP rises during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e74"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can reveal signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e83"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast your heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to CHD and signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e98"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">Stress testing</a> gives your doctor information about how your heart works during physical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (walk or run on a treadmill or pedal a bicycle) to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast. Tests are done on your heart while you exercise. If you can’t exercise, you may be given medicine to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec3-d6e111"><h4>Urinalysis</h4><p>For this test, you'll give a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> for analysis. The sample is checked for abnormal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, protein in the urine is a risk factor for DHD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-dhd-sec2-d6e117"><h3>Other Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may refer you to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> if your initial test results suggest that you have a form of DHD. A cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> may recommend other tests or procedures to get more detailed information about the nature and extent of your DHD. </p><p>For more information about other tests and procedures, go to the diagnosis sections of the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary Heart Disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart Failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">Cardiomyopathy</a> articles.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Diabetic Heart Disease Treated?</h2><p>Diabetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (DHD) is treated with lifestyle |
June 11, 2014. |
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30 | 2018-02-02 05:10:58 | Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-dic-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (ko-ag-u-LA-shun), or DIC, is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form throughout the body's small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These blood clots can reduce or block blood flow through the blood vessels, which can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>In DIC, the increased clotting uses up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Platelets are blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that stick together to seal small cuts and breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Clotting factors are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> needed for normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</p><p>With fewer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur. DIC can cause internal and external bleeding.</p><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> occurs inside the body. External bleeding occurs underneath or from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucosa</a>. (The mucosa is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that lines some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.)</p><p>DIC can cause life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d1e55"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand DIC, it helps to understand the body's normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process. Your body has a system to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. When small cuts or breaks occur on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls, your body activates <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>. These clotting factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a>, work with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> to form blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots seal the small cuts or breaks on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls. After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> stops and the vessels heal, your body breaks down and removes the clots.</p><p>Some diseases and conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> to become overactive, leading to DIC. These diseases and conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the bloodstream)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> and trauma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and childbirth</div></li></ul><p>Examples of less common causes of DIC are bites from poisonous snakes (such as rattlesnakes and other vipers), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029381" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">frostbite</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a>.</p><p>The two types of DIC are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>. Acute DIC develops quickly (over hours or days) and must be treated right away. The condition begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ebc/">excessive blood clotting</a> in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and quickly leads to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> DIC develops slowly (over weeks or months). It lasts longer and usually isn't recognized as quickly as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> DIC. Chronic DIC causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>, but it usually doesn't lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a> is the most common cause of chronic DIC.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for DIC involves treating the clotting and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems and the underlying cause of the condition.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> DIC may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, medicines, and other life-saving measures. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> DIC may need medicines to help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming in their small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d1e104"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for DIC depends on its severity and underlying cause. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> DIC can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and even cause death if it's not treated right away. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> DIC also can damage the body's organs.</p><p>Researchers are looking for ways to prevent DIC or diagnose it early. They're also studying the use of various clotting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> and medicines to treat the condition.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Consumption coagulopathy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Defibrination syndrome</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</h2><p>Some diseases and conditions can disrupt the body's normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC). These diseases and conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the bloodstream)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> and trauma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and childbirth</div></li></ul><p>Examples of less common causes of DIC are bites from poisonous snakes (such as rattlesnakes and other vipers), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029381" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">frostbite</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a>.</p><p>The two types of DIC are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>. Acute DIC begins with clotting in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and quickly leads to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Chronic DIC causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>, but it usually doesn't lead to bleeding. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a> is the most common cause of chronic DIC.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Similar Clotting Conditions</h3><p>Two other conditions cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. However, their causes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> differ from those of DIC.</p><p>These conditions are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ttp/">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (throm-BOT-ik throm-bo-cy-toe-PEE-nick PURR-purr-ah), or TTP, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS). HUS is more common in children than adults. It's also more likely to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage than TTP.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC) is the result of an underlying disease or condition. People who have one or more of the following conditions are most likely to develop DIC:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the bloodstream)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> and trauma</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and childbirth</div></li></ul><p>People who are bitten by poisonous snakes (such as rattlesnakes and other vipers), or those who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029381" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">frostbite</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a>, also are at risk for DIC.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC) depend on its cause and whether the condition is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> DIC develops quickly (over hours or days) and is very serious. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> DIC develops more slowly (over weeks or months). It lasts longer and usually isn't recognized as quickly as acute DIC.</p><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> DIC, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> usually occurs first, followed by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. However, bleeding may be the first obvious sign. Serious bleeding can occur very quickly after developing acute DIC. Thus, emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital is needed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood clotting</a> also occurs with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> DIC, but it usually doesn't lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Sometimes chronic DIC has no signs or symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d6e41"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Excessive Blood Clotting</h3><p>In DIC, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form throughout the body's small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These blood clots can reduce or block blood flow through the blood vessels. This can cause the following signs and symptoms:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain and shortness of breath if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain, redness, warmth, and swelling in the lower leg if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of your leg.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a>, speech changes, paralysis (an inability to move), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and trouble speaking and understanding if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. These signs and symptoms may indicate a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart attack</a> and lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> problems if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots lodge in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> may even begin to fail.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d6e67"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Bleeding</h3><p>In DIC, the increased clotting activity uses up the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur. DIC can cause internal and external bleeding.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec3-d6e73"><h4>Internal Bleeding</h4><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur in your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. This bleeding can be life threatening. Signs and symptoms of internal bleeding include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your stools from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. Blood in your stools can appear red or as a dark, tarry color. (Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements also can cause dark, tarry stools.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a>, double vision, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>, and other symptoms from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec3-d6e92"><h4>External Bleeding</h4><p>External <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur underneath or from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, such as at the site of cuts or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) needle. External bleeding also can occur from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucosa</a>. (The mucosa is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that lines some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.)</p><p>External <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (PURR-purr-ah) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (peh-TEE-key-ay). Purpura are purple, brown, and red bruises. This bruising may happen easily and often. Petechiae are small red or purple dots on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e105" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e105"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/figure/d6e105/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e105" rid-ob="figobd6e105"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/bin/itp_photo.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/bin/itp_photo.jpg" alt="Purpura and Petechiae."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e105"><h4 id="d6e105"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/figure/d6e105/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e105">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Purpura and Petechiae. The photograph shows purpura (bruises) and petechiae (dots) on the skin. Bleeding under the skin causes the purple, brown, and red colors of the purpura and petechiae. </p></div></div><p>Other signs of external <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolonged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, even from minor cuts.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> or oozing from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, especially nosebleeds or bleeding from brushing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy or extended menstrual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in women.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. Your doctor also will look for the cause of DIC.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> DIC requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The condition can be life threatening if it's not treated right away. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> of severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, call 9–1–1 right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you have or have had any diseases or conditions that can trigger DIC. For more information about these diseases and conditions, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?"</a> </p><p>Your doctor will ask about signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. He or she also will do a physical exam to look for signs and symptoms of blood clots and internal and external bleeding. For example, your doctor may look for bleeding from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d7e49"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>To diagnose DIC, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and the clotting process. For these tests, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec3-d7e58"><h4>Complete Blood Count and Blood Smear</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that help with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. Abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> numbers may be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder (not enough clotting) or a thrombotic disorder (too much clotting).</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear is a test that may reveal whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are damaged.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec3-d7e71"><h4>Tests for Clotting Factors and Clotting Time</h4><p>The following tests examine the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> active in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process and how long it takes them to form a blood clot.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PT and PTT tests. These tests measure how long it takes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serum <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022066" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrinogen</a>. Fibrinogen is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. This test measures how much fibrinogen is in your blood.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fibrin</a> degradation. After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots dissolve, substances called fibrin degradation products are left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> in the blood. This test measures the amount of these substances in the blood.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC) depends on its severity and cause. The main goals of treating DIC are to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and clotting problems and treat the underlying cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Acute Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> DIC may have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital. Treatment may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> is given through nasal prongs, a mask, or a breathing tube.)</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is a safe, common procedure. You receive blood through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> are done to replace blood loss due to an injury, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or illness.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> is made up of various parts, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a>. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> involve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whole blood</a> (blood with all of its parts). More often though, only some parts of blood are transfused.</p><p>If you have DIC, you may be given <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> (the liquid part of blood).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-dic-sec2-d8e53"><h3>Chronic Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> DIC are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> problems than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. If you have chronic DIC, your doctor may treat you with medicines called anticoagulants, or blood thinners.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners help prevent blood clots from forming. They also keep existing blood clots from getting larger.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC), ask your doctor how often you should schedule followup care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> help track how well your blood is clotting.</p><p>You may need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines (blood thinners) to help prevent blood clots or to keep existing clots from getting larger. If you take blood thinners, let everyone on your health care team know.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners may thin your blood too much and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. A lot of bleeding after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or injury or easy bruising or bleeding may mean that your blood is too thin.</p><p>Call your doctor right away if you have any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063055/#nhlbisec-signs">signs of bleeding</a>. If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, call 9–1–1 right away.</p><p>Also, you should talk with your doctor before using any over-the-counter medicines or products, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, supplements, or herbal remedies. Some of these products also can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> may thin your blood too much. This can increase your risk of bleeding.</p><p>If you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may adjust the amount of medicine you take before, during, and after the surgery to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. This also may happen for dental work, but it's less common.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-dic-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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31 | 2018-02-02 05:11:18 | Endocarditis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-endo-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Endocarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis) is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves. This lining is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocardium</a> (en-do-KAR-de-um). The condition also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a> (IE).</p><p>The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocarditis</a>" also is used to describe an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocardium</a> due to other conditions. This article only discusses endocarditis related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>IE occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> invade your bloodstream and attach to abnormal areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> can damage your heart and cause serious and sometimes fatal complications.</p><p>IE can develop quickly or slowly; it depends on what type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is causing it and whether you have an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. When IE develops quickly, it's called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a>. When it develops slowly, it's called subacute infective endocarditis.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d1e51"><h3>Overview</h3><p>IE mainly affects people who have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damaged or artificial (man-made) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> (defects present at birth)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Implanted medical devices in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a></div></li></ul><p>People who have normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> also can have IE. However, the condition is much more common in people who have abnormal hearts.</p><p>Certain factors make it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. These factors put you at higher risk for IE. For example, poor dental hygiene and unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> increase your risk for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>Other risk factors include using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) drugs, having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) or another medical device in your body for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, and having a history of IE.</p><p>Common symptoms of IE are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>-like symptoms. Because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> can affect people in different ways, the signs and symptoms vary. IE also can cause problems in many other parts of the body besides the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>If you're at high risk for IE, seek medical care if you have signs or symptoms of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, especially a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> that persists or unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d1e87"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>IE is treated with antibiotics for several weeks. You also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a> to repair or replace <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> or remove infected heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>Most people who are treated with the proper antibiotics recover. But if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> isn't treated, or if it persists despite <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> (for example, if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> are resistant to antibiotics), it's usually fatal.</p><p>If you have signs or symptoms of IE, see your doctor as soon as you can, especially if you have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Endocarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infective endocarditis</a> (IE) occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> invade your bloodstream and attach to abnormal areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Certain factors increase the risk of this happening.</p><p>A common underlying factor in IE is a structural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect, especially <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/hvd/hvd_whatis.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">f</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">aulty heart valves</a>. Usually your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> will kill <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> in your bloodstream. However, if your heart has a rough lining or abnormal valves, the invading germs can attach and multiply in the heart.</p><p>Other factors also can play a role in causing IE. Common activities, such as brushing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> or having certain dental procedures, can allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. This is even more likely to happen if your teeth and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> are in poor condition.</p><p>Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) or another medical device inserted through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, especially for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, also can allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. People who use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) drugs also are at risk for IE because of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> on needles and syringes.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bacteria</a> also may spread to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from infections in other parts of the body, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gut</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or genitals.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d3e49"><h3>Endocarditis Complications</h3><p>As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> multiply in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, they form clumps with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and matter found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These clumps are called vegetations (vej-eh-TA-shuns).</p><p>As IE worsens, pieces of the vegetations can break off and travel to almost any other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> in the body. There, the pieces can block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or cause a new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. As a result, IE can cause a range of complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d3e58"><h4>Heart Complications</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> problems are the most common complication of IE. They occur in one-third to one-half of all people who have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. These problems may include a new <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hb/">heart block</a>, or, rarely, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d3e77"><h4>Central Nervous System Complications</h4><p>These complications occur in as many as 20 to 40 percent of people who have IE. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Central nervous system</a> complications most often occur when bits of the vegetation, called emboli (EM-bo-li), break away and lodge in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>The emboli can cause local infections called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscesses</a>. Or, they can cause a more widespread brain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024781" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meningitis</a> (men-in-JI-tis).</p><p>Emboli also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>. This happens if they block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> or affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>'s electrical signals. These complications can cause long-term damage to the brain and may even be fatal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d3e89"><h4>Complications in Other Organs</h4><p>IE also can affect other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lungs</a>. The lungs are especially at risk when IE affects the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This is called right-sided <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a>.</p><p>A vegetation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot going to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) and lung damage. A PE is a sudden blockage in a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Other lung complications include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> and a buildup of fluid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidneys</a>. IE can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscesses</a> and kidney damage. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> also can inflame the internal filtering structures of the kidneys.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> complications include back or side pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>, or a change in the color or amount of urine. In some cases, IE can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Spleen</a>. The spleen is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> located in the left upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> near the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. In some people who have IE, the spleen enlarges (especially in people who have long-term IE). Sometimes emboli also can damage the spleen.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> problems include pain or discomfort in the upper left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and/or left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulder</a>, a feeling of fullness or the inability to eat large meals, and hiccups.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Endocarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infective endocarditis</a> (IE) is an uncommon condition that can affect both children and adults. It's more common in men than women.</p><p>IE typically affects people who have abnormal hearts or other conditions that put them at risk for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Sometimes IE does affect people who were healthy before the infection.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d4e34"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that cause IE tend to attach and multiply on damaged, malformed, or artificial (man-made) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and implanted medical devices. Certain conditions put you at higher risk for IE. These include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> (defects that are present at birth). Examples include a malformed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Artificial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, an implanted medical device in the heart (such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker wire</a>), or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> for a long time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valves</a> damaged by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> deposits that cause age-related valve thickening. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Scars</a> in the heart from a previous case of IE also can damage heart valves.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>IV drug use, especially if needles are shared or reused, contaminated substances are injected, or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> isn't properly cleaned before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Endocarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infective endocarditis</a> (IE) can cause a range of signs and symptoms that can vary from person to person. Signs and symptoms also can vary over time in the same person.</p><p>Signs and symptoms differ depending on whether you have an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem, the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, and whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or subacute IE.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of IE may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Flu</a>-like symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, chills, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), aching <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, night sweats, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> that won't go away.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A new <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> or a change in an existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Skin</a> changes such as: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Overall paleness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Small, painful, red or purplish bumps under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Small, dark, painless flat spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palms</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or the soles of the feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tiny spots under the fingernails, on the whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">roof of the mouth</a> and inside of the cheeks, or on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. These spots are from broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, a decrease in appetite, a sense of fullness with discomfort on the upper left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, or weight loss with or without a change in appetite.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the feet, legs, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Endocarditis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a> (IE) based on your risk factors, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and signs and symptoms, and test results.</p><p>Diagnosis of IE often is based on many factors, rather than a single positive test result, sign, or symptom.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d6e37"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> cultures are the most important <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> used to diagnose IE. Blood is drawn several times over a 24-hour period. It's put in special culture bottles that allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to grow.</p><p>Doctors then identify and test the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to see which antibiotics will kill them. Sometimes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cultures don't grow any bacteria, even if a person has IE. This is called culture-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocarditis</a>, and it requires antibiotic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> also are used to diagnose IE. For example, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> may be used to check the number of red and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> in your blood. Blood tests also may be used to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> and to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d6e53"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Two types of echo are useful in diagnosing IE.</p><p>Transthoracic (tranz-thor-AS-ik) echo. For this painless test, gel is applied to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. A device called a transducer is moved around on the outside of your chest.</p><p>This device sends sound waves called ultrasound through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ultrasound waves</a> bounce off your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, a computer converts them into pictures on a screen.</p><p>Your doctor uses the pictures to look for vegetations, areas of infected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> (such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a>), and signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage.</p><p>Because the sound waves have to pass through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, the pictures may not have enough detail. Thus, your doctor may recommend transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) echo (TEE).</p><p>Transesophageal echo. For <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>, a much smaller transducer is attached to the end of a long, narrow, flexible tube. The tube is passed down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. Before the procedure, you're given medicine to help you relax, and your throat is sprayed with numbing medicine.</p><p>The doctor then passes the transducer down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> (the passage from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>). Because this passage is right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, the transducer can get detailed pictures of the heart's structures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec3-d6e87"><h4>EKG</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast your heart is beating, whether your heart rhythm is steady or irregular, and the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>An EKG typically isn't used to diagnose IE. However, it may be done to see whether IE is affecting your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</p><p>For this test, soft, sticky patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> are attached to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and legs. You lie still while the electrodes detect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals. A machine records these signals on graph paper or shows them on a computer screen. The entire test usually takes about 10 minutes.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Endocarditis Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infective endocarditis</a> (IE) is treated with antibiotics and sometimes with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Antibiotics</h3><p>Antibiotics usually are given for 2 to 6 weeks through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. You're often in a hospital for at least the first week or more of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This allows your doctor to make sure the medicine is helping.</p><p>If you're allowed to go home before the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is done, the antibiotics are almost always continued by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> at home. You'll need special care if you get IV antibiotic treatment at home. Before you leave the hospital, your medical team will arrange for you to receive home-based care so you can continue your treatment.</p><p>You also will need close medical followup, usually by a team of doctors. This team often includes a doctor who specializes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist), and a heart surgeon.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-endo-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is needed to repair or replace a damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> or to help clear up IE. For example, IE caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a> often requires surgery. This is because this type of IE is harder to treat than IE caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Endocarditis Be Prevented?</h2><p>If you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a> (IE), you can take steps to prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and its complications.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be alert to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063042/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of IE. Contact your doctor right away if you have any of these signs or symptoms, especially a persistent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> or unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Brush and floss your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> regularly, and have regular dental checkups. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Germs</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gum</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> can enter your bloodstream.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid body piercing, tattoos, and other procedures that may allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> to enter your bloodstream.</div></li></ul><p>Research shows that not everyone at risk for IE needs to take antibiotics before routine dental exams and certain other dental and medical procedures.</p><p>Let your health care providers, including your dentist, know if you're at risk for IE. They can tell you whether you need antibiotics before exams and procedures.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-endo-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Endocarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Endocarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is At Risk for Endocarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Endocarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Endocarditis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Endocarditis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Endocarditis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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32 | 2018-02-02 05:11:31 | Excessive Blood Clotting | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ebc-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Excessive Blood Clotting?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> is a condition in which blood clots form too easily or don't dissolve properly. Normally, blood clots form to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> also can cause blood clots to form. For example, if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> narrows, blood may slow down as it moves through the vessel.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> has many causes. Problems with the blood, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> defects, or other factors can cause the condition. Regardless of the cause, blood clots can limit or block blood flow. This can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and may even cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d1e49"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> can be acquired or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>. Acquired causes of excessive blood clotting are more common than genetic causes.</p><p>"Acquired" means that another disease, condition, or factor triggers the condition. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis) can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, which can cause blood clots to form. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which a fatty substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Other acquired causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a>, and being unable to move around much (for example, if you're in the hospital). </p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>, it’s caused by a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. Most genetic defects that cause excessive blood clotting occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> needed for blood clotting. Defects also can occur with the substances that delay or dissolve blood clots.</p><p>Although the acquired and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> causes of the condition aren't related, a person can have both. People at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> have both causes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d1e77"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> depend on the cause of the blood clots, how severe they are, and how well they can be controlled.</p><p>Life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots are treated as emergencies. Medicines that thin the blood are used as routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> problems. Some people must take these medicines for the rest of their lives.</p><p>With medicines and ongoing care, many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> can successfully manage it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Excessive Blood Clotting</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypercoagulable disorders or states</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypercoagulation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thromboembolic states</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombophilia</a> (a name used mainly for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thrombotic disorders</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Excessive Blood Clotting?</h2><p>To understand what causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>, it helps to understand the body's normal blood clotting process.</p><p>Normally, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. After the bleeding has stopped and healing has occurred, the body breaks down and removes the clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood clotting</a> is a complex process, but it mainly involves:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The inner layer of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> lining the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These cells play a major role in causing blood clots to form.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clotting factors</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> help create a network of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a>—another type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>. Fibrin acts like glue to hold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots together.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> (PLATE-lets). These small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments can stick together to form clots.</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> can occur if the body's clotting process is altered or wrongly triggered. Blood clots can form in, or travel to, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. (Arteries and veins are the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry blood to your heart and body.)</p><p>Certain diseases and conditions, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a>, medicines, and other factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d4e56"><h3>Diseases and Conditions</h3><p>Many diseases and conditions can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to clot too much or prevent blood clots from dissolving properly. Certain diseases and conditions are more likely to cause clots to form in certain areas of the body.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e62"><h4>Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</h4><p>This condition, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aps/">APS</a>, is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>. If you have APS, your body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phospholipids</a> (fos-fo-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LIP</a>-ids)—a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>. Phospholipids are found in all living <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> membranes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells and the lining of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>In APS, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. These blood clots can lead to many health problems, including frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>.</p><p>APS is more common in women and people who have other autoimmune or rheumatic disorders, such as <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/lupus.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">lupus</a>. ("Rheumatic" refers to disorders that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e81"><h4>Bone Marrow Disorders</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029893" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow disorders</a> can cause your body to make too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that can lead to blood clots. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-poly/">polycythemia vera</a> (POL-e-si-THE-me-ah VE-ra), or PV, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thrm/">thrombocythemia</a> (THROM-bo-si-THE-me-ah).</p><p>PV is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease in which your body makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. These extra red blood cells make your blood thicker than normal. This slows the flow of blood through your small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, which can cause blood clots to form.</p><p>Thrombocythemia is a condition in which your body makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The platelets can stick together to form <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e100"><h4>Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura and Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation</h4><p>Two rare, but serious conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ttp/">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (throm-BOT-ik throm-bo-cy-toe-PEE-nick PURR-purr-ah), or TTP, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dic/">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (ko-ag-u-LA-shun), or DIC.</p><p>TTP causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form in the body's small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, including vessels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>DIC is a rare complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, severe infections, or severe trauma. DIC causes tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form suddenly throughout the body.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e118"><h4>Problems With Blood Clot Breakdown</h4><p>After a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot has done its job, the body normally breaks down the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a> that holds the clot together.</p><p>Several rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> and acquired conditions affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a> network that holds <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots together. Thus, the clots don't break down properly, and they remain in the body longer than needed.</p><p>In one condition, for example, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a> is abnormal and resists being broken down. In another condition, the body has a decreased amount of plasmin. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> helps break down fibrin.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e131"><h4>Excessive Blood Clotting That Mainly Affects the Heart and Brain</h4><p>Any condition that damages the smooth inner surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. Many of these conditions are acquired. However, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> problems also can damage the inner surface of the blood vessels.</p><p>Certain diseases, conditions, or factors can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> mainly in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Over time, the plaque may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> clump together to form <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots at the site of the damage. Atherosclerosis is a major cause of damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">Vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis) is a disorder that causes the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> to become inflamed. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> may stick to areas where the blood vessels are damaged and form blood clots. Vasculitis also is a major cause of damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/overview/index.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Diabetes</a> increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, which can cause dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Nearly 80 percent of people who have diabetes will eventually die of clot-related causes. Many of these deaths are related to complications with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart is damaged or weakened. As a result, it can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. Heart failure slows blood flow, which can cause blood clots to form.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">Atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fih-brih-LA-shun), or AF, is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. AF can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to pool in the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This can cause blood clots to form.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and obesity</a> refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height. These conditions can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, which increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a>. Some research shows that people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a> are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>. Metabolic syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that increases your chance of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d4e201"><h4>Excessive Blood Clotting That Mainly Affects the Limbs</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> deep in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). DVT usually affects the deep veins of the legs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> can break off and travel through the bloodstream. If the clot travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and blocks blood flow, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm), or PE.</p><p>Certain diseases, conditions, or factors can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> mainly in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hospitalization for major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, a serious medical illness, trauma, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028122" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">broken bones</a>. If you're not able to be active for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> slows down. As a result, blood clots may form in your legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>"Coach class." This term refers to a situation in which you must stay in one position for a long time, such as in a car or plane. Staying in one position can slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and lead to blood clots in the legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a> growth and cancer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d4e231"><h3>Genetic Mutations</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> most often are due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> (changes to a normal gene).</p><p>Common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> include Factor V Leiden and Prothrombin G20210A mutations. Fairly rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> mutations include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> C and S deficiencies and antithrombin III deficiency.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d4e241"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Some medicines can disrupt the body's normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process. Medicines containing the female <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> are linked to an increased risk of blood clots. Examples of medicines that may contain estrogen include birth control pills and hormone <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heparin</a> is a medicine commonly used to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. But, in some people, the medicine can cause blood clots and a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. This condition is called heparin-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> (HIT).</p><p>HIT rarely occurs outside of a hospital because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> usually is given in hospitals. In HIT, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks the heparin and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> on the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> prompts the platelets to start forming <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d4e254"><h3>Other Factors That Can Alter the Blood Clotting Process</h3><p>Many other factors also can alter the clotting process and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>. Common examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking raises the risk of unwanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and makes it more likely that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> will stick together. Smoking also damages the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, which can cause blood clots to form.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increased homocysteine levels. Homocysteine is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024260" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amino acid</a> linked to a high risk of vascular disease. Increased levels of this substance may damage the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a>. Women are more likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots when they're pregnant. This is because they have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in their blood during pregnancy. Also, during pregnancy, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a> compresses the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. This slows blood flow, which can lead to blood clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HIV and HIV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. The risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots is highest in HIV patients who have infections, are taking certain medicines, have been hospitalized, or are older than 45.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dehydration. This is a condition in which your body doesn't have enough fluids. This condition causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> to narrow and your blood to thicken, which raises your risk for blood clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Organ</a> transplants and implanted devices, such as central venous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheters</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shunts</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> or procedures done on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> may injure the vessel walls. This can cause blood clots to form. Also, catheters and shunts have a man-made surface that may trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Excessive Blood Clotting?</h2><p>People at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> have both acquired and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> risk factors. For example, if you smoke and have the Factor V Leiden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>, you're at higher risk than someone who has only one of these risk factors.</p><p>For more information about the diseases, conditions, and other factors that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a>, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062998/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Excessive Blood Clotting?"</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d5e39"><h3>Genetic Risk Factors</h3><p>You're more likely to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> if you have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family members who have had dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A personal history of repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots before the age of 40</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A personal history of unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a></div></li></ul><p>Factor V Leiden is one of the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> that can alter the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> accounts for 40–50 percent of genetic blood clotting disorders in Caucasians.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d5e61"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Another risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aps/">antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a>. APS is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a> that can trigger blood clots to form in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. These blood clots can lead to many health problems, including frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Excessive Blood Clotting?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> depend on where the clots form. For example, symptoms of a blood clot in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, and upper body discomfort in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>. These symptoms may suggest a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE).</p><p>Signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the leg may include pain, redness, warmth, and swelling in the lower leg. These signs and symptoms may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT).</p><p>Signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, speech changes, paralysis (an inability to move), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and trouble speaking or understanding speech. These signs and symptoms may suggest a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>If you have signs or symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, PE, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, call 9–1–1 right away. If you have signs or symptoms of DVT, call your doctor right away. The cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot needs to be found and treated as soon as possible.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Complications of Blood Clots</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in, or travel to, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Blood clots can limit or block blood flow. This can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and cause many problems. Sometimes blood clots can be fatal.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e59"><h4>Stroke</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> can occur if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is cut off. If blood flow is cut off for more than a few minutes, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in your brain start to die. This impairs the parts of the body that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> control.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> can cause lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage, long-term disability, paralysis (an inability to move), or death.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">Stroke</a> article and the National Institute of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Neurological Disorders</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stroke</a>'s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/stroke/stroke.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Stroke Information Page</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e78"><h4>Heart Attack</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. A heart attack occurs if blood flow to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> becomes blocked. If blood flow isn't restored quickly, the section of heart muscle becomes damaged from lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and begins to die.</p><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage may not be obvious, or it may cause severe or long-lasting problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>).</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart Attack</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e99"><h4>Kidney Problems and Kidney Failure</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> problems or <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://kidney.niddk.nih.gov/KUDiseases/topics/failure.aspx" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">kidney failure</a>. Kidney failure occurs if the kidneys can no longer remove fluids and waste from your body. This causes a buildup of these fluids and waste in your body, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/hbp/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">high blood pressure</a>, and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e112"><h4>Pulmonary Embolism</h4><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot travels from a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the body to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, it's called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a>, or PE. PE is a serious condition that can damage your lungs and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and cause low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in your blood.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary Embolism</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e124"><h4>Deep Vein Thrombosis</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> or leg can cause pain, swelling, redness, or increased warmth in the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>. This type of clot is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">deep vein thrombosis</a>, or DVT. Deep vein clots can break off, travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and cause PE.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">Deep Vein Thrombosis</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d6e137"><h4>Pregnancy-Related Problems</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>, stillbirths, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems, such as <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/redir/disclaimer.htm?http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/highbloodpressureinpregnancy.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">preeclampsia</a> (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). Preeclampsia is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> that occurs during pregnancy.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Excessive Blood Clotting Diagnosed?</h2><p>If your doctor thinks that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062998/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a>, he or she will look for the cause of the condition.</p><p>Your doctor will ask about your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, do a physical exam, and review the results from tests.</p><p>Your primary care doctor may refer you to a hematologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask you detailed questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and your family's medical history. He or she may ask whether you or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> relative:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has a history of repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots before age 40</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> or while on birth control pills</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has had unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has a history of excessive or unusual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots (such as clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d7e62"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to see how severe your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> problem is and to look for a possible cause.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and the clotting process. If he or she thinks you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> condition, you may need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>.</p><p>Tests to find the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> might be delayed for weeks or even months while you receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for a blood clot.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d7e81"><h4>Complete Blood Count and Platelet Count</h4><p>Initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> will include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. These tests measure the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood.</p><p>In this situation, your doctor will want to know the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Platelets are blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that stick together to form clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d7e93"><h4>Tests for Clotting Factors and Clotting Time</h4><p>You also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> that look at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> active in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process and how long it takes them to form a blood clot.</p><p>Clotting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> or factors react with each other along two pathways called the intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. (A pathway is a string of chemical reactions that always occur in a certain order.) The two pathways join in a common pathway to make a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrin</a> network that holds <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots together.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PT test. This test looks at the extrinsic and common pathways to measure how long it takes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a> may take the medicine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> to prolong their clotting times.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A PTT test. This test looks at the intrinsic and common pathways to measure how long it takes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form. People also may take blood thinners, like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>, to slow their clotting times.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec3-d7e112"><h4>Followup Tests</h4><p>If your doctor thinks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> condition is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a>, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>. For example, you might need tests to check:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aps/">antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a>—a cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">excessive blood clotting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your homocysteine levels (if you're at risk for vascular disease)</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Excessive Blood Clotting Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022064" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Excessive blood clotting</a> is treated with medicines. Depending on the size and location of the clot(s), you may need emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> or routine treatment.</p><div id="nhlbi-ebc-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Emergency Treatment</h3 |
June 11, 2014. |
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33 | 2018-02-02 05:11:50 | Fanconi Anemia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-fanconi-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Fanconi Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (fan-KO-nee uh-NEE-me-uh), or FA, is a rare, inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder that leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure. The disorder also is called Fanconi’s anemia.</p><p>FA prevents your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> from making enough new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> for your body to work normally. FA also can cause your bone marrow to make many faulty blood cells. This can lead to serious health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (a type of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>).</p><p>Although FA is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder, it also can affect many of your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, and systems. Children who inherit FA are at higher risk of being born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a>. FA also increases the risk of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a> and other serious health problems.</p><p>FA is different from Fanconi syndrome. Fanconi syndrome affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. It's a rare and serious condition that mostly affects children.</p><p>Children who have Fanconi syndrome pass large amounts of key <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> and chemicals through their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. These children may have serious health and developmental problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d1e55"><h3>Bone Marrow and Blood</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> is the spongy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> of your body. Healthy bone marrow contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> that develop into the three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells that the body needs:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a>, which carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of your body. Red blood cells also remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body's cells and carry it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to be exhaled.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a>, which help fight infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> (PLATE-lets), which help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot.</div></li></ul><p>It's normal for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to die. The lifespan of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> is about 120 days. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> live less than 1 day. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> live about 6 days. As a result, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> must constantly make new blood cells.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can't make enough new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to replace the ones that die, serious health problems can occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d1e80"><h3>Fanconi Anemia and Your Body</h3><p>FA is one of many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>" usually refers to a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>FA is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> stops making or doesn't make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Low levels of the three types of blood cells can harm many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, and systems.</p><p>With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> won't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to work well. With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, your body may have problems fighting infections. This can make you sick more often and make infections worse. With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, your blood can’t clot normally. As a result, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d1e98"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>People who have FA have a greater risk than other people for some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a>. About 10 percent of people who have FA develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a>.</p><p>People who have FA and survive to adulthood are much more likely than others to develop cancerous solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>The risk of solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> increases with age in people who have FA. These tumors can develop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> (eh-SOF-ah-gus). (The esophagus is the passage leading from the mouth to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.)</p><p>Women who have FA are at much greater risk than other women of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> in the reproductive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>FA is an unpredictable disease. The average lifespan for people who have FA is between 20 and 30 years. The most common causes of death related to FA are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a>, and solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>Advances in care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> have improved the chances of surviving longer with FA. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> is the major advance in treatment. However, even with this treatment, the risk of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a> is greater in people who have FA.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Fanconi Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) is an inherited disease. The term “inherited” means that the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. At least 13 faulty genes are associated with FA. FA occurs when both parents pass the same faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their child.</p><p>People who have only one faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> are FA "carriers." Carriers don't have FA, but they can pass the faulty gene to their children.</p><p>If both of your parents have a faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, you have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A 25 percent chance of having FA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A 25 percent chance of not having FA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A 50 percent chance of being an FA carrier and passing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to any children you have</div></li></ul><p>If only one of your parents has a faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, you won't have the disorder. However, you have a 50 percent chance of being an FA carrier and passing the gene to any children you have.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Fanconi Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) occurs in all racial and ethnic groups and affects men and women equally.</p><p>In the United States, about 1 out of every 181 people is an FA carrier. This carrier rate leads to about 1 in 130,000 people being born with FA.</p><p>Two ethnic groups, Ashkenazi Jews and Afrikaners, are more likely than other groups to have FA or be FA carriers.</p><p>Ashkenazi Jews are people who are descended from the Jewish population of Eastern Europe. Afrikaners are White natives of South Africa who speak a language called Afrikaans. This ethnic group is descended from early Dutch, French, and German settlers.</p><p>In the United States, 1 out of 90 Ashkenazi Jews is an FA carrier, and 1 out of 30,000 is born with FA.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d4e44"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>FA is an inherited disease—that is, it's passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. At least 13 faulty genes are associated with FA. FA occurs if both parents pass the same faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their child.</p><p>Children born into families with histories of FA are at risk of inheriting the disorder. Children whose mothers and fathers both have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a> of FA are at even greater risk. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of FA means that it's possible that a parent carries a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> associated with the disorder.</p><p>Children whose parents both carry the same faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> are at greatest risk of inheriting FA. Even if these children aren't born with FA, they're still at risk of being FA carriers.</p><p>Children who have only one parent who carries a faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> also are at risk of being carriers. However, they're not at risk of having FA.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Fanconi Anemia?</h2><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Your doctor may suspect you or your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) if you have signs and symptoms of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> failure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Birth defects</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developmental or eating problems</div></li></ul><p>FA is an inherited disorder—that is, it's passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. If a child has FA, his or her brothers and sisters also should be tested for the disorder.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e54"><h4>Anemia</h4><p>The most common symptom of all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). Fatigue occurs because your body doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to its various parts. If you have anemia, you may not have the energy to do normal activities.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count also can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e63"><h4>Bone Marrow Failure</h4><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> fails, it can't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This can cause many problems that have various signs and symptoms.</p><p>With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, you can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. In FA, the size of your red blood cells also can be much larger than normal. This makes it harder for the cells to work well.</p><p>With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, you're at risk for infections. Infections also may last longer and be more serious than normal.</p><p>With too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, you may bleed and bruise easily, suffer from internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (pe-TEE-kee-ay). Petechiae are tiny red or purple spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. Bleeding in small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> just below your skin causes these spots.</p><p>In some people who have FA, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes a lot of harmful, immature <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> called blasts. Blasts don't work like normal blood cells. As they build up, they prevent the bone marrow from making enough normal blood cells.</p><p>A large number of blasts in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can lead to a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024327" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute myeloid leukemia</a> (AML).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e85"><h4>Birth Defects</h4><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a> can be signs of FA. These include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone</a> or skeletal defects. FA can cause missing, oddly shaped, or three or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023114" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thumbs</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, hips, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, and toes may not form fully or normally. People who have FA may have a curved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>, a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (sco-le-O-sis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Eye</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a> defects. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyelids</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a> may not have a normal shape. Children who have FA also might be born deaf.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Skin</a> discoloration. This includes coffee-colored areas or odd-looking patches of lighter skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney</a> problems. A child who has FA might be born with a missing kidney or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> that aren't shaped normally.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a>. The most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> linked to FA is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD). A VSD is a hole or defect in the lower part of the wall that separates the heart’s left and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e115"><h4>Developmental Problems</h4><p>Other signs and symptoms of FA are related to physical and mental development. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low birth weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor appetite</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Delayed growth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Below-average height</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Small head size</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mental retardation or learning disabilities</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d5e143"><h4>Signs and Symptoms of Fanconi Anemia in Adults</h4><p>Some signs and symptoms of FA may develop as you or your child gets older. Women who have FA may have some or all of the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are less developed than normal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Menstruating later than women who don't have FA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Starting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> earlier than women who don't have FA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems getting pregnant and carrying a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> to full term</div></li></ul><p>Men who have FA may have sex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are less developed than normal. They also may be less fertile than men who don't have the disease. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Fanconi Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) are born with the disorder. They may or may not show signs or symptoms of it at birth. For this reason, FA isn't always diagnosed when a person is born. In fact, most people who have the disorder are diagnosed between the ages of 2 and 15 years.</p><p>The tests used to diagnose FA depend on a person's age and symptoms. In all cases, medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a> are an important part of diagnosing FA. However, because FA has many of the same signs and symptoms as other diseases, only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> can confirm its diagnosis.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A geneticist is a doctor or scientist who studies how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> work and how diseases and traits are passed from parents to children through genes.</p><p>Geneticists do <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> for FA. They also can provide counseling about how FA is inherited and the types of prenatal (before birth) testing used to diagnose it.</p><p>An obstetrician may detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a> linked to FA before your child is born. An obstetrician is a doctor who specializes in providing care for pregnant women.</p><p>After your child is born, a pediatrician also can help find out whether your child has FA. A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in treating children and teens.</p><p>A hematologist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialist) also may help diagnose FA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Family and Medical Histories</h3><p>FA is an inherited disease. Some parents are aware that their family has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> of FA, even if they don't have the disease.</p><p>Other parents, especially if they're FA carriers, may not be aware of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of FA. Many parents may not know that FA can be passed from parents to children.</p><p>Knowing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family medical history</a> can help your doctor diagnose whether you or your child has FA or another condition with similar symptoms.</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you, your siblings, or your children have FA, he or she may ask you detailed questions about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a> you’ve had related to the digestive system</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of immune disorders</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your appetite, eating habits, and any medicines you take</div></li></ul><p>If you know your family has a history of FA, or if your answers to your doctor's questions suggest a possible diagnosis of FA, your doctor will recommend further testing.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d6e89"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>The signs and symptoms of FA aren't unique to the disease. They're also linked to many other diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>. For this reason, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> is needed to confirm a diagnosis of FA. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic tests</a> for FA include the following.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e99"><h4>Chromosome Breakage Test</h4><p>This is the most common test for FA. It's available only in special laboratories (labs). It shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> (long chains of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) break more easily than normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> sometimes are used for the test. Usually, though, a small amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is taken from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> using a needle. A technician combines some of the blood cells with certain chemicals.</p><p>If you have FA, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample break and rearrange when mixed with the test chemicals. This doesn't happen in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> of people who don't have FA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e111"><h4>Cytometric Flow Analysis</h4><p>Cytometric flow analysis, or CFA, is done in a lab. This test examines how chemicals affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> grow and divide. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Skin</a> cells are used for this test.</p><p>A technician mixes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> with chemicals that can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> in the cells to act abnormally. If you have FA, your cells are much more sensitive to these chemicals.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> will break at a high rate during the test. This doesn't happen in the cells of people who don't have FA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e124"><h4>Mutation Screening</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> is an abnormal change in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. Geneticists and other specialists can examine your genes, usually using a sample of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. With special equipment and lab processes, they can look for gene <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> that are linked to FA.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d6e130"><h3>Diagnosing Different Age Groups</h3><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e134"><h4>Before Birth (Prenatal)</h4><p>If your family has a history of FA and you get pregnant, your doctor may want to test you or your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> for FA.</p><p>Two tests can be used to diagnose FA in a developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> (AM-ne-o-sen-TE-sis) and chorionic villus (ko-re-ON-ik VIL-us) sampling (CVS). Both tests are done in a doctor's office or hospital.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Amniocentesis</a> is done 15 to 18 weeks after a pregnant woman's last period. A doctor uses a needle to remove a small amount of fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>. A technician tests <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chromosomes</a> (chains of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) from the fluid sample to see whether they have faulty genes associated with FA.</p><p>CVS is done 10 to 12 weeks after a pregnant woman's last period. A doctor inserts a thin tube through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022600" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagina</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cervix</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> (the temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that connects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> to the mother).</p><p>The doctor removes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> using gentle suction. The tissue sample is sent to a lab to be tested for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> defects associated with FA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e153"><h4>At Birth</h4><p>Three out of four people who inherit FA are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a>. If your baby is born with certain birth defects, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> to confirm a diagnosis of FA.</p><p>For more information about these defects, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062975/#nhlbisec-signs">“What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Fanconi Anemia?”</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d6e164"><h4>Childhood and Later</h4><p>Some people who have FA are not born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a>. Doctors may not diagnose them with the disorder until signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> occur. This usually happens within the first 10 years of life.</p><p>Signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure most often begin between the ages of 3 and 12 years, with 7 to 8 years as the most common ages. However, 10 percent of children who have FA aren't diagnosed until after 16 years of age.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is failing, you may have signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. FA is one type of aplastic anemia.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> stops making or doesn't make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> can be inherited or acquired after birth through exposure to chemicals, radiation, or medicines.</p><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> using:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family and medical histories</a> and a physical exam.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC) to check the number, size, and condition of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The CBC also checks numbers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count. This test counts the number of new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood to see whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the proper rate.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a>. For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>, a small amount of liquid bone marrow is removed and tested to see whether it's making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow biopsy</a>, a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is removed and tested to see whether it's making enough blood cells.</div></li></ul><p>If you or your child is diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, your doctor will want to find the cause. If your doctor suspects you have FA, he or she may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">Aplastic Anemia</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Fanconi Anemia Treated?</h2><p>Doctors decide how to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022008" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fanconi anemia</a> (FA) based on a person's age and how well the person's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>Long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for FA can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> are replaced with healthy ones that can make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells on their own.</div></li></ul><p>—Or—</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat the symptoms without curing the cause. This is done using medicines and other substances that can help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> for a limited time.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Screening and Short-Term Treatment</h3><p>Even if you or your child has FA, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> might still be able to make enough new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. If so, your doctor might suggest frequent blood count checks so he or she can watch your condition.</p><p>Your doctor will probably want you to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">bone marrow tests</a> once a year. He or she also will screen you for any signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> counts begin to drop sharply and stay low, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> might be failing. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to help your body fight infections. In the short term, he or she also may want to give you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> to increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cell counts</a> to normal levels.</p><p>However, long-term use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> can reduce the chance that other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> will work.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d7e75"><h3>Long-Term Treatment</h3><p>The four main types of long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for FA are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Androgen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Synthetic growth factors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d7e97"><h4>Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant is the current standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for patients who have FA that's causing major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> failure. Healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> from another person, called a donor, are used to replace the faulty cells in your bone marrow.</p><p>If you're going to receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> from another person, your doctor will want to find a donor whose stem cells match yours as closely as possible.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stem cell</a> transplants are most successful in younger people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have few or no serious health problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> from a brother or sister who is a good donor match </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had few or no previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a></div></li></ul><p>During the transplant, you'll get donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> in a procedure that's like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>. Once the new stem cells are in your body, they travel to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> and begin making new blood cells.</p><p>A successful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant will allow your body to make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>Even if you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant to treat FA, you’re still at risk for some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> and cancerous solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>. Your doctor will check your health regularly after the procedure.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants—including finding a donor, having the procedure, and learning about the risks—go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Androgen Therapy</h4><p>Before improvements made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants more effective, androgen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> was the standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who had FA. Androgens are man-made male <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> that can help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</p><p>Androgens increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts. They don't work as well at raising your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> count.</p><p>Unlike a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant, androgens don't allow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to make enough of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> on its own. You may need ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with androgens to control the effects of FA.</p><p>Also, over time, androgens lose their ability to help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, which means you'll need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p><p>Androgen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> can have serious side effects, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> also can't prevent you from developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d7e157"><h4>Synthetic Growth Factors</h4><p>Your doctor may choose to treat your FA with growth factors. These are substances found in your body, but they also can be man-made.</p><p>Growth factors help your body make more red and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>. Growth factors that help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> still are being studied.</p><p>More research is needed on growth factor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for FA. Early results suggest that growth factors may have fewer and less serious side effects than androgens.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec3-d7e169"><h4>Gene Therapy</h4><p>Researchers are looking for ways to replace faulty FA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> with normal, healthy genes. They hope these genes will make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> that can repair and protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Early results of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> hold promise, but more research is needed.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-fanconi-sec2-d7e176"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>FA can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defects</a> that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023114" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thumbs</a>, hips, legs, and other parts of the body. Doctors may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair some defects.</p><p>For example, your child might be born with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a>—a hole or defect in the wall that separates the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. His or her doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to close the hole so the heart can work properly.</p><p>Children who have FA also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to correct digestive system problems that can harm their nutrition, growth, and survival.</p><p>One of the most common problems is an FA-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">birth defect</a> in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>), which carries air to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, is connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a>, which carries food to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</p><p>This can cause serious breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a>, and eating problems and can lead to lung infections. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is needed to separate the two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and allow normal eating and breathing.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix" |
June 11, 2014. |
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34 | 2018-02-02 05:12:09 | Heart Attack | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-heartattack-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is a Heart Attack?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> happens when the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> suddenly becomes blocked and the heart can't get oxygen. If blood flow isn't restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks are a leading killer of both men and women in the United States. The good news is that excellent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available for heart attacks. These treatments can save lives and prevent disabilities.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> works best when it's given right after symptoms occur. If you think you or someone else is having a heart attack (even if you're not fully sure), call 9–1–1 right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks most often occur as a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>. CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your heart.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis). The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.</p><p>Eventually, an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open) inside of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. This causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form on the plaque's surface. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>If the blockage isn't treated quickly, the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> begins to die. Healthy heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue. This heart damage may not be obvious, or it may cause severe or long-lasting problems.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e81" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e81" rid-ob="figobd1e81"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/bin/heart_coronary_artery.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/bin/heart_coronary_artery.jpg" alt="Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e81"><h4 id="d1e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e81">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery. Figure A shows a heart with dead heart muscle caused by a heart attack. Figure B is a cross-section of a coronary artery with plaque buildup and a blood clot. </p></div></div><p>A less common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is a severe spasm (tightening) of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. The spasm cuts off <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the artery. Spasms can occur in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> that aren't affected by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks can be associated with or lead to severe health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> and life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>. Ventricular fibrillation is a life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> that can cause death if not treated right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d1e103"><h4>Don't Wait—Get Help Quickly</h4><p>Acting fast at the first sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms can save your life and limit damage to your heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> works best when it's given right after symptoms occur.</p><p>Many people aren't sure what's wrong when they are having symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Some of the most common warning symptoms of a heart attack for both men and women are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort. Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks involve discomfort in the center or left side of the chest. The discomfort usually lasts more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back. It can feel like pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. It also can feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort. You may feel pain or discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> (above the belly button).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. This may be your only symptom, or it may occur before or along with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. It can occur when you are resting or doing a little bit of physical activity.</div></li></ul><p>Other possible symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling unusually tired for no reason, sometimes for days (especially if you are a woman)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Light-headedness or sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any sudden, new symptom or a change in the pattern of symptoms you already have (for example, if your symptoms become stronger or last longer than usual)</div></li></ul><p>Not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks begin with the sudden, crushing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that often is shown on TV or in the movies, or other common symptoms such as chest discomfort. The symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can vary from person to person. Some people can have few symptoms and are surprised to learn they've had a heart attack. If you've already had a heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same for another one. </p><p>Quick Action Can Save Your Life: Call 9–1–1</p><p>If you think you or someone else may be having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms or a heart attack, don't ignore it or feel embarrassed to call for help. Call 9–1–1 for emergency medical care. Acting fast can save your life.</p><p>Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> on the way to the emergency room. Take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nitroglycerin</a> pill if your doctor has prescribed this type of treatment.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d1e168"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Each year, close to 1 million people in the United States have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks, and many of them die. CHD, which often results in heart attacks, is the leading killer of both men and women in the United States.</p><p>Many more people could survive or recover better from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks if they got help faster. Of the people who die from heart attacks, about half die within an hour of the first symptoms and before they reach the hospital.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for a Heart Attack</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Myocardial infarction</a> (MI)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">myocardial infarction</a> (AMI)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> coronary syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Coronary thrombosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Coronary occlusion</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes a Heart Attack?</h2><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> happens if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> suddenly becomes blocked and the heart can't get oxygen. Most heart attacks occur as a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD).</p><p>CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>. The buildup of plaque occurs over many years.</p><p>Eventually, an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open) inside of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. This causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form on the plaque's surface. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>If the blockage isn't treated quickly, the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> begins to die. Healthy heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue. This heart damage may not be obvious, or it may cause severe or long-lasting problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Coronary Artery Spasm</h3><p>A less common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is a severe spasm (tightening) of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. The spasm cuts off <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the artery. Spasms can occur in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> that aren't affected by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p><p>What causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> to spasm isn't always clear. A spasm may be related to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking certain drugs, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to extreme cold</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cigarette smoking</div></li></ul><p>The animation below shows how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> spasm can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figheartattack" co-legend-rid="figlgndheartattack"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/figure/heart_attack/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobheartattack"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndheartattack"><h4 id="heart_attack"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/figure/heart_attack/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobheartattack">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how blocked blood flow in a coronary artery can lead to a heart attack. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-risks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-risks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for a Heart Attack?</h2><p>Certain risk factors make it more likely that you'll develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) and have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. You can control many of these risk factors.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Risk Factors You Can Control</h3><p>The major risk factors for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> that you can control include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High blood cholesterol</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and obesity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An unhealthy diet (for example, a diet high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, and sodium)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood sugar</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> </div></li></ul><p>Some of these risk factors—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>—tend to occur together. When they do, it's called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>In general, a person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is twice as likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and five times as likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> as someone who doesn't have metabolic syndrome.</p><p>For more information about the risk factors that are part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic Syndrome</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d5e93"><h3>Risk Factors You Can't Control</h3><p>Risk factors that you can't control include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. The risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease increases for men after age 45 and for women after age 55 (or after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with heart disease before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with heart disease before 65 years of age.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah). This condition can develop during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. Preeclampsia is linked to an increased lifetime risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Symptoms of a Heart Attack?</h2><p>Not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks begin with the sudden, crushing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that often is shown on TV or in the movies. In one study, for example, one-third of the patients who had heart attacks had no chest pain. These patients were more likely to be older, female, or diabetic.</p><p>The symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can vary from person to person. Some people can have few symptoms and are surprised to learn they've had a heart attack. If you've already had a heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same for another one. It is important for you to know the most common symptoms of a heart attack and also remember these facts:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks can start slowly and cause only mild pain or discomfort. Symptoms can be mild or more intense and sudden. Symptoms also may come and go over several hours.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>) may have no symptoms or very mild ones.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The most common symptom, in both men and women, is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women are somewhat more likely to have shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, unusual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> (sometimes for days), and pain in the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Some people don't have symptoms at all. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks that occur without any symptoms or with very mild symptoms are called silent heart attacks.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Most Common Symptoms</h3><p>The most common warning symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> for both men and women are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort. Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks involve discomfort in the center or left side of the chest. The discomfort usually lasts for more than a few minutes or goes away and comes back. It can feel like pressure, squeezing, fullness, or pain. It also can feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. The feeling can be mild or severe.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort. You may feel pain or discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> (above the belly button).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. This may be your only symptom, or it may occur before or along with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. It can occur when you are resting or doing a little bit of physical activity.</div></li></ul><p>The symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) can be similar to the symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that occurs in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, usually when they're active. Angina pain usually lasts for only a few minutes and goes away with rest.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or discomfort that doesn't go away or changes from its usual pattern (for example, occurs more often or while you're resting) can be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>All <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain should be checked by a doctor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d6e93"><h3>Other Common Symptoms</h3><p>Pay attention to these other possible symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breaking out in a cold <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling unusually tired for no reason, sometimes for days (especially if you are a woman)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Light-headedness or sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any sudden, new symptoms or a change in the pattern of symptoms you already have (for example, if your symptoms become stronger or last longer than usual)</div></li></ul><p>Not everyone having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> has typical symptoms. If you've already had a heart attack, your symptoms may not be the same for another one. However, some people may have a pattern of symptoms that recur.</p><p>The more signs and symptoms you have, the more likely it is that you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d6e123"><h3>Quick Action Can Save Your Life: Call 9–1–1 </h3><p>The signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can develop suddenly. However, they also can develop slowly—sometimes within hours, days, or weeks of a heart attack.</p><p>Any time you think you might be having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms or a heart attack, don't ignore it or feel embarrassed to call for help. Call 9–1–1 for emergency medical care, even if you are not sure whether you're having a heart attack. Here's why:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acting fast can save your life.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An ambulance is the best and safest way to get to the hospital. Emergency medical services (EMS) personnel can check how you are doing and start life-saving medicines and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> right away. People who arrive by ambulance often receive faster <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at the hospital. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The 9–1–1 operator or EMS technician can give you advice. You might be told to crush or chew an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> if you're not allergic, unless there is a medical reason for you not to take one. Aspirin taken during a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can limit the damage to your heart and save your life.</div></li></ul><p>Every minute matters. Never delay calling 9–1–1 to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or do anything else you think might help.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Heart Attack Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a>, your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d7e37"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) and signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d7e53"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> die and release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> into the bloodstream. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> can measure the amount of these proteins in the bloodstream. Higher than normal levels of these proteins suggest a heart attack.</p><p>Commonly used <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> include troponin tests, CK or CK–MB tests, and serum <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">myoglobin</a> tests. Blood tests often are repeated to check for changes over time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Coronary Angiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">Coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This test often is done during a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> to help find blockages in the coronary arteries.</p><p>To get the dye into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, your doctor will use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-ih-ZA-shun).</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, and the dye is released into your bloodstream.</p><p>Special x rays are taken while the dye is flowing through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. The dye lets your doctor study the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>If your doctor finds a blockage, he or she may recommend a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022980" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percutaneous</a> (per-ku-TA-ne-us) coronary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intervention</a> (PCI), sometimes referred to as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">coronary angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee). This procedure can help restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. Sometimes a small mesh tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent</a> is placed in the artery to help prevent blockages after the procedure.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Heart Attack Treated?</h2><p>Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> can prevent or limit damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Acting fast, at the first symptoms of a heart attack, can save your life. Medical personnel can begin diagnosis and treatment even before you get to the hospital.</p><p>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> usually are started right away if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is suspected, even before the diagnosis is confirmed. These include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> to thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and prevent further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nitroglycerin</a> to reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload and improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li></ul><p>Once the diagnosis of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is confirmed or strongly suspected, doctors start <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to try to promptly restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the heart. The two main treatments are "clot-busting" medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029846" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percutaneous coronary intervention</a> (PCI), sometimes referred to as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">coronary angioplasty</a>, a procedure used to open blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d8e57"><h3>Clot-Busting Medicines</h3><p>Thrombolytic medicines, also called "clot busters," are used to dissolve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that are blocking the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. To work best, these medicines must be given within several hours of the start of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> symptoms. Ideally, the medicine should be given as soon as possible.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d8e63"><h3>Percutaneous Coronary Intervention</h3><p>PCI is a nonsurgical procedure that opens blocked or narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This procedure also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">coronary angioplasty</a>.</p><p>A thin, flexible tube with a balloon or other device on the end is threaded through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), to the narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>Once in place, the balloon is inflated to compress the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> against the wall of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. This restores <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the artery.</p><p>During the procedure, the doctor may put a small mesh tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> helps prevent blockages in the artery in the months or years after the procedure.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/angioplasty/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> Coronary Angioplasty</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d8e92"><h3>Other Treatments for Heart Attack</h3><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d8e95"><h4>Medicines</h4><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a>. Beta blockers decrease your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload. These medicines also are used to relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain and discomfort and to help prevent repeat heart attacks. Beta blockers also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a>. ACE inhibitors lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and reduce strain on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They also help slow down further weakening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anticoagulants. Anticoagulants, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners," prevent blood clots from forming in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These medicines also keep existing clots from getting larger.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anticlotting medicines. Anticlotting medicines stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> from clumping together and forming unwanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Examples of anticlotting medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>.</div></li></ul><p>You also may be given medicines to relieve pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> (which often occur during a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>), or lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> (these medicines are called statins).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d8e120"><h4>Medical Procedures</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary artery bypass grafting</a> (CABG) also may be used to treat a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. During CABG, a surgeon removes a healthy artery or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> from your body. The artery or vein is then connected, or grafted, to the blocked coronary artery.</p><p>The grafted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> bypasses (that is, goes around) the blocked portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. This provides a new route for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d8e135"><h3>Treatment After You Leave the Hospital</h3><p>Most people spend several days in the hospital after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. When you leave the hospital, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> doesn't stop. At home, your treatment may include daily medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rehab/">cardiac rehabilitation</a> (rehab). Your doctor may want you to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumococcal vaccine</a> each year.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend lifestyle changes, including following a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet, being physically active, maintaining a healthy weight, and quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. Taking these steps can lower your chances of having another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec3-d8e151"><h4>Cardiac Rehabilitation</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029877" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac rehab</a> to help you recover from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> and to help prevent another heart attack. Almost everyone who has had a heart attack can benefit from rehab.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029877" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac rehab</a> is a medically supervised program that may help improve the health and well-being of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029877" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac rehab</a> team may include doctors, nurses, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> specialists, physical and occupational therapists, dietitians or nutritionists, and psychologists or other mental health specialists.</p><p>Rehab has two parts:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> training. This part helps you learn how to exercise safely, strengthen your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, and improve your stamina. Your exercise plan will be based on your personal abilities, needs, and interests.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Education, counseling, and training. This part of rehab helps you understand your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> condition and find ways to reduce your risk of future heart problems. The rehab team will help you learn how to cope with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> of adjusting to a new lifestyle and deal with your fears about the future.</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rehab/">Cardiac Rehabilitation</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can a Heart Attack Be Prevented?</h2><p>Lowering your risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) can help you prevent a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. (For more information about risk factors, go to "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062989/#nhlbisec-risks">Who Is at Risk for a Heart Attack?</a>")</p><p>Even if you already have CHD, you can still take steps to lower your risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. These steps involve following a heart healthy lifestyle and getting ongoing care.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartattack-sec2-d9e40"><h3>Heart Healthy Lifestyle</h3><p>Following a healthy diet is an important part of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan that involves diet and physical activity. Controlling your weight helps you control risk factors for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Be as physically active as you can. Physical activity can improve your fitness level and your health. Talk with your doctor about what types of activity are safe for you.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can raise your risk of CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=l |
June 11, 2014. |
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35 | 2018-02-02 05:12:29 | Heart Block | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hb-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Heart Block?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> is a problem that occurs with the heart's electrical system. This system controls the rate and rhythm of heartbeats. ("Rate" refers to the number of times your heart beats per minute. "Rhythm" refers to the pattern of regular or irregular pulses produced as the heart beats.)</p><p>With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads across the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from the upper to the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. As it travels, the signal causes the heart to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> occurs if the electrical signal is slowed or disrupted as it moves through the heart.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d1e49"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> is any problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>Some people are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, while others develop it during their lifetimes. If you're born with the condition, it's called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart block. If the condition develops after birth, it's called acquired heart block.</p><p>Doctors might detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> before or after a baby is born. Certain diseases that may occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> can cause heart block in a baby. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a> also can cause heart block. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. Often, doctors don't know what causes these defects.</p><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> is more common than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> heart block. Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> or its electrical system causes acquired heart block. Diseases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or medicines can cause this damage.</p><p>The three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> are first degree, second degree, and third degree. First degree is the least severe, and third degree is the most severe. This is true for both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> and acquired heart block.</p><p>Doctors use a test called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. This test detects and records the heart's electrical activity. It maps the data on a graph for the doctor to review.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d1e81"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The symptoms and severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> depend on which type you have. First-degree heart block may not cause any severe symptoms.</p><p>Second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> may result in the heart skipping a beat or beats. This type of heart block also can make you feel dizzy or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>.</p><p>Third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> limits the heart's ability to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the rest of the body. This type of heart block may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>. Third-degree heart block requires prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> because it can be fatal.</p><p>A medical device called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a> is used to treat third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> and some cases of second-degree heart block. This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate. Pacemakers typically are not used to treat first-degree heart block.</p><p>All types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> may increase your risk for other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fih-brih-LA-shun). Talk with your doctor to learn more about the signs and symptoms of arrhythmias.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-understanding"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-understanding_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Understanding the Heart's Electrical System and EKG Results</h2><p>Doctors use a test called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. This test detects and records the heart's electrical activity. An EKG records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>The data are recorded on a graph so your doctor can study your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. Different parts of the graph show each step of an electrical signal's journey through the heart.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e40" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e40"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/d3e40/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e40" rid-ob="figobd3e40"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/bin/ekg.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/bin/ekg.jpg" alt="EKG."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e40"><h4 id="d3e40"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/d3e40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e40">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">EKG. The image shows the standard setup for an EKG. In figure A, a normal heart rhythm recording shows the electrical pattern of a regular heartbeat. In figure B, a patient lies in a bed with EKG electrodes attached to his chest, upper arms, and legs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/d3e40/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e40">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Each electrical signal begins in a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the right atrium (AY-tree-um), which is the upper right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. (Your heart has two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and two lower chambers.)</p><p>In a healthy adult <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> at rest, the SA node sends an electrical signal to begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute.</p><p>From the SA node, the signal travels through the right and left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. This causes the atria to contract, which helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls). The electrical signal moving through the atria is recorded as the P wave on the EKG.</p><p>The electrical signal passes between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> through a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the atrioventricular (AV) node. The signal slows down as it passes through the AV node. This slowing allows the ventricles enough time to finish filling with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. On the EKG, this part of the process is the flat line between the end of the P wave and the beginning of the Q wave.</p><p>The electrical signal then leaves the AV node and travels along a pathway called the bundle of His. From there, the signal travels into the right and left bundle branches. The signal spreads quickly across your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, causing them to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the rest of your body. This process is recorded as the QRS waves on the EKG.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> then recover their normal electrical state (shown as the T wave on the EKG). The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> stops contracting to allow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to refill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This entire process continues over and over with each new heartbeat.</p><p>The animation below shows how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system works and how an EKG records your heart's electrical activity. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figelectrical" co-legend-rid="figlgndelectrical"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/electrical/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobelectrical"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndelectrical"><h4 id="electrical"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/electrical/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobelectrical">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how an electrical signal moves through your heart and how an EKG records your heart's electrical activity. </p></div></div><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Heart Block</h2><p>Some people are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a>), while others develop it during their lifetimes (acquired). Acquired heart block is more common than congenital heart block.</p><p>The three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> are first degree, second degree, and third degree. First degree is the least severe, and third degree is the most severe. This is true for both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> and acquired heart block.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d4e34"><h3>First-Degree Heart Block</h3><p>In first-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, the heart's electrical signals are slowed as they move from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the heart's upper and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, respectively). This results in a longer, flatter line between the P and the R waves on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>).</p><p>First-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> may not cause any symptoms or require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d4e47"><h3>Second-Degree Heart Block</h3><p>In this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, electrical signals between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> are slowed to a large degree. Some signals don't reach the ventricles. On an EKG, the pattern of QRS waves doesn't follow each P wave as it normally would.</p><p>If an electrical signal is blocked before it reaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, they won't contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the rest of the body.</p><p>Second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> is divided into two types: Mobitz type I and Mobitz type II.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d4e59"><h4>Mobitz Type I</h4><p>In this type (also known as Wenckebach's block), the electrical signals are delayed more and more with each heartbeat, until the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> skips a beat. On the EKG, the delay is shown as a line (called the PR interval) between the P and QRS waves. The line gets longer and longer until the QRS waves don't follow the next P wave.</p><p>Sometimes people who have Mobitz type I feel dizzy or have other symptoms. This type of second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> is less serious than Mobitz type II.</p><p>The animation below shows how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system works. It also shows what happens during second-degree Mobitz type I <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><p>The first part of this animation is the same as the animation in the section on understanding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system and EKG results. If you want to skip directly to the frames on Mobitz type I <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, click the "skip intro" link above the start, pause, and replay buttons.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figheartblock" co-legend-rid="figlgndheartblock"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/heart_block/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobheartblock"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndheartblock"><h4 id="heart_block"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/heart_block/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobheartblock">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The first part of the animation shows how an electrical signal moves through your heart and how an EKG records your heart's electrical activity. The second part of the animation shows how a pause in the heart's electrical signal can delay or block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/figure/heart_block/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobheartblock">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d4e86"><h4>Mobitz Type II</h4><p>In second-degree Mobitz type II <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, some of the electrical signals don't reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. However, the pattern is less regular than it is in Mobitz type I. Some signals move between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and ventricles normally, while others are blocked.</p><p>On an EKG, the QRS wave follows the P wave at a normal speed. Sometimes, though, the QRS wave is missing (when a signal is blocked).</p><p>Mobitz type II is less common than type I, but it's usually more severe. Some people who have type II need medical devices called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemakers</a> to maintain their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d4e101"><h4>Third-Degree Heart Block</h4><p>In this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, none of the electrical signals reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. This type also is called complete heart block or complete AV block.</p><p>When complete <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> occurs, special areas in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> may create electrical signals to cause the ventricles to contract. This natural backup system is slower than the normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and isn't coordinated with the contraction of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. On an EKG, the normal pattern is disrupted. The P waves occur at a faster rate, and it isn't coordinated with the QRS waves.</p><p>Complete <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> can result in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> and death. This type of heart block often requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. A temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> might be used to keep the heart beating until you get a long-term pacemaker.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Block?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> has many causes. Some people are born with the disorder (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a>), while others develop it during their lifetimes (acquired).</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Congenital Heart Block</h3><p>One form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> occurs in babies whose mothers have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. With autoimmune diseases, the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>In pregnant women, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> can cross the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. (The placenta is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that attaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a> to the mother's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.) These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> can damage the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. These defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. Often, doctors don't know what causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d5e46"><h3>Acquired Heart Block</h3><p>Many factors can cause acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. This is the most common cause of acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Myocarditis (MI-o-kar-DI-tis), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rheumatic (roo-MAT-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">Cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> diseases.</div></li></ul><p>Other diseases may increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DOE-sis) and the degenerative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> disorders Lev's disease and Lenegre's disease.</p><p>Certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> also may damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p>Exposure to toxic substances and taking certain medicines—including digitalis, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a>—also may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Doctors closely watch people who are taking these medicines for signs of problems.</p><p>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> have been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> (changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>).</p><p>An overly active <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027318" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagus nerve</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. You have one vagus nerve on each side of your body. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> run from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024736" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain stem</a> all the way to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. Activity in the vagus nerve slows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p><p>Sometimes acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> will go away if the factor causing it is treated or resolved. For example, heart block that occurs after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may go away during recovery.</p><p>If medicine is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, the disorder may go away if the medicine is stopped or the dosage is lowered. (Always talk with your doctor before you change the way you take your medicines.)</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Heart Block?</h2><p>The risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> and acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> are different.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Congenital Heart Block</h3><p>If a pregnant woman has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> is at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a> can cause the body to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that can cross the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. (The placenta is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that attaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a> to the mother's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.) These antibodies may damage the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. These defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. Most of the time, doctors don't know what causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>Heredity may play a role in certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects. For example, a parent who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> might be more likely than other people to have a child with the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d6e49"><h3>Acquired Heart Block</h3><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> can occur in people of any age. However, most types of the condition are more common in older people. This is because many of the risk factors are more common in older people.</p><p>People who have a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. Examples of heart disease that can lead to heart block include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> diseases).</p><p>Other diseases also may raise the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> and the degenerative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> disorders Lev's disease and Lenegre's disease.</p><p>Exposure to toxic substances or taking certain medicines, such as digitalis, also can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p><p>Well-trained athletes and young people are at higher risk for first-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> caused by an overly active <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027318" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagus nerve</a>. You have one vagus nerve on each side of your body. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> run from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024736" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain stem</a> all the way to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. Activity in the vagus nerve slows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Block?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms depend on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> you have. First-degree heart block may not cause any symptoms.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of second- and third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fainting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a> or light-headedness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li></ul><p>These symptoms may suggest other health problems as well. If these symptoms are new or severe, call 9–1–1 or have someone drive you to the hospital emergency room. If you have milder symptoms, talk with your doctor right away to find out whether you need prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Block Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart block</a> might be diagnosed as part of a routine doctor's visit or during an emergency situation. (Third-degree heart block often is an emergency.)</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family and medical histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor might be involved in diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. However, if you have the condition, you might need to see a heart specialist. Heart specialists include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> (doctors who diagnose and treat adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> (doctors who diagnose and treat babies and children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electrophysiologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> or pediatric cardiologists who specialize in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d8e53"><h3>Family and Medical Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have any health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any of your family members have been diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> or other health problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're taking any medicines, including herbal products and prescription and over-the-counter medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You smoke or use alcohol or drugs</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask about other health habits, such as how physically active you are.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d8e83"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. He or she will listen carefully for abnormal rhythms or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmurs</a> (extra or unusual sounds heard during heartbeats).</p><p>Your doctor also may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> to find out how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check for swelling in your legs or feet, which could be a sign of an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for signs of other diseases that could be causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> or rhythm problems (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d8e113"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d8e116"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>Doctors usually use an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. This simple test detects and records the heart's electrical activity.</p><p>An EKG shows how fast the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). The test also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>The data are recorded on a graph. Different types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> have different patterns on the graph. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063066/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Heart Block."</a>)</p><p>A standard EKG only records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s activity for a few seconds. To diagnose heart rhythm problems that come and go, your doctor may have you wear a portable EKG monitor.</p><p>The most common types of portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter and event monitors</a>. Your doctor may have you use one of these monitors to diagnose first- or second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d8e144"><h4>Holter and Event Monitors</h4><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals for a full 24- or 48-hour period. You wear one while you do your normal daily activities. This allows the monitor to record your heart for a longer time than a standard EKG.</p><p>An event monitor is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor only records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it.</p><p>You may wear an event monitor for 1 to 2 months, or as long as it takes to get a recording of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> during symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d8e157"><h4>Electrophysiology Study</h4><p>For some cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, doctors may do electrophysiology studies (EPS). During this test, a thin, flexible wire is passed through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to your heart. The wire records your heart's electrical signals.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec3-d8e166"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, your doctor may recommend tests to rule out other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>). For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Are Arrhythmias Diagnosed?"</a> </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treated"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treated_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Block Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> depends on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> you have. If you have first-degree heart block, you may not need treatment.</p><p>If you have second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, you may need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> is a small device that's placed under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. This device uses electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate.</p><p>If you have third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, you will need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a>. In an emergency, a temporary pacemaker might be used until you can get a long-term device. Most people who have third-degree heart block need pacemakers for the rest of their lives.</p><p>Some people who have third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> don't need pacemakers for many years. Others may need pacemakers at a young age or during infancy.</p><p>If a pregnant woman has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> is at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>. If heart block is detected in a fetus, the mother might be given medicine to reduce the fetus' risk of developing serious heart block.</p><p>Sometimes acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> goes away if the factor causing it is treated or resolved. For example, heart block that occurs after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may go away during recovery.</p><p>Also, if a medicine is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, the condition may go away if the medicine is stopped or the dosage is lowered. (Always talk with your doctor before you change the way you take your medicines.)</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Heart Block</h2><p>First-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> may not cause any symptoms or require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, some research has shown that people who have first-degree heart block might be at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) in the future.</p><p>AF is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. It occurs if rapid, disorganized electrical signals cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> to contract very fast and irregularly.</p><p>If you've been diagnosed with first-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, ask your doctor whether you need to take any special steps to control it.</p><p>Your doctor can tell you whether you need ongoing care or whether you need to change the way you take certain medicines.</p><p>If you have second-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> that doesn't require a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>, talk with your doctor about keeping your heart healthy. Your doctor will tell you whether you need ongoing care for your condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-hb-sec2-d10e50"><h3>Living With a Pacemaker</h3><p>People who have third-degree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a> and some people who have second-degree heart block need pacemakers. These devices use electrical pulses to prompt the heart to beat at a normal rate.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a>, you should take special care to avoid things that may interfere with it. Avoid close or prolonged contact with electrical devices and devices that have strong magnetic fields. These objects can keep your pacemaker from working properly.</p><p>Let all of your doctors, dentists, and medical technicians know that you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a>. You also should notify airport screeners.</p><p>Your doctor can give you a card that states what kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> you have. Carry this card in your wallet. You may want to wear a medical ID bracelet or necklace that states that you have a pacemaker.</p><p>Certain medical procedures can disrupt pacemakers. Examples include MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), electrocauterization during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, and shock-wave lithotripsy to get rid of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney stones</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may need to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> several times a year to make sure it's working well. Some pacemakers must be checked in the doctor's office, but others can be checked over the phone.</p><p>Ask your doctor about what types of physical activity are safe for you. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a> usually won't limit you from doing sports and physical activity. But you may need to avoid full-contact sports, such as football, that can damage the pacemaker.</p><p>For more information about living with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029742" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pacemaker</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">Pacemaker</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023283" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart block</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half |
June 11, 2014. |
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36 | 2018-02-02 05:12:49 | Heart Disease in Women | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hdw-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Does Heart Disease Affect Women?</h2><p>In the United States, 1 in 4 women dies from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. In fact, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD)—the most common type of heart disease—is the #1 killer of both men and women in the United States.</p><p>Other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD) and broken heart syndrome, also pose a risk for women. These disorders, which mainly affect women, are not as well understood as CHD. However, research is ongoing to learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and broken heart syndrome.</p><p>This article focuses on CHD and its complications. However, it also includes general information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome.</p><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d1e56"><h3>Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>CHD is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up on the inner walls of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and other substances found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Over time, plaque can harden or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open).</p><p>Hardened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh).</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot can form on its surface. A large blood clot can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. This is the most common cause of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> plaque also hardens and narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e84" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e84"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e84" rid-ob="figobd1e84"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/hdw_heartattack.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/hdw_heartattack.jpg" alt="Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e84"><h4 id="d1e84"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e84">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery. Figure A is an overview of a heart and coronary artery showing damage (dead heart muscle) caused by a heart attack. Figure B is a cross-section of the coronary artery with plaque buildup and a blood clot <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e84/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e84">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can develop within the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. Tests that show the insides of the coronary arteries may look normal in people who have this pattern of plaque. Studies are under way to see whether this type of plaque buildup occurs more often in women than in men and why.</p><p>In addition to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, CHD can cause other serious heart problems. The disease may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d1e106"><h3>Coronary Microvascular Disease</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the heart's tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This disease is also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac syndrome X</a> or nonobstructive CHD. In coronary MVD, the walls of the heart's tiny arteries are damaged or diseased.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e116" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e116"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e116/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e116" rid-ob="figobd1e116"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/coronary-mvd_9-28-11.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/coronary-mvd_9-28-11.jpg" alt="Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery Coronary Microvascular Disease."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e116"><h4 id="d1e116"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e116/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e116">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart With Muscle Damage and a Blocked Artery Coronary Microvascular Disease. Figure A shows the small coronary artery network (microvasculature), containing a normal artery and an artery with coronary MVD. Figure B shows a large coronary artery with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d1e116/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e116">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Women are more likely than men to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Many researchers think that a drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> combined with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors causes coronary MVD.</p><p>Although death rates from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease have dropped in the last 30 years, they haven't dropped as much in women as in men. This may be the result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>.</p><p>Standard tests for CHD are not designed to detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>. Thus, test results for women who have coronary MVD may show that they are at low risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><p>Research is ongoing to learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> and its causes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d1e135"><h3>Broken Heart Syndrome</h3><p>Women are also more likely than men to have a condition called broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome. In this recently recognized heart problem, extreme emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can lead to severe (but often short-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> failure.</p><p>Broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome is also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee) or takotsubo cardiomyopathy.</p><p>Doctors may misdiagnose broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> because it has similar symptoms and test results. However, there's no evidence of blocked heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in broken heart syndrome, and most people have a full and quick recovery.</p><p>Researchers are just starting to explore what causes this disorder and how to diagnose and treat it. Often, patients who have broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome have previously been healthy.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d1e150"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Women tend to have CHD about 10 years later than men. However, CHD remains the #1 killer of women in the United States.</p><p>The good news is that you can control many CHD risk factors. CHD risk factors are conditions or habits that raise your risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. These risk factors also can increase the chance that existing CHD will worsen.</p><p>Lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgical procedures</a> can help women lower their risk for CHD. Thus, early and ongoing CHD prevention is important.</p><p>More information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease in women is available through the National Heart, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/educational/hearttruth/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">The Heart Truth</a>® campaign.</p><p>____________</p><p>®The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Truth and its logo are registered trademarks of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Heart Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> or takotsubo cardiomyopathy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a>, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">Coronary microvascular disease</a>, which also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac syndrome X</a> or nonobstructive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">Sudden cardiac arrest</a> </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Disease?</h2><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) begins with damage to the lining and inner layers of the coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Several factors contribute to this damage. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood vessel</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> may begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. The buildup of plaque in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> may start in childhood.</p><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can harden or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). Hardened plaque narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury. They may clump together to form blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can further narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. If a clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p>In addition to the factors above, low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels before or after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> may play a role in causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the heart's tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>The cause of broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome isn't yet known. However, a sudden release of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> may play a role in causing the disorder. Most cases of broken heart syndrome occur in women who have gone through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Heart Disease?</h2><p>Certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). These conditions are known as risk factors. Risk factors also increase the chance that existing CHD will worsen.</p><p>Women generally have the same CHD risk factors as men. However, some risk factors may affect women differently than men. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> raises the risk of CHD more in women. Also, some risk factors, such as birth control pills and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, only affect women.</p><p>There are many known CHD risk factors. Your risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> rises with the number of risk factors you have and their severity. Risk factors tend to "gang up" and worsen each other's effects.</p><p>Having just one risk factor doubles your risk for CHD. Having two risk factors increases your risk for CHD fourfold. Having three or more risk factors increases your risk for CHD more than tenfold.</p><p>Also, some risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, put you at greater risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> than others.</p><p>More than 75 percent of women aged 40 to 60 have one or more risk factors for CHD. Many risk factors start during childhood; some even develop within the first 10 years of life. You can control most risk factors, but some you can't.</p><p>For more information about CHD risk factors, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article. To find out whether you're at risk for CHD, talk with your doctor or health care provider.</p><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d5e65"><h3>Risk Factors You Can Control</h3><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e68"><h4>Smoking</h4><p>Smoking is the most powerful risk factor that women can control. Smoking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> or long-term exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> raises your risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Smoking exposes you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon monoxide</a>. This chemical robs your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and triggers a buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Smoking also increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots forming in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Blood clots can block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a>-narrowed arteries and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. The more you smoke, the greater your risk for a heart attack.</p><p>Even women who smoke fewer than two cigarettes a day are at increased risk for CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e84"><h4>High Blood Cholesterol and High Triglyceride Levels</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> travels in the bloodstream in small packages called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (LI-po-pro-teens). The two major kinds of lipoproteins are low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> is sometimes called "bad" cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> is sometimes called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your arteries.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel is used to measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels. This test gives information about your total cholesterol, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> levels are measured in milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A woman's risk for CHD increases if she has a total cholesterol level greater than 200 mg/dL, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level greater than 100 mg/dL, or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level less than 50 mg/dL.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level greater than 150 mg/dL also increases a woman's risk for CHD. A woman's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> and triglyceride levels predict her risk for CHD better than her total cholesterol or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e106"><h4>High Blood Pressure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.</p><p>Women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> greater than 120/80 mmHg are at increased risk for CHD. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> is defined differently for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>. If you have one of these diseases, work with your doctor to set a healthy blood pressure goal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e119"><h4>Diabetes and Prediabetes</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high. This is because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, where it's used for energy. Over time, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> level can lead to increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prediabetes</a> is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is higher than normal, but not as high as it is in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Prediabetes puts you at higher risk for both diabetes and CHD.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a> raise the risk of CHD more in women than in men. In fact, having diabetes doubles a woman's risk of developing CHD.</p><p>Before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> provides women some protection against CHD. However, in women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, the disease counters the protective effects of estrogen.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e138"><h4>Overweight and Obesity</h4><p>The terms <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">"overweight" and "obesity"</a> refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</p><p>The most useful measure of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> is body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. In adults, a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is considered normal. A BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese.</p><p>You can use the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>Studies suggest that where extra weight occurs on the body may predict CHD risk better than BMI. Women who carry much of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> around the waist are at greatest risk for CHD. These women have "apple-shaped" figures.</p><p>Women who carry most of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> on their hips and thighs—that is, those who have "pear-shaped" figures—are at lower risk for CHD.</p><p>To fully know how excess weight affects your CHD risk, you should know your BMI and waist measurement. If you have a BMI greater than 24.9 and a waist measurement greater than 35 inches, you're at increased risk for CHD.</p><p>If your waist measurement divided by your hip measurement is greater than 0.9, you're also at increased risk for CHD.</p><p>Studies also suggest that women whose weight goes up and down dramatically (typically due to unhealthy dieting) are at increased risk for CHD. These swings in weight can lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e172"><h4>Metabolic Syndrome</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for CHD and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. A diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is made if you have at least three of the following risk factors:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large waistline. Having extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in the waist area is a greater risk factor for CHD than having extra fat in other parts of the body, such as on the hips.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lower than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Higher than normal fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>)</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is more common in African American women and Mexican American women than in men of the same racial groups. The condition affects White women and men about equally.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e205"><h4>Birth Control Pills</h4><p>Women who smoke and take birth control pills are at very high risk for CHD, especially if they're older than 35. For women who take birth control pills but don't smoke, the risk of CHD isn't fully known.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e211"><h4>Lack of Physical Activity</h4><p>Inactive people are nearly twice as likely to develop CHD as those who are physically active. A lack of physical activity can worsen other CHD risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e218"><h4>Unhealthy Diet</h4><p>An unhealthy diet can raise your risk for CHD. For example, foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level. A high-sodium (salt) diet can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>.</p><p>Foods with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a> will give you extra calories without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a>. This can cause you to gain weight, which raises your risk for CHD.</p><p>Too much alcohol also can cause you to gain weight, and it will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e233"><h4>Stress or Depression</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> may play a role in causing CHD. Stress can trigger your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to narrow. This can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Getting upset or angry also can trigger a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> also may indirectly raise your risk for CHD if it makes you more likely to smoke or overeat foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>People who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a> are two to three times more likely to develop CHD than people who are not. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Depression</a> is twice as common in women as in men.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e246"><h4>Anemia</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-eh) is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>The condition also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> don't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to work harder, which may raise your risk for CHD.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> has many causes. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e267"><h4>Sleep Apnea</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a> is a common disorder that causes pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They often occur 5 to 30 times or more an hour.</p><p>Typically, normal breathing starts again after the pause, sometimes with a loud snort or choking sound. Major signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea are snoring and daytime sleepiness.</p><p>When you stop breathing, the lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> triggers your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to rise and makes the blood more likely to clot.</p><p>Untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>Women are more likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d5e288"><h3>Risk Factors You Can't Control</h3></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d5e291"><h3>Age and Menopause</h3><p>As you get older, your risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> rises. This is due in part to the slow buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> inside your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, which can start during childhood.</p><p>Before age 55, women have a lower risk for CHD than men. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Estrogen</a> provides women with some protection against CHD before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>. After age 55, however, the risk of CHD increases in both women and men.</p><p>You may have gone through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030253" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">early menopause</a>, either naturally or because you had your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a> removed. If so, you're twice as likely to develop CHD as women of the same age who aren't yet menopausal.</p><p>Another reason why women are at increased risk for CHD after age 55 is that middle age is when you tend to develop other CHD risk factors.</p><p>Women who have gone through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> also are at increased risk for broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome. (For more information, go to the section on emerging risk factors below.)</p><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e310"><h4>Family History</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> plays a role in CHD risk. Your risk increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with CHD before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with CHD before 65 years of age.</p><p>Also, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>—especially a mother's stroke history—can help predict the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> in women.</p><p>Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CHD or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> doesn't mean that you'll develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. This is especially true if your affected family member smoked or had other risk factors that were not well treated.</p><p>Making lifestyle changes and taking medicines to treat risk factors often can lessen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> influences and prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec3-d5e326"><h4>Preeclampsia</h4><p>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah) is a condition that develops during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The two main signs of preeclampsia are a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>.</p><p>These signs usually occur during the second half of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and go away after delivery. However, your risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> later in life increases after having preeclampsia.</p><p>Preeclampsia also is linked to an increased lifetime risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, including CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. (Likewise, having heart disease risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, increases your risk for preeclampsia.)</p><p>If you had preeclampsia during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, you're twice as likely to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease as women who haven't had the condition. You're also more likely to develop heart disease earlier in life.</p><p>Preeclampsia is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factor that you can't control. However, if you've had the condition, you should take extra care to try and control other heart disease risk factors.</p><p>The more severe your preeclampsia was, the greater your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Let your doctor know that you had preeclampsia so he or she can assess your heart disease risk and how to reduce it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hdw-sec2-d5e350"><h3>Emerging Risk Factors</h3><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> plays a role in causing CHD. Inflammation is the body's response to injury or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>' inner walls seems to trigger inflammation and help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> grow.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood</a> levels of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called C-reactive protein (CRP) are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the body. Research suggests that women who have high blood levels of CRP are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Also, some inflammatory diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, may increase the risk for CHD.</p><p>Some studies suggest that women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraine headaches</a> may be at greater risk for CHD. This is especially true for women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraines</a> with auras (visual disturbances), such as flashes of light or zig-zag lines.</p><p>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone density</a> and low intake of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> B6 also may raise a woman's risk for CHD.</p><p>More research is needed to find out whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> supplements with or without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a> affect CHD risk. You may want to talk with your doctor to find out whether these types of supplements are right for you.</p><p>Researchers are just starting to learn about broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> syndrome risk factors. Most women who have this disorder are White and have gone through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>.</p><p>Many of these women have other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and smoking. However, these risk factors tend to be less common in women who have broken heart syndrome than in women who have CHD.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Disease?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) may differ between women and men. Some women who have CHD have no signs or symptoms. This is called silent CHD.</p><p>Silent CHD may not be diagnosed until a woman has signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>).</p><p>Other women who have CHD will have signs and symptoms of the disease.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e53" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e53"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d6e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e53" rid-ob="figobd6e53"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/hdw_signs.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/bin/hdw_signs.jpg" alt="Heart Disease Signs and Symptoms."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e53"><h4 id="d6e53"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062991/figure/d6e53/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e53">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart Disease Signs and Symptoms. The illustration shows the major signs and symptoms of coronary heart disease. </p></div></div><p>A common symptom of CHD is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>In men, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> often feels like pressure or squeezing in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. This feeling may extend to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>. Women can also have these angina symptoms. But women also tend to describe a |
June 11, 2014. |
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37 | 2018-02-02 05:13:09 | Heart Failure | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hf-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Heart Failure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. In some cases, the heart can't fill with enough blood. In other cases, the heart can't pump blood to the rest of the body with enough force. Some people have both problems.</p><p>The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>" doesn't mean that your heart has stopped or is about to stop working. However, heart failure is a serious condition that requires medical care.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d1e46"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> develops over time as the heart's pumping action grows weaker. The condition can affect the right side of the heart only, or it can affect both sides of the heart. Most cases involve both sides of the heart.</p><p>Right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> occurs if the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. Left-side heart failure occurs if the heart can't pump enough oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.</p><p>Right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> may cause fluid to build up in the feet, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. Right-side and left-side heart failure also may cause shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</p><p>The leading causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> are diseases that damage the heart. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d1e71"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a very common condition. About 5.1 million people in the United States have heart failure.</p><p>Both children and adults can have the condition, although the symptoms and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> differ. This article focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> in adults.</p><p>Currently, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> has no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>—such as medicines and lifestyle changes—can help people who have the condition live longer and more active lives. Researchers continue to study new ways to treat heart failure and its complications.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Heart Failure</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congestive heart failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Left-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. This is when the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. This is when the heart can't fill with enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cor pulmonale. This term refers to right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> (lower right heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Failure?</h2><p>Conditions that damage or overwork the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Over time, the heart weakens. It isn't able to fill with and/or pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as well as it should.</p><p>As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> weakens, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> and substances might be released into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These substances have a toxic effect on the heart and blood flow, and they worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d4e34"><h3>Common Causes of Heart Failure</h3><p>The most common causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Treating these problems can prevent or improve heart failure.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d4e50"><h4>Coronary Heart Disease</h4><p>CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. The buildup of plaque also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow.</p><p>CHD can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage, or even death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d4e68"><h4>High Blood Pressure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can weaken your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.) If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d4e78"><h4>Diabetes</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) level is too high. The body normally breaks down food into glucose and then carries it to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> throughout the body. The cells use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> to turn the glucose into energy.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly. Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> levels can damage and weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> around the heart, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d4e87"><h3>Other Causes</h3><p>Other diseases and conditions also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">Cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> disease. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiomyopathy</a> may be present at birth or caused by injury or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">Heart valve disease</a>. Problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> may be present at birth or caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, or damage from heart disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/arr/arr_whatis.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems may be present at birth or caused by heart disease or heart defects.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defects</a>. These problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s structure are present at birth.</div></li></ul><p>Other factors also can injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, such as radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thyroid disorders</a> (having either too much or too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> in the body)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol abuse or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> and other illegal drug use</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HIV/AIDS</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012663" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin E</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> damage from <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">obstructive sleep apnea</a> may worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea can deprive your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and increase its workload. Treating this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> might improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Heart Failure?</h2><p>About 5.8 million people in the United States have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. The number of people who have this condition is growing.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is more common in:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are 65 years old or older. Aging can weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Older people also may have had diseases for many years that led to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Heart failure is a leading cause of hospital stays among people on Medicare.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>African Americans. African Americans are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> than people of other races. They're also more likely to have symptoms at a younger age, have more hospital visits due to heart failure, and die from heart failure.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>. Excess weight puts strain on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> also increases your risk of heart disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. These diseases can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Men. Men have a higher rate of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> than women.</div></li></ul><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a> also can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. These defects occur if the heart, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> near the heart don't form correctly while a baby is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> can make the heart work harder. This weakens the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Children don't have the same symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> or get the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> as adults. This article focuses on heart failure in adults.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Failure?</h2><p>The most common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or trouble breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul><p>All of these symptoms are the result of fluid buildup in your body. When symptoms start, you may feel tired and short of breath after routine physical effort, like climbing stairs.</p><p>As your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> grows weaker, symptoms get worse. You may begin to feel tired and short of breath after getting dressed or walking across the room. Some people have shortness of breath while lying flat.</p><p>Fluid buildup from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> also causes weight gain, frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urination</a>, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> that's worse at night and when you're lying down. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a> (e-DE-ma). This is a condition in which too much fluid builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The condition requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e59" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e59"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063056/figure/d6e59/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e59" rid-ob="figobd6e59"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063056/bin/heartfailure.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063056/bin/heartfailure.jpg" alt="Heart Failure Signs and Symptoms."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e59"><h4 id="d6e59"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063056/figure/d6e59/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e59">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart Failure Signs and Symptoms. The image shows the major signs and symptoms of heart failure. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Failure Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results. The signs and symptoms of heart failure also are common in other conditions. Thus, your doctor will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find out whether you have a disease or condition that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rule out other causes of your symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find any damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and check how well your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li></ul><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> live longer, more active lives.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d7e54"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you or others in your family have or have had a disease or condition that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also will ask about your symptoms. He or she will want to know which symptoms you have, when they occur, how long you've had them, and how severe they are. Your answers will help show whether and how much your symptoms limit your daily routine.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d7e64"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for sounds that aren't normal</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for the sounds of extra fluid buildup</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for swelling in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d7e82"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>No single test can diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. If you have signs and symptoms of heart failure, your doctor may recommend one or more tests.</p><p>Your doctor also may refer you to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. A cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e92"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast your heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>An EKG may show whether the walls in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> are thicker than normal. Thicker walls can make it harder for your heart to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. An EKG also can show signs of a previous or current <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/HeartAttack/HeartAttack_WhatIs.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e107"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test can show whether your heart is enlarged, you have fluid in your lungs, or you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e117"><h4>BNP Blood Test</h4><p>This test checks the level of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> called BNP. The level of this hormone rises during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e123"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves work.</p><p>Echo also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and heart muscle damage caused by lack of blood flow.</p><p>Echo might be done before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> (see below). A stress echo can show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test also can show how well your heart pumps blood when it beats.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Doppler Ultrasound</h4><p>A Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure the speed and direction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. This test often is done with echo to give a more complete picture of blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Doctors often use Doppler ultrasound to help diagnose right-side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e147"><h4>Holter Monitor</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter monitor</a> records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period, while you go about your normal daily routine.</p><p>You wear small patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Wires connect the patches to a small, portable recorder. The recorder can be clipped to a belt, kept in a pocket, or hung around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e160"><h4>Nuclear Heart Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-nscan/">nuclear heart scan</a> shows how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and how much blood is reaching your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p>During a nuclear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> scan, a safe, radioactive substance called a tracer is injected into your bloodstream through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. The tracer travels to your heart and releases energy. Special cameras outside of your body detect the energy and use it to create pictures of your heart.</p><p>A nuclear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> scan can show where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is healthy and where it's damaged.</p><p>A positron emission tomography (PET) scan is a type of nuclear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> scan. It shows the level of chemical activity in areas of your heart. This test can help your doctor see whether enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing to these areas. A PET scan can show blood flow problems that other tests might not detect.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e179"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun), a long, thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and threaded to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This allows your doctor to look inside your coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>During this procedure, your doctor can check the pressure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, collect blood samples, and use x rays to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e191"><h4>Coronary Angiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">Coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-rah-fee) usually is done with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization. A dye that can be seen on x ray is injected into your bloodstream through the tip of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>.</p><p>The dye allows your doctor to see the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Angiography also shows how well your heart is pumping.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e203"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p><p>You may walk or run on a treadmill or pedal a bicycle. If you can't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, you may be given medicine to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> tests, such as nuclear heart scanning and echo, often are done during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress testing</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e218"><h4>Cardiac MRI</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging) uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> as it's beating. The test produces both still and moving pictures of your heart and major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> MRI can show whether parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> are damaged. Doctors also have used MRI in research studies to find early signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, even before symptoms appear.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d7e230"><h4>Thyroid Function Tests</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012407" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thyroid</a> function tests show how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid gland</a> is working. These tests include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">imaging tests</a>, and tests to stimulate the thyroid. Having too much or too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> in the blood can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Failure Treated?</h2><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> live longer, more active lives. Treatment for heart failure will depend on the type and stage of heart failure (the severity of the condition).</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for all stages of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating the condition's underlying cause, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stopping the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> from getting worse</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increasing your lifespan and improving your quality of life</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> usually include lifestyle changes, medicines, and ongoing care. If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, you also may need medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d8e61"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Simple changes can help you feel better and control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. The sooner you make these changes, the better off you'll likely be.</p><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d8e67"><h4>A Heart Healthy Diet</h4><p>Following a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet is an important part of managing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. In fact, not having a proper diet can make heart failure worse. Ask your doctor and health care team to create an eating plan that works for you.</p><p>A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, eggs, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt) and solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>). Too much salt can cause extra fluid to build up in your body, making <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> worse. Saturated fat and trans fatty acids can cause unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, which are a risk factor for heart disease.</p><p>A healthy diet also is low in added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a> and refined grains. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>). Examples of refined grains include white rice and white bread.</p><p>A balanced, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrient</a>-rich diet can help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work better. Getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> is important for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Some heart failure medicines deplete the potassium in your body. Lack of potassium can cause very rapid heart rhythms that can lead to sudden death.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Potassium</a> is found in foods like white potatoes and sweet potatoes, greens (such as spinach), bananas, many dried fruits, and white beans and soybeans.</p><p>Talk with your health care team about getting the correct amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>. Too much potassium also can be harmful.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d8e107"><h4>Fluid Intake</h4><p>It's important for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> to drink the correct amounts and types of fluid. Drinking too much fluid can worsen heart failure. Also, if you have heart failure, you shouldn't drink alcohol.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about what amounts and types of fluid you should have each day.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec3-d8e117"><h4>Other Lifestyle Changes</h4><p>Taking steps to control risk factors for CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> will help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lose weight if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>. Work with your health care team to lose weight safely.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a> (as your doctor advises) to become more fit and stay as active as possible.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quit <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> and avoid using illegal drugs. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. Smoking and drugs can worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> and harm your health.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get enough rest.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d8e147"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor will prescribe medicines based on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> you have, how severe it is, and your response to certain medicines. The following medicines are commonly used to treat heart failure: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> (water or fluid pills) help reduce fluid buildup in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and swelling in your feet and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and reduce strain on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They also may reduce the risk of a future <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aldosterone <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antagonists</a> trigger the body to get rid of salt and water through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. This lowers the volume of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> must pump.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025475" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiotensin receptor blockers</a> relax your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to decrease your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> slow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to decrease your heart's workload.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Isosorbide dinitrate/<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000882" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydralazine</a> hydrochloride helps relax your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> so your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> doesn't work as hard to pump blood. Studies have shown that this medicine can reduce the risk of death in African Americans. More studies are needed to find out whether this medicine will benefit other racial groups. </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Digoxin</a> makes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat stronger and pump more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d8e182"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>You should watch for signs that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> is getting worse. For example, weight gain may mean that fluids are building up in your body. Ask your doctor how often you should check your weight and when to report weight changes.</p><p>Getting medical care for other related conditions is important. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, work with your health care team to control these conditions. Have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level and blood pressure checked. Talk with your doctor about when you should have tests and how often to take measurements at home.</p><p>Try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections like the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>. Talk with your doctor or nurse about getting flu and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> vaccines.</p><p>Many people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital from time to time. Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> given through nasal prongs or a mask). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a> can be given in a hospital or at home.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hf-sec2-d8e204"><h3>Medical Procedures and Surgery</h3><p>As <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> worsens, lifestyle changes and medicines may no longer control your symptoms. You may need a medical procedure or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure symptoms</a>, your doctor might recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> resynchronization <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> (CRT) device or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a> (ICD).</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>, the right and left sides of the heart may no longer contract at the same time. This disrupts the heart's pumping. To correct this problem, your doctor might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> a CRT device (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>) near your heart.</p><p>This device helps both sides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> contract at the same time, which can decrease <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure symptoms</a>.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> have very rapid, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>. Without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, these heartbeats can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a>. Your doctor might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> an ICD near your heart to solve this problem. An ICD checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and uses electrical pulses to correct irregular heart rhythms.</p><p>People who have severe |
June 11, 2014. |
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38 | 2018-02-02 05:13:28 | Heart Murmur | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is a Heart Murmur?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Murmurs</a> range from very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> to very loud. Sometimes they sound like a whooshing or swishing noise.</p><p>Normal heartbeats make a "lub-DUPP" or "lub-DUB" sound. This is the sound of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> closing as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> moves through the heart. Doctors can hear these sounds and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d1e44"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> are innocent (harmless) and abnormal.</p><p>Innocent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> aren't caused by heart problems. These murmurs are common in healthy children. Many children will have heart murmurs heard by their doctors at some point in their lives.</p><p>People who have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> may have signs or symptoms of heart problems. Most abnormal murmurs in children are caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defects</a>. These defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth.</p><p>In adults, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> most often are caused by acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>. This is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> that develops as the result of another condition. Infections, diseases, and aging can cause heart valve disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> isn't a disease, and most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a> are harmless. Innocent murmurs don't cause symptoms. Having one doesn't require you to limit your physical activity or do anything else special. Although you may have an innocent murmur throughout your life, you won't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for it.</p><p>The outlook and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> depend on the type and severity of the heart problem causing them.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-heartworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-heartworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Heart Works</h2><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> about the size of your fist. It works like a pump and beats 100,000 times a day.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The right side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The left side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and four valves and is connected to various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are blood vessels that carry blood from the body to the heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e41" rid-ob="figobd3e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/bin/heart_interior2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/bin/heart_interior2011.jpg" alt="A Healthy Heart Cross-Section."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e41"><h4 id="d3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">A Healthy Heart Cross-Section. Figure 1 shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a healthy heart and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-poor blood flows through the heart to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Heart Chambers</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> or "rooms."</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh) are the two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as it flows into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls) are the two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Heart Valves</h3><p>Four valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right atrium and the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. The artery carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The mitral (MI-trul) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left atrium and the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aortic (ay-OR-tik) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the body.</div></li></ul><p>Valves are like doors that open and close. They open to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow through to the next <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> or to one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves open and close, they make a "lub-DUB" sound that a doctor can hear using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The first sound—the "lub"—is made by the mitral and tricuspid valves closing at the beginning of systole (SIS-toe-lee). Systole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, or squeeze, and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The second sound—the "DUB"—is made by the aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves closing at the beginning of diastole (di-AS-toe-lee). Diastole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax and fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped into them by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d3e99"><h3>Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up a fresh supply of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> are the other important arteries attached to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which must have its own blood supply to function.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d3e118"><h3>Veins</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> also are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> so it can be pumped to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior</a> vena cavae are large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. This article contains animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for a Heart Murmur</h2><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Innocent Heart Murmurs</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025284" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Benign</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Functional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024111" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mammary</a> souffle (SOO-fl). (This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is heard in some pregnant women because of increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breasts</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physiologic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Still's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Venous hums.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d4e59"><h3>Abnormal Heart Murmurs</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pathologic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Murmurs?</h2><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Innocent Heart Murmurs</h3><p>Why some people have innocent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> and others do not isn't known. Innocent murmurs are simply sounds made by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing through the heart's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves, or through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> near the heart.</p><p>Extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> also may cause innocent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. After childhood, the most common cause of extra blood flow through the heart is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This is because during pregnancy, women's bodies make extra blood. Most heart murmurs that occur in pregnant women are innocent.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Abnormal Heart Murmurs</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> or acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a> often are the cause of abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d5e49"><h4>Congenital Heart Defects</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> are the most common cause of abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> in children. These defects are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. They change the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> can involve the interior walls of the heart, the valves inside the heart, or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to and from the heart. Some babies are born with more than one heart defect.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve</a> problems, septal defects (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">holes in the heart</a>), and diseases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> such as hypertrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> are common heart defects that cause abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>.</p><p>Examples of valve problems are narrow valves that limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or leaky valves that don't close properly. Septal defects are holes in the wall that separates the right and left sides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This wall is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>.</p><p>A hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a>. A hole in the septum between the heart's two lower chambers is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defect</a>.</p><p>Hypertrophic (hi-per-TROF-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023192" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiomyopathy</a> (kar-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee) (HCM) occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> enlarge and cause the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (usually the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>) to thicken. The thickening may block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow out of the ventricle. If a blockage occurs, the ventricle must work hard to pump blood to the body. HCM also can affect the heart’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>, causing blood to leak backward through the valve.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd5e77" co-legend-rid="figlgndd5e77"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d5e77/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd5e77" rid-ob="figobd5e77"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/bin/heart_murmur.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/bin/heart_murmur.jpg" alt="Heart Defects That Can Cause Abnormal Heart Murmurs."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd5e77"><h4 id="d5e77"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062994/figure/d5e77/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd5e77">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Heart Defects That Can Cause Abnormal Heart Murmurs. Figure A shows the structure and blood flow inside a normal heart. Figure B shows a heart with leaking and narrowed valves. Figure C shows a heart with a ventricular septal defect. </p></div></div><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital Heart Defects</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d5e90"><h4>Acquired Heart Valve Disease</h4><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> often is the cause of abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> in adults. This is heart valve disease that develops as the result of another condition.</p><p>Many conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. Examples include heart conditions and other disorders, age-related changes, rheumatic (ru-MAT-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, and infections.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> conditions and other disorders. Certain conditions can stretch and distort the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, such as:</p><p>Damage and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Advanced <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. These conditions can enlarge the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or its main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Age-related changes. As you get older, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> deposits or other deposits may form on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. These deposits stiffen and thicken the valve flaps and limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. This stiffening and thickening of the valve is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029490" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sclerosis</a> (skle-RO-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatic fever</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024690" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep throat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024694" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarlet fever</a>, and, in some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024788" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">impetigo</a> (im-peh-TI-go) also can cause rheumatic fever. This serious illness can develop if you have an untreated or not fully treated streptococcal (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infection</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatic fever</a> can damage and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. The symptoms of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> damage often don't occur until many years after recovery from rheumatic fever.</p><p>Today, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infections</a> are treated with antibiotics before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> develops. It's very important to take all of the antibiotics your doctor prescribes for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024690" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep throat</a>, even if you feel better before the medicine is gone.</p><p>Infections. Common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that enter the bloodstream and get carried to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can sometimes infect the inner surface of the heart, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. This rare but sometimes life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis), or IE.</p><p>IE is more likely to develop in people who already have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. The abnormal blood flow causes blood clots to form on the surface of the valve. The blood clots make it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> to attach to and infect the valve.</p><p>IE can worsen existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d5e151"><h4>Other Causes</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> occur because of an illness outside of the heart. The heart is normal, but an illness or condition can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow that's faster than normal. Examples of this type of illness include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-eh), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is a condition in which the body has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hyperthyroidism</a> is a condition in which the body has too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Murmur?</h2><p>People who have innocent (harmless) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> don't have any signs or symptoms other than the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a> itself. This is because innocent heart murmurs aren't caused by heart problems.</p><p>People who have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> may have signs or symptoms of the heart problems causing the murmurs. These signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor eating and failure to grow normally (in infants)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, which may occur only with physical exertion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Excessive sweating with minimal or no exertion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A bluish color on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, especially on the fingertips and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling or sudden weight gain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a></div></li></ul><p>Signs and symptoms depend on the problem causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> and its severity.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Heart Murmur Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to listen to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> sounds and hear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. They may detect heart murmurs during routine checkups or while checking for another condition.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defect</a> causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a>, it's often heard at birth or during infancy. Abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> caused by other heart problems can be heard in patients of any age.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors usually refer people who have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> or pediatric cardiologists for further care and testing.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems in adults. Pediatric cardiologists specialize in diagnosing and treating heart problems in children.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will carefully listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or your child's heart with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to find out whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a> is innocent or abnormal. He or she will listen to the loudness, location, and timing of the murmur. This will help your doctor diagnose the cause of the murmur.</p><p>Your doctor also may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do a complete physical exam. He or she will look for signs of illness or physical problems. For example, your doctor may look for a bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. In infants, doctors may look for delayed growth and feeding problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about your symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath (especially with physical exertion), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Evaluating Heart Murmurs</h3><p>When evaluating a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, your doctor will pay attention to many things, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or loud the sound is. Your doctor will grade the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a> on a scale of 1 to 6 (1 is very faint and 6 is very loud).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When the sound occurs in the cycle of the heartbeat.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Where the sound is heard in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and whether it also can be heard in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> or back.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the sound has a high, medium, or low pitch.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long the sound lasts.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How breathing, physical activity, or a change in body position affects the sound.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d7e97"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>If your doctor thinks you or your child has an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, he or she may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d7e103"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test is done to find the cause of symptoms, such as shortness of breath and chest pain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d7e113"><h4>EKG</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) is a simple test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. An EKG shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.</p><p>This test is used to detect and locate the source of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. The results from an EKG also may be used to rule out certain heart problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec3-d7e125"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can show areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. This test is done both before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress test</a>. During this test, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast. If you can’t exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast. Echo is used to take pictures of your heart before you exercise and as soon as you finish.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> echo shows whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> (a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a>).</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatments"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatments_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Heart Murmur Treated?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> isn't a disease. It's an extra or unusual sound heard during the heartbeat. Thus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a> themselves don't require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, if an underlying condition is causing a heart murmur, your doctor may recommend treatment for that condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Innocent (Harmless) Heart Murmurs</h3><p>Healthy children who have innocent (harmless) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Their heart murmurs aren't caused by heart problems or other conditions.</p><p>Pregnant women who have innocent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> due to extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> volume also don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Their heart murmurs should go away after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Abnormal Heart Murmurs</h3><p>If you or your child has an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, your doctor will recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for the disease or condition causing the murmur.</p><p>Some medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a>, can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> that aren't related to heart disease. Treating these conditions should make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> go away.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> is causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will depend on the type and severity of the defect. Treatment may include medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital Heart Defects</a> article.</p><p>If acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> is causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> usually will depend on the type, amount, and severity of the disease.</p><p>Currently, no medicines can cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, lifestyle changes and medicines can treat symptoms and help delay complications. Eventually, though, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair or replace a faulty heart valve.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">Heart Valve Disease</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> or other heart diseases or conditions, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-heartmurmur-sec1-d1e35_">What Is a Heart Murmur?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-heartworks_">How the Heart Works</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for a Heart Murmur</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Heart Murmurs?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Heart Murmur?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is a Heart Murmur Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatments_">How Is a Heart Murmur Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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39 | 2018-02-02 05:13:46 | Heart Palpitations | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hpl-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Palpitations?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> (pal-pi-TA-shuns) are feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast. You may have these feelings in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. They can occur during activity or even when you're sitting still or lying down.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d1e42"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Many things can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Strong emotions</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vigorous physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines such as diet pills and decongestants</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Caffeine</a>, alcohol, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a>, and illegal drugs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh)</div></li></ul><p>These factors can make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat faster or stronger than usual, or they can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/#nhlbisec-types">premature (extra) heartbeats</a>. In these situations, the heart is still working normally. Thus, these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> usually are harmless.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> are signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">heart muscle disease</a>. However, less than half of the people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> have arrhythmias.</p><p>You can take steps to reduce or prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. Try to avoid things that trigger them (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and stimulants) and treat related medical conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d1e102"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are very common. They usually aren't serious or harmful, but they can be bothersome. If you have them, your doctor can decide whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> or ongoing care.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Palpitations?</h2><p>Many things can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. You may have these feelings even when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating normally or somewhat faster than normal.</p><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless and often go away on their own. However, some palpitations are signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. Sometimes the cause of palpitations can't be found.</p><p>If you start having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, see your doctor to have them checked.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d3e37"><h3>Causes Not Related to Heart Problems</h3><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e41"><h4>Strong Emotions</h4><p>You may feel your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pounding or racing during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, fear, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. You also may have these feelings if you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e47"><h4>Vigorous Physical Activity</h4><p>Intense activity can make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> feel like it’s beating too hard or too fast, even though it's working normally. Intense activity also can cause occasional <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/#nhlbisec-types">premature (extra) heartbeats</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e56"><h4>Medical Conditions</h4><p>Some medical conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. These conditions can make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat faster or stronger than usual. They also can cause premature (extra) heartbeats.</p><p>Examples of these medical conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood sugar</a> level</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">low blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dehydration (not enough fluid in the body)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e91"><h4>Hormonal Changes</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormonal</a> changes that happen during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstruation</a>, and the perimenopausal period may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. The palpitations will likely improve or go away as these conditions go away or change.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> that occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> may be due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d3e100"><h4>Medicines and Stimulants</h4><p>Many medicines can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> because they can make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat faster or stronger than usual. Medicines also can cause premature (extra) heartbeats.</p><p>Examples of these medicines include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inhaled <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to treat an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a>. Taking too much of these medicines can cause an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>. Medicines used to treat irregular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms can sometimes cause other irregular heart rhythms.</div></li></ul><p>Over-the-counter medicines that act as stimulants also may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. These include decongestants (found in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and cold medicines) and some herbal and nutritional supplements.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> (found in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>), alcohol, and illegal drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> and amphetamines) also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d3e134"><h3>Causes Related to Heart Problems</h3><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Arrhythmias are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. However, less than half of the people who have palpitations have arrhythmias.</p><p>During an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm. An arrhythmia happens if some part of the heart's electrical system doesn't work as it should.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are more likely to be related to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or are at risk for one.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) or risk factors for CHD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">heart muscle disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024505" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrolyte</a> levels. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024505" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Electrolytes</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> and sodium, found in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and body fluids. They're vital for normal health and functioning of the body.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Palpitations?</h2><p>Some people may be more likely than others to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. People at increased risk include those who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attacks</a>, or people who are highly stressed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take certain medicines or stimulants</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain medical conditions that aren't related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), a previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">heart muscle disease</a> </div></li></ul><p>Women who are pregnant, menstruating, or perimenopausal also may be at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormonal</a> changes. Some palpitations that occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> may be due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><p>For more information about these risk factors, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063037/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Palpitations?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Palpitations?</h2><p>Symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> include feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Skipping a beat</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fluttering</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beating too hard or too fast</div></li></ul><p>You may have these feelings in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. They can occur during activity or even when you're sitting still or lying down.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> often are harmless, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working normally. However, these feelings can be a sign of a more serious problem if you also:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel dizzy or confused</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are light-headed, think you may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>, or do faint</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have trouble breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have pain, pressure, or tightness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel short of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have unusual sweating</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may have already told you that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless. Even so, see your doctor again if your palpitations:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Start to occur more often or are more noticeable or bothersome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Occur with other symptoms, such as those listed above</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor will want to check whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are the symptom of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Palpitations Diagnosed?</h2><p>First, your doctor will want to find out whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless or related to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. He or she will ask about your symptoms and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, do a physical exam, and recommend several basic tests.</p><p>This information may point to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem as the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. If so, your doctor may recommend more tests. These tests will help show what the problem is, so your doctor can decide how to treat it.</p><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> may be hard to diagnose, especially if symptoms don't occur regularly.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Several types of doctors may work with you to diagnose and treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. These include a:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary care doctor</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologist</a> (a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electrophysiologist (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> who specializes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When did they begin?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long do they last?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often do they occur?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do they start and stop suddenly?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Does your heartbeat feel steady or irregular during the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do other symptoms occur with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> have a pattern? For example, do they occur when you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> or drink coffee? Do they happen at a certain time of day?</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask about your use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, alcohol, supplements, and illegal drugs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d6e91"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will take your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> to find out how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and whether its rhythm is normal. He or she also will use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to listen to your heartbeat.</p><p>Your doctor may look for signs of conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d6e100"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Often, the first test that's done is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). This simple test records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</p><p>An EKG shows how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>Even if your EKG results are normal, you may still have a medical condition that's causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. If your doctor suspects this is the case, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to gather more information about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s structure, function, and electrical system.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d6e119"><h4>Holter or Event Monitor</h4><p>A standard EKG only records the heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm problems that don't happen during the test. To diagnose problems that come and go, your doctor may have you wear a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter or event monitor</a>.</p><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period. You wear patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Wires connect the patches to a small, portable recorder. The recorder can be clipped to a belt, kept in a pocket, or hung around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p>During the 24- or 48-hour period, you do your usual daily activities. You use a notebook to record any symptoms you have and the time they occur. You then return both the recorder and the notebook to your doctor to read the results. Your doctor can see how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> was beating at the time you had symptoms.</p><p>An event monitor is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor only records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it.</p><p>For many event monitors, you push a button to start the monitor when you feel symptoms. Other event monitors start automatically when they sense abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>You can wear an event monitor for weeks or until symptoms occur.</p><p> </p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063037/bin/holter_monitor.jpg" alt="Figure A shows how a Holter or event monitor attaches to a patient. In this example, the monitor is clipped to the patient's belt and electrodes are attached to his chest. Figure B shows an electrocardiogram strip, which maps the data from the Holter or event monitor. "></div> <p></p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d6e154"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The picture shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>The test also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec3-d6e166"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can’t exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Palpitations Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> depends on their cause. Most palpitations are harmless and often go away on their own. In these cases, no treatment is needed.</p><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Avoiding Triggers</h3><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> may be harmless but bothersome. If so, your doctor may suggest avoiding things that trigger them. For examples, your doctor may advise you to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Anxiety and stress (including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attacks</a>) are a common cause of harmless <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. Relaxation exercises, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022369" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tai chi</a>, biofeedback or guided imagery, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aromatherapy</a> may help you relax.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid or limit stimulants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a>, or alcohol.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid illegal drugs, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> and amphetamines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid medicines that act as stimulants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and cold medicines and some herbal and nutritional supplements.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hpl-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Treating Medical Conditions That May Cause Palpitations</h3><p>Work with your doctor to control medical conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a>. If you're taking medicine that's causing palpitations, your doctor will try to find a different medicine for you.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are caused by an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>), your doctor may recommend medicines or procedures to treat the problem. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmia</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Palpitations Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. Try to avoid things that trigger them. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Anxiety and stress (including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attacks</a>) are a common cause of harmless <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. Relaxation exercises, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022369" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tai chi</a>, biofeedback or guided imagery, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aromatherapy</a> may help you relax.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid or limit stimulants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a>, or alcohol.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid illegal drugs, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> and amphetamines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid medicines that act as stimulants, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> and cold medicines and some herbal and nutritional supplements.</div></li></ul><p>Also, work with your doctor to treat medical conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Palpitations</h2><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless and often go away on their own. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> usually isn’t needed in these cases. Your doctor may advise you to avoid triggers for palpitations. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063037/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Are Palpitations Treated?"</a>)</p><p>Your doctor may have already told you that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a> are harmless. Even so, see your doctor again if they get worse, start to occur more often, become more noticeable or bothersome, or occur with other symptoms.</p><p>Your doctor will tell you about other signs and symptoms to be aware of and when to seek emergency care.</p><p>A medical condition or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem might be the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>. If so, your doctor will give you advice and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for your condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palpitations</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-hpl-sec1-d1e36_">What Are Palpitations?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Palpitations?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Palpitations?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Palpitations?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Palpitations Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Palpitations Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Palpitations Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Palpitations</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. |
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40 | 2018-02-02 05:13:58 | Heart Valve Disease | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hvd-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Heart Valve Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve disease</a> occurs if one or more of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> don't work well. The heart has four valves: the tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary), mitral (MI-trul), and aortic (ay-OR-tik) valves.</p><p>These valves have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> flaps that open and close with each heartbeat. The flaps make sure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows in the right direction through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and to the rest of your body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e49" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e49"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e49" rid-ob="figobd1e49"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/bin/heart_interior2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/bin/heart_interior2011.jpg" alt="Healthy Heart Cross-Section."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e49"><h4 id="d1e49"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e49">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Healthy Heart Cross-Section. Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a healthy heart and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-poor blood flows through the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062945/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e49">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Birth defects</a>, age-related changes, infections, or other conditions can cause one or more of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> to not open fully or to let <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leak back into the heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. This can make your heart work harder and affect its ability to pump blood.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d1e59"><h3>Overview</h3><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d1e62"><h4>How the Heart Valves Work</h4><p>At the start of each heartbeat, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> returning from the body and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> fills the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>). The mitral and tricuspid valves are located at the bottom of these chambers. As the blood builds up in the atria, these valves open to allow blood to flow into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the heart's two lower chambers).</p><p>After a brief delay, as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> begin to contract, the mitral and tricuspid valves shut tightly. This prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from flowing back into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, they pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> and aortic valves. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> opens to allow blood to flow from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This artery carries blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>At the same time, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> opens to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. The aorta carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body. As the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> and aortic valves shut tightly. This prevents blood from flowing back into the ventricles.</p><p>For more information about how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and detailed animations, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d1e84"><h4>Heart Valve Problems</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valves</a> can have three basic kinds of problems: regurgitation (re-GUR-jih-TA-shun), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> (ste-NO-sis), and atresia (a-TRE-ze-ah).</p><p>Regurgitation, or backflow, occurs if a valve doesn't close tightly. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> leaks back into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> rather than flowing forward through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or into an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>In the United States, backflow most often is due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030546" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prolapse</a>. "Prolapse" is when the flaps of the valve flop or bulge back into an upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> during a heartbeat. Prolapse mainly affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mvp/">mitral valve</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stenosis</a> occurs if the flaps of a valve thicken, stiffen, or fuse together. This prevents the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> from fully opening. As a result, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows through the valve. Some valves can have both stenosis and backflow problems.</p><p>Atresia occurs if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> lacks an opening for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to pass through.</p><p>Some people are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>, while others acquire it later in life. Heart valve disease that develops before birth is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart valve disease. Congenital heart valve disease can occur alone or with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> often involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> or aortic valves that don't form properly. These valves may not have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> flaps, they may be the wrong size or shape, or they may lack an opening through which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can flow properly.</p><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> usually involves aortic or mitral valves. Although the valves are normal at first, problems develop over time.</p><p>Both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> and acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> or backflow.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d1e122"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Many people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> defects or disease but don't have symptoms. For some people, the condition mostly stays the same throughout their lives and doesn't cause any problems.</p><p>For other people, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> slowly worsens until symptoms develop. If not treated, advanced heart valve disease can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, or death due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA).</p><p>Currently, no medicines can cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, lifestyle changes and medicines can relieve many of its symptoms and complications. </p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> also can lower your risk of developing a life-threatening condition, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or SCA. Eventually, you may need to have your faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> repaired or replaced.</p><p>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> are so severe that the valve is repaired or replaced during infancy, childhood, or even before birth. Other types may not cause problems until middle-age or older, if at all.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Heart Valve Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic regurgitation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029490" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sclerosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aortic valve</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bicuspid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defect</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> valve disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mitral regurgitation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mitral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mvp/">Mitral valve prolapse</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulmonic regurgitation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulmonic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulmonic valve disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tricuspid regurgitation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tricuspid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022270" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tricuspid valve</a> disease</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Heart Valve Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> conditions and other disorders, age-related changes, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a>, or infections can cause acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. These factors change the shape or flexibility of once-normal valves.</p><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> isn't known. It occurs before birth as the heart is forming. Congenital heart valve disease can occur alone or with other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e37"><h3>Heart Conditions and Other Disorders</h3><p>Certain conditions can stretch and distort the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Advanced <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. These conditions can enlarge the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">Atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e67"><h3>Age-Related Changes</h3><p>Men older than 65 and women older than 75 are prone to developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> and other types of deposits on their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. These deposits stiffen and thicken the valve flaps and limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the valve (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>).</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> is especially prone to this problem. The deposits look similar to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> deposits seen in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Some of the same processes may cause both atherosclerosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e76"><h3>Rheumatic Fever</h3><p>Untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024690" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep throat</a> or other infections with strep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> that progress to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p><p>When the body tries to fight the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infection</a>, one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> may be damaged or scarred in the process. The aortic and mitral valves most often are affected. Symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> damage often don't appear until many years after recovery from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a>.</p><p>Today, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infections</a> are treated with antibiotics before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> occurs. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024690" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep throat</a>, take all of the antibiotics your doctor prescribes, even if you feel better before the medicine is gone.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve disease</a> caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a> mainly affects older adults who had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024688" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep infections</a> before antibiotics were available. It also affects people from developing countries, where rheumatic fever is more common.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e92"><h3>Infections</h3><p>Common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that enter the bloodstream and get carried to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can sometimes infect the inner surface of the heart, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. This rare but serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis), or IE.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> can enter the bloodstream through needles, syringes, or other medical devices and through breaks in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>. Often, the body's defenses fight off the germs and no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> occurs. Sometimes these defenses fail, which leads to IE.</p><p>IE can develop in people who already have abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> as the result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> or acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. The abnormal blood flow causes blood clots to form on the surface of the valve. The blood clots make it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> to attach to and infect the valve.</p><p>IE can worsen existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d4e111"><h3>Other Conditions and Factors Linked To Heart Valve Disease</h3><p>Many other conditions and factors are linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, the role they play in causing heart valve disease often isn't clear.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>. Autoimmune disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, can affect the aortic and mitral valves.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027331" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carcinoid syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tumors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> that spread to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> can affect the tricuspid and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023079" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic disorders</a>. Relatively uncommon diseases (such as Fabry disease) and other metabolic disorders (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>) can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diet medicines. The use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010273" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fenfluramine</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phentermine</a> ("fen-phen") has sometimes been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problems. These problems typically stabilize or improve after the medicine is stopped.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. Radiation therapy to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> area can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. This therapy is used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. Heart valve disease due to radiation therapy may not cause symptoms until years after the therapy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mar/">Marfan syndrome</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029739" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>, can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Heart Valve Disease?</h2><p>Older age is a risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. As you age, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> thicken and become stiffer. Also, people are living longer now than in the past. As a result, heart valve disease has become an increasing problem.</p><p>People who have a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatic fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>—or previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>—also are at higher risk for heart valve disease. In addition, having risk factors for IE, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> drug use, increases the risk of heart valve disease.</p><p>You're also at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> if you have risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>. These risk factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>, lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of early heart disease.</p><p>Some people are born with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> that has two flaps instead of three. Sometimes an aortic valve may have three flaps, but two flaps are fused together and act as one flap. This is called a bicuspid or bicommissural aortic valve. People who have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> condition are more likely to develop aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Heart Valve Disease?</h2><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>The main sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> is an unusual heartbeat sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>. Your doctor can hear a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><p>However, many people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> without having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> or any other heart problems. Others may have heart murmurs due to heart valve disease, but have no other signs or symptoms.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve disease</a> often worsens over time, so signs and symptoms may occur years after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is first heard. Many people who have heart valve disease don't have any symptoms until they're middle-aged or older.</p><p>Other common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> relate to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, which heart valve disease can cause. These signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unusual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, especially when you exert yourself or when you're lying down</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d6e62"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valve disease</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that may happen only when you exert yourself. You also may notice a fluttering, racing, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>. Some types of heart valve disease, such as aortic or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>, can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Valve Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your primary care doctor may detect a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> or other signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> usually will diagnose the condition. A cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating heart problems.</p><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>, your doctor will ask about your signs and symptoms. He or she also will do a physical exam and look at the results from tests and procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she will want to find out whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> that's likely caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problem.</p><p>Your doctor also will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> as you breathe to check for fluid buildup. He or she will check for swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and other signs that your body is retaining water.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Tests and Procedures</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is the main test for diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. But an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> commonly is used to reveal certain signs of the condition. If these signs are present, echo usually is done to confirm the diagnosis.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend other tests and procedures if you're diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. For example, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a>, (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging). These tests and procedures help your doctor assess how severe your condition is so he or she can plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e73"><h4>EKG</h4><p>This simple test detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. An EKG can detect an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a> and signs of a previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. It also can show whether your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> are enlarged.</p><p>An EKG usually is done in a doctor's office.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e86"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>This test can show whether certain sections of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> are enlarged, whether you have fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, or whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> deposits are present in your heart.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray helps your doctor learn which type of valve defect you have, how severe it is, and whether you have any other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e95"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p>Echo uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> as it beats. A device called a transducer is placed on the surface of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>.</p><p>The transducer sends sound waves through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Echoes from the sound waves are converted into pictures of your heart on a computer screen.</p><p>Echo can show:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The size and shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether a valve is narrow or has backflow</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may recommend transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) echo, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>, to get a better image of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>During TEE, the transducer is attached to the end of a flexible tube. The tube is guided down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> (the passage leading from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>). From there, your doctor can get detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>You'll likely be given medicine to help you relax during this procedure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e133"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>For this procedure, a long, thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and threaded to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Your doctor uses x-ray images to guide the catheter.</p><p>Through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>, your doctor does diagnostic tests and imaging that show whether backflow is occurring through a valve and how fully the valve opens. You'll be given medicine to help you relax, but you will be awake during the procedure.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization if your signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> aren't in line with your echo results.</p><p>The procedure also can help your doctor assess whether your symptoms are due to specific valve problems or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>. All of this information helps your doctor decide the best way to treat you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e151"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast while heart tests and imaging are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> can show whether you have signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> when your heart is working hard. It can help your doctor assess the severity of your heart valve disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d7e161"><h4>Cardiac MRI</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> MRI uses a powerful magnet and radio waves to make detailed images of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. A cardiac MRI image can confirm information about valve defects or provide more detailed information.</p><p>This information can help your doctor plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. An MRI also may be done before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to help your surgeon plan for the surgery.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Heart Valve Disease Treated?</h2><p>Currently, no medicines can cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>. However, lifestyle changes and medicines often can successfully treat symptoms and delay problems for many years. Eventually, though, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair or replace a faulty heart valve.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> might include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing, treating, or relieving the symptoms of other related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Protecting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> from further damage.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repairing or replacing faulty valves when they cause severe symptoms or become life threatening. Replacement valves can be man-made or biological.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Preventing, Treating, or Relieving the Symptoms of Other Related Heart Conditions</h3><p>To relieve the symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a>, your doctor may advise you to quit <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> and follow a healthy diet.</p><p>A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Your doctor may ask you to limit physical activities that make you short of breath and tired. He or she also may ask that you limit competitive athletic activity, even if the activity doesn't leave you unusually short of breath or tired.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> medicines widen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and rid the body of excess fluid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). CHD medicines can reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload and relieve symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Thin the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and prevent clots (if you have a man-made replacement valve). These medicines also are prescribed for mitral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> or other valve defects that raise the risk of blood clots.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d8e114"><h3>Protecting Heart Valves From Further Damage</h3><p>If you've had previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> and now have a man-made valve, you may be at risk for a heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). This infection can worsen your heart valve disease.</p><p>One of the most common causes of IE is poor dental hygiene. To prevent this serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, floss and brush your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> and regularly see a dentist. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gum</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth decay</a> can increase the risk of IE.</p><p>Let your doctors and dentists know if you have a man-made valve or if you've had IE before. They may give you antibiotics before dental procedures (such as dental cleanings) that could allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. Talk to your doctor about whether you need to take antibiotics before such procedures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec2-d8e129"><h3>Repairing or Replacing Heart Valves</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend repairing or replacing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a>(s), even if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023149" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve disease</a> isn't causing symptoms. Repairing or replacing a valve can prevent lasting damage to your heart and sudden death.</p><p>Having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> repair or replacement depends on many factors, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The severity of your valve disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your age and general health.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a> for other conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">bypass surgery</a> to treat CHD. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bypass surgery</a> and valve surgery can be done at the same time.</div></li></ul><p>When possible, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> repair is preferred over heart valve replacement. Valve repair preserves the strength and function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. People who have valve repair also have a lower risk of IE after the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, and they don't need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines for the rest of their lives.</p><p>However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is harder to do than valve replacement. Also, not all valves can be repaired. Mitral valves often can be repaired. Aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves often have to be replaced.</p><div id="nhlbi-hvd-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Repairing Heart Valves</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> surgeons can repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> by:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Separating fused valve flaps</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removing or reshaping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> so the valve can close tighter</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> to patch holes or tears or to increase the support at the base of the valve</div></li></ul><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> using <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a>. Although <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedures are less invasive than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, they may not work as well for some patients.</p><p>Work with your doctor to decide whether repair is appropriate. If so, your doctor can advise you on the best procedure for doing it.</p><p>Balloon valvuloplasty. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart valves</a> that don't fully open (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>) can be repaired with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or with a less invasive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure called balloon valvuloplasty (VAL-vyu-lo-plas-tee). This procedure also is called balloon valvotomy (val-VOT-o-me).</p><p>During the procedure, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (thin tube) with a balloon at its tip is threaded through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> to the faulty valve in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The balloon is inflated to help widen the opening of the valve. Your doctor then deflates the balloon and removes both it and the tube.</p><p>You're awake dur |
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