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diseases_conditions.id | diseases_conditions.ts | diseases_conditions.title | diseases_conditions.diseases_conditions_detail | diseases_conditions.last_update | diseases_conditions.category_1_x_diseases_conditions_id |
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41 | 2018-02-02 05:14:16 | Hemochromatosis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hemo-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hemochromatosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemochromatosis</a> (HE-mo-kro-ma-TO-sis) is a disease in which too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> builds up in your body (iron overload). Iron is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> found in many foods.</p><p>Too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is toxic to your body. It can poison your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> failure. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, iron can build up in most of your body's organs, but especially in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a>.</p><p>Too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> can cause an enlarged liver, liver failure, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021884" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (sir-RO-sis). Cirrhosis is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the liver, which causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> to not work well.</p><p>Too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. Too much iron in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> isn't treated, it may even cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d1e65"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> are primary and secondary. Primary hemochromatosis is caused by a defect in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that control how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> you absorb from food. Secondary hemochromatosis usually is the result of another disease or condition that causes iron overload.</p><p>Most people who have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> inherit it from their parents. If you inherit two hemochromatosis <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>—one from each parent—you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> overload and signs and symptoms of the disease. The two faulty genes cause your body to absorb more iron than usual from the foods you eat.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemochromatosis</a> is one of the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders in the United States. However, not everyone who has hemochromatosis has signs or symptoms of the disease.</p><p>Estimates of how many people develop signs and symptoms vary greatly. Some estimates suggest that as many as half of all people who have the disease don't have signs or symptoms.</p><p>The severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> also varies. Some people don't have complications, even with high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in their bodies. Others have severe complications or die from the disease.</p><p>Certain factors can affect the severity of the disease. For example, a high intake of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> worse. This is because vitamin C helps your body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> from food.</p><p>Alcohol use can worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> damage and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. Conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a> also can further damage or weaken the liver.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d1e90"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> largely depends on how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage they have at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of the disease are important.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may help prevent, delay, or sometimes reverse complications of the disease. Treatment also may lead to better quality of life.</p><p>For people who are diagnosed and treated early, a normal lifespan is possible. If left untreated, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> can lead to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage and even death.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hemochromatosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Classical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> poisoning</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hereditary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron overload disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hemochromatosis?</h2><p>The two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> are primary and secondary. Each type has a different cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Primary Hemochromatosis</h3><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> is caused by a defect in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that control how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> you absorb from food. This form of the disease sometimes is called hereditary or classical hemochromatosis. Primary hemochromatosis is more common than the secondary form of the disease.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> usually involved in primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> are called HFE genes. Faulty HFE genes cause the body to absorb too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. If you inherit two copies of the faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> (one from each parent), you're at risk for iron overload and signs and symptoms of hemochromatosis.</p><p>If you inherit one faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> and one normal HFE gene, you're a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> "carrier." Carriers usually don't develop the disease. However, they can pass the faulty gene on to their children. Estimates suggest that about 1 in 10 people in the United States are hemochromatosis carriers.</p><p>If two parents are carriers of the faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, then each of their children has a 1 in 4 chance of inheriting two faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>Although less common, other faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. Researchers continue to study what changes to normal genes may cause the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d4e56"><h3>Secondary Hemochromatosis</h3><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> usually is the result of another disease or condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> overload. Examples of such diseases and conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">thalassemias</a> and sideroblastic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Atransferrinemia and aceruloplasminemia—both are rare, inherited diseases</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023081" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic hepatitis</a> C <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, alcoholic liver disease, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nonalcoholic steatohepatitis</a></div></li></ul><p>Other factors also can cause secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood transfusions</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> pills or iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, with or without very high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C intake (vitamin C helps your body absorb iron)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Hemochromatosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemochromatosis</a> is one of the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> diseases in the United States. It's most common in Caucasians of Northern European descent. The disease is less common in African Americans, Hispanics, Asians, and American Indians.</p><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> is more common in men than in women. Also, older people are more likely to develop the disease than younger people. In fact, signs and symptoms usually don't occur in men until they're 40 to 60 years old.</p><p>In women, signs and symptoms usually don't occur until after the age of 50 (after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>). Young children rarely develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><p>Inheriting two faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (one from each parent) is the major risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. However, many people who have two copies of the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> don't develop signs or symptoms of the disease.</p><p>Alcoholism is another risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of certain diseases and conditions also puts you at higher risk for hemochromatosis. Examples of such diseases and conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>, and erectile dysfunction (impotence).</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemochromatosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemochromatosis</a> can affect many parts of the body and cause various signs and symptoms. Many of the signs and symptoms are similar to those of other diseases.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> usually don't occur until middle age. Women are more likely to have general symptoms first, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). In men, complications such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>) often are the first signs of the disease.</p><p>Signs and symptoms also vary based on the severity of the disease. Common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, general weakness, weight loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain.</p><p>Not everyone who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> has signs or symptoms of the disease. Estimates of how many people develop signs and symptoms vary greatly. Some estimates suggest that as many as half of all people who have the disease don't have signs or symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Hemochromatosis Complications</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> isn't found and treated early, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> builds up in your body and can lead to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> disease, including an enlarged liver, liver failure, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021884" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the liver)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>, especially in people who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of diabetes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Joint</a> damage and pain, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reproductive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> failure, such as erectile dysfunction (impotence), shrinkage of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">testicles</a>, and loss of sex drive in men, and absence of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024713" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstrual cycle</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030253" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">early menopause</a> in women</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> color that make the skin look gray or bronze</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Underactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022786" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pituitary</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid glands</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022159" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">adrenal glands</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemochromatosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>The disease sometimes is detected while checking for other diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, or erectile dysfunction (impotence).</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Family doctors and internal medicine specialists may diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. Other doctors also may be involved in diagnosing and treating the disease, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hematologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endocrinologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> system specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hepatologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gastroenterologists</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> specialists)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024683" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatologists</a> (specialists in diseases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d7e66"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>To learn about your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, your doctor may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your signs and symptoms, including when they started and their severity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> (pills or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>) with or without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C supplements (vitamin C helps your body absorb iron from food). If so, your doctor may ask how much iron you take. This information can help him or her diagnose secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether other members of your family have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether other members of your family have a history of medical problems or diseases related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d7e87"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to check for signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. He or she will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> and check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> color, and an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d7e94"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more tests or procedures to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body may be too high, even though the level of iron in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is normal. Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> can help your doctor find out how much iron is in your body. </p><p>During these tests, a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is taken from your body. It's usually drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> using a needle. The procedure usually is quick and easy, although it may cause some short-term discomfort.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> you have may include transferrin saturation (TS), serum ferritin level, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver function tests</a>.</p><p>Transferrin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The TS test shows how much iron the transferrin is carrying. This helps your doctor find out how much iron is in your body.</p><p>Your doctor may test your serum ferritin level if your TS level is high. A serum ferritin level test shows how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is stored in your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. A buildup of iron may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><p>You may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver function tests</a> to check for damage to your liver. Liver damage may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. If you have hemochromatosis, liver function tests may show the severity of the disease.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> alone can't diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. Thus, your doctor may recommend other tests as well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e128"><h4>Liver Biopsy</h4><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022971" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver biopsy</a>, your doctor numbs an area near your liver and then removes a small sample of liver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> using a needle. The tissue is then looked at under a microscope.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022971" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver biopsy</a> can show how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is in your liver. This procedure also can help your doctor diagnose liver damage (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022971" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver biopsies</a> are less common now than in the past.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</h4><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a safe test that uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. An MRI may be done to show the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e144"><h4>Superconducting Quantum Interference Device</h4><p>A superconducting quantum interference device (SQuID) is a machine that uses very sensitive magnets to measure the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. This machine is available at only a few medical centers.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec3-d7e150"><h4>Genetic Testing</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic testing</a> can show whether you have a faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. However, even if you do have two faulty HFE genes, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> can't predict whether you'll develop signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><p>Also, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> may not detect other, less common faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</p><p>There are two ways to do <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cells</a> can be collected from inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> using a cotton swab, or a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can be drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> (or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it) and are planning to have children may want to consider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> and counseling. Testing will help show whether one or both parents have faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a> also can help figure out the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">likelihood</a> of the parents passing the faulty genes on to their children.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemochromatosis Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> (fleh-BOT-o-me), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation (ke-LAY-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, dietary changes, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for complications.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body to normal levels</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or delaying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> overload</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating complications of the disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintaining a normal amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body for the rest of your life</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d8e49"><h3>Therapeutic Phlebotomy</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> is a procedure that removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>) from your body. A needle is inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, and your blood flows through an airtight tube into a sterile container or bag.</p><p>The process is similar to donating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>; it can be done at blood donation centers, hospital donation centers, or a doctor's office.</p><p>In the first stage of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, about 1 pint of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is removed once or twice a week. After your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels return to normal, you may continue <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. However, you may need them less often—typically every 2–4 months.</p><p>As long as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> continues, which often is for the rest of your life, you'll need frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d8e68"><h3>Iron Chelation Therapy</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> uses medicine to remove excess iron from your body. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is a good option for people who can't have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> removal.</p><p>The medicine used in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> is either injected or taken orally (by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). Injected iron chelation therapy is done at a doctor's office. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> iron chelation therapy can be done at home.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d8e78"><h3>Dietary Changes</h3><p>Your doctor may suggest that you change your diet if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. You may be advised to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, including iron pills, iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, or multivitamins that contain iron.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limit your intake of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C. Vitamin C helps your body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> from food. Talk with your doctor about how much vitamin C is safe for you.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid uncooked fish and shellfish. Some fish and shellfish contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> that can cause infections in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limit alcohol intake. Drinking alcohol increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease. It also can make existing liver disease worse.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d8e99"><h3>Treatment for Complications</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> as needed for complications such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Hemochromatosis Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent primary, or inherited, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. However, not everyone who inherits hemochromatosis <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> develops symptoms or complications of the disease. In those who do, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can keep the disease from getting worse.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, dietary changes, and other treatments. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063060/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Hemochromatosis Treated?"</a> </p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> (or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it) and are planning to have children may want to consider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> and counseling. Testing will help show whether one or both parents have faulty HFE <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a> also can help figure out the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">likelihood</a> of the parents passing the faulty genes on to their children.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Hemochromatosis</h2><p>The outlook for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> largely depends on how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage has already occurred at the time of diagnosis. Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of the disorder are important.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may help prevent, delay, or sometimes reverse complications of the disorder. Treatment also may lead to higher energy levels and better quality of life. With early diagnosis and treatment, a normal lifespan is possible.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage has already occurred, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may prevent further damage and improve life expectancy. However, treatment may not be able to reverse existing damage.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> isn't treated, it can lead to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage or even death.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d10e41"><h3>What To Expect After Treatment</h3><p>People have different responses to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Some people who have frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> may feel very tired. People who have advanced disease or who are getting intense treatment that weakens them may need help with daily tasks and activities.</p><p>At first, you may need to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> often. How long you'll need this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> depends on how much extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is in your body.</p><p>After the initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> period, you may need ongoing treatment two to six times a year. This will help prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> from building up again.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d10e53"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, getting ongoing care is important. Ongoing care may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Continuing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapeutic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking medicines as prescribed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Contacting your doctor right away about new or worsening symptoms or possible reactions to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Following up regularly with your doctor about test results, ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, and annual exams</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using a diary or log to track the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body</div></li></ul><p>If you need routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a>, you may have to change your usual work times to schedule your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. You also may have to change your work schedule to allow for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) or recovery, especially if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> weakens you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d10e81"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemo-sec2-d10e94"><h3>Screening Family Members for Hemochromatosis</h3><p>Parents, grandparents, brothers and sisters, and children (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> relatives) of a person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a> may be at risk for the disease. Talk with your doctor to see whether your relatives should have their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels checked.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> to show whether family members are at risk for the disease. If a relative already has been diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> can show whether he or she has the primary (inherited) form of the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022025" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemochromatosis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about cli |
June 11, 2014. | { "41": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 41, "category_1.id": 7, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "h" } } |
42 | 2018-02-02 05:14:36 | Hemolytic Anemia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ha-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hemolytic Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> (HEE-moh-lit-ick uh-NEE-me-uh) is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are destroyed and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024402" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disc</a>-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. These cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your body. They also remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. They live for about 120 days in the bloodstream and then die.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) also are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. White blood cells help fight infections. Platelets stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> die, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes more blood cells to replace them. However, in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, the bone marrow can't make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> fast enough to meet the body's needs.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> can lead to many health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> has three main causes: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> production, or high rates of red blood cell destruction.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> is caused by high rates of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> destruction. Many diseases, conditions, and factors can cause the body to destroy its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>These causes can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>(s) for the condition on to you. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. Sometimes the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> isn't known.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d1e88"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> and outlook depend on what type you have and how severe it is. The condition can develop suddenly or slowly. Symptoms can range from mild to severe.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> often can be successfully treated or controlled. Mild hemolytic anemia may need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at all. Severe hemolytic anemia requires prompt and proper treatment, or it may be fatal.</p><p>Inherited forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> are lifelong conditions that may require ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Acquired forms of hemolytic anemia may go away if the cause of the condition is found and corrected.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Hemolytic Anemia</h2><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. The condition can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Inherited Hemolytic Anemias</h3><p>With inherited hemolytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemias</a>, one or more of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> production are faulty. This can lead to problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell membrane</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> that maintain healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>The abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> may be fragile and break down while moving through the bloodstream. If this happens, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> may remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> debris from the bloodstream.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e41"><h4>Sickle Cell Anemia</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">Sickle cell anemia</a> is a serious, inherited disease. In this disease, the body makes abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. This causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to have a sickle, or crescent, shape.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> don't last as long as healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. They usually die after only about 10 to 20 days. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can't make new red blood cells fast enough to replace the dying ones.</p><p>In the United States, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> mainly affects African Americans.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e55"><h4>Thalassemias</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">Thalassemias</a> (thal-a-SE-me-ahs) are inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders in which the body doesn't make enough of certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. This causes the body to make fewer healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> than normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> most often affect people of Southeast Asian, Indian, Chinese, Filipino, Mediterranean, or African origin or descent.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e67"><h4>Hereditary Spherocytosis</h4><p>In this condition, a defect in the surface membrane (the outer covering) of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> causes them to have a sphere, or ball-like, shape. These blood cells have a lifespan that's shorter than normal.</p><p>Hereditary spherocytosis (SFER-o-si-to-sis) is the most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> among people of Northern European descent.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e76"><h4>Hereditary Elliptocytosis (Ovalocytosis)</h4><p>Like hereditary spherocytosis, this condition also involves a problem with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell membrane</a>. In this condition, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are elliptic (oval) in shape. They aren't as flexible as normal red blood cells, and they have a shorter lifespan.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e83"><h4>Glucose-6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase (G6PD) Deficiency</h4><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">G6PD deficiency</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are missing an important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> called G6PD. G6PD is part of the normal chemistry inside red blood cells.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">G6PD deficiency</a>, if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> come into contact with certain substances in the bloodstream, the missing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> causes the cells to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst) and die.</p><p>Many factors can trigger the breakdown of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Examples include taking sulfa or antimalarial medicines; being exposed to naphthalene, a substance found in some moth balls; eating fava beans; or having an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">G6PD deficiency</a> mostly affects males of African or Mediterranean descent. In the United States, the condition is more common among African Americans than Caucasians.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e98"><h4>Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency</h4><p>In this condition, the body is missing an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> called pyruvate (PI-ru-vate) kinase. Not having enough of this enzyme causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to break down easily.</p><p>This disorder is more common among the Amish than other groups.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d3e108"><h3>Acquired Hemolytic Anemias</h3><p>With acquired hemolytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemias</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> may be normal. However, some other disease or factor causes the body to destroy red blood cells and remove them from the bloodstream.</p><p>The destruction of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> occurs in the bloodstream or, more commonly, in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e117"><h4>Immune Hemolytic Anemia</h4><p>In immune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> destroys your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The three main types of immune hemolytic anemia are autoimmune, alloimmune, and drug-induced.</p><p>Autoimmune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> (AIHA). In this condition, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Why this happens isn't known.</p><p>AIHA accounts for half of all cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. AIHA may come on very quickly and become serious.</p><p>Having certain diseases or infections can raise your risk for AIHA. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic lymphocytic leukemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Non-Hodgkin's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Epstein-Barr virus</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cytomegalovirus</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">Mycoplasma pneumonia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hepatitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HIV</div></li></ul><p>AIHA also can develop after you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</p><p>In some types of AIHA, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> made by the body are called warm antibodies. This means they're active (that is, they destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>) at warm temperatures, such as body temperature.</p><p>In other types of AIHA, the body makes cold-reactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>. These antibodies are active at cold temperatures.</p><p>Cold-reactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> can become active when parts of the body, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet, are exposed to temperatures lower than 32 to 50 degrees Fahrenheit (0 to 10 degrees Celsius).</p><p>Warm <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> AIHA is more common than cold antibody AIHA.</p><p>Alloimmune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. This type of hemolytic anemia occurs if your body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> against <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that you get from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a>. This can happen if the transfused blood is a different blood type than your blood.</p><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> also can occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> if a woman has Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and her baby has Rh-positive blood. "Rh-negative" and "Rh-positive" refer to whether your blood has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh factor</a>. Rh factor is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rh/">Rh Incompatibility</a> article.</p><p>Drug-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. Certain medicines can cause a reaction that develops into hemolytic anemia. Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">penicillin</a>, bind to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> surfaces and can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> to develop.</p><p>Other medicines cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> in other ways. Examples of these medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetaminophen</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a> and antimalarial medicines, anti-inflammatory medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010910" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">levodopa</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e211"><h4>Mechanical Hemolytic Anemias</h4><p>Physical damage to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> membranes can cause them to break down faster than normal. Damage may be due to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An artificial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> or other device used in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022166" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemodialysis</a> (HE-mo-di-AL-ih-sis). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a> removes waste products from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>-lung bypass machine, which may be used during <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">open-heart surgery</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preeclampsia (pre-e-KLAMP-se-ah) or eclampsia. Preeclampsia is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. Eclampsia, which follows preeclampsia, is a serious condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a> in pregnant women.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025286" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Malignant</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (hi-per-TEN-shun). This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> suddenly and rapidly rises.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ttp/">Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (throm-BOT-ik throm-bo-cy-toe-PEE-nick PURR-purr-ah). This rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder causes blood clots to form in small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body.</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> damage also may occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> as a result of doing strenuous activities, such as taking part in marathons.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e251"><h4>Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a> (HE-mo-GLO-bih-NYU-re-ah), or PNH, is a disorder in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are faulty due to a lack of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. The body destroys these cells more quickly than normal.</p><p>People who have PNH are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d3e260"><h4>Other Causes of Damage to Red Blood Cells</h4><p>Certain infections and substances also can damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malaria</a> and blackwater <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, tick-borne diseases, snake venom, and toxic chemicals.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hemolytic Anemia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alloimmune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Autoimmune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> (AIHA)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Glucose</a>-6-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022126" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phosphate</a> dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hereditary elliptocytosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hereditary ovalocytosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hereditary spherocytosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Immune <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Microangiopathic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a> (PNH)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pyruvate kinase deficiency</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">Sickle cell anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">Thalassemias</a> </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hemolytic Anemia?</h2><p>The immediate cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> is the early destruction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This means that red blood cells are destroyed and removed from the bloodstream before their normal lifespan is over.</p><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can cause the body to destroy its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. These causes can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it.</p><p>Sometimes, the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> isn't known.</p><p>For more information about the specific causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063009/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Hemolytic Anemia."</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d5e43"><h3>Inherited Hemolytic Anemias</h3><p>In inherited hemolytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemias</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that control how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are made are faulty. You can get a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from one or both of your parents.</p><p>Different types of faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> cause different types of inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. However, in each type, the body makes abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The problem with the red blood cells may involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell membrane</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> that maintain healthy red blood cells.</p><p>The abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> may be fragile and break down while moving through the bloodstream. If this happens, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> may remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> debris from the bloodstream.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d5e55"><h3>Acquired Hemolytic Anemias</h3><p>In acquired hemolytic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemias</a>, the body makes normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. However, a disease, condition, or other factor destroys the cells. Examples of conditions that can destroy the red blood cells include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Immune disorders</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reactions to medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypersplenism (HI-per-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">SPLEEN</a>-izm; an enlarged spleen)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Hemolytic Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> can affect people of all ages and races and both sexes. Some types of hemolytic anemia are more likely to occur in certain populations than others.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glucose</a>-6-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022126" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phosphate</a> dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency mostly affects males of African or Mediterranean descent. In the United States, the condition is more common among African Americans than Caucasians.</p><p>In the United States, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a> mainly affects African Americans.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemolytic Anemia?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> will depend on the type and severity of the disease.</p><p>People who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> often have no signs or symptoms. More severe hemolytic anemia may cause many signs and symptoms, and they may be serious.</p><p>Many of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> apply to all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Anemia</h3><p>The most common symptom of all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). Fatigue occurs because your body doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to its various parts.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count also can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> also means that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood through your body. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, an enlarged heart, or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d7e62"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Hemolytic Anemia</h3><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Jaundice</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> refers to a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> die, they release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> into the bloodstream.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> is broken down into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>, which gives the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> a yellowish color. Bilirubin also causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> to be dark yellow or brown.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d7e75"><h4>Pain in the Upper Abdomen</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a> or an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> may cause pain in the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. High levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> (from the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>) can form into stones in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>. These stones can be painful.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> that helps fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and filters out old or damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, the spleen may be enlarged, which can be painful.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d7e84"><h4>Leg Ulcers and Pain</h4><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a>, the sickle-shaped <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> can clog small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and block blood flow. This can cause leg sores and pain throughout the body.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d7e94"><h4>A Severe Reaction to a Blood Transfusion</h4><p>You may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a>. This can happen if the transfused <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is a different blood type than your blood.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of a severe reaction to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, chills, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">low blood pressure</a>, and shock. (Shock is a life-threatening condition that occurs if the body isn't getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.)</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemolytic Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors, such as a family doctor or pediatrician, may help diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. Your primary care doctor also may refer you to a hematologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p><p>Doctors and clinics that specialize in treating inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">thalassemias</a>, also may be involved.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> is inherited, you may want to consult a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a>. A counselor can help you understand your risk of having a child who has the condition. He or she also can explain the choices that are available to you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>To find the cause and severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, your doctor may ask detailed questions about your symptoms, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">personal medical history</a>, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family medical history</a>.</p><p>He or she may ask whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You or anyone in your family has had problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've recently had any illnesses or medical conditions</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You take any medicines, and which ones</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've been exposed to certain chemicals or substances</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have an artificial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> or other medical device that could damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d8e79"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. He or she will try to find out how severe the condition is and what's causing it.</p><p>The exam may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Checking for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listening to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for rapid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listening for rapid or uneven breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> to check the size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Doing a pelvic and rectal exam to check for internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec2-d8e107"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Many tests are used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. These tests can help confirm a diagnosis, look for a cause, and find out how severe the condition is.</p><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d8e113"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>This test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels may vary in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, a different blood disorder, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The results may be a clue as to the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d8e135"><h4>Other Blood Tests</h4><p>If the CBC results confirm that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to find out what type of anemia you have and how severe it is.</p><p>Reticulocyte count. A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count measures the number of young <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood. The test shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the correct rate.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> usually have high reticulocyte counts because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is working hard to replace the destroyed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023155" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral</a> smear. For this test, your doctor will look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> through a microscope. Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> change the normal shape of red blood cells.</p><p>Coombs' test. This test can show whether your body is making <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) to destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>Haptoglobin, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver function tests</a>. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> break down, they release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> into the bloodstream. The hemoglobin combines with a chemical called haptoglobin. A low level of haptoglobin in the bloodstream is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> is broken down into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>. High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. High levels of this compound also occur with some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030006" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder diseases</a>. Thus, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023074" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver function tests</a> to find out what's causing the high bilirubin levels.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> electrophoresis. This test looks at the different types of hemoglobin in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. It can help diagnose the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> you have.</p><p>Testing for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a> (PNH). In PNH, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are missing certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. The test for PNH can detect red blood cells that are missing these proteins.</p><p>Osmotic fragility test. This test looks for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that are more fragile than normal. These cells may be a sign of hereditary spherocytosis (an inherited type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>).</p><p>Testing for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glucose</a>-6-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022126" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phosphate</a> dehydrogenase (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">G6PD deficiency</a>. In G6PD deficiency, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are missing an important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> called G6PD. The test for G6PD deficiency looks for this enzyme in a sample of blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ha-sec3-d8e189"><h4>Urine Test</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> test will look for the presence of free <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">i |
June 11, 2014. | { "42": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 42, "category_1.id": 7, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "h" } } |
43 | 2018-02-02 05:14:54 | Hemophilia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hemophilia-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hemophilia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> (heem-o-FILL-ee-ah) is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn't clot normally.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, you may bleed for a longer time than others after an injury. You also may bleed inside your body (internally), especially in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, and elbows. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and may be life threatening.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> usually is inherited. "Inherited” means that the disorder is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>People born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> have little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a>. Clotting factor is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> needed for normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. There are several types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> work with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) to help the blood clot.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. Platelets play a major role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> are injured, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> help platelets stick together to plug cuts and breaks on the vessels and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>The two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> are A and B. If you have hemophilia A, you're missing or have low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> VIII (8). About 8 out of 10 people who have hemophilia have type A. If you have hemophilia B, you're missing or have low levels of clotting factor IX (9).</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> can be acquired. "Acquired” means you aren't born with the disorder, but you develop it during your lifetime. This can happen if your body forms <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> in your bloodstream. The antibodies can prevent the clotting factors from working.</p><p>This article focuses on inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d1e67"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> can be mild, moderate, or severe, depending on how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. About 7 out of 10 people who have hemophilia A have the severe form of the disorder.</p><p>People who don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> have a factor VIII activity of 100 percent. People who have severe hemophilia A have a factor VIII activity of less than 1 percent.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> usually occurs in males (with rare exceptions). About 1 in 5,000 males are born with hemophilia each year.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hemophilia</h2><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Hemophilia A</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Classic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Factor VIII deficiency</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d3e40"><h3>Hemophilia B</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Christmas disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Factor IX deficiency</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hemophilia?</h2><p>If you have inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, you're born with the disorder. It's caused by a defect in one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that determine how the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting factor</a> VIII or IX. These genes are located on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosomes</a> (KRO-muh-somz).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025047" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chromosomes</a> come in pairs. Females have two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosomes</a>, while males have one X and one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Y chromosome</a>. Only the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosome</a> carries the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>.</p><p>A male who has a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> on his <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosome</a> will have hemophilia. A female must have the faulty gene on both of her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosomes</a> to have hemophilia, which is very rare.</p><p>If a female has the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> on only one of her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosomes</a>, she is a "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> carrier.” Carriers don't have hemophilia, but they can pass the faulty gene to their children.</p><p>Below are two examples of how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is inherited.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e47" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e47" rid-ob="figobd4e47"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/bin/hemophilia_01.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/bin/hemophilia_01.jpg" alt="Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 1."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e47"><h4 id="d4e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e47">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 1. The image shows one example of how the hemophilia gene is inherited. In this example, the father doesn't have hemophilia (that is, he has two normal chromosomes—X and Y). The mother is a carrier <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e47">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e60" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e60" rid-ob="figobd4e60"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/bin/hemophilia_02.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/bin/hemophilia_02.jpg" alt="Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 1 Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 2."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e60"><h4 id="d4e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e60">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 1 Inheritance Pattern for Hemophilia—Example 2. The image shows one example of how the hemophilia gene is inherited. In this example, the father has hemophilia (that is, his X chromosome is faulty). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/figure/d4e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e60">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Females who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> carriers usually have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> from their one normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">X chromosome</a> to prevent serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems. However, up to 50 percent of carriers may have an increased risk of bleeding.</p><p>Very rarely, a girl is born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. This can happen if her father has hemophilia and her mother is a carrier.</p><p>Some males who have the disorder are born to mothers who aren't carriers. In these cases, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> (random change) occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> as it is passed to the child.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hemophilia?</h2><p>The major signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> are excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and easy bruising.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Excessive Bleeding</h3><p>The extent of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> depends on how severe the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> is.</p><p>Children who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> may not have signs unless they have excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a dental procedure, an accident, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Males who have severe hemophilia may bleed heavily after circumcision.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> can occur on the body's surface (external bleeding) or inside the body (internal bleeding).</p><p>Signs of external <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> from a cut or bite or from cutting or losing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nosebleeds for no obvious reason</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a minor cut</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> from a cut that resumes after stopping for a short time</div></li></ul><p>Signs of internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> (from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> (from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Large bruises (from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> into the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> of the body)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d5e77"><h3>Bleeding in the Joints</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>, elbows, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> is another common form of internal bleeding in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. This bleeding can occur without obvious injury.</p><p>At first, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> causes tightness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> with no real pain or any visible signs of bleeding. The joint then becomes swollen, hot to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a>, and painful to bend.</p><p>Swelling continues as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> continues. Eventually, movement in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> is temporarily lost. Pain can be severe. Joint bleeding that isn't treated quickly can damage the joint.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d5e90"><h3>Bleeding in the Brain</h3><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is a very serious complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. It can happen after a simple bump on the head or a more serious injury. The signs and symptoms of bleeding in the brain include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-lasting, painful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027055" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck pain</a> or stiffness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sleepiness or changes in behavior</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden weakness or clumsiness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> or legs or problems walking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Double vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Convulsions</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemophilia Diagnosed?</h2><p>If you or your child appears to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problem, your doctor will ask about your personal and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family medical histories</a>. This will reveal whether you or your family members, including women and girls, have bleeding problems. However, some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> have no recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the disease.</p><p>You or your child also will likely have a physical exam and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. Blood tests are used to find out:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long it takes for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to clot</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has low levels of any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> are completely missing from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li></ul><p>The test results will show whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, what type of hemophilia you have, and how severe it is.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> A and B are classified as mild, moderate, or severe, depending on the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> VIII or IX in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><div id="d6e53" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/table/d6e53/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d6e53_lrgtbl__"><table><tbody><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5–40 percent of normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">1–5 percent of normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a></td></tr><tr><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a></td><td rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Less than 1 percent of normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>The severity of symptoms can overlap between the categories. For example, some people who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems almost as often or as severe as some people who have moderate hemophilia.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> can cause serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems in babies. Thus, children who have severe hemophilia usually are diagnosed during the first year of life. People who have milder forms of hemophilia may not be diagnosed until they're adults.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> A and hemophilia B are the same. Only special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can tell which type of the disorder you or your child has. Knowing which type is important because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are different.</p><p>Pregnant women who are known <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> carriers can have the disorder diagnosed in their unborn babies as early as 12 weeks into their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p><p>Women who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> carriers also can have "preimplantation diagnosis" to have children who don't have hemophilia.</p><p>For this process, women have their eggs removed and fertilized by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> in a laboratory. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028118" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">embryos</a> are then tested for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. Only embryos without the disorder are implanted in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hemophilia Treated?</h2><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d7e28"><h3>Treatment With Replacement Therapy</h3><p>The main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> is called replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. Concentrates of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> VIII (for hemophilia A) or clotting factor IX (for hemophilia B) are slowly dripped or injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> help replace the clotting factor that's missing or low.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clotting factor</a> concentrates can be made from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The blood is treated to prevent the spread of diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>. With the current methods of screening and treating donated blood, the risk of getting an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a> is very small.</p><p>To further reduce the risk, you or your child can take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> concentrates that aren't made from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These are called recombinant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>. Clotting factors are easy to store, mix, and use at home—it only takes about 15 minutes to receive the factor.</p><p>You may have replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> on a regular basis to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. This is called preventive or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prophylactic</a> (PRO-fih-lac-tik) therapy. Or, you may only need replacement therapy to stop bleeding when it occurs. This use of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, on an as-needed basis, is called demand therapy.</p><p>Demand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> is less intensive and expensive than preventive therapy. However, there's a risk that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> will cause damage before you receive the demand therapy.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Complications of Replacement Therapy</h4><p>Complications of replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a> from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, or other parts of the body resulting from delays in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antibodies</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a>. Antibodies can destroy the clotting factor before it has a chance to work. This is a very serious problem. It prevents the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> (replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>) from working.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a>, develop in about 20–30 percent of people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> A. Inhibitors develop in 2–5 percent of people who have hemophilia B.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> develop, doctors may use larger doses of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> or try different clotting factor sources. Sometimes the antibodies go away.</p><p>Researchers are studying new ways to deal with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viruses</a> from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factors</a>. Clotting factors made from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can carry the viruses that cause HIV/AIDS and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>. However, the risk of getting an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> from human clotting factors is very small due to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Careful screening of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> donors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Testing of donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> products</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> products with a detergent and heat to destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vaccinating people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022975" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis A</a> and B</div></li></ul><p>Damage to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, and other parts of the body. Delays in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can cause damage such as: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>. If this happens many times, it can lead to changes in the shape of the joint and impair the joint's function.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling of the membrane around a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain, swelling, and redness of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pressure on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> from swelling, which can destroy the joint.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e124"><h4>Home Treatment With Replacement Therapy</h4><p>You can do both preventive (ongoing) and demand (as-needed) replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> at home. Many people learn to do the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> at home for their child or for themselves. Home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> has several advantages:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You or your child can get quicker <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> happens. Early treatment lowers the risk of complications.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fewer visits to the doctor or emergency room are needed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> costs less than treatment in a medical care setting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> helps children accept treatment and take responsibility for their own health.</div></li></ul><p>Discuss options for home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with your doctor or your child's doctor. A doctor or other health care provider can teach you the steps and safety procedures for home treatment. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemophilia</a> treatment centers are another good resource for learning about home treatment (discussed in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/#nhlbisec-livingwith">"Living With Hemophilia”</a>).</p><p>Doctors can surgically <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> access devices to make it easier for you to access a vein for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. These devices can be helpful if treatment occurs often. However, infections can be a problem with these devices. Your doctor can help you decide whether this type of device is right for you or your child.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d7e155"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e158"><h4>Desmopressin</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Desmopressin</a> (DDAVP) is a man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> used to treat people who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> A. DDAVP isn't used to treat hemophilia B or severe hemophilia A.</p><p>DDAVP stimulates the release of stored factor VIII and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vwd/">von Willebrand factor</a>; it also increases the level of these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Von Willebrand factor carries and binds factor VIII, which can then stay in the bloodstream longer.</p><p>DDAVP usually is given by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or as nasal spray. Because the effect of this medicine wears off if it's used often, the medicine is given only in certain situations. For example, you may take this medicine prior to dental work or before playing certain sports to prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e173"><h4>Antifibrinolytic Medicines</h4><p>Antifibrinolytic medicines (including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tranexamic acid</a> and epsilon <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000080" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aminocaproic acid</a>) may be used with replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. They're usually given as a pill, and they help keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from breaking down.</p><p>These medicines most often are used before dental work or to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or mild intestinal bleeding.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e183"><h4>Gene Therapy</h4><p>Researchers are trying to find ways to correct the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> hasn't yet developed to the point that it's an accepted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for hemophilia. However, researchers continue to test gene therapy in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/#nhlbisec-trials">"Clinical Trials"</a> section of this article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec3-d7e195"><h4>Treatment of a Specific Bleeding Site</h4><p>Pain medicines, steroids, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> may be used to reduce pain and swelling in an affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>. Talk with your doctor or pharmacist about which medicines are safe for you to take.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d7e202"><h3>Which Treatment Is Best for You?</h3><p>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you or your child receives depends on several things, including how severe the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> is, the activities you'll be doing, and the dental or medical procedures you'll be having.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>—Replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> usually isn't needed for mild hemophilia. Sometimes, though, DDAVP is given to raise the body's level of factor VIII.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>—You may need replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> only when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> occurs or to prevent bleeding that could occur when doing certain activities. Your doctor also may recommend DDAVP prior to having a procedure or doing an activity that increases the risk of bleeding.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>—You usually need replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that could damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, or other parts of your body. Typically, replacement therapy is given at home two or three times a week. This preventive therapy usually is started in patients at a young age and may need to continue for life.</div></li></ul><p>For both types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, getting quick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is important. Quick treatment can limit damage to your body. If you or your child has hemophilia, learn to recognize signs of bleeding.</p><p>Other family members also should learn to watch for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. Children sometimes ignore signs of bleeding because they want to avoid the discomfort of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Hemophilia</h2><p>If you or your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, you can take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems. Thanks to improvements in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, a child who has hemophilia today is likely to live a normal lifespan.</p><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Hemophilia Treatment Centers</h3><p>The Federal Government funds a nationwide network of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> centers (HTCs). These centers are an important resource for people who have hemophilia and their families.</p><p>The medical experts at HTCs provide <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, education, and support. They can teach you or your family members how to do home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. Center staff also can provide your doctor with information.</p><p>People who get care at HTCs are less likely than those who get care elsewhere to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> complications and hospitalizations. They're also more likely to have a better quality of life. This may be due to the centers' emphasis on bleeding prevention and the education and support provided to patients and their caregivers.</p><p>More than 100 federally funded HTCs are located throughout the United States. Many HTCs are located at major university medical and research centers. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> teams at these centers include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nurse coordinators</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatricians (doctors who treat children) and adult and pediatric hematologists (doctors who specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Social workers (who can help with financial issues, transportation, mental health, and other issues)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Physical therapists</a> and orthopedists (doctors who specialize in disorders of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dentists</div></li></ul><p>To find an HTC located near you, go to the directory of HTCs on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Web site. Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> go to HTCs for annual checkups, even if it means traveling some distance to do so.</p><p>At an HTC, you or your child may be able to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/#nhlbisec-trials">clinical research</a> and benefit from the latest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> research findings. The HTC team also will work with your local health care providers to help meet your needs or your child's needs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d8e80"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>, you can take steps to avoid complications. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan exactly as your doctor prescribes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have regular checkups and vaccinations as recommended.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tell all of your health care providers—such as your doctor, dentist, and pharmacist—that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. You also may want to tell people like your employee health nurse, gym trainer, and sports coach about your condition.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have regular dental care. Dentists at the HTCs are experts in providing dental care for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. If you see another dentist, tell him or her that you have hemophilia. The dentist can provide medicine that will reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> during dental work.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Know the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063001/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> and other parts of the body. Know when to call your doctor or go to the emergency room. For example, you'll need care if you have: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that can't be stopped or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> that continues to ooze <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any signs or symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Such bleeding is life threatening and requires emergency care.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limited motion, pain, or swelling of any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>.</div></li></ul> </div></li></ul><p>It's a good idea to keep a record of all previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. Be sure to take this information with you to medical appointments and to the hospital or emergency room.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hemophilia-sec2-d8e123"><h3>If Your Child Is Diagnosed With Hemophilia</h3><p>You may have emotional, financial, social, or other strains as you adjust to having a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. Learn all you can about the disorder and get the support you need.</p><p>Talk with doctors and other health care providers about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, prevention of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, and what to do during an emergency.</p><p>The care teams at HTCs can provide your child with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and help educate and support you. The social worker on the team can help with emotional issues, financial and transportation problems, and other concerns.</p><p>Seek the many resources available through the Web, books, and other materials, including those provided by national and local <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> organizations.</p><p>Look into support groups that offer a variety of activities for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> and for family members. Some groups offer summer camps for children who have hemophilia. Ask your doctor, nurse coordinator, or social worker about these groups and camps.</p><p>Challenges will occur as your child grows and becomes more active. In addition to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and regular health and dental care, your child needs information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> that he or she can understand.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> also need ongoing support, and they need to be reassured that the condition isn't their fault.</p><p>Young children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a> need extra protection from things in the home and elsewhere that could cause injuries and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Protect toddlers with kneepads, elbow pads, and protective helmets. All children should wear safety helmets when riding tricycles or bicycles.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be sure to use the safety belts and straps in highchairs, car seats, and strollers to protect your child from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Remove furniture with sharp corners or pad them while your child is a toddler.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep out of reach or locked away small and sharp objects and other items that could cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or harm.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check play equipment and outdoor play areas for possible hazards.</div></li></ul><p>You also should learn how to examine your child for and recognize signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Learn to prepare for bleeding episodes when they occur. Keep a cold pack in the freezer ready to use as directed or to take along with you to treat bumps and bruises.</p><p>Popsicles work fine when there is minor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. You also might want to keep a bag ready to go with items you'll need if you must take your child to the emergency room or elsewhere.</p><p>Be sure that anyone who is responsible for your child knows that he or she has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsi |
June 11, 2014. | { "43": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 43, "category_1.id": 7, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "h" } } |
44 | 2018-02-02 05:15:13 | High Blood Cholesterol | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hbc-sec1-d1e34_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Cholesterol?</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> (ko-LES-ter-ol), it helps to learn about cholesterol. Cholesterol is a waxy, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-like substance that’s found in all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> of the body.</p><p>Your body needs some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a>, and substances that help you digest foods. Your body makes all the cholesterol it needs. However, cholesterol also is found in some of the foods you eat.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> travels through your bloodstream in small packages called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lip</a>-o-PRO-teens). These packages are made of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022016" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipid</a>) on the inside and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> on the outside.</p><p>Two kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoproteins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> throughout your body: low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and high-density lipoproteins (HDL). Having healthy levels of both types of lipoproteins is important.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called “bad” cholesterol. A high LDL level leads to a buildup of cholesterol in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. (Arteries are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry blood from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your body.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called “good” cholesterol. This is because it carries cholesterol from other parts of your body back to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. Your liver removes the cholesterol from your body.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d1e56"><h3>What Is High Blood Cholesterol?</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> is a condition in which you have too much cholesterol in your blood. By itself, the condition usually has no signs or symptoms. Thus, many people don’t know that their cholesterol levels are too high.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> have a greater chance of getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>. (In this article, the term “<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease” refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary heart disease</a>.)</p><p>The higher the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, the GREATER your chance is of getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. The higher the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> in your blood, the LOWER your chance is of getting heart disease.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Plaque is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and other substances found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a></p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e81" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e81" rid-ob="figobd1e81"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/bin/atherosclerosis_2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/bin/atherosclerosis_2011.jpg" alt="Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e81"><h4 id="d1e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e81">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a normal coronary artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal coronary artery. Figure C shows a coronary artery narrowed by plaque. The buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e81">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> hardens and narrows your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Eventually, an area of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). This causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form on the surface of the plaque. If the clot becomes large enough, it can mostly or completely block blood flow through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>If the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is reduced or blocked, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> may occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort. It may feel like pressure or squeezing in your chest. The pain also may occur in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> occurs if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is cut off. If blood flow isn’t restored quickly, the section of heart muscle begins to die. Without quick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, a heart attack can lead to serious problems or death.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can build up in other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in your body, such as the arteries that bring <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. This can lead to problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d1e121"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Lowering your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> may slow, reduce, or even stop the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. It also may reduce the risk of plaque <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupturing</a> and causing dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e128" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e128"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e128/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e128" rid-ob="figobd1e128"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/bin/cholesterol_infographic_rev.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/bin/cholesterol_infographic_rev.jpg" alt="The image focuses on high cholesterol in women and explains how high cholesterol increases the risk of developing heart disease"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e128"><h4 id="d1e128"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e128/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e128">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The image focuses on high cholesterol in women and explains how high cholesterol increases the risk of developing heart disease. An estimated 1 in 2 women has high or borderline high cholesterol. The image also lists the ranges of total cholesterol numbers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/figure/d1e128/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e128">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for High Blood Cholesterol</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypercholesterolemia</a> (HI-per-ko-LES-ter-ol-E-me-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hyperlipidemia</a> (HI-per-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lip</a>-ih-DE-me-ah)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes High Blood Cholesterol?</h2><p>Many factors can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. You can control some factors, but not others.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Factors You Can Control</h3><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d4e34"><h4>Diet</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> is found in foods that come from animal sources, such as egg yolks, meat, and cheese. Some foods have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> that raise your cholesterol level.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> raises your low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> level more than anything else in your diet. Saturated fat is found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Trans fatty acids</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>) raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> and lower your high-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>. Trans fats are made when hydrogen is added to vegetable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oil</a> to harden it. Trans fats are found in some fried and processed foods.</p><p>Limiting foods with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a> can help you control your cholesterol levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d4e64"><h4>Physical Activity and Weight</h4><p>Lack of physical activity can lead to weight gain. Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a> tends to raise your LDL level, lower your HDL level, and increase your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> level. (Total cholesterol is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, including LDL and HDL.)</p><p>Routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> can help you lose weight and lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. Being physically active also can help you raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d4e80"><h3>Factors You Can’t Control</h3><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d4e83"><h4>Heredity</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> can run in families. An inherited condition called familial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypercholesterolemia</a> causes very high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. (“Inherited” means the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.) This condition begins at birth, and it may cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> at an early age.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d4e95"><h4>Age and Sex</h4><p>Starting at puberty, men often have lower levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> than women. As women and men age, their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> levels often rise. Before age 55, women usually have lower LDL cholesterol levels than men. However, after age 55, women can have higher LDL levels than men.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Cholesterol?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> usually has no signs or symptoms. Thus, many people don't know that their cholesterol levels are too high.</p><p>If you're 20 years old or older, have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels checked at least once every 5 years. Talk with your doctor about how often you should be tested.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is High Blood Cholesterol Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a> by checking the cholesterol levels in your blood. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel can measure your cholesterol levels. Before the test, you’ll need to fast (not eat or drink anything but water) for 9 to 12 hours.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel will give your doctor information about your:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. Total cholesterol is a measure of the total amount of cholesterol in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, including low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. LDL, or “bad,” cholesterol is the main source of cholesterol buildup and blockages in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>. HDL, or “good,” cholesterol helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> (tri-GLIH-seh-rides). Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Some studies suggest that a high level of triglycerides in the blood may raise the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, especially in women.</div></li></ul><p>If it’s not possible to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel, knowing your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> can give you a general idea about your cholesterol levels.</p><p>Testing for total and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> does not require fasting. If your total cholesterol is 200 mg/dL or more, or if your HDL cholesterol is less than 40 mg/dL, your doctor will likely recommend that you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel. (Cholesterol is measured as milligrams (mg) of cholesterol per deciliter (dL) of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.)</p><p>The tables below show total, LDL, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> levels and their corresponding categories. See how your cholesterol numbers compare to the numbers in the tables below.</p><div id="d6e65" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d6e65/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d6e65_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> Level</th><th id="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> Category</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 200 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Desirable</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">200–239 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borderline high</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">240 mg/dL and higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e65_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="d6e109" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d6e109/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d6e109_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL Cholesterol</a> Level</th><th id="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL Cholesterol</a> Category</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 100 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Optimal</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">100–129 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Near optimal/above optimal</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">130–159 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Borderline high</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">160–189 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">High</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">190 mg/dL and higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e109_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Very high</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="d6e173" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d6e173/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d6e173_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL Cholesterol</a> Level</th><th id="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL Cholesterol</a> Category</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 40 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">A major risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">40–59 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">The higher, the better</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">60 mg/dL and higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d6e173_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Considered protective against <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> also can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level is borderline high (150–199 mg/dL) or high (200 mg/dL or higher), you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Factors that can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Overweight and obesity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cigarette <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Excessive alcohol use</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A very high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbohydrate</a> diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain diseases and medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is High Blood Cholesterol Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood cholesterol</a> is treated with lifestyle changes and medicines. The main goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to lower your low-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (LDL) cholesterol level enough to reduce your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, and other related health problems.</p><p>Your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> goes up as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level rises and your number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">heart disease risk factors</a> increases.</p><p>Some people are at high risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> attacks because they already have heart disease. Other people are at high risk for heart disease because they have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or more than one heart disease risk factor.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about lowering your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> and your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Also, check the list to find out whether you have risk factors that affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> goal:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cigarette <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> (140/90 mmHg or higher), or you’re on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low high-density <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> (HDL) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> (less than 40 mg/dL)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease (heart disease in father or brother before age 55; heart disease in mother or sister before age 65)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age (men 45 years or older; women 55 years or older)</div></li></ul><p>You can use the NHLBI 10-Year Risk Calculator to find your risk score. The score, given as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percentage</a>, refers to your chance of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> in the next 10 years.</p><p>Based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, number of risk factors, and risk score, figure out your risk of getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> using the table below.</p><div id="d7e84" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e84/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e84_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">If You Have</th><th id="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">You Are in Category</th><th id="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Goal Is</th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or a risk score higher than 20%</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">I. High risk*</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 100 mg/dL</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Two or more risk factors and a risk score of 10–20%</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">II. Moderately high risk</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 130 mg/dL</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Two or more risk factors and a risk score lower than 10%</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">III. Moderate risk</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 130 mg/dL</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">One or no risk factors</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">IV. Low to moderate risk</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e84_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 160 mg/dL</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>After following the above steps, you should have an idea about your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. The two main ways to lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> (and, thus, your heart disease risk) include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)</a>. TLC is a three-part program that includes a healthy diet, weight management, and physical activity. TLC is for anyone whose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level is above goal.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>-lowering medicines are needed, they’re used with the TLC program to help lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor will set your LDL goal. The higher your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, the lower he or she will set your LDL goal. Using the following guide, you and your doctor can create a plan for treating your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>.</p><p>Category I, high risk, your LDL goal is less than 100 mg/dL.*</p><div id="d7e179" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e179/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e179_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Level</th><th id="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 100 or higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to begin the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TLC</a> diet and take medicines as prescribed.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Even if your LDL level is below 100</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e179_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You should follow the TLC diet to keep your LDL level as low as possible.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Category II, moderately high risk, your LDL goal is less than 130 mg/dL</p><div id="d7e222" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e222/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e222_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Level</th><th id="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 130 mg/dL or higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to begin the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TLC</a> diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 130 mg/dL or higher after 3 months on the TLC diet</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You may need medicines along with the TLC diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is less than 130 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e222_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to follow a <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart healthy diet</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Category III, moderate risk, your LDL goal is less than 130 mg/dL.</p><div id="d7e275" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e275/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e275_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="6" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Level</th><th id="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 130 mg/dL or higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to begin the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TLC</a> diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 160 mg/dL or higher after 3 months on the TLC diet</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You may need medicines along with the TLC diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is less than 130 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e275_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to follow a <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart healthy diet</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Category IV, low to moderate risk, your LDL goal is less than 160 mg/dL.</p><div id="d7e328" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063067/table/d7e328/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e328_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="5" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Your LDL Level</th><th id="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 160 mg/dL or higher</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to begin the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">TLC</a> diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is 160 mg/dL or higher after 3 months on the TLC diet</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You may need medicines along with the TLC diet.</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">If your LDL level is less than 160 mg/dL</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e328_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">You will need to follow a <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart healthy diet</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d7e381"><h3>Lowering Cholesterol Using Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>TLC is a set of lifestyle changes that can help you lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. The main parts of the TLC program are a healthy diet, weight management, and physical activity.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d7e387"><h4>The TLC Diet</h4><p>With the TLC diet, less than 7 percent of your daily calories should come from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>. This kind of fat is found in some meats, dairy products, chocolate, baked goods, and deep-fried and processed foods.</p><p>No more than 25 to 35 percent of your daily calories should come from all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, including saturated, trans, monounsaturated, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polyunsaturated fats</a>.</p><p>You also should have less than 200 mg a day of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. The amounts of cholesterol and the types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in prepared foods can be found on the foods' Nutrition Facts labels.</p><p>Foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a> also are part of the TLC diet. They help prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> from absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. These foods include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whole-grain cereals such as oatmeal and oat bran</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fruits such as apples, bananas, oranges, pears, and prunes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Legumes such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> beans, lentils, chick peas, black-eyed peas, and lima beans</div></li></ul><p>A diet rich in fruits and vegetables can increase important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>-lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compounds</a> in your diet. These compounds, called plant stanols or sterols, work like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027813" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soluble</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>.</p><p>A healthy diet also includes some types of fish, such as salmon, tuna (canned or fresh), and mackerel. These fish are a good source of omega-3 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty acids</a>. These acids may help protect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and reduce the risk of <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/heartattack/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> heart attack</a>. Try to have about two fish meals every week.</p><p>You also should try to limit the amount of sodium (salt) that you eat. This means choosing low-salt and "no added salt" foods and seasonings at the table or while cooking. The Nutrition Facts label on food packaging shows the amount of sodium in the item.</p><p>Try to limit drinks with alcohol. Too much alcohol will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the blood.) Alcohol also adds extra calories, which will cause weight gain.</p><p>Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.</p><p>For more information about TLC, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Cholesterol With TLC."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d7e442"><h4>Weight Management</h4><p>If you’re <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, losing weight can help lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. Maintaining a healthy weight is especially important if you have a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>The five metabolic risk factors are a large waistline (abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>), a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level, a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is diagnosed if you have at least three of these metabolic risk factors.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec3-d7e464"><h4>Physical Activity</h4><p>Routine physical activity can lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level.</p><p>People gain health benefits from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week. The more active you are, the more you will benefit.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbc-sec2-d7e484"><h3>Cholesterol-Lowering Medicines</h3><p>In addition to lifestyle changes, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. Even with medicines, you should continue the TLC program.</p><p>Medicines can help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>, but they don’t cure it. Thus, you must continue taking your medicine to keep your cholesterol level in the recommended range.</p><p>The five major types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>-lowering medicines are statins, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022186" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bile</a> acid sequestrants (seh-KWES-trants), nicotinic (nick-o-TIN-ick) acid, fibrates, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ezetimibe</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Statins work well at lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. These medicines are safe for most people. Rare side effects include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022186" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bile</a> acid sequestrants also help lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. These medicines usually aren’t prescribed as the only medicine to lower cholesterol. Sometimes they’re prescribed with statins.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nicotinic acid lowers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and raises <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>. You should only use this type of medicine with a doctor’s supervision.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fibrates lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>, and they may raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>. When used with statins, fibrates may increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ezetimibe</a> lowers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>. This medicine works by blocking the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestine</a> from absorbing cholesterol.</div></li></ul><p>While you’re being treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>, you’ll need ongoing care. Your doctor will want to make sure your cholesterol levels are controlled. He or she also will want to check for other health problems.</p><p>If needed, your doctor may prescribe medicines for other health problems. Take all medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes. The combination of medicines may lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>While trying to manage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=ent |
June 11, 2014. | { "44": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 44, "category_1.id": 7, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "h" } } |
45 | 2018-02-02 05:15:33 | High Blood Pressure | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hbp-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is High Blood Pressure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) is a serious condition that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, and other health problems.</p><p>"<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a>" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d1e59"><h3>Overview</h3><p>About 1 in 3 adults in the United States has HBP. The condition itself usually has no signs or symptoms. You can have it for years without knowing it. During this time, though, HBP can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other parts of your body.</p><p>Knowing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers is important, even when you're feeling fine. If your blood pressure is normal, you can work with your health care team to keep it that way. If your blood pressure is too high, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may help prevent damage to your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d1e69"><h4>Blood Pressure Numbers</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is measured as systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-ah-STOL-ik) pressures. "Systolic" refers to blood pressure when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beats while pumping blood. "Diastolic" refers to blood pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.</p><p>You most often will see <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic number, such as 120/80 mmHg. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p>The table below shows normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers for adults. It also shows which numbers put you at greater risk for health problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d1e81"><h3>Categories for Blood Pressure Levels in Adults (measured in millimeters of mercury, or mmHg)</h3><div id="d1e85" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/table/d1e85/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d1e85_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="2"><tbody><tr><th id="cat" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Category</th><th id="sys" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Systolic (top number)</th><th id="andor" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> </th><th id="dias" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Diastolic (bottom number)</th></tr><tr><th id="norm" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Normal</th><td headers="norm sys" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Less than 120</td><td headers="norm andor" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> And</td><td headers="norm dias" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">Less than 80</td></tr><tr><th id="pre" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Prehypertension</th><td headers="pre" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">120–139</td><td headers="pre" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> Or</td><td headers="pre" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">80–89</td></tr><tr><th id="hbp" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a></th><td headers="hbp" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> </td><td headers="hbp" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> </td><td headers="hbp" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> </td></tr><tr><th id="s1" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Stage 1</th><td headers="s1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">140–159</td><td headers="s1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> Or</td><td headers="s1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">90–99</td></tr><tr><th id="s2" content-type="nobold" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;"> Stage 2</th><td headers="s2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">160 or higher</td><td headers="s2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;"> Or</td><td headers="s2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:top;">100 or higher</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>The ranges in the table apply to most adults (aged 18 and older) who don't have short-term serious illnesses.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> doesn't stay the same all the time. It lowers as you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and rises when you wake up. Blood pressure also rises when you're excited, nervous, or active. If your numbers stay above normal most of the time, you're at risk for health problems. The risk grows as blood pressure numbers rise. "Prehypertension" means you may end up with HBP, unless you take steps to prevent it.</p><p>If you're being treated for HBP and have repeat readings in the normal range, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is under control. However, you still have the condition. You should see your doctor and follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan to keep your blood pressure under control.</p><p>Your systolic and diastolic numbers may not be in the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> category. In this case, the more severe category is the one you're in. For example, if your systolic number is 160 and your diastolic number is 80, you have stage 2 HBP. If your systolic number is 120 and your diastolic number is 95, you have stage 1 HBP.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, HBP is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. HBP numbers also differ for children and teens. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d1e213"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> tends to rise with age. Following a healthy lifestyle helps some people delay or prevent this rise in blood pressure.</p><p>People who have HBP can take steps to control it and reduce their risk for related health problems. Key steps include following a healthy lifestyle, having ongoing medical care, and following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e222" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e222"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/figure/d1e222/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e222" rid-ob="figobd1e222"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/bin/infographics_blood_pressure_rev.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/bin/infographics_blood_pressure_rev.jpg" alt="The image focuses on high blood pressure in women and explains how high blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e222"><h4 id="d1e222"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/figure/d1e222/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e222">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The image focuses on high blood pressure in women and explains how high blood pressure increases the risk of heart disease. An estimated 1 in 3 women has high blood pressure, and the condition is dangerous because it often causes no symptoms. The image <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/figure/d1e222/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e222">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for High Blood Pressure</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (HI-per-TEN-shun).</p><p>When HBP has no known cause, it might be called essential <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a>, primary hypertension, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) hypertension.</p><p>When another condition causes HBP, it's sometimes called secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a>.</p><p>Some people only have high systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. This condition is called isolated systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (ISH). Many older adults have this condition. ISH can cause as much harm as HBP in which both numbers are too high.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes High Blood Pressure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> tends to rise with age, unless you take steps to prevent or control it.</p><p>Some medical problems—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>—may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to rise. Some medicines also may raise your blood pressure. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> medicines (for example, corticosteroids) and cold-relief products.</p><p>Other medicines also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> (HBP). If you have HBP, let your doctor know about all of the medicines you take, including over-the-counter products.</p><p>In some women, birth control pills, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> (HT) may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to rise.</p><p>Women taking birth control pills usually have a small rise in both systolic and diastolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pressures. If you already have HBP and want to use birth control pills, make sure your doctor knows about your HBP. Talk with him or her about how often you should have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> checked and how to control it while taking the pill.</p><p>Taking HT to reduce the symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> can cause a small rise in systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. If you already have HBP and want to start using HT, talk with your doctor about the risks and benefits. If you decide to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>, find out how to control your blood pressure and how often you should have it checked.</p><p>Children younger than 10 years old who have HBP often have another condition that's causing it (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>). Treating the underlying condition may resolve the HBP.</p><p>The older a child is when HBP is diagnosed, the more likely he or she is to have essential <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a>. This means that doctors don't know what's causing the HBP.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for High Blood Pressure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) is a common condition. In the United States, about 1 in 3 adults has HBP.</p><p>Certain traits, conditions, and habits can raise your risk for HBP. The major risk factors for HBP are described below.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Older Age</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> tends to rise with age. About 65 percent of Americans aged 60 or older have HBP.</p><p>Isolated systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (ISH) is the most common form of HBP in older adults. ISH occurs when only systolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> (the top number) is high. About 2 out of 3 people over age 60 with HBP have ISH.</p><p>HBP doesn't have to be a routine part of aging. You can take steps to keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> at a normal level. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e50"><h3>Race/Ethnicity</h3><p>HBP can affect anyone. However, it's more common in African American adults than in Caucasian or Hispanic American adults. In relation to these groups, African Americans:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tend to get HBP earlier in life</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Often have more severe HBP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are more likely to be aware that they have HBP and to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are less likely than Caucasians to achieve target control levels with HBP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have higher rates than Caucasians of early death from HBP-related problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a></div></li></ul><p>HBP risks vary among different groups of Hispanic American adults. For instance, Puerto Rican American adults have higher rates of HBP-related death than all other Hispanic groups and Caucasians. However, Cuban Americans have lower rates of HBP-related death than Caucasians.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e86"><h3>Overweight or Obesity</h3><p>You're more likely to develop prehypertension or HBP if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>. The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e95"><h3>Gender</h3><p>Men and women are equally likely to develop HBP during their lifetimes. However, before age 45, men are more likely to have HBP than women. After age 65, the condition is more likely to affect women than men.</p><p>Also, men younger than 55 are more likely to have uncontrolled HBP than women. However, after age 65, women are more likely to have uncontrolled HBP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e104"><h3>Unhealthy Lifestyle Habits</h3><p>Many unhealthy lifestyle habits can raise your risk for HBP, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eating too much sodium (salt)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking too much alcohol</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Not getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> in your diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e132"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of HBP raises your risk for the condition. Long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also can put you at risk for HBP.</p><p>You're also more likely to develop HBP if you have prehypertension. Prehypertension means that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is in the 120–139/80–89 mmHg range.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d5e141"><h3>Risk Factors for Children and Teens</h3><p>Prehypertension and HBP are becoming more common in children and teens. This is due in part to a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> among children and teens.</p><p>African American and Mexican American youth are more likely to have HBP and prehypertension than Caucasian youth. Also, boys are at higher risk for HBP than girls.</p><p>Like adults, children and teens need to have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> checks, especially if they're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of High Blood Pressure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) itself usually has no signs or symptoms. Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a> may occur.</p><p>You can have HBP for years without knowing it. During this time, the condition can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other parts of your body.</p><p>Some people only learn that they have HBP after the damage has caused problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p>Knowing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers is important, even when you're feeling fine. If your blood pressure is normal, you can work with your health care team to keep it that way. If your blood pressure is too high, you can take steps to lower it. Lowering your blood pressure will help reduce your risk for related health problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d6e50"><h3>Complications of High Blood Pressure</h3><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> stays high over time, it can damage the body. HBP can cause:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to get larger or weaker, which may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">Aneurysms</a> (AN-u-risms) to form in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> is an abnormal bulge in the wall of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. Common spots for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> are the main artery that carries blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body; the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, legs, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>; and the artery leading to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> to narrow. This may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> throughout the body to narrow in some places, which limits <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow (especially to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and legs). This can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amputation</a> of part of the leg.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> to burst or bleed. This may lead to vision changes or blindness.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is High Blood Pressure Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) is diagnosed using a blood pressure test. This test will be done several times to make sure the results are correct. If your numbers are high, your doctor may have you return for repeat tests to check your blood pressure over time.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is 140/90 mmHg or higher over time, your doctor will likely diagnose you with HBP. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, a blood pressure of 130/80 mmHg or higher is considered HBP.</p><p>The ranges for HBP in children are different, as discussed below.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d7e37"><h3>How Is Blood Pressure Tested?</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> test is easy and painless. This test is done at a doctor's office or clinic.</p><p>To prepare for the test:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Don't drink coffee or smoke cigarettes for 30 minutes prior to the test. These actions may cause a short-term rise in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Go to the bathroom before the test. Having a full <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a> can change your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> reading.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sit for 5 minutes before the test. Movement can cause short-term rises in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</div></li></ul><p>To measure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, your doctor or nurse will use some type of a gauge, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> (or electronic sensor), and a blood pressure cuff.</p><p>Most often, you will sit or lie down with the cuff around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> as your doctor or nurse checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. If he or she doesn't tell you what your blood pressure numbers are, you should ask.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Diagnosing High Blood Pressure in Children and Teens</h3><p>Doctors measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in children and teens the same way they do in adults. Your child should have routine blood pressure checks starting at 3 years of age.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> normally rises with age and body size. Newborn babies often have very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> numbers, while older teens have numbers similar to adults.</p><p>The ranges for normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and HBP generally are lower for youth than for adults. To find out whether a child has HBP, a doctor will compare the child's blood pressure numbers to average numbers for his or her age, gender, and height.</p><p>For more information, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/bp_child_pocket/bp_child_pocket.pdf" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "A Pocket Guide to Blood Pressure Measurement in Children."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d7e83"><h3>What Does a Diagnosis of High Blood Pressure Mean?</h3><p>If you're diagnosed with HBP, your doctor will prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> will be tested again to see how the treatment affects it.</p><p>Once your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is under control, you'll still need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. "Under control" means that your blood pressure numbers are in the normal range. Your doctor will likely recommend routine blood pressure tests. He or she can tell you how often you should be tested.</p><p>The sooner you find out about HBP and treat it, the better. Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may help you avoid problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> (HBP) is treated with lifestyle changes and medicines.</p><p>Most people who have HBP will need lifelong <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Sticking to your treatment plan is important. It can help prevent or delay problems related to HBP and help you live and stay active longer.</p><p>For more tips on controlling your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and Blood Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/hbp_low/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Lowering Blood Pressure."</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d8e39"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> goal for most adults is to get and keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> below 140/90 mmHg. For adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, the goal is to get and keep blood pressure below 130/80 mmHg.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Healthy lifestyle habits can help you control HBP. These habits include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Following a healthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintaining a healthy weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Managing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and learning to cope with stress</div></li></ul><p>If you combine healthy lifestyle habits, you can achieve even better results than taking single steps.</p><p>You may find it hard to make lifestyle changes. Start by making one healthy lifestyle change and then adopt others.</p><p>Some people can control their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> with lifestyle changes alone, but many people can't. Keep in mind that the main goal is blood pressure control.</p><p>If your doctor prescribes medicines as a part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan, keep up your healthy lifestyle habits. They will help you better control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e87"><h4>Following a Healthy Diet</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend the <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/dash/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan</a> if you have HBP. The DASH eating plan focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other foods that are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy and low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, and sodium (salt).</p><p>DASH also focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, fish, poultry, and nuts. The DASH eating plan is reduced in red meats (including lean red meats), sweets, added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>-containing beverages. It's rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>.</p><p>To help control HBP, you should limit the amount of salt that you eat. This means choosing low-sodium and no added salt foods and seasonings at the table and while cooking. The Nutrition Facts label on food packaging shows the amount of sodium in an item. You should eat no more than about 1 teaspoon of salt a day.</p><p>Also, try to limit alcoholic drinks. Too much alcohol will raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Men should have no more than two alcoholic drinks a day. Women should have no more than one alcoholic drink a day. One drink is a glass of wine, beer, or a small amount of hard liquor.</p><p>For more information, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e111"><h4>Being Physically Active</h4><p>Routine physical activity can lower HBP and reduce your risk for other health problems. Talk with your doctor before you start a new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> plan. Ask him or her how much and what kinds of physical activity are safe for you.</p><p>People gain health benefits from as little as 60 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic activity per week. The more active you are, the more you will benefit.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e132"><h4>Maintaining a Healthy Weight</h4><p>Maintaining a healthy weight can help you control HBP and reduce your risk for other health problems.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, aim to reduce your weight by 5 to 10 percent during your first year of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This amount of weight loss can lower your risk for health problems related to HBP.</p><p>To lose weight, cut back your calorie intake and do more physical activity. Eat smaller portions and choose lower calorie foods. Don't feel that you have to finish the entrees served at restaurants. Many restaurant portions are oversized and have too many calories for the average person.</p><p>After your first year of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you may have to continue to lose weight so you can lower your body mass index (BMI) to less than 25. BMI measures your weight in relation to your height and gives an estimate of your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>.</p><p>A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. A BMI of less than 25 is the goal for controlling <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>You can use the NHLBI's online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>For more information about losing weight and keeping it off, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Quit Smoking</h4><p>If you smoke or use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, quit. Smoking can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise your risk for HBP. Smoking also can worsen health problems related to HBP.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e184"><h4>Managing Stress</h4><p>Learning how to manage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, relax, and cope with problems can improve your emotional and physical health.</p><p>Physical activity helps some people cope with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Other people listen to music or focus on something calm or peaceful to reduce stress. Some people learn <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022369" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tai chi</a>, or how to meditate.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d8e193"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Today's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> medicines can safely help most people control their blood pressure. These medicines are easy to take. The side effects, if any, tend to be minor.</p><p>If you have side effects from your medicines, talk with your doctor. He or she might adjust the doses or prescribe other medicines. You shouldn't decide on your own to stop taking your medicines.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> medicines work in different ways to lower blood pressure. Some remove extra fluid and salt from the body to lower blood pressure. Others slow down the heartbeat or relax and widen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Often, two or more medicines work better than one.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e206"><h4>Diuretics</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> sometimes are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>. They help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> flush excess water and salt from your body. This reduces the amount of fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes down.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> often are used with other HBP medicines and sometimes combined into one pill.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e215"><h4>Beta Blockers</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat slower and with less force. As a result, your heart pumps less <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to go down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e222"><h4>ACE Inhibitors</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> keep your body from making a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025466" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiotensin</a> II. This hormone normally causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> to narrow. ACE inhibitors prevent this, so your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e228"><h4>Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025474" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiotensin II receptor</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a> are newer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> medicines that protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> from the angiotensin II <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a>. As a result, blood vessels relax and widen, and your blood pressure goes down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e234"><h4>Calcium Channel Blockers</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Calcium channel blockers</a> keep calcium from entering the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This allows blood vessels to relax, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e241"><h4>Alpha Blockers</h4><p>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a> reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024360" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve impulses</a> that tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This allows blood to flow more freely, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to go down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e247"><h4>Alpha-Beta Blockers</h4><p>Alpha-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024360" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve impulses</a> the same way alpha blockers do. However, they also slow the heartbeat like beta blockers. As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e253"><h4>Nervous System Inhibitors</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nervous system</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a> increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024360" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve impulses</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> to relax and widen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to go down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec3-d8e260"><h4>Vasodilators</h4><p>Vasodilators relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to go down.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d8e266"><h3>Treatment for Children and Teens</h3><p>If another condition is causing your child's HBP, treating it often resolves the HBP. When the cause of a child or teen's HBP isn't known, the first line of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is lifestyle changes (as it is for adults).</p><p>If lifestyle changes don't control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, children and teens also may need to take medicines. Most of the medicines listed above for adults have special doses for children.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can High Blood Pressure Be Prevented?</h2><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d9e28"><h3>If You Have Normal Blood Pressure</h3><p>If you don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> (HBP), you can take steps to prevent it. Healthy lifestyle habits can help you maintain normal blood pressure.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a healthy diet. Limit the amount of sodium (salt) and alcohol that you consume. The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dash/">DASH (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) eating plan</a> promotes healthy eating.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>. Routine physical activity can lower HBP and reduce your risk for other health problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintain a healthy weight. Staying at a healthy weight can help you control HBP and reduce your risk for other health problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quit <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. Smoking can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise your risk for HBP. Smoking also can worsen health problems related to HBP.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learn to manage and cope with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Learning how to manage stress, relax, and cope with problems can improve your emotional and physical health.</div></li></ul><p>Many people who adopt these healthy lifestyle habits are able to prevent or delay HBP. The more lifestyle changes you make, the more likely you are to lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and avoid related health problems.</p><p>For more information about healthy lifestyle habits, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d9e70"><h3>If You Have High Blood Pressure</h3><p>If you have HBP, you can still take steps to prevent the long-term problems it can cause. Healthy lifestyle habits (listed above) and medicines can help you live a longer, more active life.</p><p>Follow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan your doctor prescribes to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Treatment can help you prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d9e88"><h3>Children and Teens</h3><p>A healthy lifestyle also can help prevent HBP in children and teens. Key steps include having a child:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a healthy diet that focuses on plenty of fruits, vegetables, and, for children older than 4 years old, low-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> dairy products. A healthy diet also is low in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a> and salt.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be active for at least 1 to 2 hours per day. Limit screen time in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of the TV or computer to 2 hours per day at most.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintain a healthy weight. If your child is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>, ask his or her doctor about how your child can safely lose weight.</div></li></ul><p>Make these healthy habits part of a family health plan to help your child adopt and maintain a healthy lifestyle.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With High Blood Pressure</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> (HBP), you'll need to treat and control it for life. This means making lifestyle changes, taking prescribed medicines, and getting ongoing medical care.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> can help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, but it will not cure HBP. If you stop treatment, your blood pressure and risk for related health problems will rise.</p><p>For a healthy future, follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan closely. Work with your health care team for lifelong <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> control.</p><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d10e37"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making healthy lifestyle changes can help control HBP. A healthy lifestyle includes following a healthy diet, being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>, maintaining a healthy weight, and not <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062996/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is High Blood Pressure Treated?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d10e53"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Take all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> medicines that your doctor prescribes. Know the names and doses of your medicines and how to take them. If you have questions about your medicines, talk with your doctor or pharmacist.</p><p>Make sure you refill your medicines before they run out. Take your medicines exactly as your doctor directs—don't skip days or cut pills in half.</p><p>If you're having side effects from your medicines, talk with your doctor. He or she may need to adjust the doses or prescribe other medicines. You shouldn't decide on your own to stop taking your medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hbp-sec2-d10e65"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have HBP, have medical checkups or tests as your doctor advises. Your doctor may need to change or add medicines to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan over time. Routine checkups allow your doctor to change your treatment right away if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> goes up again.</p><p>Keeping track of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> is important. Have your blood pressure checked on t |
June 11, 2014. | { "45": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 45, "category_1.id": 7, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "h" } } |
46 | 2018-02-02 05:15:51 | Holes in the Heart | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-holes-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Holes in the Heart?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Holes in the heart</a> are simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defects</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> are problems with the heart's structure that are present at birth. These defects change the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. With each heartbeat, the right side of the heart receives <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body and pumps it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The left side of the heart receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> prevents mixing of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> between the two sides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. However, some babies are born with holes in the upper or lower septum.</p><p>A hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>). A hole in the septum between the heart's two lower chambers is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD).</p><p>ASDs and VSDs allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to pass from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the right side. Thus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood mixes with oxygen-poor blood. As a result, some oxygen-rich blood is pumped to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> instead of the body.</p><p>Over the past few decades, the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of ASDs and VSDs have greatly improved. Children who have simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> can survive to adulthood. They can live normal, active lives because their heart defects close on their own or have been repaired.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-heartworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-heartworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Heart Works</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">holes in the heart</a>, it's helpful to know how a healthy heart works. Your child's heart is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> about the size of his or her fist. The heart works like a pump and beats 100,000 times a day.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The right side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The left side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and four valves and is connected to various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are blood vessels that carry blood from the body to the heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e41" rid-ob="figobd3e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/heart_interior.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/heart_interior.jpg" alt="Image "></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e41"><h4 id="d3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">Figure</a></h4></div></div><p>The illustration shows a cross-section of a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows from the body to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The red arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-rich blood flows from the lungs to the rest of the body.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Heart Chambers</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> or "rooms."</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh) are the two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as it flows into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuhls) are the two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Heart Valves</h3><p>Four valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right atrium and the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This artery carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The mitral (MI-trul) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left atrium and the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aortic (ay-OR-tik) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the body.</div></li></ul><p>Valves are like doors that open and close. They open to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow through to the next <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> or to one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves open and close, they make a "lub-DUB" sound that a doctor can hear using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The first sound—the "lub"—is made by the mitral and tricuspid valves closing at the beginning of systole (SIS-toe-lee). Systole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, or squeeze, and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The second sound—the "DUB"—is made by the aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves closing at the beginning of diastole (di-AS-toe-lee). Diastole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax and fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped into them by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d3e99"><h3>Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up a fresh supply of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> are the other important arteries attached to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which must have its own blood supply to function.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d3e118"><h3>Veins</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> also are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> so it can be pumped to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior</a> vena cavae are large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. This article contains animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Holes in the Heart</h2><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Atrial Septal Defect</h3><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>) is a hole in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. (The atria are the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.)</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left atrium into the right atrium, instead of flowing into the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> as it should. So, instead of going to the body, the oxygen-rich blood is pumped back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, where it has just been.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e43" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e43"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d4e43/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e43" rid-ob="figobd4e43"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/atrial_septal_defect.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/atrial_septal_defect.jpg" alt="Image "></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e43"><h4 id="d4e43"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d4e43/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e43">Figure</a></h4></div></div><p>Figure A shows the structure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow inside a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Figure B shows a heart with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from the left atrium to mix with oxygen-poor blood from the right atrium.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> can be small, medium, or large. Small ASDs allow only a little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from one atrium to the other. Small ASDs don't affect how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works and don't need any special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Many small ASDs close on their own as the heart grows during childhood.</p><p>Medium and large ASDs allow more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to leak from one atrium to the other. They're less likely to close on their own.</p><p>Most children who have ASDs have no symptoms, even if they have large ASDs.</p><p>The three major types of ASDs are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secundum. This defect is in the middle of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septum</a> and is the most common form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>. About 8 out of every 10 babies born with ASDs have secundum defects. At least half of all secundum ASDs close on their own. However, this is less likely if the defect is large.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primum. This defect is in the lower part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septum</a>. Primum defects often occur with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problems. These defects aren't very common, and they don't close on their own.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sinus</a> venosus. This defect is in the upper part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septum</a>. It's close to where a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022266" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior vena cava</a>) brings <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the upper body to the right atrium. Sinus venosus defects are rare, and they don't close on their own.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d4e74"><h4>Atrial Septal Defect Complications</h4><p>If an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> isn't repaired, the extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> may cause heart problems. Most of these problems don't occur until adulthood, often around age 30 or later.</p><p>Possible complications include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Right heart failure</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> causes the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to work harder because it has to pump extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Over time, the heart may become tired from this extra work and not pump well.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). Extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing into the right atrium through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> can cause the atrium to stretch and enlarge. Over time, this can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Symptoms may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heartbeat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">Stroke</a>. Usually, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> filter out small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that can form on the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Sometimes, though, a blood clot can pass from the right atrium to the left atrium through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> and be pumped out to the body. The clot can travel to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, block blood flow, and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH). PH is increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. Over time, PH can damage the arteries and small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the lungs. They become thick and stiff, making it hard for blood to flow through them.</div></li></ul><p>These problems develop over many years and rarely occur in infants and children. They also are rare in adults because most ASDs close on their own or are repaired in early childhood.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d4e113"><h3>Ventricular Septal Defect</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD) is a hole in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> that separates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. (The ventricles are the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.)</p><p>A VSD allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> into the right ventricle, instead of flowing into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> as it should. So, instead of going to the body, the oxygen-rich blood is pumped back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, where it has just been.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e127" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e127"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d4e127/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e127" rid-ob="figobd4e127"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/ventr_septal_defect.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/bin/ventr_septal_defect.jpg" alt="Image "></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e127"><h4 id="d4e127"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/figure/d4e127/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e127">Figure</a></h4></div></div><p>Figure A shows the structure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow inside a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Figure B shows two common locations for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defect</a>. The defect allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to mix with oxygen-poor blood in the right ventricle.</p><p>An infant who is born with a VSD may have one or more holes in the wall that separates the two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. The defect also may occur alone or with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>Doctors will classify a VSD based on the:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Size of the defect.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Location of the defect.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Number of defects.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Presence or absence of a ventricular septal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>—a thin flap of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. This tissue is harmless and can help a VSD close on its own.</div></li></ul><p>VSDs can be small, medium, or large. Small VSDs don't cause problems and may close on their own. Small VSDs sometimes are called restrictive VSDs because they allow only a small amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. Small VSDs don't cause any symptoms.</p><p>Medium VSDs are less likely to close on their own. They may cause symptoms in infants and children. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> may be needed to close medium VSDs.</p><p>Large VSDs allow a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to the right ventricle. They're sometimes called nonrestrictive VSDs. Large VSDs likely won't close completely on their own, but they may get smaller over time.</p><p>Large VSDs often cause symptoms in infants and children. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> usually is needed to close large VSDs.</p><p>VSDs are found in different parts of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Membranous VSDs are located near the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. These VSDs can close at any time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Muscular VSDs are found in the lower part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. They're surrounded by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>, and most close on their own during early childhood.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inlet VSDs are located close to where <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> enters the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. They're less common than membranous and muscular VSDs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Outlet VSDs are found in the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> where <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leaves the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. These are the rarest type of VSD.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d4e189"><h4>Ventricular Septal Defect Complications</h4><p>Over time, if a VSD isn't repaired, it may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. A medium or large VSD can cause:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a>. Infants who have large VSDs may develop heart failure. This is because the left side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> in addition to its normal work of pumping blood to the body. The increased workload on the heart also increases the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and the body's demand for energy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Growth failure, especially in infants. A baby may not be able to eat enough to keep up with his or her body's increased energy demands. As a result, the baby may lose weight or not grow and develop normally.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a>. The extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can cause areas of the heart to stretch and enlarge. This can disturb the heart's normal electrical activity, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a>. The high pressure and high volume of extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped through a large VSD into the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> the lung's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This problem is rare because most large VSDs are repaired in infancy.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Holes in the Heart?</h2><p>Mothers of children who are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defects</a> (ASDs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defects</a> (VSDs), or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects may think they did something wrong during their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>. However, most of the time, doctors don't know why <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a> occur.</p><p>Heredity may play a role in some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects. For example, a parent who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> is slightly more likely than other people to have a child who has the problem. Very rarely, more than one child in a family is born with a heart defect.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Down syndrome</a>, often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. Half of all babies who have Down syndrome have congenital heart defects.</p><p>Smoking during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> also has been linked to several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, including septal defects.</p><p>Scientists continue to search for the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Holes in the Heart?</h2><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Atrial Septal Defect</h3><p>Many babies who are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defects</a> (ASDs) have no signs or symptoms. However, as they grow, these children may be small for their age. </p><p>When signs and symptoms do occur, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> is the most common. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during a heartbeat.</p><p>Often, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is the only sign of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>. However, not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmurs</a> are signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. Many healthy children have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. Doctors can listen to heart murmurs and tell whether they're harmless or signs of heart problems.</p><p>If a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> isn't repaired, the extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can damage the heart and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. This generally doesn't occur until adulthood. Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tiring easily during physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, feet, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d6e68"><h3>Ventricular Septal Defect</h3><p>Babies born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defects</a> (VSDs) usually have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. Murmurs may be the first and only sign of a VSD. Heart murmurs often are present right after birth in many infants. However, the murmurs may not be heard until the babies are 6 to 8 weeks old.</p><p>Most newborns who have VSDs don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>-related symptoms. However, babies who have medium or large VSDs can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Signs and symptoms of heart failure usually occur during the baby's first 2 months of life.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> due to VSD are similar to those listed above for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>, but they occur in infancy.</p><p>A major sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a> in infancy is poor feeding and growth. VSD signs and symptoms are rare after infancy. This is because the defects either decrease in size on their own or they're repaired.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Holes in the Heart Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors usually diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">holes in the heart</a> based on a physical exam and the results from tests and procedures. The exam findings for an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>) often aren't obvious. Thus, the diagnosis sometimes isn't made until later in childhood or even in adulthood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ventricular septal defects</a> (VSDs) cause a very distinct <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>. Because of this, a diagnosis usually is made in infancy.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a>. Pediatric cardiologists take care of babies and children who have heart problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> surgeons repair heart defects using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, your child's doctor will listen to your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. The doctor also will look for signs of a heart defect, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> or signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your child's doctor may recommend several tests to diagnose an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> or VSD. These tests also will help the doctor figure out the location and size of the defect.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e59"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The sound waves (called ultrasound) bounce off the structures of the heart. A computer converts the sound waves into pictures on a screen.</p><p>Echo allows the doctor to clearly see any problem with the way the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is formed or the way it's working.</p><p>Echo is an important test for both diagnosing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hole in the heart</a> and following the problem over time. Echo can show problems with the heart's structure and how the heart is reacting to the problems. This test will help your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> decide whether and when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e74"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can detect whether one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> is enlarged, which can help diagnose a heart problem.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e86"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>This test can show whether the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is enlarged. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray also can show whether the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> have extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or extra fluid, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e99"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry shows the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A small sensor is attached to a finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much oxygen is in the blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d7e105"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-i-ZA-shun), a thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Special dye is injected through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> or one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. The dye allows the doctor to see the flow of blood through the heart and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> on an x-ray image.</p><p>The doctor also can use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization to measure the pressure inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This can help the doctor figure out whether blood is mixing between the two sides of the heart.</p><p>Doctors also use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization to repair some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063032/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Are Holes in the Heart Treated?"</a> </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Holes in the Heart Treated?</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">holes in the heart</a> don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, but some do. Those that do often are repaired during infancy or early childhood. Sometimes adults are treated for holes in the heart if problems develop.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> your child receives depends on the type, location, and size of the hole. Other factors include your child's age, size, and general health.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Treating an Atrial Septal Defect</h3><p>If a child has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial septal defect</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>), routine checkups are done to see whether it closes on its own. About half of all ASDs close on their own over time, and about 20 percent close within the first year of life.</p><p>Your child's doctor will let you know how often your child should have checkups. For an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>, frequent checkups aren't needed.</p><p>If an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a> requires <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgical procedures</a> are used to close the hole. Doctors often decide to close ASDs in children who still have medium- or large-sized holes by the time they're 2 to 5 years old.</p><div id="nhlbi-holes-sec3-d8e47"><h4>Catheter Procedure</h4><p>Until the early 1990s, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> was the usual method for closing all ASDs. Now, thanks to medical advances, doctors can use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedures to close secundum ASDs. These are the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023507" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ASD</a>.</p><p>Before a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedure, your child is given medicine so he or she will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and not feel any pain. Then, the doctor inserts a catheter (a thin, flexible tube) into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh). He or she threads the tube to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targetty |
June 11, 2014. | { "46": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 46, "category_1.id": 7, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "h" } } |
47 | 2018-02-02 05:16:11 | Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hp-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (noo-mo-NI-tis), or HP, is a disease in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> become inflamed from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> foreign substances, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals. These substances also are known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a> (AN-tih-jens).</p><p>People are exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a> at home, while at work, and in other settings. However, most people who breathe in these substances don't develop HP.</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand HP, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. When air reaches the air sacs, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the blood in the capillaries. The capillaries connect to a network of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that move blood through your body.</p><p>In HP, the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> become inflamed and may fill with fluid. This makes it harder for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to pass through the air sacs and into the bloodstream.</p><p>The two main types of HP are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing). Both types can develop as a result of repeatedly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>.</p><p>Over time, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can become sensitive to that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. If this happens, they'll become inflamed, which can lead to symptoms and may even cause long-term lung damage.</p><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> HP, symptoms usually occur within 2–9 hours of exposure to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> you're sensitive to. Acute HP can cause chills, body aches, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tightness. After hours or days of no contact with the antigen, symptoms usually go away.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> HP isn't found and treated early, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP may develop. Symptoms of chronic HP occur slowly, over months. Chronic HP can cause a worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, shortness of breath with physical activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and weight loss. Severe HP may cause clubbing (a widening and rounding of the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes).</p><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP, symptoms may continue and/or worsen, even after avoiding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. Sometimes, chronic HP can cause long-term lung damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a> (PULL-mun-ary fi-BRO-sis). This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d1e83"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Avoiding or reducing your contact with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a> can help prevent and treat HP. For example, cleaning heating and ventilation filters can help reduce your contact with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>. Wetting compost prior to handling it can reduce contact with harmful dust.</p><p>If HP is caught early, avoiding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that caused it may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you need. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP, your doctor may prescribe medicines to reduce lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to study why some people develop HP after being exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>, while others don't. They're also looking for better ways to quickly pinpoint which antigens are causing HP in people who are believed to have the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bird fancier's lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Extrinsic allergic alveolitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Farmer's lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hot tub lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Humidifier lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mushroom picker's disease</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</h2><p>Repeatedly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> foreign substances can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP). Examples of these substances include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mold</a> often is the cause of HP.) These substances also are known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>.</p><p>Over time, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can become sensitive to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>. If this happens, your lungs will become inflamed, which can lead to symptoms and may even cause long-term lung damage.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antigens</a> may be found in the home, workplace, or in other settings. Antigens can come from many sources, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bird droppings</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Humidifiers, heating systems, and hot tubs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Liquid chemicals used in the landscaping and florist industries</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moldy hay, straw, and grain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chemicals released during the production of plastics and electronics, and chemicals released during painting</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mold</a> released during lumber milling, construction, and wood stripping</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</h2><p>People who repeatedly breathe in foreign substances are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP). These substances, which also are known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>, include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals. However, most people who breathe in these substances don't develop HP.</p><p>People at increased risk include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Farm and dairy cattle workers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who use hot tubs often</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a> or dusts from humidifiers, heating systems, or wet carpeting</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bird fanciers (people who keep pet birds) and poultry handlers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Florists and landscapers, especially those who use liquid chemicals on lawns and gardens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who work in grain and flour processing and loading</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lumber milling, construction, wood stripping, and paper and wallboard workers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who make plastics or electronics, and those who paint or work with other chemicals</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP) depend on whether the disease is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing).</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Acute Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</h3><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> HP, symptoms usually occur within 2–9 hours of exposure to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> you're sensitive to. (An antigen is a substance that your body reacts against, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> HP can cause chills, body aches, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tightness. After hours or days of no contact with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>, symptoms usually go away.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Chronic Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> HP isn't found and treated early, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP may develop. With chronic HP, symptoms occur slowly, over months. Chronic HP can cause a worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, shortness of breath with physical activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and weight loss.</p><p>Some symptoms may continue and/or worsen, even after avoiding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> HP can cause long-term lung damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a>. This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p><p>Clubbing also may occur if HP is severe. Clubbing is the widening and rounding of the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes. A low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> causes this condition.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Diagnosed?</h2><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP), your doctor must pinpoint the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that's causing the disease and its source. (An antigen is a substance that your body reacts against, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals.)</p><p>Your doctor will ask you detailed questions about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your current and past jobs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your hobbies and leisure activities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The types of places where you spend time</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your exposure to damp and moldy places</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also will do a physical exam and look at test results to diagnose HP.</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will ask about your signs and symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> and weight loss. Your doctor also will look for signs of HP. For example, he or she will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> for abnormal breathing sounds. HP can cause a crackling sound when you breathe.</p><p>Your doctor also may look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a>, a possible complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) HP. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p><p>Your doctor also may check for clubbing. Clubbing is the widening and rounding of the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes. A low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> causes this condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d7e71"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>To help diagnose HP, your doctor may recommend or more of the following tests or procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e78"><h4>Chest X Ray or Chest Computed Tomography (CT) Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a> create pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These pictures can show signs of HP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a> measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. One of these tests is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/#nhlbisec-types">spirometry</a> (spi-ROM-eh-tre).</p><p>During this test, a technician will ask you to take a deep breath. Then, you'll blow as hard as you can into a tube connected to a small machine. The machine is called a spirometer. The machine measures how much air you breathe out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e104"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p>This test measures the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much oxygen is in your blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e111"><h4>Precipitin Test</h4><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> looks for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that your body creates in response to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>. The presence of these proteins may suggest HP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e117"><h4>Challenge Test</h4><p>During this test, you're re-exposed to the suspected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. Then, you'll be watched for signs and symptoms of HP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e123"><h4>Bronchoscopy</h4><p>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee), your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> (or sometimes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>), down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into your airways. At the tip of the tube are a light and mini-camera. This allows your doctor to see your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> and airways.</p><p>Your doctor may insert forceps (a device used to grab or hold things) through the tube to collect a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample. You'll be given medicine to make you relaxed and sleepy during the procedure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e136"><h4>Bronchoalveolar Lavage</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchoscopy</a>, your doctor may inject a small amount of salt water (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030277" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saline</a>) through the tube into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This method is called bronchoalveolar lavage (BRONG-ko-al-VE-o-lar lah-VAHZH).</p><p>This fluid washes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and helps bring up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> from the airways and the area around the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. Your doctor will look at these cells under a microscope.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec3-d7e145"><h4>Surgical Lung Biopsy</h4><p>To confirm a diagnosis of HP, your doctor may do a surgical lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. Your doctor can use a biopsy to rule out other causes of symptoms and check the condition of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>For a surgical lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, your doctor takes samples of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from several places in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. He or she then looks at them under a microscope. Your doctor may use one of the following methods to get lung tissue samples.</p><p>Video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (thor-ah-KOS-ko-pee). For this procedure, your doctor inserts a small, lighted tube with a camera (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a>) into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> through small cuts between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a> provides a video image of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and allows your doctor to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. This procedure is done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> through the procedure.</p><p>Thoracotomy (thor-ah-KOT-o-me). For this procedure, your doctor removes a few small pieces of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a cut in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. Thoracotomy is done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> through the procedure.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Treated?</h2><p>The best way to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP) is to avoid the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that caused it. (An antigen is a substance that your body reacts against, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals.)</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) HP, symptoms usually go away once you're no longer in contact with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) HP, you may need medicines to relieve your symptoms.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a>. This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time. People who have this condition may need further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (rehab).</p><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Avoiding Antigens</h3><p>Once the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that caused the HP and its source are found, you can take steps to avoid it. If HP is caught early, avoiding the antigen may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you need.</p><p>Avoiding an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> may be easier at home than at work. For example, if your pet bird, moldy carpet, or hot tub is the source of the antigen, you can remove it from your home. If your heating system is the source of the antigen, you can have your system properly serviced.</p><p>However, if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> is at work, you may need to talk with your supervisor about your condition and ways to protect yourself. For example, masks or personal respirators may help protect you from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a> in the air. (A personal respirator is a device that helps filter the air you breathe in.)</p><p>Some people who have HP may need to move to a different home or change jobs to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigens</a>. After hurricanes, for example, some people have to move from their homes to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a> that could harm their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, moving and changing jobs sometimes isn't possible.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hp-sec2-d8e62"><h3>Medicines and Other Treatments</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> HP, your doctor may prescribe medicines called corticosteroids. These medicines reduce lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prednisone</a> is an example of a corticosteroid.</p><p>Long-term use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, especially at high doses, can cause serious side effects. Thus, if your doctor prescribes this medicine, he or she may reduce the dose over time.</p><p>Examples of side effects from corticosteroids are increased risk of infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (thinning of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>).</p><p>People who develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> may need medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>, and/or pulmonary rehab. Pulmonary fibrosis is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p><p>If you smoke, try to quit. Smoking can make HP symptoms worse and lead to other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</h2><p>If you've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a> (HP), avoiding the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a> that caused it is important. (An antigen is a substance that your body reacts against, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">molds</a>, dusts, and chemicals.)</p><p>If HP is caught early, your symptoms will likely go away if you avoid contact with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. Continued contact with the antigen can make your symptoms worse and may lead to long-term lung damage.</p><p>To avoid the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>, you may need to find other hobbies, change jobs, move, or use protective gear (like a mask) at work.</p><p>If you smoke, try to quit. Smoking can make HP symptoms worse and lead to other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. Ask family members, friends, and coworkers not to smoke in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of you or in your home, car, or workplace.</p><p>If you've developed <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ipf/">pulmonary fibrosis</a> from the HP, you'll need further ongoing care. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes scarred over time.</p><p>If you have this condition, you may need medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>, and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a>. Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan as your doctor advises.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022920" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypersensitivity pneumonitis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-hp-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is At Risk for Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "47": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 47, "category_1.id": 7, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "h" } } |
48 | 2018-02-02 05:16:30 | Hypotension | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-hyp-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Hypotension?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> (HI-po-TEN-shun) is abnormally <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>. Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps out blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is measured as systolic (sis-TOL-ik) and diastolic (di-a-STOL-ik) pressures. "Systolic" refers to blood pressure when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beats while pumping blood. "Diastolic" refers to blood pressure when the heart is at rest between beats.</p><p>You most often will see <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers written with the systolic number above or before the diastolic number, such as 120/80 mmHg. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p>Normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in adults is lower than 120/80 mmHg. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> is blood pressure that's lower than 90/60 mmHg.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> doesn't stay the same all the time. It lowers as you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and rises when you wake up. Blood pressure also rises when you're excited, nervous, or active.</p><p>Your body is very sensitive to changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. For example, if you stand up quickly, your blood pressure may drop for a short time. Your body adjusts your blood pressure to make sure enough blood and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> are flowing to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Most forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> happen because your body can't bring <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> back to normal or can't do it fast enough.</p><p>Some people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> all the time. They have no signs or symptoms, and their low blood pressure is normal for them.</p><p>In other people, certain conditions or factors cause abnormally <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>. As a result, less blood and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> flow to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>For the most part, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> is a medical concern only if it causes signs or symptoms or is linked to a serious condition, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Signs and symptoms of hypotension may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, cold and sweaty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), blurred vision, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>).</p><p>In extreme cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> can lead to shock.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d1e81"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>In a healthy person, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> without signs or symptoms usually isn't a problem and needs no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. If it causes signs or symptoms, your doctor will try to find and treat the condition that's causing it.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> can be dangerous. It can make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>. Shock, a severe form of hypotension, is a condition that's often fatal if not treated right away. With prompt and proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, shock can be successfully treated.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Hypotension</h2><p>There are several types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. People who always have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023542" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asymptomatic</a> hypotension. They usually have no signs or symptoms and need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Their low blood pressure is normal for them.</p><p>Other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> occur if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> suddenly drops too low. The signs and symptoms range from mild to severe.</p><p>The three main types of this kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> (OR-tho-STAT-ik) hypotension, neurally mediated hypotension, and severe hypotension linked to shock.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d3e40"><h3>Orthostatic Hypotension</h3><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> occurs when standing up from a sitting or lying down position. You may feel dizzy or light-headed, or you may even <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> occurs if your body isn't able to adjust <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and blood flow fast enough for the change in position. The drop in blood pressure usually lasts only for a few seconds or minutes after you stand up. You may need to sit or lie down for a short time while your blood pressure returns to normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> can occur in all age groups. However, it's more common in older adults, especially those who are frail or in poor health. This type of hypotension can be a symptom of another medical condition. Thus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> often focuses on treating underlying conditions.</p><p>Some people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, but also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> when lying down.</p><p>A form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> called postprandial hypotension is a sudden drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> after a meal. This type of hypotension mostly affects older adults. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">central nervous system</a> disorder, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, also are at increased risk for postprandial hypotension.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Neurally Mediated Hypotension</h3><p>With neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (NMH), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> drops after you've been standing for a long time. You may feel dizzy, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>, or sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> as a result. NMH also can occur as the result of an unpleasant, upsetting, or scary situation.</p><p>NMH affects children and young adults more often than people in other age groups. Children often outgrow NMH.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d3e72"><h3>Severe Hypotension Linked to Shock</h3><p>Shock is a life-threatening condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> drops so low that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> can't get enough blood to work well. Blood pressure drops much lower in shock than in other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>.</p><p>Many factors can cause shock. Examples include major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, certain severe infections, severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reactions</a>, and poisoning. Shock can be fatal if it's not treated right away.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Hypotension</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Low blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Neurogenic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postprandial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shock</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Hypotension?</h2><p>Conditions or factors that disrupt the body's ability to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. The different types of hypotension have different causes.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Orthostatic Hypotension</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> has many causes. Sometimes two or more factors combine to cause this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>.</p><p>Dehydration (de-hi-DRA-shun) is the most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. Dehydration occurs if the body loses more water than it takes in.</p><p>You may become dehydrated if you don't drink enough fluids or if you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sweat</a> a lot during physical activity. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a> also can cause dehydration.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> also may occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, but it usually goes away after birth.</p><p>Because an older body doesn't manage changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> as well as a younger body, getting older also can lead to this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>.</p><p>Postprandial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> hypotension) mostly affects older adults. Postprandial hypotension is a sudden drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> after a meal.</p><p>Certain medical conditions can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">heart valve disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">bradycardia</a> (a very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. These conditions prevent the heart from pumping enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022071" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Endocrine</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a>, Addison's disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Central nervous system</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary embolism</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Some medicines for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. These medicines include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a>, also called "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>"</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Calcium channel blockers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025466" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiotensin</a>-converting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> (ACE) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025474" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiotensin II receptor</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nitrates</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a></div></li></ul><p>Medicines for conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, erectile dysfunction, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">central nervous system</a> disorders also can increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>.</p><p>Other substances, when taken with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> medicines, also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. These substances include alcohol, barbiturates, and some prescription and over-the-counter medicines.</p><p>Finally, other factors or conditions that can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> include being out in the heat or being immobile for a long time. "Immobile" means you can't move around very much.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d5e132"><h3>Neurally Mediated Hypotension</h3><p>Neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (NMH) occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> don't communicate with each other properly.</p><p>For example, when you stand for a long time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> begins to pool in your legs. This causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to drop. In NMH, the body mistakenly tells the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that blood pressure is high. In response, the brain slows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>. This makes blood pressure drop even more, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a> and other symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d5e142"><h3>Severe Hypotension Linked to Shock</h3><p>Many factors and conditions can cause severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> linked to shock. Some of these factors also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> hypotension. In shock, though, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> drops very low and doesn't return to normal on its own.</p><p>Shock is an emergency and must be treated right away. If a person has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063034/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms of shock</a>, call 9–1–1.</p><p>Some severe infections can cause shock. This is known as septic shock. It can occur if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> enter the bloodstream. The bacteria release a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxin</a> (poison) that leads to a dangerous drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>A severe loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or fluids from the body also can cause shock. This is known as hypovolemic (HI-po-vo-LE-mik) shock. Hypovolemic shock can happen as a result of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Major external <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (for example, from a severe cut or injury)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Major internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (for example, from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> or injury that causes bleeding inside the body)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Major loss of body fluids from severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe swelling of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that produces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Overuse of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a></div></li></ul><p>A major decrease in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s ability to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also can cause shock. This is known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-shock/">cardiogenic (KAR-de-o-JEN-ik) shock</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a>, or an ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah) that disrupts heart function can cause this type of shock.</p><p>A sudden and extreme relaxation of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> linked to a drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> also can cause shock. This is known as vasodilatory (VA-so-DI-la-tory) shock. It can occur due to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024859" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">head injury</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A reaction to certain medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> failure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poisoning</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reaction</a> (called anaphylactic (AN-a-fi-LAK-tik) shock)</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Hypotension?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> can affect people of all ages. However, people in certain age groups are more likely to have certain types of hypotension.</p><p>Older adults are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> and postprandial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. Children and young adults are more likely to have neurally mediated hypotension.</p><p>People who take certain medicines—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a> ("<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>") or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> medicines—are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. Certain conditions also increase the risk for hypotension. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">central nervous system</a> disorders (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease) and some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions.</p><p>Other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> include being immobile (not being able to move around very much) for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, being out in the heat for a long time, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. Hypotension during pregnancy is normal and usually goes away after birth.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Hypotension?</h2><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d7e28"><h3>Orthostatic Hypotension and Neurally Mediated Hypotension</h3><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> and neurally mediated hypotension (NMH) are similar. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a> or light-headedness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Blurry vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weakness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (feeling tired)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> may happen within a few seconds or minutes of standing up after you've been sitting or lying down.</p><p>You may feel that you're going to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>, or you may actually faint. These signs and symptoms go away if you sit or lie down for a few minutes until your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> adjusts to normal.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of NMH occur after standing for a long time or in response to an unpleasant, upsetting, or scary situation. The drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> with NMH doesn't last long and often goes away after sitting down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d7e66"><h3>Severe Hypotension Linked to Shock</h3><p>In shock, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> flow to the body's major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. The early signs and symptoms of reduced blood flow to the brain include light-headedness, sleepiness, and confusion.</p><p>In the earliest stages of shock, it may be hard to detect any signs or symptoms. In older people, the first symptom may only be confusion.</p><p>Over time, as shock worsens, a person won't be able to sit up without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">passing out</a>. If the shock continues, the person will lose consciousness. Shock often is fatal if not treated right away.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of shock vary, depending on what's causing the shock. When low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> volume (from major blood loss, for example) or poor pumping action in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> (from <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, for example) causes shock:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> becomes cold and sweaty. It often looks blue or pale. If pressed, the color returns to normal more slowly than usual. A bluish network of lines appears under the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> becomes weak and rapid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The person begins to breathe very quickly.</div></li></ul><p>When extreme relaxation of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> causes shock (such as in vasodilatory shock), a person feels warm and flushed at first. Later, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> becomes cold and sweaty, and the person feels very sleepy.</p><p>Shock is an emergency and must be treated right away. If a person has signs or symptoms of shock, call 9–1–1.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hypotension Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hypotension</a> is diagnosed based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. Your doctor will want to know:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> you have and how severe it is</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether an underlying condition is causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A primary care doctor or specialist may diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. The type of specialist most commonly involved is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist).</p><p>Other specialists also may be involved, such as surgeons, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022164" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nephrologists</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> specialists), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022774" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurologists</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> specialists).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Shock is a life-threatening condition that requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. For other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, your doctor may recommend tests to find out how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> responds in certain situations.</p><p>The test results will help your doctor understand why you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or having other symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e61"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a>, a small amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is taken from your body. It's usually drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> using a needle. The procedure is quick and easy, although it may cause some short-term discomfort.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood sugar</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e77"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple test that detects and records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. It shows how fast your heart is beating and whether its rhythm is steady or irregular. An EKG also shows the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of your heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e86"><h4>Holter and Event Monitors</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter and event monitors</a> are medical devices that record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. These monitors are similar to an EKG. However, a standard EKG only records your heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect heart rhythm problems that don't occur during the test.</p><p>Holter and event monitors are small, portable devices. You can wear one while you do your normal daily activities. This allows the monitor to record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for longer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> than a standard EKG.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e98"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The picture shows how well your heart is working and its size and shape.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. This test is done as part of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> (see below). Stress echo usually is done to find out whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (or are given medicine if you're unable to exercise) to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done.</p><p>These tests may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-nscan/">nuclear heart scanning</a>, echo, and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e128"><h4>Valsalva Maneuver</h4><p>This is a simple test for the part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a> that controls functions such as your heartbeat and the narrowing and widening of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. If something goes wrong with this part of the nervous system, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> problems may occur.</p><p>During this test, you take a deep breath and then force the air out through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>. You will do this several times. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> will be checked during the test.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec3-d8e137"><h4>Tilt Table Test</h4><p>This test is used if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> spells for no known reason. For the test, you lie on a table that moves from a lying down to an upright position. Your doctor checks your reaction to the change in position.</p><p>Doctors use a tilt table test to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> and neurally mediated hypotension (NMH). People who have NMH usually <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> during this test. The test can help your doctor find any underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> condition.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Hypotension Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> depends on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> you have and the severity of your signs and symptoms. The goal of treatment is to bring <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> back to normal to relieve signs and symptoms. Another goal is to manage any underlying condition causing the hypotension.</p><p>Your response to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> depends on your age, overall health, and strength. It also depends on how easily you can stop, start, or change medicines.</p><p>In a healthy person, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a> without signs or symptoms usually isn't a problem and needs no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063034/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, you should sit or lie down right away. Put your feet above the level of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. If your signs or symptoms don't go away quickly, you should seek medical care.</p><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d9e44"><h3>Orthostatic Hypotension</h3><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. If you have this condition, your doctor may advise making lifestyle changes, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or sports drinks that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> like sodium and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking little or no alcohol.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Standing up slowly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Not crossing your legs while sitting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slowly increasing the amount of time you sit up if you've been immobile for a long time because of a medical condition. The term "immobile" refers to not being able to move around very much.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eating small, low-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbohydrate</a> meals if you have postprandial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (a form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> hypotension).</div></li></ul><p>Talk with your doctor about using compression stockings. These stockings apply pressure to your lower legs. The pressure helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> throughout your body.</p><p>If medicine is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>, your doctor may change the medicine or adjust the dose you take.</p><p>Several medicines are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. These medicines, which raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010328" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fludrocortisone</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">midodrine</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d9e82"><h3>Neurally Mediated Hypotension</h3><p>If you have neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> (NMH), you may need to make lifestyle changes. These may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding situations that trigger symptoms, such as standing for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. Unpleasant, upsetting, or scary situations also can trigger symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drinking plenty of fluids, such as water or sports drinks that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> like sodium and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increasing your salt intake (as your doctor advises).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learning to recognize symptoms that occur before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> and taking action to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. For example, sitting down and putting your head between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a> or lying down can help raise blood pressure.</div></li></ul><p>If medicine is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, your doctor may change the medicine or adjust the dose you take. He or she also may prescribe medicine to treat NMH.</p><p>Children who have NHM often outgrow it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-hyp-sec2-d9e109"><h3>Severe Hypotension Linked to Shock</h3><p>Shock is a life-threatening emergency. People who have shock need prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> from medical personnel. If a person has signs or symptoms of shock, call 9–1–1 right away.</p><p>The goals of treating shock are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> as quickly as possible to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find and reverse the cause of shock</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> or special fluids are put into the bloodstream to restore blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Medicines can help raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> or make the heartbeat stronger. Depending on the cause of the shock, other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>—such as antibiotics or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>—may be needed.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Hypotension</h2><p>Doctors can successfully treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. Many people who had the condition and were successfully treated live normal, healthy lives.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, you can take steps to prevent or limit symptoms, such as dizzy spells and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">orthostatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, get up slowly after sitting or lying down, or move your legs before changing your position. Eat small, low-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbohydrate</a> meals if you have postprandial hypotension (a form of orthostatic hypotension).</p><p>If you have neurally mediated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>, try not to stand for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. If you do have to stand for a long time, move around and wear compression stockings. These stockings apply pressure to your lower legs. The pressure helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> throughout your body.</p><p>Drink plenty of fluids, such as water or sports drinks that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> like sodium and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>. Also, try to avoid unpleasant, upsetting, or scary situations. Learn to recognize symptoms and take action to raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Children who have NMH often outgrow it.</p><p>Other lifestyle changes also can help you control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a>. For more information, talk with your doctor and go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063034/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Hypotension Treated?"</a> </p><p>Ask your doctor about learning how to measure your own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. This will help you find out what a normal blood pressure reading is for you. Keeping a record of blood pressure readings done by health providers also can help you learn more about your blood pressure.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypotension</a> linked to shock is an emergency. Shock can lead to death if it's not treated right away. If you see someone having signs or symptoms of shock, call 9–1–1.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of shock include light-headedness, sleepiness, and confusion. Over time, as shock worsens, a person won't be able to sit up without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">passing out</a>. If the shock continues, the person can lose consciousness.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of shock |
June 11, 2014. | { "48": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 48, "category_1.id": 7, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "h" } } |
49 | 2018-02-02 05:16:48 | Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ipf-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> (PULL-mun-ary fi-BRO-sis) is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> becomes thick and stiff, or scarred, over time. The formation of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> tissue is called fibrosis.</p><p>As the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> thickens, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can't properly move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into your bloodstream. As a result, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> don't get the oxygen they need. (For more information, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">"How the Lungs Work"</a> section of this article.)</p><p>Sometimes doctors can find out what's causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a>. But in most cases, they can't find a cause. They call these cases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> fibrosis (IPF).</p><p>IPF is a serious disease that usually affects middle-aged and older adults. IPF varies from person to person. In some people, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> happens quickly. In others, the process is much slower. In some people, the disease stays the same for years.</p><p>IPF has no cure yet. Many people live only about 3 to 5 years after diagnosis. The most common cause of death related to IPF is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a>. Other causes of death include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> (HI-per-TEN-shun), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (EM-bo-lizm), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</p><p>Genetics may play a role in causing IPF. If more than one member of your family has IPF, the disease is called familial IPF.</p><p>Research has helped doctors learn more about IPF. As a result, they can more quickly diagnose the disease now than in the past. Also, researchers are studying several medicines that may slow the progress of IPF. These efforts may improve the lifespan and quality of life for people who have the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-lungworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-lungworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Lungs Work</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF), it helps to understand how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> work. The air that you breathe in through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> travels down through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>) into two tubes in your lungs called bronchial (BRONG-ke-al) tubes or airways.</p><p>The airways are shaped like an upside-down tree with many branches. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> is the trunk. It splits into two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchi</a>. Thinner tubes called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022180" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchioles</a> branch out from the bronchi.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022180" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchioles</a> end in tiny air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>). These air sacs have very thin walls, and small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> run through them. There are about 300 million alveoli in a normal lung.</p><p>When the air that you've just breathed in reaches these air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>. At the same time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> then flows into larger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, which carry it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Your heart pumps the oxygen-rich blood to all your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. These organs can't function without an ongoing supply of oxygen.</p><p>The animation below shows how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> work. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="fighowlungswork" co-legend-rid="figlgndhowlungswork"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/howlungswork/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobhowlungswork"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndhowlungswork"><h4 id="howlungswork"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/howlungswork/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobhowlungswork">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how the lungs inhale oxygen and transfer it to the blood. It also shows how carbon dioxide (a waste product) is removed from the blood and exhaled. </p></div></div><p>In IPF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> begins in the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls and the spaces around them. The scarring makes the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> thicker. This makes it harder for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to pass through the air sac walls into the bloodstream.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e64" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e64"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d3e64/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e64" rid-ob="figobd3e64"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/bin/ipf.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/bin/ipf.jpg" alt="Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e64"><h4 id="d3e64"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d3e64/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e64">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis. Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. The inset image shows a detailed view of the lung's airways and air sacs in cross-section. Figure B shows fibrosis (scarring) in the lungs. The inset image <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d3e64/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e64">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>For more information about lung function, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">How the Lungs Work</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> diffuse <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> of unknown cause</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cryptogenic fibrosing alveolitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> pneumonitis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diffuse fibrosing alveolitis</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?</h2><p>Sometimes doctors can find out what is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> (lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>). For example, exposure to environmental pollutants and certain medicines can cause the disease.</p><p>Environmental pollutants include inorganic dust (silica and hard metal dusts) and organic dust (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> and animal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>). </p><p>Medicines that are known to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> in some people include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nitrofurantoin</a> (an antibiotic), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000087" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amiodarone</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> medicine), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001158" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">methotrexate</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009311" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleomycin</a> (both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> medicines), and many other medicines.</p><p>In most cases, however, the cause of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> isn’t known. These cases are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF). With IPF, doctors think that something inside or outside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> attacks them again and again over time.</p><p>These attacks injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside and between the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. This makes it harder for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to pass through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the bloodstream.</p><p>The following factors may increase your risk of IPF:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cigarette smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viral infections</a>, including Epstein-Barr virus (which causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024460" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mononucleosis</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025770" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza A virus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022399" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis C</a> virus, HIV, and herpes virus 6</div></li></ul><p>Genetics also may play a role in causing IPF. Some families have at least two members who have IPF.</p><p>Researchers have found that 9 out of 10 people who have IPF also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD). GERD is a condition in which acid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> backs up into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>Some people who have GERD may regularly breathe in tiny drops of acid from their stomachs. The acid can injure their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and lead to IPF. More research is needed to confirm this theory.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF) develop over time. They may not even begin to appear until the disease has done serious damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Once they occur, they're likely to get worse over time.</p><p>The most common signs and symptoms are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. This usually is the main symptom of IPF. At first, you may be short of breath only during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>. Over time, you'll likely feel breathless even at rest.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A dry, hacking <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> that doesn't get better. Over time, you may have repeated bouts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> that you can't control.</div></li></ul><p>Other signs and symptoms that you may develop over time include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid, shallow breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gradual, unintended weight loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malaise</a> (a general feeling of being unwell)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aching <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clubbing, which is the widening and rounding of the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd6e71" co-legend-rid="figlgndd6e71"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d6e71/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd6e71" rid-ob="figobd6e71"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/bin/ipf_clubbedfingers.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/bin/ipf_clubbedfingers.jpg" alt="Clubbing."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd6e71"><h4 id="d6e71"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062984/figure/d6e71/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd6e71">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Clubbing. The illustration shows clubbing of the fingertips associated with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. </p></div></div><p>IPF may lead to other medical problems, including a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>, lung infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</p><p>As the disease worsens, you may develop other potentially life-threatening conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF) causes the same kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> and symptoms as some other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. This makes it hard to diagnose.</p><p>Seeking medical help as soon as you have symptoms is important. If possible, seek care from a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating lung problems.</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose IPF based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. Tests can help rule out other causes of your symptoms and show how badly your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are damaged.</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your age</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your history of smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Things in the air at your job or elsewhere that could irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your hobbies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your history of legal and illegal drug use</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other medical conditions that you have</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your family's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long you've had symptoms</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d7e72"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>No single test can diagnose IPF. Your doctor may recommend several of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e78"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates a picture of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show shadows that suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. However, many people who have IPF have normal chest x rays at the time they're diagnosed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e88"><h4>High-Resolution Computed Tomography</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/#nhlbisec-types">high-resolution computed tomography scan</a>, or HRCT scan, is an x ray that provides sharper and more detailed pictures than a standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray.</p><p>HRCT can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> and how much lung damage you have. This test can help your doctor spot IPF at an early stage or rule it out. HRCT also can help your doctor decide how likely you are to respond to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may suggest a breathing test called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/#nhlbisec-types">spirometry</a> (spi-ROM-eh-tree) to find out how much lung damage you have. This test measures how much air you can blow out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> after taking a deep breath. Spirometry also measures how fast you can breathe the air out.</p><p>If you have a lot of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>, you won't be able to breathe out a normal amount of air.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e113"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p>For this test, your doctor attaches a small sensor to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e119"><h4>Arterial Blood Gas Test</h4><p>For this test, your doctor takes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. The sample is sent to a laboratory, where its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels are measured.</p><p>This test is more accurate than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> oximetry. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample also can be tested to see whether an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is causing your symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e128"><h4>Skin Test for Tuberculosis</h4><p>For this test, your doctor injects a substance under the top layer of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>. This substance reacts to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a> (TB). If you have a positive reaction, a small hard lump will develop at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> site 48 to 72 hours after the test. This test is done to rule out TB.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e135"><h4>Exercise Testing</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> testing shows how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in and out of your bloodstream when you're active. During this test, you walk or pedal on an exercise machine for a few minutes.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> cuff checks your blood pressure, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> oximeter shows how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your blood.</p><p>Your doctor may place a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (a flexible tube) in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> to draw <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> samples. These samples will provide a more precise measure of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels in your blood.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask you to breathe into a tube that measures <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d7e154"><h4>Lung Biopsy</h4><p>For a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, your doctor will take samples of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from several places in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The samples are examined under a microscope. A lung biopsy is the best way for your doctor to diagnose IPF.</p><p>This procedure can help your doctor rule out other conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DO-sis), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> also can show your doctor how far your disease has advanced.</p><p>Doctors use several procedures to get lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples.</p><p>Video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (thor-ah-KOS-ko-pee). This is the most common procedure used to get lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. Your doctor inserts a small tube with an attached light and camera into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> through small cuts between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. The tube is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a> provides a video image of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and allows your doctor to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. This procedure must be done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee). For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a>, your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into your airways. At the tube's tip are a light and mini-camera. They allow your doctor to see your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> and airways.</p><p>Your doctor then inserts a forceps through the tube to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. You'll be given medicine to help you relax during the procedure.</p><p>Bronchoalveolar lavage (BRONG-ko-al-VE-o-lar lah-VAHZH). During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchoscopy</a>, your doctor may inject a small amount of salt water (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030277" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saline</a>) through the tube into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This fluid washes the lungs and helps bring up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> from the area around the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These cells are examined under a microscope.</p><p>Thoracotomy (thor-ah-KOT-o-me). For this procedure, your doctor removes a few small pieces of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a cut in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. Thoracotomy is done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis Treated?</h2><p>Doctors may prescribe medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (PR), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF).</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Currently, no medicines are proven to slow the progression of IPF.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prednisone</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">azathioprine</a> (A-zah-THI-o-preen), and N-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000022" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetylcysteine</a> (a-SEH-til-SIS-tee-in) have been used to treat IPF, either alone or in combination. However, experts have not found enough evidence to support their use.</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d8e50"><h4>Prednisone</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prednisone</a> is an anti-inflammatory medicine. You usually take it by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> every day. However, your doctor may give it to you through a needle or tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> for several days. After that, you usually take it by mouth.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> can cause serious side effects, your doctor may prescribe it for 3 to 6 months or less at first. Then, if it works for you, your doctor may reduce the dose over time and keep you on it longer.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d8e59"><h4>Azathioprine</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Azathioprine</a> suppresses your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. You usually take it by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> every day. Because it can cause serious side effects, your doctor may prescribe it with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> for only 3 to 6 months.</p><p>If you don't have serious side effects and the medicines seem to help you, your doctor may keep you on them longer.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d8e69"><h4>N-acetylcysteine</h4><p>N-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000022" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetylcysteine</a> is an antioxidant that may help prevent lung damage. You usually take it by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> several times a day.</p><p>A common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for IPF is a combination of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">azathioprine</a>, and N-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000022" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetylcysteine</a>. However, this treatment was recently found harmful in a study funded by the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI).</p><p>If you have IPF and take this combination of medicines, talk with your doctor. Do not stop taking the medicines on your own.</p><p>The NHLBI currently supports research to compare N-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000022" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetylcysteine</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with placebo treatment (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> pills) in patients who have IPF.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec3-d8e84"><h4>New Medicines Being Studied</h4><p>Researchers, like those in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis</a> Network, are studying new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for IPF. With the support and guidance of the NHLBI, these researchers continue to look for new IPF treatments and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>.</p><p>Some of these researchers are studying medicines that may reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> caused by IPF.</p><p>If you're interested in joining a research study, talk with your doctor. For more information about ongoing research, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">"Clinical Trials"</a> section of this article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e100"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that may help people who have IPF include the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Flu</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccines may help prevent infections and keep you healthy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cough</a> medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">codeine</a> may relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin</a> D, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>-building medicine may help prevent bone loss if you're taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> or another corticosteroid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Anti-reflux <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> may help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028105" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroesophageal reflux disease</a> (GERD). Most people who have IPF also have GERD.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e128"><h3>Oxygen Therapy</h3><p>If the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> gets low, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>. Oxygen therapy can help reduce shortness of breath and allow you to be more active.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> usually is given through nasal prongs or a mask. At first, you may need it only during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. As your disease worsens, you may need it all the time.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen Therapy</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e143"><h3>Pulmonary Rehabilitation</h3><p>PR is now a standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. PR is a broad program that helps improve the well-being of people who have breathing problems.</p><p>The program usually involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> by a team of specialists in a special clinic. The goal is to teach you how to manage your condition and function at your best.</p><p>PR doesn't replace medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. Instead, it's used with medical therapy and may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> training</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nutritional counseling</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Education on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or condition and how to manage it</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Energy-conserving techniques</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing strategies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Psychological counseling and/or group support</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">Pulmonary Rehabilitation</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d8e184"><h3>Lung Transplant</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> if your condition is quickly worsening or very severe. A lung transplant can improve your quality of life and help you live longer.</p><p>Some medical centers will consider patients older than 65 for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplants</a> if they have no other serious medical problems.</p><p>The major complications of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> are rejection and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. ("Rejection" refers to your body creating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a>.) You will have to take medicines for the rest of your life to reduce the risk of rejection.</p><p>Because the supply of donor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> is limited, talk with your doctor about a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> as soon as possible.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung Transplant</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis</h2><p>No cure is available for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF) yet. Your symptoms may get worse over time. As your symptoms worsen, you may not be able to do many of the things that you did before you had IPF.</p><p>However, lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d9e34"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you're still smoking, the most important thing you can do is quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. Ask family members and friends not to smoke in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of you or in your home, car, or workplace.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general tips on how to quit smoking.</p><p>Staying active can help with both your physical and mental health. Physical activity can help you maintain your strength and lung function and reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Try moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, such as walking or riding a stationary bike. Ask your doctor about using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> while exercising.</p><p>As your condition advances, use a wheelchair or motorized scooter, or stay busy with activities that aren't physical in nature.</p><p>You also should follow a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits and vegetables. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>Eating smaller, more frequent meals may relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> fullness, which can make it hard to breathe. If you need help with your diet, ask your doctor to arrange for a dietitian to work with you.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Getting plenty of rest can increase your energy and help you deal with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> of living with a serious condition like IPF.</p><p>Try to maintain a positive attitude; relaxation techniques may help you do this. These techniques also may help you avoid excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> intake caused by tension or overworked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.</p><p>Avoid situations that can make your symptoms worse. For example, avoid traveling by air or living at or traveling to high altitudes where the air is thin and the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d9e90"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have IPF, you will need ongoing medical care. If possible, seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> from a doctor who specializes in IPF. These specialists often are located at major medical centers.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may relieve your symptoms and even slow or stop the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>). Follow your treatment plan as your doctor advises. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take your medicines as your doctor prescribes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make any changes in diet or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> that your doctor recommends</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep all of your appointments with your doctor</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enroll in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> </div></li></ul><p>As your condition worsens, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> full time. Some people who have IPF carry portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> when they go out.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ipf-sec2-d9e123"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with IPF may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with IPF. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent and treat these diseases.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022934" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis</a> (IPF). The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, NHLBI-supported research on IPF includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_r |
June 11, 2014. | { "49": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 49, "category_1.id": 8, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "i" } } |
50 | 2018-02-02 05:17:06 | Immune Thrombocytopenia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-itp-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Immune Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune thrombocytopenia</a> (THROM-bo-si-toe-PE-ne-ah), or ITP, is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder. In ITP, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn't clot as it should. This is due to a low number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytes</a> (THROM-bo-sites).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> along with other kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. They stick together (clot) to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d1e46"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur inside the body (internal bleeding) or underneath or from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> (external bleeding).</p><p>People who have ITP often have purple bruises called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (PURR-purr-ah). These bruises appear on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (for example, in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> from small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> under the skin causes purpura.</p><p>People who have ITP also may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that causes tiny red or purple dots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These pinpoint-sized dots are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (peh-TEE-kee-ay). Petechiae may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e62" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062960/figure/d1e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e62" rid-ob="figobd1e62"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062960/bin/itp_photo.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062960/bin/itp_photo.jpg" alt="Purpura and Petechiae."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e62"><h4 id="d1e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062960/figure/d1e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e62">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Purpura and Petechiae. The photograph shows purpura (bruises) and petechiae (red and purple dots) on the skin. Bleeding under the skin causes the purple, brown, and red color of the purpura and petechiae. </p></div></div><p>People who have ITP also may have nosebleeds, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> during dental work, or other bleeding that's hard to stop. Women who have ITP may have menstrual bleeding that's heavier than normal.</p><p>A lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can cause hematomas (he-mah-TO-mas). A hematoma is a collection of clotted or partially clotted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. It looks or feels like a lump.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> as a result of ITP is very rare, but can be life threatening if it occurs.</p><p>In most cases, an autoimmune response is thought to cause ITP. Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> helps your body fight off infections and diseases. But if you have ITP, your immune system attacks and destroys its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The reason why this happens isn't known.</p><p>ITP can't be passed from one person to another.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d1e84"><h3>Types of Immune Thrombocytopenia</h3><p>The two types of ITP are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (temporary or short-term) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-lasting).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> ITP generally lasts less than 6 months. It mainly occurs in children—both boys and girls—and is the most common type of ITP. Acute ITP often occurs after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infection</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> ITP lasts 6 months or longer and mostly affects adults. However, some teenagers and children do get this type of ITP. Chronic ITP affects women two to three times more often than men.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> depends on the severity of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. In mild cases, treatment may not be needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d1e100"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>For most children and adults, ITP isn't a serious or life-threatening condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> ITP in children often goes away on its own within a few weeks or months and doesn't return. In 80 percent of children who have ITP, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count returns to normal within 6 to 12 months. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may not be needed.</p><p>For a small number of children, ITP doesn't go away on its own and may require further medical or surgical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> ITP varies from person to person and can last for many years. Even people who have severe forms of chronic ITP can live for decades. Most people who have chronic ITP can stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at some point and maintain a safe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Immune Thrombocytopenia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) thrombocytopenic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune thrombocytopenic purpura</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Immune Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p>In most cases, an autoimmune response is thought to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP).</p><p>Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> helps your body fight off infections and diseases. In ITP, however, your immune system attacks and destroys your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> by mistake. Why this happens isn't known.</p><p>In some people, ITP may be linked to viral or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infections</a>, such as HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022399" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis C</a>, or H. pylori.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) ITP often have had recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>. These infections may "trigger" or set off the immune reaction that leads to ITP.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Immune Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP) is a fairly common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder. Both children and adults can develop ITP.</p><p>Children usually have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) type of ITP. Acute ITP often develops after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infection</a>.</p><p>Adults tend to have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-lasting) type of ITP. Women are two to three times more likely than men to develop chronic ITP.</p><p>The number of cases of ITP is rising because routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> that can detect a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count are being done more often.</p><p>ITP can't be passed from one person to another.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Immune Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP) may not cause any signs or symptoms. However, ITP can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> inside the body (internal bleeding) or underneath or from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> (external bleeding). Signs of bleeding may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bruising or purplish areas on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (such as in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). These bruises are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a>. They're caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under the skin, and they may occur for no known reason.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pinpoint red spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a>. These spots often are found in groups and may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> under the skin causes petechiae.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A collection of clotted or partially clotted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> that looks or feels like a lump. This is called a hematoma.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nosebleeds or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> (for example, during dental work).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bowel movement</a>).</div></li></ul><p>Any kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that's hard to stop could be a sign of ITP. This includes menstrual bleeding that's heavier than normal. Bleeding in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is rare, and its symptoms may vary.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count doesn't directly cause pain, problems concentrating, or other symptoms. However, a low platelet count might be associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Immune Thrombocytopenia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will want to make sure that your low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count isn't due to another condition (such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>) or medicines you're taking (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>).</p><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and any other signs or symptoms you're having</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have illnesses that could lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count or cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines or any over-the-counter supplements or remedies you take that could cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. For example, your doctor may look for purplish areas on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> and pinpoint red spots on the skin. These are signs of bleeding under the skin.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>You'll likely have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. These tests usually include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a>. This test checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. In ITP, the red and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> counts are normal, but the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is low.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear. For this test, some of your blood is put on a slide. A microscope is used to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and other blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li></ul><p>You also may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> to check for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> show that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is low, your doctor may recommend more tests to confirm a diagnosis of ITP. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">bone marrow tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>If you're at risk for HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022399" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis C</a>, or H. pylori, your doctor may screen you for these infections, which might be linked to ITP.</p><p>Some people who have mild ITP have few or no signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. They may be diagnosed only if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> done for another reason shows that they have low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Immune Thrombocytopenia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP) is based on how much and how often you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p><p>Adults who have mild ITP may not need any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, other than watching their symptoms and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts. Adults who have ITP with very low platelet counts or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems often are treated.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) type of ITP that occurs in children often goes away within a few weeks or months. Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> symptoms, other than merely bruising (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a>), usually are treated.</p><p>Children who have mild ITP may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> other than monitoring and followup to make sure their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts return to normal.</p><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Medicines often are used as the first course of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for both children and adults.</p><p>Corticosteroids (cor-ti-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">co</a>-STEER-roids), such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, are commonly used to treat ITP. These medicines, called steroids for short, help increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. However, steroids have many side effects. Some people relapse (get worse) when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> ends.</p><p>The steroids used to treat ITP are different from the illegal steroids that some athletes take to enhance performance. Corticosteroids aren't habit-forming, even if you take them for many years.</p><p>Other medicines also are used to raise the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. Some are given through a needle inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. These medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rituximab</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>, and anti-Rh (D) immunoglobulin.</p><p>Medicines also may be used with a procedure to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">splenectomy</a> (splee-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">NECK</a>-tuh-mee).</p><p>If medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">splenectomy</a> don't help, two newer medicines—<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010088" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eltrombopag</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">romiplostim</a>—can be used to treat ITP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d8e63"><h3>Removal of the Spleen (Splenectomy)</h3><p>If needed, doctors can surgically remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> is located in the upper left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. The spleen is about the size of a golf ball in children and a baseball in adults.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that help fight infections. In ITP, these antibodies destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> by mistake.</p><p>If ITP hasn't responded to medicines, removing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> will reduce the destruction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. However, it also may raise your risk for infections. Before you have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may give you vaccines to help prevent infections.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is removed, your doctor will explain what steps you can take to help avoid infections and what symptoms to watch for.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d8e79"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec3-d8e82"><h4>Platelet Transfusions</h4><p>Some people who have ITP with severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> may need to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a> and be hospitalized. Some people will need platelet transfusions before having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a>, donor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> bank are injected into the recipient's bloodstream. This increases the platelet count for a short time.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec3-d8e97"><h4>Treating Infections</h4><p>Some infections can briefly lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. Treating the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> may help increase your platelet count and reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec3-d8e104"><h4>Stopping Medicines</h4><p>Some medicines can lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count or cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Stopping the medicine can sometimes help raise your platelet count or prevent bleeding.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> are common medicines that increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. If you have ITP, your doctor may suggest that you avoid these medicines.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Immune Thrombocytopenia Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP), but you can prevent its complications.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your doctor about which medicines are safe for you. Your doctor may advise you to avoid medicines that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Examples of such medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Protect yourself from injuries that can cause bruising or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away if you develop any infections. Report any symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, to your doctor. This is very important for people who have ITP and have had their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> removed.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Immune Thrombocytopenia</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP), you can take steps to prevent complications. Lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Try to avoid injuries, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024859" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">head injuries</a>, that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. For example, don't take part in contact sports, such as boxing, football, or karate. Other sports, such as skiing or horseback riding, also put you at risk for injuries that can cause bleeding.</p><p>Some safe activities are swimming, biking (with a helmet), and walking. Ask your doctor about physical activities that are safe for you.</p><p>Take precautions such as regular use of seatbelts and wearing gloves while working with knives and other tools.</p><p>If your child has ITP, ask his or her doctor whether you need to restrict your child's activities.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d10e47"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>You may want to find a doctor who is familiar with treating people who have ITP. For example, hematologists are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders. Discuss with your doctor how to manage ITP and when to seek medical care.</p><p>Talk with your doctor before taking prescription medicines or over-the-counter medicines, supplements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, or herbal remedies. Some medicines and supplements can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and increase your chance of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Common examples are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>. Your doctor may advise you to avoid these medicines.</p><p>Watch for symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, and report them to your doctor promptly. If you've had your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> removed, you may be more likely to become ill from certain infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-itp-sec2-d10e60"><h3>Immune Thrombocytopenia in Pregnancy</h3><p>In women who are pregnant and have ITP, the ITP usually doesn't affect the baby. However, some babies may be born with or develop low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts soon after birth.</p><p>The babies' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts almost always return to normal without any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Treatment can speed up recovery in the babies whose platelet counts are very low.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for ITP during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> depends on a woman's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. If treatment is needed, the doctor will take a close look at the possible effects of the treatment on the unborn baby.</p><p>Women who have mild cases of ITP usually can go through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Pregnant women who have very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts or a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> are more likely to have heavy bleeding during delivery or afterward. To prevent heavy bleeding, these women usually are treated.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune thrombocytopenia</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-itp-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Immune Thrombocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Immune Thrombocytopenia</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Immune Thrombocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Immune Thrombocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Immune Thrombocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Immune Thrombocytopenia Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Immune Thrombocytopenia Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Immune Thrombocytopenia Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Immune Thrombocytopenia</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "50": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 50, "category_1.id": 8, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "i" } } |
51 | 2018-02-02 05:17:24 | Insomnia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-inso-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Insomnia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> (in-SOM-ne-ah) is a common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a>. People who have insomnia have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep, staying asleep, or both. As a result, they may get too little sleep or have poor-quality sleep. They may not feel refreshed when they wake up.</p><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d1e41"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing). Acute insomnia is common and often is brought on by situations such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> at work, family pressures, or a traumatic event. Acute insomnia lasts for days or weeks.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> lasts for a month or longer. Most cases of chronic insomnia are secondary, which means they are the symptom or side effect of some other problem. Certain medical conditions, medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>, and substances can cause secondary insomnia.</p><p>In contrast, primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> isn't due to medical problems, medicines, or other substances. It is its own distinct disorder, and its cause isn’t well understood. Many life changes can trigger primary insomnia, including long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and emotional upset.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> can cause daytime sleepiness and a lack of energy. It also can make you feel anxious, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or irritable. You may have trouble focusing on tasks, paying attention, learning, and remembering. These problems can prevent you from doing your best at work or school.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> also can cause other serious problems. For example, you may feel drowsy while driving, which could lead to an accident.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d1e60"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Treating the underlying cause of secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> may resolve or improve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problem, especially if you can correct the problem soon after it starts. For example, if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> is causing your insomnia, stopping or limiting your intake of the substance might make the insomnia go away.</p><p>Lifestyle changes, including better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits, often help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> insomnia, your doctor may recommend medicines or cognitive-behavioral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Insomnia?</h2><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Secondary Insomnia</h3><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> is the symptom or side effect of another problem. This type of insomnia often is a symptom of an emotional, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024541" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological</a>, or other medical or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a>.</p><p>Emotional disorders that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">posttraumatic stress disorder</a>. Alzheimer's disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease are examples of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological disorders</a> that can cause insomnia.</p><p>Many other disorders or factors also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) pain, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a> disorders</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions that make it hard to breathe, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gastrointestinal disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">Stroke</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rls/">restless legs syndrome</a> and sleep-related breathing problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Menopause</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023145" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hot flashes</a></div></li></ul><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> also can be a side effect of some medicines. For example, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001785" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">theophylline</a>, and some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> and cold medicines can cause insomnia. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> also can cause the condition. These medicines are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions.</p><p>Commonly used substances also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> and other stimulants, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> products, and alcohol and other sedatives.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d3e81"><h3>Primary Insomnia</h3><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> isn't a symptom or side effect of another medical condition. It is its own distinct disorder, and its cause isn’t well understood. Primary insomnia usually lasts for at least 1 month.</p><p>Many life changes can trigger primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. It may be due to major or long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or emotional upset. Travel or other factors, such as work schedules that disrupt your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> routine, also may trigger primary insomnia.</p><p>Even if these issues are resolved, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> may not go away. Trouble sleeping can persist because of habits formed to deal with the lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. These habits might include taking naps, worrying about sleep, and going to bed early.</p><p>Researchers continue to try to find out whether some people are born with an increased risk for primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Insomnia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> is a common disorder. It affects women more often than men. The disorder can occur at any age. However, older adults are more likely to have insomnia than younger people.</p><p>People who might be at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> include those who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a> or have other emotional distress, such as divorce or death of a spouse.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have lower incomes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Work at night or have frequent major shifts in their work hours.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Travel long distances with time changes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain medical conditions or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> that can disrupt sleep. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063022/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Insomnia?"</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have an inactive lifestyle.</div></li></ul><p>Young and middle-aged African Americans also might be at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Research shows that, compared with Caucasian Americans, it takes African Americans longer to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. They also have lighter <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, don't sleep as well, and take more naps. Sleep-related breathing problems also are more common among African Americans.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Insomnia?</h2><p>The main symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> is trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> or staying asleep, which leads to lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. If you have insomnia, you may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lie awake for a long time before you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> for only short <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be awake for much of the night</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel as if you haven't slept at all</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wake up too early</div></li></ul><p>The lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> can cause other symptoms. You may wake up feeling tired or not well-rested, and you may feel tired during the day. You also may have trouble focusing on tasks. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> can cause you to feel anxious, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or irritable.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insomnia</a> also can affect your daily activities and cause serious problems. For example, you may feel drowsy while driving. Driver sleepiness (not related to alcohol) is responsible for almost 20 percent of all serious car crash injuries. Research also shows that insomnia raises older women’s risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> is affecting your daily activities, talk with your doctor. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may help you avoid symptoms and problems related to the disorder. Also, poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> may be a sign of other health problems. Finding and treating those problems could improve your overall health and sleep.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Insomnia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will likely diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> histories and a physical exam. He or she also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">sleep study</a>. For example, you may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> if the cause of your insomnia is unclear.</p><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>To find out what's causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, your doctor may ask whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have any new or ongoing health problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have painful injuries or health conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take any medicines, either over-the-counter or prescription</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have symptoms or a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024802" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">psychosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are coping with highly stressful life events, such as divorce or death</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask questions about your work and leisure habits. For example, he or she may ask about your work and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> routines; your use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, and alcohol; and your long-distance travel history. Your answers can give clues about what's causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have any new or ongoing work or personal problems or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stresses</a> in your life. Also, he or she may ask whether you have other family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Sleep History</h3><p>To get a better sense of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problem, your doctor will ask you for details about your sleep habits. Before your visit, think about how to describe your problems, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often you have trouble sleeping and how long you've had the problem</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When you go to bed and get up on workdays and days off</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long it takes you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep, how often you wake up at night, and how long it takes to fall back asleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you snore loudly and often or wake up gasping or feeling out of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How refreshed you feel when you wake up, and how tired you feel during the day</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often you doze off or have trouble staying awake during routine tasks, especially driving</div></li></ul><p>To find out what's causing or worsening your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, your doctor also may ask you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you worry about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep, staying asleep, or getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What you eat or drink, and whether you take medicines before going to bed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What routine you follow before going to bed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What the noise level, lighting, and temperature are like where you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What distractions, such as a TV or computer, are in your bedroom</div></li></ul><p>To help your doctor, consider keeping a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary for 1 or 2 weeks. Write down when you go to sleep, wake up, and take naps. (For example, you might note: Went to bed at 10 a.m.; woke up at 3 a.m. and couldn't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> back asleep; napped after work for 2 hours.)</p><p>Also write down how much you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> each night, as well as how sleepy you feel throughout the day.</p><p>You can find a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d6e126"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to rule out other medical problems that might cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. You also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems or other conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d6e136"><h3>Sleep Study</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/#nhlbisec-types">polysomnogram</a> (PSG) if he or she thinks an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>.</p><p>You’ll likely stay overnight at a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> center for this study. The PSG records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>A PSG also records the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, how much air is moving through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> while you breathe, snoring, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> movements. The chest movements show whether you're making an effort to breathe.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Insomnia Treated?</h2><p>Lifestyle changes often can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. These changes might make it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and stay asleep.</p><p>A type of counseling called cognitive-behavioral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> (CBT) can help relieve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Anxiety tends to prolong insomnia.</p><p>Several medicines also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> and re-establish a regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> schedule. However, if your insomnia is the symptom or side effect of another problem, it's important to treat the underlying cause (if possible).</p><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, avoid substances that make it worse, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, and other stimulants. The effects of these substances can last as long as 8 hours.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain over-the-counter and prescription medicines that can disrupt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (for example, some cold and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines). Talk with your doctor about which medicines won't disrupt your sleep.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol. An alcoholic drink before bedtime might make it easier for you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. However, alcohol triggers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> that tends to be lighter than normal. This makes it more likely that you will wake up during the night.</div></li></ul><p>Try to adopt bedtime habits that make it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and stay asleep. Follow a routine that helps you wind down and relax before bed. For example, read a book, listen to soothing music, or take a hot bath.</p><p>Try to schedule your daily <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> at least 5 to 6 hours before going to bed. Don't eat heavy meals or drink a lot before bedtime.</p><p>Make your bedroom <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>-friendly. Avoid bright lighting while winding down. Try to limit possible distractions, such as a TV, computer, or pet. Make sure the temperature of your bedroom is cool and comfortable. Your bedroom also should be dark and quiet.</p><p>Go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> around the same time each night and wake up around the same time each morning, even on weekends. If you can, avoid night shifts, alternating schedules, or other things that may disrupt your sleep schedule.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d7e69"><h3>Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy</h3><p>CBT for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> targets the thoughts and actions that can disrupt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> encourages good sleep habits and uses several methods to relieve sleep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>.</p><p>For example, relaxation techniques and biofeedback are used to reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. These strategies help you better control your breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, and mood.</p><p>CBT also aims to replace <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> with more positive thinking that links being in bed with being asleep. This method also teaches you what to do if you're unable to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep within a reasonable time.</p><p>CBT also may involve talking with a therapist one-on-one or in group sessions to help you consider your thoughts and feelings about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This method may encourage you to describe thoughts racing through your mind in terms of how they look, feel, and sound. The goal is for your mind to settle down and stop racing.</p><p>CBT also focuses on limiting the time you spend in bed while awake. This method involves setting a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> schedule. At first, you will limit your total time in bed to the typical short length of time you're usually asleep.</p><p>This schedule might make you even more tired because some of the allotted time in bed will be taken up by problems <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep. However, the resulting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> is intended to help you get to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> more quickly. Over time, the length of time spent in bed is increased until you get a full night of sleep.</p><p>For success with CBT, you may need to see a therapist who is skilled in this approach weekly over 2 to 3 months. CBT works as well as prescription medicine for many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. It also may provide better long-term relief than medicine alone.</p><p>For people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">major depressive disorder</a>, CBT combined with antidepression medicines has shown promise in relieving both conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec2-d7e97"><h3>Medicines</h3><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Prescription Medicines</h4><p>Many prescription medicines are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Some are meant for short-term use, while others are meant for longer use.</p><p>Talk to your doctor about the benefits and side effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> medicines. For example, insomnia medicines can help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep, but you may feel groggy in the morning after taking them.</p><p>Rare side effects of these medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> eating, sleep walking, or driving while asleep. If you have side effects from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> medicine, or if it doesn't work well, tell your doctor. He or she might prescribe a different medicine.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a> medicines can be habit forming. Ask your doctor about the benefits and risks of insomnia medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-inso-sec3-d7e116"><h4>Over-the-Counter Products</h4><p>Some over-the-counter (OTC) products claim to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. These products include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">melatonin</a>, L-tryptophan supplements, and valerian teas or extracts.</p><p>The Food and Drug Administration doesn't regulate “natural” products and some food supplements. Thus, the dose and purity of these substances can vary. How well these products work and how safe they are isn't well understood.</p><p>Some OTC products that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antihistamines</a> are sold as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> aids. Although these products might make you sleepy, talk to your doctor before taking them.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antihistamines</a> pose risks for some people. Also, these products may not offer the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. Your doctor can advise you whether these products will benefit you.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> and ways to diagnose and treat these conditions.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>. For example, the NHLBI currently is involved in research comparing two nondrug, self-help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for insomnia.</p><p>The NHLBI also supports research that explores the factors that affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, how a lack of sleep increases certain health risks, and new ways to diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023585" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insomnia</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-inso-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Insomnia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Insomnia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Insomnia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Insomnia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Insomnia Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Insomnia Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "51": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 51, "category_1.id": 8, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "i" } } |
52 | 2018-02-02 05:17:43 | Iron-Deficiency Anemia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ida-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a common, easily treated condition that occurs if you don't have enough iron in your body. Low iron levels usually are due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from food.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d1e43"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Red blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> usually develops over time if your body doesn't have enough iron to build healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Without enough iron, your body starts using the iron it has stored. Soon, the stored iron gets used up.</p><p>After the stored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is gone, your body makes fewer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The red blood cells it does make have less <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> than normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and other symptoms. Severe iron-deficiency anemia can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, infections, problems with growth and development in children, and other complications.</p><p>Infants and young children and women are the two groups at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d1e68"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Doctors usually can successfully treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> will depend on the cause and severity of the condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include dietary changes, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Iron-Deficiency Anemia?</h2><p>Not having enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body causes iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Lack of iron usually is due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, poor diet, or an inability to absorb enough iron from food.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Blood Loss</h3><p>When you lose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, you lose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. If you don't have enough iron stored in your body to make up for the lost iron, you'll develop iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>In women, long or heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstrual periods</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024647" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibroids</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a> may cause low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss that occurs during childbirth is another cause of low iron levels in women.</p><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (bleeding inside the body) also may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss isn't always obvious, and it may occur slowly. Some causes of internal bleeding are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022748" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon polyp</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024241" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regular use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or other pain medicines, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011337" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">naproxen</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024569" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Urinary tract</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss from severe injuries, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or frequent blood drawings also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d3e59"><h3>Poor Diet</h3><p>The best sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> are meat, poultry, fish, and iron-fortified foods (foods that have iron added). If you don't eat these foods regularly, or if you don't take an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010785" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron supplement</a>, you're more likely to develop iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>Vegetarian diets can provide enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> if you eat the right foods. For example, good nonmeat sources of iron include iron-fortified breads and cereals, beans, tofu, dried fruits, and spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables.</p><p>During some stages of life, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and childhood, it may be hard to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your diet. This is because your need for iron increases during these times of growth and development.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d3e72"><h3>Inability To Absorb Enough Iron</h3><p>Even if you have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your diet, your body may not be able to absorb it. This can happen if you have intestinal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022204" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastric</a> bypass) or a disease of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestine</a> (such as Crohn's disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">celiac disease</a>).</p><p>Prescription medicines that reduce acid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> also can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> absorption.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Iron-Deficiency Anemia?</h2><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Infants and Young Children</h3><p>Infants and young children need a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> to grow and develop. The iron that full-term infants have stored in their bodies is used up in the first 4 to 6 months of life.</p><p>Premature and low-birth-weight babies (weighing less than 5.5 pounds) are at even greater risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. These babies don't have as much iron stored in their bodies as larger, full-term infants.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-fortified baby food or iron supplements, when used properly, can help prevent iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> in infants and young children. Talk with your child's doctor about your child's diet.</p><p>Young children who drink a lot of cow's milk may be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Milk is low in iron, and too much milk may take the place of iron-rich foods in the diet. Too much milk also may prevent children's bodies from absorbing iron from other foods.</p><p>Children who have lead in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also may be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Lead can interfere with the body's ability to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. Lead may get into the body from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> lead dust, eating lead in paint or soil, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029892" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">drinking water</a> that contains lead.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e47"><h3>Teens</h3><p>Teens are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> if they're underweight or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) illnesses. Teenage girls who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy periods</a> also are at increased risk for the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Women</h3><p>Women of childbearing age are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss during their monthly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. About 1 in 5 women of childbearing age has iron-deficiency anemia.</p><p>Pregnant women also are at higher risk for the condition because they need twice as much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> as usual. The extra iron is needed for increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> volume and for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>' growth.</p><p>About half of all pregnant women develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. The condition can increase a pregnant woman's risk for a premature or low-birth-weight baby.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e66"><h3>Adults Who Have Internal Bleeding</h3><p>Adults who have internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, such as intestinal bleeding, can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss. Certain conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024241" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon cancer</a> and bleeding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a>, can cause blood loss. Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, also can cause internal bleeding.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d4e72"><h3>Other At-Risk Groups</h3><p>People who get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. This is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is lost during dialysis. Also, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> are no longer able to make enough of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that the body needs to produce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022210" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastric bypass surgery</a> also may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. This type of surgery can prevent the body from absorbing enough iron.</p><p>Certain eating patterns or habits may put you at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. This can happen if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a diet that excludes meat and fish, which are the best sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. However, vegetarian diets can provide enough iron if you eat the right foods. For example, good nonmeat sources of iron include iron-fortified breads and cereals, beans, tofu, dried fruits, and spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eat poorly because of money, social, health, or other problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a very low-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> diet over a long time. Some higher fat foods, like meat, are the best sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a high-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a> diet. Large amounts of fiber can slow the absorption of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Iron-Deficiency Anemia?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> depend on its severity. Mild to moderate iron-deficiency anemia may have no signs or symptoms.</p><p>When signs and symptoms do occur, they can range from mild to severe. Many of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> apply to all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Anemia</h3><p>The most common symptom of all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). Fatigue occurs because your body doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to its many parts.</p><p>Also, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> your body makes have less <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> than normal. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in red blood cells. It helps red blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, weakness, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</p><p>If you don't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>-carrying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood through your body. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, an enlarged heart, or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>In infants and young children, signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> include poor appetite, slowed growth and development, and behavioral problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d5e65"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Iron Deficiency</h3><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> deficiency may include brittle nails, swelling or soreness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a>, cracks in the sides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, and frequent infections.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may have an unusual craving for nonfood items, such as ice, dirt, paint, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012213" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">starch</a>. This craving is called pica (PI-ka or PE-ka).</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rls/">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS). RLS is a disorder that causes a strong urge to move the legs. This urge to move often occurs with strange and unpleasant feelings in the legs. People who have RLS often have a hard time sleeping.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can put children at greater risk for lead poisoning and infections.</p><p>Some signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> are related to the condition's causes. For example, a sign of intestinal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the stools or black, tarry-looking stools.</p><p>Very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a>, long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, or other vaginal bleeding may suggest that a woman is at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Once your doctor knows the cause and severity of the condition, he or she can create a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan for you.</p><p>Mild to moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may have no signs or symptoms. Thus, you may not know you have it unless your doctor discovers it from a screening test or while checking for other problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors often diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. These doctors include pediatricians, family doctors, gynecologists/obstetricians, and internal medicine specialists.</p><p>A hematologist (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialist), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroenterologist</a> (a digestive system specialist), and other specialists also may help treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d6e47"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your signs and symptoms and any past problems you've had with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. He or she also may ask about your diet and whether you're taking any medicines.</p><p>If you're a woman, your doctor may ask whether you might be pregnant.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. He or she may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nail</a> beds to see whether they're pale</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for rapid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for rapid or uneven breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> to check the size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do a pelvic and rectal exam to check for internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d6e84"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Many tests and procedures are used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. They can help confirm a diagnosis, look for a cause, and find out how severe the condition is.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>This test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels varies in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, a blood disorder, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The results may be a clue as to the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency anemia, for example, red blood cells usually are smaller than normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d6e112"><h4>Other Blood Tests</h4><p>If the CBC results confirm you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to find out what's causing the condition, how severe it is, and the best way to treat it.</p><p>Reticulocyte count. This test measures the number of reticulocytes (re-TIK-u-lo-sites) in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Reticulocytes are young, immature <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Over time, reticulocytes become mature red blood cells that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> throughout your body.</p><p>A reticulocyte count shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> at the correct rate.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023155" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral</a> smear. For this test, a sample of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is examined under a microscope. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> will look smaller and paler than normal.</p><p>Tests to measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels. These tests can show how much iron has been used from your body's stored iron. Tests to measure iron levels include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serum <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. This test measures the amount of iron in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The level of iron in your blood may be normal even if the total amount of iron in your body is low. For this reason, other iron tests also are done.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Serum ferritin. Ferritin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps store <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your body. A measure of this protein helps your doctor find out how much of your body's stored iron has been used.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Transferrin level, or total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-binding capacity. Transferrin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries iron in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Total iron-binding capacity measures how much of the transferrin in your blood isn't carrying iron. If you have iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you'll have a high level of transferrin that has no iron.</div></li></ul><p>Other tests. Your doctor also may recommend tests to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> levels, especially your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>. You also may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> for a chemical called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocyte</a> protoporphyrin. This chemical is a building block for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p><p>Children also may be tested for the level of lead in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Lead can make it hard for the body to produce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d6e158"><h4>Tests and Procedures for Gastrointestinal Blood Loss</h4><p>To check whether internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your doctor may suggest a fecal occult <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>. This test looks for blood in the stools and can detect bleeding in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>.</p><p>If the test finds <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, you may have other tests and procedures to find the exact spot of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. These tests and procedures may look for bleeding in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>, upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon</a>, or pelvic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> will depend on its cause and severity. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include dietary changes and supplements, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may require a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a>, iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) iron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may need to be done in a hospital.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> are to treat its underlying cause and restore normal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, and iron.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Dietary Changes and Supplements</h3><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d7e44"><h4>Iron</h4><p>You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements to build up your iron levels as quickly as possible. Iron supplements can correct low iron levels within months. Supplements come in pill form or in drops for children.</p><p>Large amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> can be harmful, so take iron supplements only as your doctor prescribes. Keep iron supplements out of reach from children. This will prevent them from taking an overdose of iron.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> supplements can cause side effects, such as dark stools, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> irritation, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a>. Iron also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a>, so your doctor may suggest that you use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> softener.</p><p>Your doctor may advise you to eat more foods that are rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. The best source of iron is red meat, especially beef and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. Chicken, turkey, pork, fish, and shellfish also are good sources of iron.</p><p>The body tends to absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> from meat better than iron from nonmeat foods. However, some nonmeat foods also can help you raise your iron levels. Examples of nonmeat foods that are good sources of iron include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-fortified breads and cereals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Peas; lentils; white, red, and baked beans; soybeans; and chickpeas</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tofu</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dried fruits, such as prunes, raisins, and apricots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prune juice</div></li></ul><p>The Nutrition Facts labels on packaged foods will show how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> the items contain. The amount is given as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percentage</a> of the total amount of iron you need every day.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d7e88"><h4>Vitamin C</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin</a> C helps the body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. Good sources of vitamin C are vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits. Citrus fruits include oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, and similar fruits. Fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables, and juices usually have more vitamin C than canned ones.</p><p>If you're taking medicines, ask your doctor or pharmacist whether you can eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice. Grapefruit can affect the strength of a few medicines and how well they work.</p><p>Other fruits rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C include kiwi fruit, strawberries, and cantaloupes.</p><p>Vegetables rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C include broccoli, peppers, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, cabbage, potatoes, and leafy green vegetables like turnip greens and spinach.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d7e104"><h3>Treatment To Stop Bleeding</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will depend on the cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. For example, if you have a bleeding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcer</a>, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics and other medicines to treat the ulcer.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022750" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polyp</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancerous tumor</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestine</a> is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the growth.</p><p>If you have heavy menstrual flow, your doctor may prescribe birth control pills to help reduce your monthly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. In some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may be advised.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d7e116"><h3>Treatments for Severe Iron-Deficiency Anemia</h3><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d7e120"><h4>Blood Transfusion</h4><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is severe, you may get a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an IV line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A transfusion requires careful matching of donated blood with the recipient's blood.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> will treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> right away. The red blood cells also give a source of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> that your body can reuse. However, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is only a short-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Your doctor will need to find and treat the cause of your anemia.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> are usually reserved for people whose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> puts them at a higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems or other severe health issues.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Iron Therapy</h4><p>If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, iron is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> or an IV line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>IV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> presents some safety concerns. It must be done in a hospital or clinic by experienced staff. Iron therapy usually is given to people who need iron long-term but can't take iron supplements by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. This therapy also is given to people who need immediate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Iron-Deficiency Anemia Be Prevented?</h2><p>Eating a well-balanced diet that includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich foods may help you prevent iron-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements also may lower your risk for the condition if you're not able to get enough iron from food. Large amounts of iron can be harmful, so take iron supplements only as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>For more information about diet and supplements, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063057/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Iron-Deficiency Anemia Treated?"</a> </p><p>Infants and young children and women are the two groups at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Special measures can help prevent the condition in these groups.</p><div id="nhlbi-ida-sec2-d8e43"><h3>Infants and Young Children</h3><p>A baby's diet can affect his or her risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. For example, cow's milk is low in iron. For this and other reasons, cow's milk isn't recommended for babies in their first year. After the first year, you may need to limit the amount of cow's milk your baby drinks.</p><p>Also, babies need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> as they grow and begin to eat solid foods. Talk with your child's doctor about a healthy diet and food choices that will help your child get enough iron.</p><p>Your child's doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targ |
June 11, 2014. | { "52": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 52, "category_1.id": 8, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "i" } } |
53 | 2018-02-02 05:18:04 | Kawasaki Disease | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-kd-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Kawasaki Disease?</h2><p>Kawasaki (KAH-wah-SAH-ke) disease is a rare childhood disease. It's a form of a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis). This condition involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body become inflamed. The disease can affect any type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the body, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, which carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. As a result, some children who have Kawasaki disease may develop serious heart problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d1e52"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> isn't known. The body's response to a virus or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> combined with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors may cause the disease. However, no specific virus or infection has been found, and the role of genetics isn't known.</p><p>The disease can't be passed from one child to another. Your child won't get it from close contact with a child who has the disease. Also, if your child has the disease, he or she can't pass it to another child.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affects children of all races and ages and both genders. It occurs most often in children of Asian and Pacific Island descent. The disease is more likely to affect boys than girls. Most cases occur in children younger than 5 years old.</p><p>One of the main symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> that lasts longer than 5 days. The fever remains high even after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with standard childhood fever medicines.</p><p>Children who have the disease also may have red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and redness on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palms</a> of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and soles of their feet. These are all signs of inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> helps reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affecting the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and causing serious problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d1e75"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> can't be prevented. However, most children who have the disease usually recover within weeks of getting symptoms. Further problems are rare.</p><p>The disease affects some children's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, which can cause serious problems. These children need long-term care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> and better ways to diagnose and treat it. They also hope to learn more about long-term health risks, if any, for people who have had the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Kawasaki Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mucocutaneous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph node</a> syndrome</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Kawasaki Disease?</h2><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> isn't known. The body's response to a virus or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> combined with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors may cause the disease. However, no specific virus or infection has been found, and the role of genetics isn't known.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> can't be passed from one child to another. Your child won't get it from close contact with a child who has the disease. Also, if your child has the disease, he or she can't pass it to another child.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Kawasaki Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affects children of all races and ages and both genders. It occurs most often in children of Asian and Pacific Island descent.</p><p>The disease is more likely to affect boys than girls. Most cases occur in children younger than 5 years old. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> is rare in children older than 8.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Kawasaki Disease?</h2><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>One of the main symptoms during the early part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase, is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. The fever lasts longer than 5 days. It remains high even after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with standard childhood fever medicines.</p><p>Other classic signs of the disease are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> on the mid-section of the body and in the genital area</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Red, dry, cracked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> and a red, swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Red, swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palms</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and soles of the feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Redness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>During the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase, your child also may be irritable and have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sore throat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain.</p><p>Within 2 to 3 weeks of the start of symptoms, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes may peel, sometimes in large sheets.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Kawasaki Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> is diagnosed based on your child's signs and symptoms and the results from tests and procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Pediatricians often are the first to suspect a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>. Pediatricians are doctors who specialize in treating children.</p><p>If the disease has affected your child's coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> will confirm the diagnosis and give ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> treat children who have heart problems.</p><p>Other specialists also may be involved in treating children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>The doctor will check your child for the classic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062985/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>.</p><p>The doctor will rule out other diseases that cause similar symptoms. These diseases include Rocky Mountain spotted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024694" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarlet fever</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">juvenile rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</p><p>Generally, your child will be diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> if he or she has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> that lasts longer than 5 days plus four other classic signs or symptoms of the disease.</p><p>However, not all children have classic signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>. Tests and procedures can help confirm whether a child has the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d7e63"><h3>Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec3-d7e66"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p>If the doctor thinks that your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, he or she will likely recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo. This painless test uses sound waves to create pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>Echo also can help show the disease's effects over time, if any, on your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. Often, the disease's effects on the coronary arteries don't show up until the second or third week after the first symptoms appear. Thus, this test is done regularly after the diagnosis.</p><p>Some children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> don't have the classic signs and symptoms of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase. Doctors may not diagnose these children until 2 to 3 weeks after the onset of the disease. This is when another common sign of Kawasaki disease occurs—peeling of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes.</p><p>If your child is diagnosed at this point, he or she will likely need echo right away to see whether the disease has affected the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec3-d7e85"><h4>Other Diagnostic Tests</h4><p>Doctors also use other tests to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a>. The results from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can show whether the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> are inflamed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. This painless test creates pictures of structures inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A chest x ray can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> has affected the heart.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). This simple test detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. An EKG can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> has affected the heart.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Kawasaki Disease Treated?</h2><p>Medicines are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>. Rarely, children whose coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are affected may need medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> to improve symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing the disease from affecting the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d8e43"><h3>Initial Treatment</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> can cause serious health problems. Thus, your child will likely be treated in a hospital, at least for the early part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>The standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> during the disease's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase is high-dose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>. Immune globulin is a medicine that's injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p><p>Most children who receive these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> improve greatly within 24 hours. For a small number of children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> remains. These children may need a second round of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>.</p><p>At the start of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your child will receive high doses of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>. As soon as his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> goes away, a low dose of aspirin is given. The low dose helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, which can form in the inflamed small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Most children treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> fully recover from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase and don't need any further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. They should, however, follow a healthy diet and adopt healthy lifestyle habits. Taking these steps can help lower the risk of future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. (Following a healthy lifestyle is advised for all children, not just those who have Kawasaki disease.)</p><p>Children who have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> should wait 11 months before having the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chicken pox</a> vaccines. Immune globulin can prevent those vaccines from working well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d8e66"><h3>Long-Term Care and Treatment</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> has affected your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, he or she will need ongoing care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>It's best if a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> provides this care to reduce the risk of severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. A pediatric cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in treating children who have heart problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec3-d8e75"><h4>Medicines and Tests</h4><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, they may expand and twist. If this happens, your child's doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a>). These medicines help prevent blood clots from forming in the affected coronary arteries.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines usually are stopped after the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> heal. Healing may occur about 18 months after the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase of the disease.</p><p>In a small number of children, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> don't heal. These children likely will need routine tests, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a>. This test uses sound waves to create images of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). This test detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">Stress test</a>. This test provides information about how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works during physical activity or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec3-d8e106"><h4>Medical Procedures and Surgery</h4><p>Rarely, a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun). Doctors use this procedure to diagnose and treat some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions.</p><p>A flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and threaded to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Through the catheter, doctors can perform tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> on the heart.</p><p>Very rarely, a child may need to have other procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> narrows his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and blocks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">Coronary angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent placement</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a> (CABG) may be used.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029846" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary angioplasty</a> restores <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. A thin tube with a balloon on the end is inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a>. The tube is threaded to the narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. Then, the balloon is inflated to widen the artery and restore blood flow.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> (small mesh tube) may be placed in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angioplasty</a>. This device helps support the narrowed or weakened artery. A stent can improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and prevent the artery from bursting.</p><p>Rarely, a child may need to have CABG. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is used to treat blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. During CABG, a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> from another part of the body is connected, or grafted, to the blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>.</p><p>The grafted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> bypasses (that is, goes around) the blocked part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a>. This improves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Kawasaki Disease Be Prevented?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> can't be prevented. However, most children who have the disease recover—usually within weeks of getting signs and symptoms. Further problems are rare.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Kawasaki Disease</h2><p>Most children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> recover—usually within weeks of getting symptoms. Further problems are rare. Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> reduces the risk of serious problems.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> and better ways to diagnose and treat it. They also hope to learn more about long-term health risks, if any, for people who have had the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d10e34"><h3>What To Expect After Treatment</h3><p>Most children who are treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> fully recover from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> phase. They don't need further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. </p><p>They should, however, follow a healthy diet and adopt healthy lifestyle habits. Taking these steps can help lower their risk of future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. (Following a healthy lifestyle is advised for all children, not just those who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>).</p><p>Children treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> should wait 11 months before having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chicken pox</a> vaccines. Immune globulin can prevent these vaccines from working well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d10e47"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> has affected your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, he or she will need ongoing care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. It's best if a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> provides this care to reduce the risk of severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. A pediatric cardiologist is a doctor who specializes in treating children who have heart problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-kd-sec2-d10e53"><h3>Support Groups</h3><p>Joining a support group may help you adjust to caring for a child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>. You can see how other parents have coped with the disease. Ask your child's doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw your child from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a>, talk with your child's doctor. For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p><p>You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-kd-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Kawasaki Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Kawasaki Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Kawasaki Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Kawasaki Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Kawasaki Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Kawasaki Disease Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Kawasaki Disease Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Kawasaki Disease Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Kawasaki Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "53": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 53, "category_1.id": 9, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "k" } } |
54 | 2018-02-02 05:18:22 | LAM | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-lam-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is LAM?</h2><p>LAM, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphangioleiomyomatosis</a> (lim-FAN-je-o-LI-o-MI-o-ma-TO-sis), is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that mostly affects women of childbearing age.</p><p>In LAM, abnormal, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> begin to grow out of control in certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, especially the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>.</p><p>Over time, these LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> can destroy the normal lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. As a result, air can’t move freely in and out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. In some cases, this means the lungs can’t supply the body’s other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> with enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d1e47"><h3>Overview</h3><p>There are two forms of LAM. Sporadic LAM occurs for unknown reasons. LAM also can occur in women who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberous sclerosis complex</a> (TSC). Women who have TSC often have a milder form of LAM.</p><p>About 50 percent of women who have LAM develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a> (noo-mo-THOR-aks), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. In this condition, air leaks out of the lung and into the space between the lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>).</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> can cause pain and shortness of breath. Sometimes one lung will collapse over and over again. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumothorax</a> is a serious condition. It usually requires <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and might be life threatening.</p><p> </p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063019/bin/lam.jpg" alt="Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. The inset image shows a cross-section of a healthy lung. Figure B shows a view of the lungs with LAM and a collapsed lung (pneumothorax). The inset image shows a cross-section of a lung with LAM."></div> <p></p><p>Many women who have LAM get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiomyolipomas</a> (AN-je-o-my-o-li-PO-mas), or AMLs, in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. Women who have LAM also may develop:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Growths in other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A buildup of fluid in their chests, abdomens, or pelvic areas</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d1e92"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>LAM has no cure, and the disease tends to worsen over time. How quickly the disease worsens varies from woman to woman. LAM may lead to death from <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/rf/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">respiratory failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung transplant</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> option for women whose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> have been damaged by LAM.</p><p>Not long ago, doctors thought women who had LAM wouldn't live more than 8–10 years following diagnosis. They now know that some women may survive longer (as long as 20 years following diagnosis, although this is rare).</p><p>Doctors have learned a lot about LAM in recent years. They're now able to diagnose the condition earlier. Support services also are now available to help improve the quality of life for women who have LAM.</p><p>Researchers continue to explore and test new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for LAM.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes LAM?</h2><p>The cause of LAM and why it mainly affects women isn’t known. Recent studies show that sporadic LAM has some of the same traits as another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberous sclerosis complex</a> (TSC). This information has provided some valuable clues about what causes LAM.</p><p>The common features of sporadic LAM and TSC are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney</a> growths. People who have TSC get growths in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. These growths are the same as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiomyolipomas</a> that many women who have LAM get in their kidneys.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a>. Some women who have TSC get cysts in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. These cysts are the same as the ones that women who have sporadic LAM get in their lungs. When a woman who has TSC gets cysts in her lungs, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> is called TSC-associated LAM or TSC–LAM.</div></li></ul><p>TSC is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disease. A defect in one of two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> causes the disease. These genes are called TSC1 and TSC2. They normally make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> that control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> growth and movement in the body. In people who have TSC, the genes are faulty. The proteins that the genes make can’t control cell growth and movement.</p><p>Women who have LAM also have abnormal TSC1 and TSC2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. Researchers have found that these genes play a role in causing LAM. This finding is leading to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for LAM.</p><p>Because LAM affects women, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> also may play a role in causing the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for LAM?</h2><p>LAM is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> that mostly affects women of childbearing age. Many women who develop LAM are between the ages of 20 and 40 when they begin to have symptoms. LAM can occur in older women as well, although this is less common.</p><p>Some women might have LAM and not know it. Many of LAM’s signs and symptoms are the same as those of other diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> (em-fih-SE-ma), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">bronchitis</a> (brong-KI-tis).</p><p>LAM affects about 3 out of every 10 women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberous sclerosis complex</a> (TSC). Some of these women may have mild cases of LAM that don’t cause symptoms. Not everyone who has TSC and LAM has lung symptoms.</p><p>In rare cases, LAM has been reported in men.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of LAM?</h2><p>The uncontrolled growth of LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and their effect on nearby body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> causes the signs and symptoms of LAM. The most common signs and symptoms are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath, especially during activity. At first, shortness of breath may occur only during high-energy activities. Over time, you may have trouble breathing during simple activities, such as dressing and showering.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain or aches. This pain might be worse when you breathe in.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frequent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>. This may occur with bloody <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025094" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlegm</a> (a sticky fluid).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe).</div></li></ul><p>Other signs and symptoms of LAM include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pneumothorax</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. In LAM, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> can occur if lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> through the lining of a lung. Air that collects in the space between the lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> must be removed to reinflate the lung.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleural effusions</a>. This condition can occur if bodily fluids collect in the space between the lung and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. Often the fluid contains a milky substance called chyle (kile). The excess fluid in the chest may cause shortness of breath because the lung has less room to expand.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. This sign may occur in women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiomyolipomas</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. These usually occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Very rarely, enlarged lymph nodes may occur in locations where they can be felt, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> or under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abdominal swelling, sometimes with pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in the legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, or feet.</div></li></ul><p>Other diseases also can cause many of these signs and symptoms. If you’re having any of these problems, see your doctor. He or she can help find the cause of your symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is LAM Diagnosed?</h2><p>Methods for diagnosing LAM have improved. It's now possible for doctors to diagnose the disease at an early stage.</p><p>LAM is diagnosed based on your signs and symptoms and the results from tests and procedures. If you have LAM, you may need to see a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063019/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> related to LAM. He or she may ask how long you’ve had symptoms, and whether they’ve become worse over time.</p><p>Many of LAM’s signs and symptoms are the same as those of other diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brnchi/">bronchitis</a>. Your doctor will want to rule out those conditions before making a final diagnosis.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests to show how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are working and what your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> looks like.</p><p>These tests can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are delivering enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. You also may have tests to check for complications of LAM.</p><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d6e65"><h4>Tests for Lung Function</h4><p>Lung function tests. For <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a>, you breathe through a mouthpiece into a machine called a spirometer (spi-ROM-eh-ter). The spirometer measures the amount of air you breathe in and out.</p><p>Other lung function tests can show about how much air your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can hold and how well your lungs deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a>. Your doctor may take a blood sample from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to look at your blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and blood chemistry.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry. For this test, a small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Tests To Check for Complications or Detect LAM Cells</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> x ray. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> creates a picture of the structures in your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The test can show a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> or fluid in your chest. In the early stages of LAM, your chest x rays may look normal. As the disease gets worse, the x rays may show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> in your lungs.</p><p>High-resolution CT (HRCT) scan. The most useful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">imaging test</a> for diagnosing LAM is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">HRCT scan</a>. This test creates a computer-generated picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The picture shows more detail than the pictures from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray.</p><p>An HRCT scan can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a>, shadows of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> clusters, excess fluid, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>, and enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. The test also can show how much normal lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> has been replaced by the LAM cysts.</p><p>HRCT scans of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pelvis</a> can show whether you have growths in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, other abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d6e116"><h4>Procedures To Look for LAM Cells</h4><p>The results from the above tests—along with information about your signs, symptoms, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>—might be enough for your doctor to diagnose LAM.</p><p>However, if your doctor needs more information, the most useful method involves looking at samples of your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> for LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>You may want to see a doctor who specializes in LAM for this test. Several procedures can be used to get a sample of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>Video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (tho-rah-KOS-ko-pe). In this procedure, also called VAT, your doctor inserts a small, lighted tube into little cuts made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. This lets him or her look inside your chest and snip out a few small pieces of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>VAT is done in a hospital. The procedure isn’t major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, but it does require general anesthesia (that is, you’re given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure).</p><p>Open lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. In this procedure, your doctor removes a few small pieces of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a cut made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. An open lung biopsy is done in a hospital. You’ll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</p><p>Open lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsies</a> are rarely done anymore because the recovery time is much longer than the recovery time from VAT.</p><p>Transbronchial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. In this procedure, your doctor inserts a long, narrow, flexible, lighted tube down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. He or she then snips out bits of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> using a tiny device.</p><p>This procedure usually is done in a hospital. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> are numbed to prevent pain.</p><p>The amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that your doctor removes is very small, so this test doesn’t always provide enough information.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsies</a>. Your doctor also can diagnose LAM using the results from other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> biopsies, such as biopsies of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025777" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphatic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> called lymphangiomyomas.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d6e162"><h3>Other Tests</h3><p>If you’re diagnosed with sporadic LAM, your doctor may advise you to have a computed tomography (CT) scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of your head. These tests can help screen for underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberous sclerosis complex</a> (TSC).</p><p>CT and MRI scans will reveal TSC in only a small number of people who are initially diagnosed with sporadic LAM.</p><p>Researchers are exploring other tests that may help diagnose LAM. These tests include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> for the LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> growth factor called VEGF-D.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is LAM Treated?</h2><p>Currently, no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is available to stop the growth of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> clusters that occur in LAM. Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for LAM are aimed at easing symptoms and preventing complications.</p><p>The main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to improve air flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and reduce wheezing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Procedures to remove fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and stop it from building up again</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Procedures to shrink <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiomyolipomas</a> (AMLs)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e58"><h3>Medicines</h3><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d7e62"><h4>Medicines That Help You Breathe Better</h4><p>If you’re having trouble breathing, your doctor may prescribe bronchodilators. These medicines relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around the airways. This helps the airways open up, making it easier for you to breathe.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a> can sometimes show whether these medicines are likely to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d7e73"><h4>Medicines That Prevent Bone Loss</h4><p>Women who have LAM are at risk for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a>-weakening condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). This is in part because many LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> action needed to keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> strong.</p><p>To prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a>, your doctor may measure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone density</a>. If you have lost bone density, your doctor may prescribe medicines to prevent bone loss. He or she also may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a> supplements.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec3-d7e83"><h4>Rapamycin (Sirolimus)</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sirolimus</a> was originally developed to prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> from rejecting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney transplants</a>. However, studies have shown that the medicine helps regulate the abnormal growth and movement of LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sirolimus</a> may shrink <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> of women who have LAM.</p><p>A recent study funded in part by the National Institutes of Health showed that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sirolimus</a> also helps stabilize lung function, reduce symptoms, and improve quality of life for people who have LAM.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sirolimus</a> does have side effects, some of which can be serious. If you have LAM, talk with your doctor about the benefits and risks of this medicine, and whether it’s an option for you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e98"><h3>Oxygen Therapy</h3><p>If the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is low, your doctor may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>. Oxygen usually is given through nasal prongs or a mask. At first, you may need oxygen only while exercising. It also may help to use it while sleeping. Over time, you may need full-time oxygen therapy.</p><p>A standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">exercise stress test</a> or a 6-minute walk test can show whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> while exercising. A 6-minute walk test measures the distance you can walk in 6 minutes. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> measures how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work while you walk on a treadmill or pedal a stationary bike.</p><p>You also may need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> to show your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level and how much oxygen you need.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen Therapy</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e123"><h3>Procedures To Remove Air or Fluid From the Chest or Abdomen</h3><p>Several procedures can remove excess air or fluid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. These procedures also help prevent air or fluid from building up again.</p><p>Removing fluid from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> may help relieve discomfort and shortness of breath. The procedure to remove fluid from the chest is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a> (THOR-ah-sen-TE-sis). The procedure to remove fluid from the abdomen is called paracentesis (PAR-ah-sen-TE-sis).</p><p>Your doctor often can remove the fluid with a needle and syringe. If large amounts of fluid build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, your doctor may have to insert a tube into your chest to remove the fluid.</p><p>Removing air from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> may relieve shortness of breath and chest pain caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. Your doctor usually can remove the air with a tube. The tube is inserted into your chest between your side <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. Often, the tube is attached to a suction device. If this procedure doesn't work, or if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> collapse often, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>If fluid and air often leak into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, your doctor may inject a chemical at the site of the leakage. The chemical fuses your lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> together. This removes the space for leakage.</p><p>Your doctor may do this procedure at your bedside in the hospital. You will be given medicine to prevent pain. The procedure also can be done in an operating room using video-assisted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a>. In this case, you will be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e148"><h3>Procedures To Remove or Shrink Angiomyolipomas</h3><p>AMLs often don't cause symptoms, but sometimes they can cause ongoing pain or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. If this happens, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove some of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> isn't too severe, a radiologist often can block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> feeding the AMLs. This may cause them to shrink.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e158"><h3>Lung Transplant</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung transplants</a> can improve lung function and quality of life in patients who have advanced LAM.</p><p>However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplants</a> have a high risk of complications, including infections and rejection of the transplanted lung by the body.</p><p>Studies suggest that more than three-quarters of women with LAM who receive a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> survive for at least 3 years.</p><p>In a few cases, doctors have found LAM <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the newly transplanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other parts of the body. However, the LAM cells don't seem to stop the transplanted lung from working.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">Lung Transplant</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d7e180"><h3>Hormone Therapy</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Estrogen</a> is thought to play a role in causing LAM. Thus, your doctor may want to treat you with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> that limits the effects of estrogen on your body. Hormone therapy is given in pill form or as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>.</p><p>Some doctors also suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> and greatly reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> levels in the body.</p><p>Unfortunately, at this time, no clear evidence shows that this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> works for women who have LAM.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With LAM</h2><p>In the early stages of LAM, you usually can do your normal daily activities. These may include attending school, going to work, and doing common physical activities such as walking up stairs.</p><p>In the later stages of LAM, you may find it harder to be active. You also may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> full time.</p><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Getting ongoing medical care is important. You may need to see a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p><p>Take steps to care for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. For example, talk with your doctor about getting a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you have LAM, taking good care of your health is important. Follow a healthy eating plan, be as physically active as you can, and get plenty of rest.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking. Ask your family members and friends to support you in your efforts to quit.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Also, check with your doctor before traveling by air or traveling to areas where medical attention isn't readily available. Also, talk to your doctor before traveling to places where the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d8e75"><h3>Pregnancy and Birth Control</h3><p>If your lung function is normal, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> might be an option. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> during pregnancy can worsen LAM. Thus, you should discuss a possible pregnancy with both a pulmonologist who specializes in LAM and your obstetrician.</p><p>Most doctors don't recommend birth control pills containing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a> to women who have LAM. Talk to your doctor about birth control options.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lam-sec2-d8e84"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with LAM may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with LAM. Information about patient support groups is available from the NHLBI Health Information Center at 301–592–8573 or the National Institutes of Health/NHLBI <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> Vascular Medicine Branch at 1–877–NIH–LUNG (1–877–644–5864), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022438" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">extension</a> 3.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent and treat these diseases.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, including LAM. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, NHLBI-supported research on LAM includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The disease processes involved in LAM, and how to develop better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> based on these processes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, and digestive system contribute to LAM and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a></div></li></ul><p>Much of the NHLBI’s research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to LAM, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-lam-sec1-d1e35_">What Is LAM?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes LAM?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for LAM?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of LAM?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is LAM Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is LAM Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With LAM</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "54": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 54, "category_1.id": 10, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "l" } } |
55 | 2018-02-02 05:18:41 | Long QT Syndrome | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-qt-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Long QT Syndrome?</h2><p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a disorder of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. It can cause sudden, uncontrollable, dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs) in response to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>People who have LQTS also can have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> for no known reason. However, not everyone who has LQTS has dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. When they do occur, though, they can be fatal.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d1e48"><h3>What Does "Long QT" Mean?</h3><p>The term "long QT" refers to an abnormal pattern seen on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An EKG is a test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</p><p>With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads from the top of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the bottom. As it travels, the signal causes the heart to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. An EKG records electrical signals as they move through your heart.</p><p>Data from the EKG are mapped on a graph so your doctor can study your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. Each heartbeat is mapped as five distinct electrical waves: P, Q, R, S, and T.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e67" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e67"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/figure/d1e67/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e67" rid-ob="figobd1e67"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/bin/ekg.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/bin/ekg.jpg" alt="EKG."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e67"><h4 id="d1e67"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/figure/d1e67/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e67">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">EKG. The picture shows the standard setup for an EKG. Figure A shows the data from the EKG, which are mapped on a graph. In figure B, a patient lies in bed with EKG electrodes attached to his chest, upper arms, and legs. A nurse oversees the painless procedure. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/figure/d1e67/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e67">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>The electrical activity that occurs between the Q and T waves is called the QT interval. This interval shows electrical activity in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls).</p><p>The timing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity is complex, and the body carefully controls it. Normally the QT interval is about a third of each heartbeat cycle. However, in people who have LQTS, the QT interval lasts longer than normal.</p><p>A long QT interval can upset the careful timing of the heartbeat and trigger dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d1e89"><h3>Overview</h3><p>On the surface of each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> are tiny pores called ion channels. Ion channels open and close to let electrically charged sodium, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> atoms (ions) flow into and out of each cell. This generates the heart's electrical activity.</p><p>In people who have LQTS, the ion channels may not work well, or there may be too few of them. This may disrupt electrical activity in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and cause dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p><p>LQTS often is inherited, which means you're born with the condition and have it your whole life. There are seven known types of inherited LQTS. The most common ones are LQTS 1, 2, and 3.</p><p>In LQTS 1, emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (especially swimming) can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. In LQTS 2, extreme emotions, such as surprise, can trigger arrhythmias. In LQTS 3, a slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> can trigger arrhythmias.</p><p>You also can acquire LQTS. This means you aren't born with the disorder, but you develop it during your lifetime. Some medicines and conditions can cause acquired LQTS. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Long QT Syndrome?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d1e111"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>More than half of the people who have untreated, inherited types of LQTS die within 10 years. However, lifestyle changes and medicines can help people who have LQTS prevent complications and live longer.</p><p>Some of these lifestyle changes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding strenuous physical activity or startling noises.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Adding more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> to your diet (as your doctor advises).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> medicines called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>. These medicines help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having an implanted medical device, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a>. These devices help control abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</div></li></ul><p>If you have LQTS, talk with your doctor about which lifestyle changes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are best for you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Long QT Syndrome</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Romano-Ward syndrome</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Long QT Syndrome?</h2><p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means you're born with the condition and have it your whole life. Inherited conditions are passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it during your lifetime.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Inherited Long QT Syndrome</h3><p>Faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> cause inherited LQTS. These genes control the production of certain types of ion channels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Faulty genes may cause the body to make too few ion channels, ion channels that don't work well, or both.</p><p>There are seven known types of inherited LQTS (types 1 though 7). The most common types are LQTS 1, 2, and 3.</p><p>Some types of LQTS involve faulty or lacking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> ion or sodium ion channels.</p><p>If you have LQTS 1 or LQTS 2, the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> ions through the ion channels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> isn't normal. This may cause problems when you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> or when you have strong emotions.</p><p>You may develop a rapid, uncontrollable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm that prevents your heart from pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This type of heart rhythm can be fatal if it's not quickly brought under control.</p><p>If you have LQTS 3, the flow of sodium ions through ion channels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> isn't normal. This can trigger a rapid, uncontrollable heart rhythm that can be fatal. In LQTS 3, problems usually occur when your heart beats slower than normal, such as during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Acquired Long QT Syndrome</h3><p>Some medicines and conditions can cause acquired LQTS.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d4e60"><h4>Medication-Induced Long QT Syndrome</h4><p>More than 50 medicines have been found to cause LQTS. Some common medicines that may cause the disorder include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antihistamines</a> and decongestants</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> (pills that remove excess water from your body)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antibiotics</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antiarrhythmic medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antidepressant and antipsychotic medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a>-lowering medicines and some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> medicines</div></li></ul><p>Some people who have medication-induced LQTS also may have an inherited form of the disorder. They may not have symptoms unless they take medicines that lengthen the QT interval or lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. When LQTS doesn't cause symptoms, it's called silent LQTS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d4e91"><h4>Other Causes of Acquired Long QT Syndrome</h4><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a> that causes a major loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> or sodium ions from the bloodstream may cause LQTS. The disorder lasts until these ion levels return to normal.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eating disorders</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025745" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anorexia nervosa</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029717" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bulimia</a> and some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a> may cause a drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> ion levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, causing LQTS.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Long QT Syndrome?</h2><p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a>. Experts think that about 1 in 7,000 people has LQTS. But no one knows for sure, because LQTS often goes undiagnosed.</p><p>LQTS causes about 3,000 to 4,000 sudden deaths in children and young adults each year in the United States. Unexplained sudden deaths in children are rare. When they do occur, LQTS often is the cause.</p><p>Inherited LQTS usually is first detected during childhood or young adulthood. Half of all people who have LQTS have their first abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm by the time they're 12 years old, and 90 percent by the time they're 40 years old. The condition rarely is diagnosed after age 40.</p><p>In boys who have LQTS, the QT interval (which can be seen on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> test) often returns toward normal after puberty. If this happens, the risk of LQTS symptoms and complications goes down.</p><p>LQTS is more common in women than men. Women who have LQTS are more likely to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or die suddenly from the disorder during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstruation</a> and shortly after giving birth.</p><p>Children who are born deaf also are at increased risk for LQTS. This is because the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> problem that affects <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> also affects the function of ion channels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d5e50"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>You're at risk of having LQTS if anyone in your family has ever had it. Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>, drowning or near drowning, and unexplained sudden death are all possible signs of LQTS.</p><p>You're also at risk for LQTS if you take medicines that make the QT interval longer. Your doctor can tell you whether your prescription or over-the-counter medicines might do this.</p><p>You also may develop LQTS if you have excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a> or other conditions that cause low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> or sodium. These conditions include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eating disorders</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025745" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anorexia nervosa</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029717" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bulimia</a>, as well as some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Long QT Syndrome?</h2><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>If you have long QT syndrome (LQTS), you can have sudden and dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms). Signs and symptoms of LQTS-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> often first occur during childhood and include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>. This happens because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> isn't pumping enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Fainting may occur during physical or emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Fluttering feelings in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> may occur before fainting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained drowning or near drowning. This may be due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> while swimming.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) or death. SCA is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> suddenly stops beating for no obvious reason. People who have SCA die within minutes unless they receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. In about 1 out of 10 people who have LQTS, SCA or sudden death is the first sign of the disorder.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d6e52"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Often, people who have LQTS 3 develop an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This may cause noisy gasping while sleeping.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Silent Long QT Syndrome</h3><p>Sometimes long QT syndrome doesn't cause any signs or symptoms. This is called silent LQTS. For this reason, doctors often advise family members of people who have LQTS to be tested for the disorder, even if they have no symptoms.</p><p>Medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic tests</a> may reveal whether these family members have LQTS and what type of the condition they have.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Long QT Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> diagnose and treat long QT syndrome (LQTS). Cardiologists are doctors who specialize in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions. To diagnose LQTS, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> will consider your:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) results</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Medical history</a> and the results from a physical exam</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic test</a> results</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d7e45"><h3>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h3><p>An EKG is a simple test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. This test may show a long QT interval and other signs that suggest LQTS. Often, doctors first discover a long QT interval when an EKG is done for another suspected heart problem.</p><p>Not all people who have LQTS will always have a long QT interval on an EKG. The QT interval may change from time to time; it may be long sometimes and normal at other times. Thus, your doctor may want you to have several EKG tests over a period of days or weeks. Or, your doctor may have you wear a device called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter monitor</a>.</p><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period. It can detect heart problems that occur for only a few minutes out of the day.</p><p>You wear small patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Wires connect the patches to a small, portable recorder. You can clip the recorder to a belt, keep it in a pocket, or hang it around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p>While you wear the monitor, you do your usual daily activities. You also keep a notebook, noting any symptoms you have and the time they occur. You then return both the recorder and the notebook to your doctor to read the results. Your doctor can see how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> was beating at the time you had symptoms.</p><p>Some people have a long QT interval only while they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>. For this reason, your doctor may recommend that you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress test</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast. An EKG is done while you exercise. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d7e77"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you've had any symptoms of an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. Symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A fluttering feeling in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, which is the result of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beating too fast</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loud gasping during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may ask what over-the-counter, prescription, or other drugs you take. He or she also may want to know whether anyone in your family has been diagnosed with or has had signs of LQTS. Signs of LQTS include unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, drowning, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a>, or sudden death.</p><p>Your doctor will check you for signs of conditions that may lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> or sodium. These conditions include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eating disorders</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025745" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anorexia nervosa</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029717" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bulimia</a>, excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, and certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d7e104"><h3>Genetic Tests</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can detect some forms of inherited LQTS. If your doctor thinks that you have LQTS, he or she may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a>. Genetic blood tests usually are suggested for family members of people who have LQTS as well.</p><p>However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic tests</a> don't always detect LQTS. So, even if you have the disorder, the tests may not show it.</p><p>Also, some people who test positive for LQTS don't have any signs or symptoms of the disorder. These people may have silent LQTS. Less than 10 percent of these people will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or suddenly die from an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm.</p><p>Even if you have silent LQTS, you may be at increased risk of having an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm while taking medicines that affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> ion channels or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of potassium.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d7e120"><h3>Types of Inherited Long QT Syndrome</h3><p>If you have inherited LQTS, it may be helpful to know which type you have. This will help you and your doctor plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and decide which lifestyle changes you should make.</p><p>To find out what type of LQTS you have, your doctor will consider:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic test</a> results</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The types of situations that trigger an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well you respond to medicine</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Long QT Syndrome Treated?</h2><p>The goal of treating long QT syndrome (LQTS) is to prevent life-threatening, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> spells.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> isn't a cure for the disorder and may not restore a normal QT interval on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). However, treatment greatly improves the chances of survival.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Specific Types of Treatment</h3><p>Your doctor will recommend the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for you based on:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've had symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What type of LQTS you have</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How likely it is that you'll <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or have SCA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you feel most comfortable with</div></li></ul><p>People who have LQTS without symptoms may be advised to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make lifestyle changes that reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or SCA. Lifestyle changes may include avoiding certain sports and strenuous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, such as swimming, which can cause abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid medicines that may trigger abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. This may include some medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take medicines such as beta-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a>, which reduce the risk of symptoms by slowing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</div></li></ul><p>The type of medicine you take will depend on the type of LQTS you have. For example, doctors usually will prescribe sodium channel <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blocker</a> medicines only for people who have LQTS 3.</p><p>If your doctor thinks you're at increased risk for LQTS complications, he or she may suggest more aggressive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> (in addition to medicines and lifestyle changes). These treatments may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A surgically implanted device, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a> (ICD). These devices help control abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that regulate your heartbeat.</div></li></ul><p>People at increased risk are those who have fainted or who have had dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms from their LQTS.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d8e111"><h4>Lifestyle Changes</h4><p>If possible, try to avoid things that can trigger abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. For example, people who have LQTS should avoid medicines that lengthen the QT interval or lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063050/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Long QT Syndrome?"</a>)</p><p>Many people who have LQTS also benefit from adding more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> to their diets. Check with your doctor about eating more potassium-rich foods (such as bananas) or taking potassium supplements daily.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d8e123"><h4>Medicines</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> are medicines that prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> from beating faster in response to physical or emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Most people who have LQTS are treated with beta blockers.</p><p>Doctors may suggest that people who have LQTS 3 take sodium channel <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011204" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mexiletine</a>. These medicines make sodium ion channels less active.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d8e133"><h4>Medical Devices</h4><p>Pacemakers and ICDs are small devices that help control abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. Both devices use electrical currents to prompt the heart to beat normally. Surgeons <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> pacemakers and ICDs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or belly with a minor procedure.</p><p>The use of these devices is similar in children and adults. However, because children are still growing, other issues may arise. For example, as children grow, they may need to have their devices replaced.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d8e142"><h4>Surgery</h4><p>People who are at high risk of death from LQTS sometimes are treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. During surgery, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that prompt the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to beat faster in response to physical or emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> are cut.</p><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> keeps the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beating at a steady pace and lowers the risk of dangerous heart rhythms in response to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Long QT Syndrome</h2><p>Long QT syndrome (LQTS) usually is a lifelong condition. The risk of having an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm that leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> may lessen as you age. However, the risk never completely goes away.</p><p>You'll need to take certain steps for the rest of your life to prevent abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms. You can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid things that trigger abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Let others know you might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> might stop beating, and tell them what steps they can take</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a plan in place for how to handle abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms</div></li></ul><p>If an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm does occur, you'll need to seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d9e53"><h3>Avoid Triggers</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> triggers an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm, your doctor may tell you to avoid any strenuous exercise, especially swimming. Ask your doctor what types and amounts of exercise are safe for you.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a>, avoid contact sports that may dislodge these devices. You may want to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> in public or with a friend who can help you if you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>.</p><p>Avoid medicines that can trigger an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. This includes some medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>. Talk with your doctor before taking any prescription, over-the-counter, or other medicines or drugs.</p><p>Seek medical care right away for conditions that lower the sodium or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> level in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These conditions include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eating disorders</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025745" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anorexia nervosa</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029717" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bulimia</a>, excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, and certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disorders</a>.</p><p>If you have LQTS 2, try to avoid unexpected noises, such as loud or jarring alarm clock buzzers and telephone ringers.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d9e87"><h3>Inform Others</h3><p>You may want to wear a medical ID necklace or bracelet that states that you have LQTS. This will help alert medical personnel and others about your condition if you have an emergency.</p><p>Let your roommates, coworkers, or other people with whom you have regular contact know that you have a condition that might cause you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> or go into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac arrest</a>. Tell them to call 9–1–1 right away if you faint.</p><p>Consider asking a family member and/or coworker to learn <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">CPR</a>) in case your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> stops beating.</p><p>You also may want to keep an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aed/">automated external defibrillator</a> (AED) with you at home or at work. This device uses electric shocks to restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm.</p><p>Someone at your home and/or workplace should be trained on how to use the AED, just in case your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> stops beating. If a trained person isn't available, an untrained person also can use the AED to help save your life.</p><p>If you have LQTS 3 and you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> alone, you may want to have an intercom in your bedroom that's connected to someone else's bedroom. This will let others detect the noisy gasping that often occurs if you have an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm while lying down.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec2-d9e112"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs</h3><p>You should see your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist) regularly. He or she will adjust your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed. For example, if you still <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a> often while using less aggressive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, your doctor may suggest other treatment options.</p><div id="nhlbi-qt-sec3-d9e118"><h4>Emotional Issues and Support</h4><p>Living with LQTS may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with LQTS. You can see how other people have coped with the condition. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p><p>Some people learn they have LQTS because they're tested after a family member dies suddenly from LQTS. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029738" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Grief</a> counseling may help you cope if this has happened to you. Talk with your doctor about finding a grief counselor.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to long QT syndrome, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-qt-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Long QT Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Long QT Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Long QT Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Long QT Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Long QT Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Long QT Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Long QT Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Long QT Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "55": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 55, "category_1.id": 10, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "l" } } |
56 | 2018-02-02 05:18:59 | Lymphocytopenia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-lym-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Lymphocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytopenia</a> (LIM-fo-si-to-PE-ne-ah) is a disorder in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn’t have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> (LIM-fo-sites).</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> along with other kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytes</a> help protect your body from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Low numbers of lymphocytes can raise your risk of infection.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytopenia</a> also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphopenia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d1e48"><h3>Overview</h3><p>About 20 to 40 percent of all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>. A normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count for adults usually is between 1,000 and 4,800 lymphocytes per microliter of blood. For children, a normal lymphocyte count usually is between 3,000 and 9,500 lymphocytes per microliter of blood.</p><p>The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>" refers to a count of less than 1,000 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> per microliter of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in adults, or less than 3,000 lymphocytes per microliter of blood in children.</p><p>The three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> are B lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022045" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">natural killer cells</a>. All of these cells help protect the body from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> have low numbers of T lymphocytes. Sometimes they also have low numbers of the other types of lymphocytes.</p><p>Certain factors can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>, but they’re destroyed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> get trapped in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. Lymphocytes normally pass through these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A combination of the above factors.</div></li></ul><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can cause the above problems that lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. These causes can be acquired or inherited.</p><p>"Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. One of the most common acquired causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> is AIDS.</p><p>"Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you. Inherited causes include DiGeorge anomaly, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ataxia</a>-telangiectasia. These inherited conditions are rare.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d1e89"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytopenia</a> can range from mild to severe. The condition alone may not cause any signs, symptoms, or serious problems.</p><p>How long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> lasts depends on its cause. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for this condition depends on its cause and severity. Mild lymphocytopenia may not require treatment. If an underlying condition is successfully treated, lymphocytopenia will likely improve.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> causes serious infections, you may need medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Lymphocytopenia?</h2><p>In general, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> (a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count) occurs because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>, but they’re destroyed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> get stuck in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>.</div></li></ul><p>A combination of these factors also may cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count.</p><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can lead to a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count. These conditions can be acquired or inherited. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you.</p><p>Exactly how each disease, condition, or factor affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count isn't known. Some people have low lymphocyte counts with no underlying cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d3e53"><h3>Acquired Causes</h3><p>Many acquired diseases, conditions, and factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infectious diseases</a>, such as AIDS, viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, and typhoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. (Autoimmune disorders occur if the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Steroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> and other blood diseases, such as Hodgkin's disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d3e80"><h3>Inherited Causes</h3><p>Certain inherited diseases and conditions can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Examples include DiGeorge anomaly, Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome, severe combined immunodeficiency syndrome, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ataxia</a>-telangiectasia. These inherited conditions are rare.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Lymphocytopenia?</h2><p>People at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> have one of the diseases, conditions, or factors that can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count. This includes people who have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>AIDS or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a> or other blood diseases</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain inherited diseases or conditions</div></li></ul><p>People who have had steroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> or radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>) also are at increased risk. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063005/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Lymphocytopenia?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Lymphocytopenia?</h2><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count alone may not cause any signs or symptoms. The condition usually is found when a person is tested for other diseases or conditions, such as AIDS.</p><p>If you have unusual infections, repeat infections, and/or infections that won't go away, your doctor may suspect that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a> is the most common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Lymphocytopenia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count alone may not cause any signs or symptoms. Thus, the condition often is diagnosed during testing for other diseases or conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor may notice that you have unusual infections, repeat infections, and/or infections that won't go away. These infections may be signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Your primary care doctor may refer you to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> specialist to find out what's causing the infections.</p><p>You also may see a hematologist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialist) or an immunologist (immune disorders specialist). Blood diseases and immune disorders can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>To assess your risk for a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count, your doctor may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your risk for AIDS, including questions about <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, sexual partners, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) drug use, and exposure to infectious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or bodily fluids at work</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've ever had radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've ever been diagnosed with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease or immune disorder, or whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of such illnesses</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. He or she may check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> for signs of an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> for signs of enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also will look for signs and symptoms of diseases and conditions that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count, such as AIDS and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to help diagnose a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec3-d6e81"><h4>Complete Blood Count With Differential</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The test checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. The CBC will show whether you have a low number of white blood cells.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymphocytes</a> account for 20 to 40 percent of all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>. Although a CBC will show an overall low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> count, it won't show whether the number of lymphocytes is low.</p><p>You may need a more detailed test, called a CBC with differential, to find out whether you have a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count. This test shows whether you have low levels of certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>. The test results can help your doctor diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec3-d6e97"><h4>Flow Cytometry</h4><p>Flow cytometry (si-TOM-eh-tree) looks at many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. It's even more detailed than a CBC with differential. Flow cytometry can measure the levels of the different types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>—<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022044" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">T cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022043" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">B cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022045" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">natural killer cells</a>.</p><p>The test can help diagnose the underlying cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Some underlying conditions cause low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022044" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">T cells</a>. Others may cause low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022043" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">B cells</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022045" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">natural killer cells</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec3-d6e109"><h4>Tests for Underlying Conditions</h4><p>Many diseases and conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Your doctor will want to find the cause of the disorder. You may be tested for HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases, and immune disorders.</p><p>Tests for these underlying conditions might include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">bone marrow tests</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph node</a> tests.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lymph nodes</a> are part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. They're found in many places in your body. During a physical exam, your doctor may find that certain lymph nodes are swollen. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, the lymph nodes may hold on to too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> instead of releasing them into the bloodstream.</p><p>To test a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph node</a>, you may need to have it removed. Removing a lymph node involves minor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Lymphocytopenia Treated?</h2><p>If you have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> with no underlying cause, you may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The disorder may improve on its own.</p><p>If you have unusual infections, repeat infections, and/or infections that won't go away due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, you'll need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for the infections.</p><p>If you have a disease or condition that's causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, your doctor will prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for that illness. Treating the underlying problem will help treat the lymphocytopenia.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Treatment for Infections</h3><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count makes it hard for your body to fight infections. You may get infections caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022591" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">parasites</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> will depend on its cause. You also may need treatment after an infection is gone to help prevent repeat infections.</p><p>Children who have serious, ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infections</a> may get a medicine called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>. This medicine helps boost the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> and fight infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d7e50"><h3>Treatment for Underlying Diseases or Conditions</h3><p>Many diseases and conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, such as AIDS; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>; and inherited diseases, such as Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will depend on your underlying disease or condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d7e63"><h3>Emerging Treatments</h3><p>Researchers are looking at ways to increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> production in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> with serious underlying conditions.</p><p>For example, some studies are looking into <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a>. This procedure may help treat or cure some of the conditions that can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocyte</a> count.</p><p>Other studies are looking at medicines and other substances that can help the body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Lymphocytopenia Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> that's caused by an inherited condition. However, you can take steps to control lymphocytopenia. Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan and take all medicines as your doctor advises.</p><p>Early diagnosis also can help control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. In the United States, newborns are routinely screened for an immune condition that can lead to lymphocytopenia. This allows doctors to diagnose the disorder before serious problems develop.</p><p>You may be able to lower your risk for acquired conditions that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>. For more information about acquired causes of the disorder, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063005/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Lymphocytopenia?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Lymphocytopenia</h2><p>If you have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> with no underlying cause, you may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The disorder may improve on its own.</p><p>If an underlying condition is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, you'll need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for that condition. You'll also need treatment for infections if your body is unable to fight them because of lymphocytopenia.</p><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d9e34"><h3>Treating and Preventing Infections</h3><p>The main risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a> is getting unusual infections, repeat infections, and/or infections that won't go away. If you have the disorder, you may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to prevent infections or to treat infections you already have.</p><p>You also can take other steps to prevent infections. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stay away from people who are sick, and avoid large crowds of people.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid foods that can expose you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, such as uncooked foods.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Brush and floss your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> and get regular dental care to reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask your doctor whether you should get a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine.</div></li></ul><p>Know the signs of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. Call your doctor right away if you think you have an infection.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d9e68"><h3>Treating an Underlying Disease or Condition</h3><p>If you have a disease or condition that’s causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, you’ll need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for that condition.</p><p>You'll likely have regular tests to show how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working. For example, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for the underlying condition are working, the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022042" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may go up.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-lym-sec2-d9e84"><h3>Physical Activity</h3><p>Talk with your doctor about what types and amounts of physical activity are safe for you. You may want to avoid activities that could result in injuries or increase your risk of infections.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphocytopenia</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-lym-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Lymphocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Lymphocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Lymphocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Lymphocytopenia?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Lymphocytopenia Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Lymphocytopenia Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Lymphocytopenia Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Lymphocytopenia</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "56": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 56, "category_1.id": 10, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "l" } } |
57 | 2018-02-02 05:19:19 | Marfan Syndrome | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-mar-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Marfan Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> is a condition in which your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a> is abnormal. Connective tissue helps support all parts of your body. It also helps control how your body grows and develops.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> most often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and covering of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. Because the condition affects many parts of the body, it can cause many complications. Sometimes the complications are life threatening.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d1e44"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorder. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> that controls how the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrillin</a> causes Marfan syndrome. Fibrillin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that plays a major role in your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a>.</p><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> inherit it from their parents. If you have Marfan syndrome, you have a 50 percent chance of passing the altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to each of your children.</p><p>In about 1 in 4 cases, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> is not inherited. Thus, the affected person is the first in his or her family to have the condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027348" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">long bones</a> of the body. This can lead to signs, or traits, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A tall, thin build.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>, and toes and flexible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> that curves to one side. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (sko-le-O-sis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that sinks in or sticks out. These conditions are called pectus excavatum (eks-ka-VA-tum) and pectus carinatum (ka-ri-NA-tum), respectively.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Teeth</a> that are too crowded.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Flat feet.</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> traits vary from person to person, even in the same family. Some people who have the condition have many traits, while others have few.</p><p>The most serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Marfan syndrome can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body. In Marfan syndrome, the aorta can stretch and grow weak. This condition is called aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a> (di-LA-shun) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aortic aneurysm</a> (AN-u-rism).</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> stretches and grows weak, it may tear or burst and leak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This condition is called aortic dissection. It's very serious and can lead to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems or even death.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> has no cure, but <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help delay or prevent complications. Treatments include medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. Limiting certain activities, or changing how you do them, may help reduce the risks to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</p><p>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you receive depends on how the condition is affecting your body.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d1e101"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>About 1 out of every 5,000 people in the United States has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Men, women, children, and people of all races can have the condition.</p><p>Advances have been made in the early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. It's now possible for people who have the condition to live longer and enjoy a good quality of life. Many people who have Marfan syndrome and are properly diagnosed and treated may live an average lifespan.</p><p>Researchers continue to study the condition and look for better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Marfan Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorder. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> that controls how the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrillin</a> causes Marfan syndrome. Fibrillin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that plays a major role in your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a>.</p><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> inherit it from their parents. If you have the condition, you have a 50 percent chance of passing the altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to each of your children.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> isn't inherited. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrillin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> occurs in the egg or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. If a child is conceived, the altered gene may be passed on to the child. The risk of that child's brothers or sisters having Marfan syndrome is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Marfan Syndrome?</h2><p>People at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> are those who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the condition. If you have Marfan syndrome, you have a 50 percent chance of passing the altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to each of your children.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> affects about 1 out of every 5,000 people in the United States. Men, women, and children, and people of all races, can have the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Marfan Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can affect many parts of the body. As a result, the signs and symptoms of the disorder vary from person to person, even in the same family.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan</a> complications also vary, depending on how the condition affects your body. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> most often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and covering of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. This can cause many complications, some of which are life threatening.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Marfan Traits</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027348" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">long bones</a> of the body. This can lead to signs, or traits, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A tall, thin build.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>, and toes and flexible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> that curves to one side. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that sinks in or sticks out. These conditions are called pectus excavatum and pectus carinatum, respectively.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Teeth</a> that are too crowded.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Flat feet.</div></li></ul><p>Stretch marks on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> also are a common trait in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Stretch marks usually appear on the lower back, buttocks, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breasts</a>, thighs, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</p><p>Not everyone who has these traits has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Some of these traits also are signs of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d5e69"><h3>Complications of Marfan Syndrome</h3><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d5e72"><h4>Heart and Blood Vessel Complications</h4><p>The most serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body. In Marfan syndrome, the aorta can stretch and grow weak. This condition is called aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aortic aneurysm</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> stretches and grows weak, it may tear and leak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This condition, called aortic dissection, can lead to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems or even death.</p><p>Aortic dissection can cause severe pain in either the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> or back of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. The pain can travel upward or downward. If you have symptoms of aortic dissection, call 9–1–1.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> also can cause problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s mitral (MI-trul) valve. This valve controls <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow between the upper and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> on the left side of the heart. Marfan syndrome can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mvp/">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP).</p><p>MVP is a condition in which the flaps of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> are floppy and don't close tightly. MVP can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> (pal-pi-TA-shuns), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and other symptoms.</p><p>If you have MVP, your doctor may hear a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> if he or she listens to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during the heartbeat.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d5e110"><h4>Eye Complications</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can cause many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems. A common problem in Marfan syndrome is a dislocated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a> in one or both of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. In this condition, the lens (the part of the eye that helps focus light) shifts up, down, or to the side. This can affect your eyesight. A dislocated lens often is the first sign that someone has Marfan syndrome.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nearsightedness</a>, early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glaucoma</a> (high pressure in the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>), and early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataracts</a> (clouding of an eye's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a>). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">detached retina</a> also can occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d5e119"><h4>Nervous System Complications</h4><p>Fluid surrounds your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. A substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dura</a> covers the fluid. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, the dura can stretch and grow weak.</p><p>This condition, called dural ectasia (ek-TA-ze-ah), can occur in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> as they grow older. Eventually, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> may wear away.</p><p>Symptoms of this condition are lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024559" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">back pain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal pain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, and numbness in the legs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d5e132"><h4>Lung Complications</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can cause sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a> (noo-mo-THOR-aks), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. In this condition, air or gas builds up in the space between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. If enough air or gas builds up, a lung can collapse.</p><p>The most common symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> are sudden pain in one side of the lung and shortness of breath.</p><p>Conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (a curved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>) and pectus excavatum (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that sinks in) can prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from expanding fully. This can cause breathing problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> also can cause changes in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, and it can lead to early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> (em-fi-SE-ma).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> also has been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>. In people who have Marfan syndrome, the shape of the face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral cavity</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> may increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. Sleep apnea causes one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p>Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They often occur 5 to 30 times or more an hour. Typically, normal breathing then starts again, sometimes with a loud snort or choking sound.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Marfan Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results. He or she also will consult a set of guidelines called Ghent criteria, which are used to diagnose Marfan syndrome.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can be hard to diagnose. This is because its signs, or traits, are the same as or similar to the signs of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>.</p><p>If you're diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, all of your first-degree relatives (for example, parents, siblings, and children) also should be checked for the disorder. This is because, even in families, the outward traits of Marfan syndrome may vary quite a bit.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your family doctor or another type of doctor, such as an orthopedist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> specialist), may notice certain traits that suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p><p>If so, your doctor will likely refer you to a geneticist or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. A geneticist is hereditary disease expert. A cardiologist is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist. These two types of specialists often have the most experience working with people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p><p>A geneticist will ask for medical information about you and your family. He or she will examine you and perhaps other members of your family. The geneticist also will coordinate your visits with other doctors, including a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ophthalmologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> specialist), and an orthopedist.</p><p>After reviewing the medical findings, the geneticist will determine whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and your family's medical history. For example, your doctor may ask whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems, or problems with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>. These complications are common in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. These are common symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or lung problems linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any of your family members have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, have died from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, or have died suddenly.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> traits. For example, he or she may check the curve of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> and the shape of your feet. Your doctor also will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d6e81"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e87"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>This test shows the size and shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and the diameter of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. (The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your body.) Echo also shows how well your heart's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>For people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, echo mainly is used to check the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e102"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Computed Tomography Scans</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) is a test that uses radio waves and magnets to create detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ct/">Computed tomography</a> (CT) uses an x-ray machine to take clear, detailed pictures of your organs.</p><p>MRI and CT scans are used to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. These scans also are used to check for dural ectasia, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a> complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e117"><h4>Slit-Lamp Exam</h4><p>For this test, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ophthalmologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> specialist) will use a microscope with a light to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. A slit-lamp exam can find out whether you have a dislocated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataracts</a>, or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">detached retina</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e123"><h4>Genetic Testing</h4><p>In general, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to detect changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. However, because many different genetic changes can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, no single <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> can diagnose the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d6e129"><h4>Ghent Criteria</h4><p>Because no single test can diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, doctors use a set of guidelines called Ghent criteria to help diagnose the condition. The Ghent criteria are divided into major criteria and minor criteria. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> is part of this evaluation.</p><p>Major criteria include traits that are common in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Minor criteria include traits that are common in many people. Doctors use a scoring system based on the number and type of Ghent criteria present to diagnose Marfan syndrome.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about which traits you have and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">likelihood</a> of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Marfan Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> has no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help delay or prevent complications, especially when started early.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can affect many parts of your body, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you receive will depend on your signs and symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Heart Treatments</h3><p>Aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aortic aneurysm</a>, is the most common and serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. In this condition, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>—the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your body—stretches and grows weak.</p><p>Medicines are used to try to slow the rate of aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is used to replace the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilated</a> segment of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> before it tears.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, you'll need routine care and tests to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Medicines</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> are medicines that help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat slower and with less force. These medicines may help relieve strain on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and slow the rate of aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a>.</p><p>Some people have side effects from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>). If side effects occur, your doctor may prescribe a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blocker</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitor</a> instead of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blocker</a>. Both medicines help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><p>Studies suggest that blocking a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called TGF-beta may help prevent some of the effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. Research shows that the medicine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010993" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">losartan</a> may block the protein in other conditions.</p><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute currently is sponsoring a study comparing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010993" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">losartan</a> to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blocker</a> in children and adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. The study's goal is to find out which medicine, if either, is best at slowing the rate of aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028153" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dilation</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d7e69"><h4>Surgery</h4><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> stretches, it's more likely to tear (a condition called aortic dissection). To prevent this, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair or replace part of your aorta.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> may involve:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A composite valve graft. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> are removed. The aorta is replaced with a man-made tube called a graft. A man-made valve replaces the original valve.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aortic valve</a>-sparing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. If your aortic valve is working well, your doctor may recommend valve-sparing surgery. For this surgery, your doctor replaces the enlarged part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> with a graft. Your aortic valve is left in place.</div></li></ul><p>After aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you may need medicines or followup tests. For example, after a composite valve graft, your doctor will prescribe medicines called anticoagulants, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners."</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners help prevent blood clots from forming on your man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a>. You'll need to take these medicines for the rest of your life. If you've had valve-sparing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you'll only need to take blood thinners for a short time, as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>If you've had a composite valve graft, you're at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis). This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves. Your doctor may recommend that you take antibiotics before certain medical or dental procedures that increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocarditis</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may advise you to continue taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> or other medicines after either type of aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you may have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">cardiac magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ct/">cardiac computed tomography</a> (CT) scans to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> MRI is a painless test that uses radio waves and magnets to created detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Cardiac CT is a painless test that uses an x-ray machine to take clear, detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e115"><h3>Bone and Joint Treatments</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (a curved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>), your doctor may suggest a brace or other device to prevent the condition from getting worse. Severe cases of scoliosis may require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that sinks in or sticks out. This surgery is done to prevent the chest from pressing on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e125"><h3>Eye Treatments</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can lead to many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems, such as a dislocated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nearsightedness</a>, early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glaucoma</a> (high pressure in the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataracts</a> (clouding of an eye's lens).</p><p>Glasses or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022397" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">contact lenses</a> can help with some of these problems. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e134"><h3>Nervous System Treatments</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> can lead to dural ectasia. In this condition, a substance called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dura</a> (which covers the fluid around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>) stretches and grows weak. This can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> to wear away. Dural ectasia usually is treated with pain medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d7e141"><h3>Lung Treatments</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a> may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>. In this condition, air or gas builds up in the space between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>.</p><p>If the condition is minor, it may go away on its own. However, you may need to have a tube placed through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> to remove the air. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is needed.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Marfan Syndrome</h2><p>Advances have been made in the early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>. It's now possible for people who have Marfan syndrome to live longer and enjoy a good quality of life. Many people who have Marfan syndrome and are properly diagnosed and treated may live an average lifespan.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, talk with your doctor about ongoing care and what types of physical activity are safe for you. If you're thinking about becoming pregnant, discuss the possible risks with your doctor.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, you'll need regular checkups with the doctor who is coordinating your care and other medical experts, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regular visits with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist) to check for problems with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. (The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body.) You'll have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">echocardiograms</a> to check your heart.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Annual checkups with an orthopedist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> specialist) to look for changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025647" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breastbone</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> exams with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ophthalmologist</a> (eye specialist) to find and treat eye problems early.</div></li></ul><p>Let your doctors and dentists know if you've had a composite valve graft. If you've had this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you're at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">endocarditis</a>. This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>Your health care providers, including dentists, may give you antibiotics before certain medical or dental procedures that could raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocarditis</a>.</p><p>Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><div id="nhlbi-mar-sec3-d8e68"><h4>Emergencies</h4><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023297" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Marfan syndrome</a>, you're at risk for aortic dissection. This is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> tears and leaks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Aortic dissection is a life-threatening condition.</p><p>The main symptom of aortic dissection is severe pain in either the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> or back of your <a hr |
June 11, 2014. | { "57": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 57, "category_1.id": 11, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "m" } } |
58 | 2018-02-02 05:19:39 | Metabolic Syndrome | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ms-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Metabolic Syndrome?</h2><p>Metabolic (met-ah-BOL-ik) syndrome is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>The term "metabolic" refers to the biochemical processes involved in the body's normal functioning. Risk factors are traits, conditions, or habits that increase your chance of developing a disease.</p><p>In this article, "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease" refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> hardens and narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">chest pain</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, heart damage, or even death.</p><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d1e68"><h3>Metabolic Risk Factors</h3><p>The five conditions described below are metabolic risk factors. You can have any one of these risk factors by itself, but they tend to occur together. You must have at least three metabolic risk factors to be diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large waistline. This also is called abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> or "having an apple shape." Excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> area is a greater risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease than excess fat in other parts of the body, such as on the hips.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>). Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol). HDL sometimes is called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. A low HDL cholesterol level raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>). Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against the walls of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage your heart and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>). Mildly high blood sugar may be an early sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d1e94"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> increases with the number of metabolic risk factors you have. In general, a person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is twice as likely to develop heart disease and five times as likely to develop diabetes as someone who doesn't have metabolic syndrome.</p><p>Other risk factors, besides those described above, also increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. For example, a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> level and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> are major risk factors for heart disease, but they aren't part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>Having even one risk factor raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. You should try to control every risk factor you can to reduce your risk.</p><p>The risk of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is closely linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a> and a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a> also may increase your risk for metabolic syndrome.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a> is a condition in which the body can't use its insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it's used for energy. Insulin resistance can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> levels, and it's closely linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p><p>Genetics (ethnicity and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>) and older age are other factors that may play a role in causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d1e128"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is becoming more common due to a rise in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> rates among adults. In the future, metabolic syndrome may overtake smoking as the leading risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><p>It is possible to prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, mainly with lifestyle changes. A healthy lifestyle is a lifelong commitment. Successfully controlling metabolic syndrome requires long-term effort and teamwork with your health care providers.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Metabolic Syndrome</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dysmetabolic syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hypertriglyceridemic waist</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Syndrome X</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Metabolic Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> has several causes that act together. You can control some of the causes, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight and obesity</a>, an inactive lifestyle, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>.</p><p>You can't control other factors that may play a role in causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, such as growing older. Your risk for metabolic syndrome increases with age.</p><p>You also can't control genetics (ethnicity and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>), which may play a role in causing the condition. For example, genetics can increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a>, which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> often have two other conditions: <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ebc/">excessive blood clotting</a> and constant, low-grade <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> throughout the body. Researchers don't know whether these conditions cause metabolic syndrome or worsen it.</p><p>Researchers continue to study conditions that may play a role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatty liver</a> (excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> in the liver)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024506" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycystic ovarian syndrome</a> (a tendency to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing problems during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome?</h2><p>People at greatest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> have these underlying causes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> (a large waistline)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An inactive lifestyle</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a></div></li></ul><p>Some people are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> because they take medicines that cause weight gain or changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels.</p><p>These medicines most often are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, HIV, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a> and other types of mental illness.</p><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d5e51"><h3>Populations Affected</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is more common in African American women and Mexican American women than in men of the same racial groups. The condition affects White women and men about equally.</p><p>Some racial and ethnic groups in the United States are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> than others. Mexican Americans have the highest rate of metabolic syndrome, followed by Whites and African Americans.</p><p>Worldwide, certain ethnic groups, such as South Asians, are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>Other groups at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a sibling or parent who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have a personal history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Women who have a personal history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024506" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycystic ovarian syndrome</a> (a tendency to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024724" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cysts</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d5e81"><h3>Heart Disease Risk</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> increases your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> disease risk can be divided into short-term risk and long-term risk.</p><p>"Short-term risk" refers to the risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or dying from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease in the next 10 years. "Long-term risk" refers to the risk of developing heart disease over your lifetime.</p><p>Other risk factors, besides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, also increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. For example, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high LDL cholesterol</a> level and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> are major risk factors for heart disease. For details about all of the risk factors for heart disease, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article.</p><p>Even if you don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, you should find out your short-term risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cholesterol</a> Education Program (NCEP) divides short-term heart disease risk into four categories, as shown below. Your risk category depends on which risk factors you have and how many you have.</p><p>Your risk factors are used to calculate your 10-year risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. The NCEP has an online calculator that you can use to determine your 10-year heart disease risk score.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High risk: You're in this category if you already have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or if your 10-year risk score is more than 20 percent.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moderately high risk: You're in this category if you have two or more risk factors and your 10-year risk score is 10–20 percent.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moderate risk: You're in this category if you have two or more risk factors and your 10-year risk score is less than 10 percent.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lower risk: You're in this category if you have zero or one risk factor.</div></li></ul><p>Even if your 10-year risk score isn't high, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> will increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease over time. Thus, metabolic syndrome should be treated (mainly with lifestyle changes).</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is a group of risk factors that raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a> and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. These risk factors can increase your risk for health problems even if they're only moderately raised (borderline-high risk factors).</p><p>Most of the metabolic risk factors have no signs or symptoms, although a large waistline is a visible sign.</p><p>Some people may have symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a> if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>—especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>—is present. Symptoms of high blood sugar often include increased thirst; increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urination</a>, especially at night; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>); and blurred vision.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> usually has no signs or symptoms. However, some people in the early stages of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> may have dull <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, dizzy spells, or more nosebleeds than usual.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> based on the results of a physical exam and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. You must have at least three of the five metabolic risk factors to be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome.</p><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Metabolic Risk Factors</h3><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e37"><h4>A Large Waistline</h4><p>Having a large waistline means that you carry excess weight around your waist (abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>). This is also called having an "apple-shaped" figure. Your doctor will measure your waist to find out whether you have a large waistline.</p><p>A waist measurement of 35 inches or more for women or 40 inches or more for men is a metabolic risk factor. A large waistline means you're at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a> and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e50"><h4>A High Triglyceride Level</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Triglycerides</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level of 150 mg/dL or higher (or being on medicine to treat high triglycerides) is a metabolic risk factor. (The mg/dL is milligrams per deciliter—the units used to measure triglycerides, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a>.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e56"><h4>A Low HDL Cholesterol Level</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> sometimes is called "good" cholesterol. This is because it helps remove cholesterol from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level of less than 50 mg/dL for women and less than 40 mg/dL for men (or being on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol) is a metabolic risk factor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e66"><h4>High Blood Pressure</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> of 130/85 mmHg or higher (or being on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>) is a metabolic risk factor. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</p><p>If only one of your two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> numbers is high, you're still at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d7e78"><h4>High Fasting Blood Sugar</h4><p>A normal fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is less than 100 mg/dL. A fasting blood sugar level between 100–125 mg/dL is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029848" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prediabetes</a>. A fasting blood sugar level of 126 mg/dL or higher is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>A fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level of 100 mg/dL or higher (or being on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>) is a metabolic risk factor.</p><p>About 85 percent of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>—the most common type of diabetes—also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. These people have a much higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease than the 15 percent of people who have type 2 diabetes without metabolic syndrome.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Metabolic Syndrome Treated?</h2><p>Healthy lifestyle changes are the first line of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. Lifestyle changes include losing weight, being physically active, following a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet, and quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>.</p><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may prescribe medicines. Medicines are used to treat and control risk factors such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>, low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, also may be used to reduce the risk of blood clots. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ebc/">Excessive blood clotting</a> is a condition that often occurs with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The major goal of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is to reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> is directed first at lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> and managing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> (if these conditions are present).</p><p>The second goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to prevent the onset of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> (if it hasn't already developed). Long-term complications of diabetes often include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, vision loss, and foot or leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amputation</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> is present, the goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to reduce your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease by controlling all of your risk factors.</p><p>The main focus of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is managing the risk factors that are within your control, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>, an unhealthy diet, and an inactive lifestyle.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d8e71"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d8e74"><h4>Losing Weight</h4><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> and are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, your doctor will likely recommend weight loss. He or she can help you create a weight-loss plan and goals. </p><p>The long-range target is to lower your body mass index (BMI) to less than 25. BMI measures your weight in relation to your height and gives an estimate of your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>.</p><p>A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. A BMI of less than 25 is the goal for prevention and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>.</p><p>You can calculate your BMI using the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online calculator, or your health care provider can calculate your BMI.</p><p>For more information about losing weight or maintaining your weight, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d8e99"><h4>Following a Heart Healthy Diet</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. These foods can be fresh, canned, frozen, or dried. A good rule is to try to fill half of your plate with vegetables and fruits.</p><p>A healthy diet also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>Choose and prepare foods with little sodium (salt). Too much salt can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>. Studies show that following the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dash/">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</a> (DASH) eating plan can lower blood pressure.</p><p>Try to avoid foods and drinks that are high in added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>. For example, drink water instead of sugary drinks, such as soda.</p><p>Also, try to limit the amount of solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and refined grains that you eat. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>If you drink alcohol, do so in moderation. Too much alcohol can raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level. Alcohol also adds extra calories, which can cause weight gain.</p><p>Aim for a healthy weight by staying within your daily calorie needs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Balance</a> the calories you take in from food and drinks with the calories you use while doing physical activity.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d8e140"><h4>Being Physically Active</h4><p>Physical activity can help keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> healthy. Many Americans are not active enough. The good news is that even modest amounts of physical activity are good for your health. The more active you are, the more you'll benefit.</p><p>Before starting any kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program or new physical activity, talk with your doctor about the types and amounts of physical activity that are safe for you.</p><p>The four main types of physical activity are aerobic, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>-strengthening, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> strengthening, and stretching.</p><p>You can do physical activity with light, moderate, or vigorous intensity. The level of intensity depends on how hard you have to work to do the activity. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> usually are urged to keep up a moderate level of activity.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec3-d8e167"><h4>Smoking</h4><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> and worsen other heart disease risk factors. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ms-sec2-d8e188"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may prescribe medicines to help you control your risk factors. Medicines can help treat unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood sugar</a>.</p><p>Unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels are treated with medicines such as statins, fibrates, or nicotinic acid. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> is treated with medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood sugar</a> is treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> medicines (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011121" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metformin</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a>, or both.</p><p>Low-dose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> can help reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, especially for people whose risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease is high.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Metabolic Syndrome Be Prevented?</h2><p>Making healthy lifestyle choices is the best way to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. One important lifestyle choice is to maintain a healthy weight. Other than weighing yourself on a scale, you can find out if you're at a healthy weight using your waist measurement and body mass index (BMI).</p><p>A waist measurement indicates your abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, which is linked to your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a> and other diseases. To measure your waist, stand and place a tape measure around your middle, just above your hipbones. Measure your waist just after you breathe out. Make sure the tape is snug but doesn't squeeze the flesh.</p><p>A waist measurement of less than 35 inches for women and less than 40 inches for men is the goal for preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>; it's also the goal when treating metabolic syndrome.</p><p>BMI measures your weight in relation to your height and gives an estimate of your total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>. A BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>. A BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. A BMI of less than 25 is the goal for preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>; it's also the goal when treating metabolic syndrome.</p><p>You can figure out your BMI using the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online calculator, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>To maintain a healthy weight, follow a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet and try not to overeat. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Being physically active also can help you maintain a healthy weight. Before starting any kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program or new physical activity, talk with your doctor about the types and amounts of physical activity that are safe for you.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>Make sure to schedule routine doctor visits to keep track of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022294" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lipoprotein</a> panel will show your levels of total cholesterol, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Metabolic Syndrome</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is a lifelong condition. However, lifestyle changes can help you control your risk factors and reduce your risk for <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/Cad/CAD_WhatIs.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">heart disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>If you already have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, lifestyle changes can help you prevent or delay related problems. Examples of these problems include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and diabetes-related complications (for example, damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, feet, and legs).</p><p>Lifestyle changes may include losing weight, following a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> healthy diet, being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>, and quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>.</p><p>If lifestyle changes aren't enough, your doctor may recommend medicines. Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes. For more information about lifestyle changes and medicines, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062969/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Metabolic Syndrome Treated?"</a> </p><p>Make realistic short- and long-term goals for yourself when you begin to make healthy lifestyle changes. Work closely with your doctor and seek regular medical care.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent or treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about various diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>. For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> exposure and abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> affect adolescents' risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The effects of two diets on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of adolescents who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease risk factors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How certain medicines can help treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>-sweetened beverages on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> levels</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-ms-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Metabolic Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Metabolic Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Metabolic Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Metabolic Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Metabolic Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Metabolic Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Metabolic Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Metabolic Syndrome Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Metabolic Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "58": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 58, "category_1.id": 11, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "m" } } |
59 | 2018-02-02 05:19:52 | Mitral Valve Prolapse | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-mvp-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Mitral Valve Prolapse?</h2><p>Mitral (MI-tral) valve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030546" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prolapse</a> (MVP) is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> doesn't work well. The flaps of the valve are "floppy" and don't close tightly. These flaps normally help seal or open the valve.</p><p>Much of the time, MVP doesn't cause any problems. Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can leak the wrong way through the floppy valve. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>, shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and other symptoms. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast.)</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d1e49"><h3>Normal Mitral Valve</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> controls <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow between the upper and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> is called the left atrium (AY-tree-um). The lower chamber is called the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> (VEN-trih-kul).</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left atrium into the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>, but not back the other way. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> also has a right atrium and ventricle, separated by the tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve.</p><p>With each heartbeat, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> contract and push <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. The flaps of the mitral and tricuspid valves open to let blood through. Then, the ventricles contract to pump the blood out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, the flaps of the mitral and tricuspid valves close. They form a tight seal that prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from flowing back into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. This article contains animations that show how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d1e71"><h3>Mitral Valve Prolapse</h3><p>In MVP, when the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> contracts, one or both flaps of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> flop or bulge back (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030546" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prolapse</a>) into the left atrium. This can prevent the valve from forming a tight seal.</p><p>As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may leak from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> back into the atrium. The backflow of blood is called regurgitation (re-GUR-jih-TA-shun).</p><p>MVP doesn't always cause backflow. In fact, most people who have MVP don't have backflow and never have any related symptoms or problems. Their mitral valves still can form a tight seal.</p><p>When backflow does occur, it can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e93" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e93"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/figure/d1e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e93" rid-ob="figobd1e93"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/bin/mitralvalve_prolapse.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/bin/mitralvalve_prolapse.jpg" alt="Mitral Valve Prolapse."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e93"><h4 id="d1e93"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/figure/d1e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e93">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Mitral Valve Prolapse. Figure A shows a normal mitral valve. The valve separates the left atrium from the left ventricle. Figure B shows a heart with mitral valve prolapse. Figure C shows a closeup view of mitral valve prolapse. Figure D shows a mitral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063024/figure/d1e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e93">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Backflow can get worse over time. It can change the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s size and raise pressure in the left atrium and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Backflow also raises the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> infections.</p><p>Medicines can treat troublesome MVP symptoms and help prevent complications. Some people will need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair or replace their mitral valves.</p><p>MVP once was thought to affect as much as 5 to 15 percent of the population. Researchers now believe that many people who were diagnosed with MVP in the past didn't actually have a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>.</p><p>They may have had a slight bulging of the valve flaps due to other conditions, such as dehydration (lack of fluid in the body) or a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. However, their valves were normal, and little or no backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> occurred.</p><p>Diagnosing MVP is more precise now because of a test called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee). This test allows doctors to easily see MVP and detect troublesome backflow.</p><p>As a result, researchers now think that less than 3 percent of the population actually has MVP. They believe an even smaller <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percentage</a> has serious complications from the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d1e122"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Most people who have MVP have no symptoms or medical problems and don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. They're able to lead normal, active lives; they may not even know they have the condition.</p><p>A small number of people who have MVP may need medicine to relieve their symptoms. Very few people who have MVP need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart valve surgery</a> to repair their mitral valves.</p><p>Rarely, MVP can cause problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (EN-do-kar-DI-tis). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023223" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Endocarditis</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bacteria</a> that enter the bloodstream can cause the infection.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Mitral Valve Prolapse</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Balloon <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Barlow's syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Billowing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Click-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">murmur</a> syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Floppy valve syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Myxomatous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolapsing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> syndrome</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Mitral Valve Prolapse?</h2><p>The exact cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) isn't known. Most people who have the condition are born with it. MVP tends to run in families. Also, it's more common in people who are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mar/">Marfan syndrome</a>.</p><p>In people who have MVP, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> may be abnormal in the following ways:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The valve flaps may be too large and thick.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The valve flaps may be "floppy." The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> of the flaps and their supporting "strings" are too stretchy, and parts of the valve flop or bulge back into the atrium.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The opening of the valve may stretch.</div></li></ul><p>These problems can keep the valve from making a tight seal. Some people's valves are abnormal in more than one way.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Mitral Valve Prolapse?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) affects people of all ages and both sexes. MVP that causes complications or severe symptoms most often occurs in men older than 50.</p><p>Certain conditions increase the risk of MVP, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Connective tissue disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mar/">Marfan syndrome</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Scoliosis</a> (SKO-le-O-sis) and other skeletal problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscular dystrophy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024708" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Graves disease</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse?</h2><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) aren't affected by the condition. They don't have any symptoms or major mitral valve backflow.</p><p>When MVP does cause signs and symptoms, they may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">Palpitations</a> (feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">Cough</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Migraine headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> discomfort</div></li></ul><p>MVP symptoms can vary from one person to another. They tend to be mild but can worsen over time, mainly when complications occur.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d6e63"><h3>Mitral Valve Prolapse Complications</h3><p>MVP complications are rare. When present, they're most often caused by the backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve</a> backflow is most common among men and people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. People who have severe backflow may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">valve surgery</a> to prevent complications.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve</a> backflow causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> back into the left atrium. Blood can even back up from the atrium into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, causing shortness of breath.</p><p>The backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> strains the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> of both the atrium and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>. Over time, the strain can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>. Backflow also increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Arrhythmias</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. The most common types of arrhythmias are harmless. Other arrhythmias can be serious or even life threatening, such as ventricular arrhythmias.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> is too slow, too fast, or irregular, the heart may not be able to pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body. Lack of blood flow can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, heart, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>One troublesome <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> that MVP can cause is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF). In AF, the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> quiver instead of beating normally. As a result, the atria aren't able to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> the way they should.</p><p>AF is bothersome but rarely life threatening, unless the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> contract very fast or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the atria. Blood clots can occur because some blood "pools" in the atria instead of flowing into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. If a blood clot breaks off and travels through the bloodstream, it can reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d6e112"><h4>Infection of the Mitral Valve</h4><p>A deformed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> flap can attract <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> in the bloodstream. The bacteria attach to the valve and can cause a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023224" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). Signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, chills, body aches, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</p><p>IE doesn't happen often, but when it does, it's serious. MVP is the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> condition that puts people at risk for this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>If you have MVP, you can take steps to prevent IE. Floss and brush your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> regularly. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gum</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth decay</a> can cause IE.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Mitral Valve Prolapse Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) most often is detected during a routine physical exam. During the exam, your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><p>Stretched valve flaps can make a clicking sound as they shut. If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> is leaking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> back into the left atrium, your doctor may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> or whooshing sound.</p><p>However, these abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> sounds may come and go. Your doctor may not hear them at the time of an exam, even if you have MVP. Thus, you also may have tests and procedures to diagnose MVP.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d7e44"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is the most useful test for diagnosing MVP. This painless test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Echo shows the size and shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working. The test also can show areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally because of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or injury to the heart muscle.</p><p>Echo can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030546" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prolapse</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> flaps and backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the leaky valve.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. Stress echo is done before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress test</a>. During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> or take medicine (given by your doctor) to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast.</p><p>You may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo to find out whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> (a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>).</p><p>Echo also can be done by placing a tiny probe in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a> to get a closer look at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>. The esophagus is the passage leading from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</p><p>The probe uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This form of echo is called transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">echocardiography</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d7e80"><h4>Doppler Ultrasound</h4><p>A Doppler ultrasound is part of an echo test. A Doppler ultrasound shows the speed and direction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d7e89"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests that can help diagnose MVP include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>. This test is used to look for fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or to show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is enlarged.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An EKG is a simple test that records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. An EKG can show how fast your heart is beating and whether its rhythm is steady or irregular. This test also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Mitral Valve Prolapse Treated?</h2><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> because they don't have symptoms and complications.</p><p>Even people who do have symptoms may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The presence of symptoms doesn't always mean that the backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the valve is significant.</p><p>People who have MVP and troublesome <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> backflow usually need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. MVP is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or both.</p><p>The goals of treating MVP include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>, and other complications</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Correcting the underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> problem, if necessary</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d8e59"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Medicines called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> may be used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort in people who have little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> backflow.</p><p>If you have significant backflow and symptoms, your doctor may prescribe:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vasodilators to widen your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s workload. Examples of vasodilators are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">isosorbide dinitrate</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000882" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydralazine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Digoxin</a> to strengthen your heartbeat.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>) to remove excess fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flecainide</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011845" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">procainamide</a> to regulate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines to reduce the risk of blood clots forming if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a>. Examples of blood-thinning medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> (Coumadin®), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dabigatran</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d8e95"><h3>Surgery</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is done only if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> is very abnormal and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing back into the atrium. The main goal of surgery is to improve symptoms and reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>The timing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is important. If it's done too early and your leaking valve is working fairly well, you may be put at needless risk from surgery. If it's done too late, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage that can't be fixed.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d8e108"><h4>Surgical Approaches</h4><p>Traditionally, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> surgeons repair or replace a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> by making an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">incision</a> (cut) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025647" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breastbone</a> and exposing the heart.</p><p>A small but growing number of surgeons are using another approach that involves one or more small cuts through the side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. This results in less cutting, reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, and a shorter hospital stay. However, not all hospitals offer this method.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d8e117"><h4>Valve Repair and Valve Replacement</h4><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, the valve is repaired or replaced. Valve repair is preferred when possible. Repair is less likely than replacement to weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Repair also lowers the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and decreases the need for lifelong use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines.</p><p>If repair isn't an option, the valve can be replaced. Mechanical and biological valves are used as replacement valves.</p><p>Mechanical valves are man-made and can last a lifetime. People who have mechanical valves must take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines for the rest of their lives.</p><p>Biological valves are taken from cows or pigs or made from human <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. Many people who have biological valves don't need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines for the rest of their lives. The major drawback of biological valves is that they weaken over time and often last only about 10 years.</p><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you'll likely stay in the hospital's intensive care unit for 2 to 3 days. Overall, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022268" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve</a> surgery spend about 1 to 2 weeks in the hospital. Complete recovery takes a few weeks to several months, depending on your health before surgery.</p><p>If you've had valve repair or replacement, you may need antibiotics before dental work and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. These procedures can allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> to enter your bloodstream. Antibiotics can help prevent IE, a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Discuss with your doctor whether you need to take antibiotics before such procedures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec3-d8e140"><h4>Experimental Approaches</h4><p>Researchers are testing whether they can repair leaky mitral valves using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) inserted through a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>.</p><p>This approach is less invasive and can prevent a patient from having <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">open-heart surgery</a>. However, only a few medical centers are doing this type of procedure. Large studies haven't yet shown that this new approach is better than traditional approaches. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Mitral Valve Prolapse Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP). Most people who have the condition are born with it.</p><p>Complications from MVP, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE), are rare. IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>People at high risk for IE may be given antibiotics before some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and dental work. Antibiotics can help prevent IE. Your doctor will tell you whether you need this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>People at high risk for IE may include those who've had valve repair or replacement or who have some types of underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Mitral Valve Prolapse</h2><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a> (MVP) have no symptoms or related problems, need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, and are able to lead normal, active lives. If symptoms and complications do occur, you often can control them with medicine.</p><p>Some people may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/#nhlbisec-types">heart valve surgery</a> to relieve their symptoms and prevent complications. Rarely, MVP can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>) and other problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-mvp-sec2-d10e40"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have MVP, having ongoing care is important. Ask your doctor how often you should schedule followup visits. See your doctor if your symptoms worsen.</p><p>The backflow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that may occur with MVP increases your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>You can take steps to try to prevent IE. Tell your doctors and dentists that you have MVP. Floss and brush your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> regularly. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gum</a> infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth decay</a> can cause IE. Call your doctor if you have any signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sore throat</a>, general body aches, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p><p>Take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> medicines.</p><p>Make healthy lifestyle choices. For example, avoid smoking and taking birth control pills; both can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p>If you smoke, talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article.</p><p>Ask your doctor how much and what types of physical activity are safe for you. Also, ask your doctor whether you need to make any changes to your diet.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023252" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mitral valve prolapse</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-mvp-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Mitral Valve Prolapse?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Mitral Valve Prolapse</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Mitral Valve Prolapse?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Mitral Valve Prolapse?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Mitral Valve Prolapse?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Mitral Valve Prolapse Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Mitral Valve Prolapse Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Mitral Valve Prolapse Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Mitral Valve Prolapse</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "59": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 59, "category_1.id": 11, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "m" } } |
60 | 2018-02-02 05:20:10 | Narcolepsy | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-nar-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Narcolepsy?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> (NAR-ko-lep-se) is a disorder that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of extreme daytime sleepiness. The disorder also may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness.</p><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have trouble sleeping at night. Some people who have the disorder <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep suddenly, even if they're in the middle of talking, eating, or another activity.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> also can cause:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cataplexy (KAT-ah-plek-se). This condition causes a sudden loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> tone while you're awake. Muscle weakness can affect certain parts of your body or your whole body. For example, if cataplexy affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>, you may drop what you're holding. Strong emotions often trigger this weakness. It may last seconds or minutes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hallucinations</a> (ha-lu-sih-NA-shuns). These vivid dreams occur while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep or waking up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep paralysis</a> (pah-RAL-ih-sis). This condition prevents you from moving or speaking while waking up and sometimes while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep. Sleep paralysis usually goes away within a few minutes.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d1e60"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The two main phases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> are nonrapid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM). Most people are in the NREM phase when they first <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. After about 90 minutes of sleep, most people go from NREM to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a>.</p><p>Dreaming occurs during the REM phase of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. During REM, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> normally become limp. This prevents you from acting out your dreams. (For more information about sleep cycles, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a>)</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> often <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a> quickly and wake up directly from it. As a result, they may have vivid dreams while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep and waking up.</p><p>Hypocretin (hi-po-KREET-in), a chemical in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, helps promote wakefulness. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have low levels of this chemical. What causes these low levels isn't well understood.</p><p>Researchers think that certain factors may work together to cause a lack of hypocretin. These factors may include heredity, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> injuries, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>. (Autoimmune disorders occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy symptoms</a> usually begin during the teen or young adult years. People who have narcolepsy may find it hard to function at school, work, home, and in social situations because of extreme <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> has no cure, but medicines, lifestyle changes, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> can improve symptoms. Research is ongoing on the causes of narcolepsy and new ways to treat it.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Narcolepsy?</h2><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have low levels of hypocretin. This is a chemical in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that helps promote wakefulness. What causes low hypocretin levels isn't well understood.</p><p>Researchers think that certain factors may work together to cause a lack of hypocretin. These factors may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heredity. Some people may inherit a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> that affects hypocretin. Up to 10 percent of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> report having a relative who has the same symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Brain</a> injuries caused by conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024760" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain tumors</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>, or trauma (for example, car accidents or military-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wounds</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>. With these disorders, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. An example of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025446" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">histamine</a>, a substance in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that promotes wakefulness.</div></li></ul><p>Some research suggests that environmental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a> may play a role in triggering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. Toxins may include heavy metals, pesticides and weed killers, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>Heredity alone doesn't cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. You also must have at least one other factor, such as one of those listed above, to develop narcolepsy.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is At Risk for Narcolepsy?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> affects men and women. Symptoms usually begin during the teen or young adult years. The disorder also can develop later in life or in children, but it's rare before age 5.</p><p>Researchers think that certain factors may work together to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. If these factors affect you, you may be at higher risk for the disorder. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062956/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Narcolepsy?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Narcolepsy?</h2><p>The four major signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> are extreme daytime sleepiness, cataplexy (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness) while awake, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hallucinations</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep paralysis</a> during sleep.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>, you may have one or more of these symptoms. They can range from mild to severe. Less than one-third of people who have narcolepsy have all four symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Extreme Daytime Sleepiness</h3><p>All people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have extreme daytime sleepiness. This often is the most obvious symptom of the disorder.</p><p>During the day, you may have few or many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of sleepiness. Each period usually lasts 30 minutes or less. Strong emotions—such as anger, fear, laughter, or excitement—can trigger this sleepiness.</p><p>People who have daytime sleepiness often complain of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mental cloudiness or "fog"</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory problems or problems focusing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of energy or extreme exhaustion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Depression</a></div></li></ul><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have episodes in which they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep suddenly. This is more likely to happen when they're not active—for example, while reading, watching TV, or sitting in a meeting.</p><p>However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> episodes also may occur in the middle of talking, eating, or another activity. Cataplexy also may occur at the same time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e68"><h3>Cataplexy</h3><p>This condition causes loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> tone while you're awake. Muscle weakness affects part or all of your body.</p><p>Cataplexy may make your head nod or make it hard for you to speak. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Muscle</a> weakness also may make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a> weak or cause you to drop things you're holding. Some people lose all muscle control and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a>.</p><p>Strong emotions—such as anger, surprise, fear, or laughter—often trigger cataplexy. It usually lasts a few seconds or minutes. During this time, you're usually awake.</p><p>Cataplexy may occur weeks to years after you first start to have extreme daytime sleepiness.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e84"><h3>Hallucinations</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>, you may have vivid dreams while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep, waking up, or dozing. These dreams can feel very real. You may feel like you can see, hear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025081" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">smell</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">taste</a> things.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e91"><h3>Sleep Paralysis</h3><p>This condition prevents you from moving or speaking while <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep or waking up. However, you're fully conscious (aware) during this time. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep paralysis</a> usually lasts just a few seconds or minutes, but it can be scary.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d5e97"><h3>Other Symptoms</h3><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> don't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> well at night. They may have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> and staying asleep. Vivid, scary dreams may disturb sleep. Not sleeping well at night worsens daytime sleepiness.</p><p>Rarely, people who <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep in the middle of an activity, such as eating, may continue that activity for a few seconds or minutes. This is called automatic behavior.</p><p>During automatic behavior, you're not aware of your actions, so you don't do them well. For example, if you're writing before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep, you may scribble rather than form words. If you're driving, you may get lost or have an accident. Most people who have this symptom don't remember what happened while it was going on.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> often have trouble studying, focusing, and remembering things. Also, they may seem hyperactive. Some children who have narcolepsy speed up their activities rather than slow them down.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> may have severe sleepiness. They may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep while talking or eating, or during sporting events and social activities.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Narcolepsy Diagnosed?</h2><p>It can take as long as 10 to 15 years after the first symptoms appear before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> is recognized and diagnosed. This is because narcolepsy is fairly rare. Also, many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy symptoms</a> are like symptoms of other illnesses, such as infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> sometimes is mistaken for learning problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure disorders</a>, or laziness, especially in school-aged children and teens. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy symptoms</a> are mild, the disorder is even harder to diagnose.</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> based on your signs and symptoms, your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Tell your doctor about any signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> that you have. This is important because your doctor may not ask about them during a routine checkup.</p><p>Your doctor will want to know when you first had signs and symptoms and whether they bother your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> or daily routine. He or she also will want to know about your sleep habits and how you feel and act during the day.</p><p>To help answer these questions, you may want to keep a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary for a few weeks. Keep a daily record of how easy it is to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> and stay asleep, how much sleep you get at night, and how alert you feel during the day.</p><p>For a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d6e55"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're affected by certain factors that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. Examples of these factors include infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> injuries, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>. Some research suggests that environmental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a> may play a role in triggering narcolepsy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You take medicines and which ones you take. Some medicines can cause daytime sleepiness. Thus, your symptoms may be due to medicine, not <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have symptoms of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> that cause daytime sleepiness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have relatives who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> or who have signs or symptoms of the disorder.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d6e77"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will check you to see whether another condition is causing your symptoms. For example, infections, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid diseases</a>, drug and alcohol use, and other medical or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> may cause symptoms similar to those of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d6e83"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec3-d6e86"><h4>Sleep Studies</h4><p>If your doctor thinks you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>, he or she will likely suggest that you see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist. This specialist may advise you to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">sleep studies</a> to find out more about your condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep studies</a> usually are done at a sleep center. Doctors use the results from two tests to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. These tests are a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polysomnogram</a> (PSG) and a multiple sleep latency test (MSLT).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polysomnogram</a>. You usually stay overnight at a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> center for a PSG. The test records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. A PSG can help find out whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fall</a> asleep quickly</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Go into rapid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movement (REM) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> soon after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wake up often during the night</div></li></ul><p>Multiple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> latency test. This daytime <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> measures how sleepy you are. It's often done the day after a PSG. During the test, you're asked to nap for 20 minutes every 2 hours throughout the day. (You will nap a total of four or five times.)</p><p>A technician checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity during this time. He or she notes how quickly you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and how long it takes you to reach various stages of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>An MSLT finds out how quickly you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep during the day (after a full night's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>). It also shows whether you go into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a> soon after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec3-d6e128"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Hypocretin test. This test measures the level of hypocretin in the fluid that surrounds your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> have low levels of hypocretin. Hypocretin is a chemical that helps promote wakefulness.</p><p>To get a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a> fluid, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024319" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal tap</a> (also called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024319" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lumbar puncture</a>) is done. For this procedure, your doctor inserts a needle into your lower back area and then withdraws a sample of your spinal fluid.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Narcolepsy Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Narcolepsy</a> has no cure. However, medicines, lifestyle changes, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> can relieve many of its symptoms. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for narcolepsy is based on the type of symptoms you have and how severe they are.</p><p>Not all medicines and lifestyle changes work for everyone. It may take weeks to months for you and your doctor to find the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>You may need one or more medicines to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy symptoms</a>. These may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stimulants to ease daytime sleepiness and raise your alertness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A medicine that helps make up for the low levels of hypocretin in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. (Hypocretin is a chemical that helps promote wakefulness.) This medicine helps you stay awake during the day and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> at night. It doesn't always completely relieve daytime sleepiness, so your doctor may tell you to take it with a stimulant.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines that help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> at night.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>. These medicines also help prevent cataplexy, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hallucinations</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep paralysis</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Some prescription and over-the-counter medicines can interfere with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Ask your doctor about these medicines and how to avoid them, if possible. For example, your doctor may advise you to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antihistamines</a>. These medicines suppress the action of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025446" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">histamine</a>, a substance in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that promotes wakefulness.</p><p>If you take regular naps when you feel sleepy, you may need less medicine to stay awake.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d7e62"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Lifestyle changes also may help relieve some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy symptoms</a>. You can take steps to make it easier to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep at night and stay asleep.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow a regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> schedule. Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do something relaxing before bedtime, such as taking a warm bath.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep your bedroom or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> area quiet, comfortable, dark, and free from distractions, such as a TV or computer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Allow yourself about 20 minutes to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep or fall back asleep after waking up. After that, get up and do something relaxing (like reading) until you get sleepy.</div></li></ul><p>Certain activities, foods, and drinks before bedtime can keep you awake. Try to follow these guidelines:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> regularly, but not within 3 hours of bedtime.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, alcohol, chocolate, and drinks that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> for several hours before bedtime.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid large meals and beverages just before bedtime.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid bright lights before bedtime.</div></li></ul><p>For more tips on sleeping better, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d7e107"><h3>Other Therapies</h3><p>Light <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> may help you keep a regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and wake schedule. For this type of therapy, you sit in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of a light box, which has special lights, for 10 to 30 minutes. This therapy can help you feel less sleepy in the morning.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Narcolepsy</h2><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> can be hard. It can affect your ability to drive, work, go to school, and have relationships. Besides taking medicine, you can do many things to live a safe and fulfilling life.</p><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Driving</h3><p>Driving can be dangerous for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. Ask your doctor whether you can drive safely. To help make it safer for you to drive:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take naps before driving. This helps some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of extreme daytime sleepiness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stop often during long drives. Stretch and walk around during the stops.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to have family, friends, or coworkers in the car to keep you aware and engaged, or get rides from them.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Working</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> can work in almost any type of job, but some jobs may be better than others.</p><p>For example, a job with a flexible work schedule can make it easier to take naps when needed. A job in which you interact with your coworkers can help keep you awake. Jobs that don't require you to drive or are closer to home also may better suit your needs.</p><p>Certain laws may apply to workers who have medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. These laws include the:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). This law requires employers to reasonably accommodate the needs of their workers who have disabilities. This includes people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. For example, employers may allow workers to take short naps during the workday or adjust work schedules to avoid sleepy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family and Medical Leave Act. This law requires employers who have 50 or more employees to provide unpaid leave to employees who have an illness, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. This law also gives leave to family members who need time to care for a close relative who has a serious illness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Social Security Disability Insurance or Supplemental Security Income programs. These programs may offer financial help if you can't work because of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d8e74"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec2-d8e87"><h3>Narcolepsy in Special Groups</h3><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec3-d8e90"><h4>School-Aged Children</h4><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> may have trouble studying, focusing, and remembering things. To help your child in school:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your child's teachers and school officials about your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> and the best ways to meet his or her needs. For example, your child may need to take naps or walks during the day or tape the teacher's lessons.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with the school nurse about your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> and medicines. Together you can work out a place to keep the medicines and a schedule for taking them at school.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-nar-sec3-d8e106"><h4>Pregnant Women</h4><p>If you're pregnant or planning a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, ask your doctor whether you should continue taking your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a> medicines. Certain medicines may interfere with your pregnancy.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">narcolepsy</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-nar-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Narcolepsy?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Narcolepsy?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is At Risk for Narcolepsy?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Narcolepsy?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Narcolepsy Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Narcolepsy Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Narcolepsy</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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