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diseases_conditions.id | diseases_conditions.ts | diseases_conditions.title | diseases_conditions.diseases_conditions_detail | diseases_conditions.last_update | diseases_conditions.category_1_x_diseases_conditions_id |
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61 | 2018-02-02 05:20:29 | Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ohs-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> hypoventilation (HI-po-ven-tih-LA-shun) syndrome (OHS) is a breathing disorder that affects some <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obese</a> people. In OHS, poor breathing results in too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (hypoventilation) and too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (hypoxemia).</p><p>OHS sometimes is called Pickwickian syndrome.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d1e48"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand OHS, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> (KAP-ih-lare-ees) run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. When air reaches the air sacs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.</p><p>In people who have OHS, poor breathing prevents proper gas exchange. As a result, the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> rises. Also, the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the blood drops.</p><p>These changes can lead to serious health problems, such as leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a> (e-DE-mah), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PULL-mun-ary HI-per-TEN-shun), cor pulmonale (pul-meh-NAL-e), and secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocytosis</a> (eh-RITH-ro-si-TOE-sis). If left untreated, OHS can even be fatal.</p><p>The cause of OHS isn't fully known. Researchers think that several factors may work together to cause the disorder.</p><p>Many people who have OHS also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. Obstructive sleep apnea is a common disorder in which the airway collapses or is blocked during sleep. This causes pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obstructive sleep apnea</a> disrupts your sleep and causes you to feel very tired during the day. (For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep Apnea</a> article.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d1e89"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Doctors treat OHS in a number of ways. One way is with positive airway pressure (PAP) machines, which are used during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> uses mild air pressure to keep your airways open. Your doctor might recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) or BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure).</p><p>If your doctor prescribes PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, you'll work with someone from a home equipment provider to select a CPAP or BiPAP machine. The home equipment provider will help you select a machine based on your prescription and the features that meet your needs.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for OHS include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (VEN-til-a-tor) support and medicines. (A ventilator is a machine that supports breathing.)</p><p>OHS occurs with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, so your doctor will likely recommend weight loss as part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. Successful weight loss often involves setting goals and making lifestyle changes, such as following a healthy diet and being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>.</p><p>OHS can lead to other serious health problems, so following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan is important. Your health care team, home equipment provider, and family can help you manage your treatment.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is a breathing disorder that affects some <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obese</a> people. Why these people develop OHS isn't fully known. Researchers think that several factors may work together to cause OHS. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> (RES-pih-rah-tor-e) system that has to work harder than normal and perhaps differently because of excess body weight. (The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory system</a> is a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, that helps you breathe.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A slow response by the body to fix the problem of too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The presence of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>, usually <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</h2><p>People who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obese</a> are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS). "Obesity" refers to having too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>. People who are obese have body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</p><p>The most useful measure of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> is body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. In adults, a BMI of 30 or more is considered obese.</p><p>You can use the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</p><p>If you are obese, you're at greater risk for OHS if your BMI is 40 or higher. You're also at greater risk if most of your excess weight is around your waist, rather than at your hips. This is referred to as "abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>."</p><p>OHS tends to occur more often in men than women. At the time of diagnosis, most people are 40 to 60 years old.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</h2><p>Many of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) are the same as those of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. This is because many people who have OHS also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>.</p><p>One of the most common signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a> is loud and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) snoring. Pauses may occur in the snoring. Choking or gasping may follow the pauses.</p><p>Other symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Daytime sleepiness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morning <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory, learning, or concentration problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling irritable or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or having mood swings or personality changes</div></li></ul><p>You also may have rapid, shallow breathing. During a physical exam, your doctor might hear abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> sounds while listening to your heart with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she also might notice that the opening to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> is small and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> is larger than normal.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d5e59"><h3>Complications of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome</h3><p>When left untreated, OHS can cause serious problems, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a>, which is swelling in the legs caused by fluid in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">Pulmonary hypertension</a>, which is increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cor pulmonale, which is failure of the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocytosis</a>, which is a condition in which the body makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) is diagnosed based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, signs and symptoms, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A critical care specialist, pulmonologist (lung specialist), and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist may diagnose and treat your condition.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist is a doctor who diagnoses and treats sleep problems. Examples of such doctors include lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> specialists and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> specialists. Other types of doctors also can be sleep specialists.</p><p>Your health care team also may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A registered dietitian or nutritionist to help you plan and follow a healthy diet. (Your primary care doctor also might oversee weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and progress.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030539" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physiologist</a> or trainer to assess your fitness level and help create a physical activity plan that's safe for you.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A bariatric surgeon if weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> is an option for you.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your signs and symptoms, such as loud snoring or daytime sleepiness. He or she also may ask about your use of alcohol and certain medicines, such as sedatives and narcotics. These substances can worsen OHS.</p><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she also will check to see whether another disease or condition could be the cause of your poor breathing.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>In OHS, poor breathing leads to too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. An arterial blood gas test can measure the levels of these gases in your blood.</p><p>For this test, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample is taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. The sample is then sent to a laboratory, where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels are measured.</p><p>Other tests also can measure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> level or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests include a serum bicarbonate test and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> oximetry.</p><p>A serum bicarbonate test measures the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the liquid part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, called the serum. For this test, a blood sample is taken from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry measures the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. For this test, a small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much oxygen is in your blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d6e84"><h3>Other Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests to help check for conditions and problems related to OHS.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e91"><h4>Polysomnogram</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polysomnogram</a> (PSG) is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">sleep study</a>. You usually have to stay overnight at a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> center for a PSG. The test records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>A PSG also records the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, how much air is moving through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> while you breathe, snoring, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> movements. The chest movements show whether you're making an effort to breathe.</p><p>Your doctor might use the PSG results to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>-related breathing disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e109"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> function tests, measure how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> work. For example, these tests show:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much air you can take into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This amount is compared with that of other people your age, height, and sex. This allows your doctor to see whether you're in the normal range.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much air you can blow out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and how fast you can do it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The strength of your breathing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e133"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a test that creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test can help rule out other conditions that might be causing your signs and symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e142"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>The results from an EKG might show whether OHS has affected your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> function.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d6e155"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC) can show whether your body is making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> as a result of OHS. A CBC measures many parts of your blood, including red blood cells.</p><p>A toxicology screen is a group of tests that shows which medicines and drugs you've taken and how much of them you've taken. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> sample usually is collected for a toxicology screen.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) include breathing support, weight loss, and medicines.</p><p>The goals of treating OHS may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Supporting and aiding your breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Achieving major weight loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating underlying and related conditions</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d7e46"><h3>Breathing Support</h3><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Positive Airway Pressure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for OHS often involves a machine that provides positive airway pressure (PAP) while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> uses mild air pressure to keep your airways open. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help your body better maintain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. PAP therapy also can help relieve daytime sleepiness.</p><p>Your doctor might recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) or BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure). CPAP provides continuous mild air pressure to keep your airways open. BiPAP works almost the same, but it changes the air pressure while you breathe in and out.</p><p>The machines have three main parts:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mask or other device that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or your nose and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. Straps keep the mask in place while you're wearing it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A tube that connects the mask to the machine's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024752" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">motor</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024752" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">motor</a> that blows air into the tube.</div></li></ul><p>Some machines have other features, such as heated humidifiers. The machines are small, lightweight, and fairly quiet. The noise they make is soft and rhythmic.</p><p>Some people who have OHS receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">extra oxygen</a> as part of their PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a> alone isn't recommended as a treatment for OHS.</p><p>PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> also is used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. Many people who have OHS also have this common condition.</p><p>If your doctor prescribes PAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, you'll work with someone from a home equipment provider to select a CPAP or BiPAP machine. The home equipment provider will help you pick a machine based on your prescription and the features that meet your needs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d7e99"><h4>Ventilator Support</h4><p>If you have severe OHS that requires <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital, you might be put on a ventilator. A ventilator is a machine that supports breathing. This machine:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gets <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> from your body</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Helps you breathe easier</div></li></ul><p>A ventilator blows air, or air with extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>, into the airways through a breathing tube. One end of the tube is inserted into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>, and the other end is hooked to the ventilator.</p><p>Usually, the breathing tube is put into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and then moved down into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. A tube placed like this is called an endotracheal (en-do-TRA-ke-al) tube. Endotracheal tubes are used only in a hospital setting.</p><p>Sometimes the breathing tube is placed through a surgically made hole called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-trach/">tracheostomy</a> (TRA-ke-OS-toe-me). The hole goes through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>.</p><p>The procedure to make a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheostomy</a> usually is done in an operating room. You'll be given medicine so you won't feel any pain. The tracheostomy allows you to be on a ventilator in the hospital, in a long-term care facility, or at home.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about how long you'll need ventilator support and whether you can receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at home.</p><p>For more information about ventilator support, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">Ventilator/Ventilator Support</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d7e143"><h3>Weight Loss</h3><p>Your doctor will likely recommend weight loss as part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. Successful weight loss often involves setting goals and making lifestyle changes. For example, eating fewer calories and being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a> can help you lose weight.</p><p>Medicines and weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> might be an option if lifestyle changes aren't enough. Your doctor will advise you on the best weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for you.</p><p>For more information about weight loss, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> section of the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d7e161"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to treat OHS (although this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is less common than others).</p><p>Your doctor also may advise you to avoid certain substances and medicines that can worsen OHS. Examples include alcohol, sedatives, and narcotics. They can interfere with how well your body is able to maintain normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels.</p><p>If you're having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, make sure you tell your surgeon and health care team that you have OHS. Some medicines routinely used for surgery can worsen your condition.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) by maintaining a healthy weight. However, not everyone who is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obese</a> develops OHS. Researchers don't fully know why only some people who are obese develop the condition.</p><p>Adopting healthy habits can help you maintain a healthy weight. Many lifestyle habits begin during childhood. So, it's important to make following a healthy lifestyle a family goal.</p><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, eggs, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>). Examples of refined grains include white rice and white bread.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>To adopt other healthy lifestyle habits, follow these tips:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Focus on portion size. Watch the portion sizes in fast food and other restaurants. The portions served often are enough for two or three people. Children's portion sizes should be smaller than those for adults. Cutting back on portion sizes will help you manage your calorie intake.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>. Make personal and family time as active as possible. Find activities that everyone will enjoy. For example, go for a brisk walk, bike or rollerblade, or train together for a walk or run.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce screen time. Limit the use of TVs, computers, DVDs, and videogames; they cut back on the time for physical activity. Health experts recommend 2 hours or less a day of screen time that's not work- or homework-related.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep track of your weight and body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. In adults, a BMI of 30 or more is considered obese. You can use the NHLBI's online BMI calculator to figure out your BMI, or your doctor can help you.</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to the prevention section of the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p><p>Even if you have OHS, you might be able to prevent the condition from worsening. For example, avoid alcohol, sedatives, and narcotics. These substances can interfere with how well your body is able to maintain normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome (OHS) can be very serious. However, following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan can help improve your breathing. Treatment also can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Help you avoid serious health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Improve your quality of life and help you lose weight</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Improve your symptoms, such as poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, daytime sleepiness, and poor concentration</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d9e45"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>To make sure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working, see your doctor for ongoing care. Tell him or her if your treatment is causing any side effects or problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d9e52"><h4>CPAP and BiPAP Treatment</h4><p>If your doctor has prescribed <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) or BiPAP (bilevel positive airway pressure), use your machine as directed. You may find that it takes time to adjust to this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>If you can't adjust to the CPAP or BiPAP machine, or if it doesn't seem to work well, talk with your doctor or home equipment provider. You may need to switch to a different device or mask. If you're having side effects from CPAP or BiPAP, your doctor may be able to treat them.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d9e64"><h4>Weight-Loss Treatment</h4><p>Weight loss will likely be part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. Your doctor will work with you to create a reasonable weight-loss plan. Your doctor and other members of your health care team can help you meet your weight-loss goals.</p><p>For more information about weight-loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and for tips on losing weight, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec3-d9e77"><h4>Other Treatment Concerns</h4><p>OHS can cause daytime sleepiness. Until this symptom is fully treated, know the dangers of driving or using heavy machinery while sleepy.</p><p>If you're having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, tell your surgeon and health care team that you have OHS. Some medicines routinely used for surgery can worsen your condition.</p><p>Ask your doctor when you should contact him or her or seek emergency medical care. In an emergency, call 9–1–1. You may want to wear a medical ID bracelet or necklace to alert others to your medical needs.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-ohs-sec2-d9e89"><h3>Family Support</h3><p>If you have a family member who has OHS, you can help him or her achieve success with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Tell his or her doctor about any signs or symptoms you've noticed.</p><p>For example, many people who have OHS also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. Family members or bed partners usually are the first to notice symptoms, such as loud snoring and pauses in breathing. Telling the doctor about these symptoms can help him or her diagnose and treat your family member promptly.</p><p>Encourage your family member to seek medical help when needed and to follow up with his or her doctor regularly. You also can help your family member adopt healthy lifestyle habits, such as following a healthy diet and being physically active.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> hypoventilation syndrome, talk with your doctor. You can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-ohs-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "61": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 61, "category_1.id": 13, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "o" } } |
62 | 2018-02-02 05:20:48 | Overweight and Obesity | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-obe-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Overweight and Obesity?</h2><p>The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that’s greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</p><p>The most useful measure of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> is body mass index (BMI). BMI is calculated from your height and weight. For more information about BMI, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Are Overweight and Obesity Diagnosed?"</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d1e48"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Millions of Americans and people worldwide are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese. Being overweight or obese puts you at risk for many health problems. The more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a> that you have and the more you weigh, the more likely you are to develop:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a></div></li></ul><p>Your weight is the result of many factors. These factors include environment, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> and genetics, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022160" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolism</a> (the way your body changes food and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into energy), behavior or habits, and more.</p><p>You can't change some factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>. However, you can change other factors, such as your lifestyle habits.</p><p>For example, follow a healthy eating plan and keep your calorie needs in mind. Be physically active and try to limit the amount of time that you're inactive.</p><p>Weight-loss medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> also are options for some people if lifestyle changes aren't enough.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d1e91"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Reaching and staying at a healthy weight is a long-term challenge for people who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese. But it also is a chance to lower your risk for other serious health problems. With the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and motivation, it's possible to lose weight and lower your long-term disease risk.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Overweight and Obesity?</h2><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Lack of Energy Balance</h3><p>A lack of energy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> most often causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>. Energy balance means that your energy IN equals your energy OUT.</p><p>Energy IN is the amount of energy or calories you get from food and drinks. Energy OUT is the amount of energy your body uses for things like breathing, digesting, and being physically active.</p><p>To maintain a healthy weight, your energy IN and OUT don't have to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> exactly every day. It's the balance over time that helps you maintain a healthy weight.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The same amount of energy IN and energy OUT over time = weight stays the same</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>More energy IN than energy OUT over time = weight gain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>More energy OUT than energy IN over time = weight loss</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> happen over time when you take in more calories than you use.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d3e56"><h3>Other Causes</h3><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e59"><h4>An Inactive Lifestyle</h4><p>Many Americans aren't very physically active. One reason for this is that many people spend hours in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of TVs and computers doing work, schoolwork, and leisure activities. In fact, more than 2 hours a day of regular TV viewing time has been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p><p>Other reasons for not being active include: relying on cars instead of walking, fewer physical demands at work or at home because of modern technology and conveniences, and lack of physical education classes in schools.</p><p>People who are inactive are more likely to gain weight because they don't burn the calories that they take in from food and drinks. An inactive lifestyle also raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024241" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon cancer</a>, and other health problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e78"><h4>Environment</h4><p>Our environment doesn't support healthy lifestyle habits; in fact, it encourages <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>. Some reasons include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of neighborhood sidewalks and safe places for recreation. Not having area parks, trails, sidewalks, and affordable gyms makes it hard for people to be physically active.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Work schedules. People often say that they don't have time to be physically active because of long work hours and time spent commuting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Oversized food portions. Americans are exposed to huge food portions in restaurants, fast food places, gas stations, movie theaters, supermarkets, and even at home. Some of these meals and snacks can feed two or more people. Eating large portions means too much energy IN. Over time, this will cause weight gain if it isn't balanced with physical activity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of access to healthy foods. Some people don't live in neighborhoods that have supermarkets that sell healthy foods, such as fresh fruits and vegetables. Or, for some people, these healthy foods are too costly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Food advertising. Americans are surrounded by ads from food companies. Often children are the targets of advertising for high-calorie, high-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> snacks and sugary drinks. The goal of these ads is to sway people to buy these high-calorie foods, and often they do.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e102"><h4>Genes and Family History</h4><p>Studies of identical twins who have been raised apart show that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> have a strong influence on a person's weight. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> tend to run in families. Your chances of being overweight are greater if one or both of your parents are overweight or obese.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> also may affect the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> you store in your body and where on your body you carry the extra fat. Because families also share food and physical activity habits, a link exists between genes and the environment.</p><p>Children adopt the habits of their parents. A child who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> parents who eat high-calorie foods and are inactive will likely become overweight too. However, if the family adopts healthy food and physical activity habits, the child's chance of being overweight or obese is reduced.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e115"><h4>Health Conditions</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> problems may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypothyroidism</a>), Cushing's syndrome, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024506" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycystic ovarian syndrome</a> (PCOS).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Underactive thyroid</a> is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid gland</a> doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>. Lack of thyroid hormone will slow down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022160" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolism</a> and cause weight gain. You'll also feel tired and weak.</p><p>Cushing's syndrome is a condition in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022159" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">adrenal glands</a> make too much of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> cortisol. Cushing's syndrome also can develop if a person takes high doses of certain medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</p><p>People who have Cushing's syndrome gain weight, have upper-body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, a rounded face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, and thin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> and legs.</p><p>PCOS is a condition that affects about 5–10 percent of women of childbearing age. Women who have PCOS often are obese, have excess hair growth, and have reproductive problems and other health issues. These problems are caused by high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> called androgens.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e134"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Certain medicines may cause you to gain weight. These medicines include some corticosteroids, antidepressants, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a> medicines.</p><p>These medicines can slow the rate at which your body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a> calories, increase your appetite, or cause your body to hold on to extra water. All of these factors can lead to weight gain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e143"><h4>Emotional Factors</h4><p>Some people eat more than usual when they're bored, angry, or stressed. Over time, overeating will lead to weight gain and may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e150"><h4>Smoking</h4><p>Some people gain weight when they stop smoking. One reason is that food often <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tastes</a> and smells better after quitting smoking.</p><p>Another reason is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> raises the rate at which your body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a> calories, so you burn fewer calories when you stop smoking. However, smoking is a serious health risk, and quitting is more important than possible weight gain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e159"><h4>Age</h4><p>As you get older, you tend to lose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>, especially if you're less active. Muscle loss can slow down the rate at which your body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027084" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">burns</a> calories. If you don't reduce your calorie intake as you get older, you may gain weight.</p><p>Midlife weight gain in women is mainly due to aging and lifestyle, but <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> also plays a role. Many women gain about 5 pounds during menopause and have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> around the waist than they did before.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e169"><h4>Pregnancy</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, women gain weight to support their babies’ growth and development. After giving birth, some women find it hard to lose the weight. This may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, especially after a few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d3e175"><h4>Lack of Sleep</h4><p>Research shows that lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>. For example, one study of teenagers showed that with each hour of sleep lost, the odds of becoming obese went up. Lack of sleep increases the risk of obesity in other age groups as well.</p><p>People who <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> fewer hours also seem to prefer eating foods that are higher in calories and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023302" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbohydrates</a>, which can lead to overeating, weight gain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> helps maintain a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> that make you feel hungry (ghrelin) or full (leptin). When you don't get enough sleep, your level of ghrelin goes up and your level of leptin goes down. This makes you feel hungrier than when you're well-rested.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> also affects how your body reacts to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that controls your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) level. Lack of sleep results in a higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level, which may increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sdd/">Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-risks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-risks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Health Risks of Overweight and Obesity?</h2><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese isn't a cosmetic problem. These conditions greatly raise your risk for other health problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Overweight and Obesity-Related Health Problems in Adults</h3><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e34"><h4>Coronary Heart Disease</h4><p>As your body mass index rises, so does your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> can narrow or block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. This is a serious condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet your body's needs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e59"><h4>High Blood Pressure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If this pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.</p><p>Your chances of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> are greater if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e71"><h4>Stroke</h4><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese can lead to a buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Eventually, an area of plaque can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>, causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form.</p><p>If the clot is close to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, it can block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your brain and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. The risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> rises as BMI increases.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e84"><h4>Type 2 Diabetes</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a disease in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a>, level is too high. Normally, the body breaks down food into glucose and then carries it to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> throughout the body. The cells use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> to turn the glucose into energy.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> don't use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> properly. At first, the body reacts by making more insulin. Over time, however, the body can't make enough insulin to control its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a> is a leading cause of early death, CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, and blindness. Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e97"><h4>Abnormal Blood Fats</h4><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, you're at increased risk of having abnormal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>. These include high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and LDL ("bad") <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> and low levels of HDL ("good") cholesterol.</p><p>Abnormal levels of these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> are a risk factor for CHD. For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> and LDL and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High Blood Cholesterol</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e109"><h4>Metabolic Syndrome</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>You can develop any one of these risk factors by itself, but they tend to occur together. A diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metabolic syndrome</a> is made if you have at least three of the following risk factors:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large waistline. This is called abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> or "having an apple shape." Having extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> in the waist area is a greater risk factor for CHD than having extra fat in other parts of the body, such as on the hips.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglyceride</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lower than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> level (or you're on medicine to treat low HDL cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Higher than normal fasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> (or you're on medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e139"><h4>Cancer</h4><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a>, endometrial, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder cancers</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e145"><h4>Osteoarthritis</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Osteoarthritis</a> is a common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> problem of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>, hips, and lower back. The condition occurs if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that protects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> wears away. Extra weight can put more pressure and wear on joints, causing pain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e151"><h4>Sleep Apnea</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a> is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>A person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea may have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> stored around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. This can narrow the airway, making it hard to breathe.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e163"><h4>Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ohs/">Obesity hypoventilation syndrome</a> (OHS) is a breathing disorder that affects some obese people. In OHS, poor breathing results in too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (hypoventilation) and too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (hypoxemia).</p><p>OHS can lead to serious health problems and may even cause death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e174"><h4>Reproductive Problems</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obesity</a> can cause menstrual issues and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025041" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infertility</a> in women.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d4e181"><h4>Gallstones</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a> are hard pieces of stone-like material that form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>. They're mostly made of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. Gallstones can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024559" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">back pain</a>.</p><p>People who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese are at increased risk of having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallstones</a>. Also, being overweight may result in an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a> that doesn't work well.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d4e190"><h3>Overweight and Obesity-Related Health Problems in Children and Teens</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> also increase the health risks for children and teens. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Type 2 diabetes</a> once was rare in American children, but an increasing number of children are developing the disease.</p><p>Also, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> children are more likely to become overweight or obese as adults, with the same disease risks.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Overweight and Obesity?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> affect Americans of all ages, sexes, and racial/ethnic groups. This serious health problem has been growing over the last 30 years.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Adults</h3><p>According to the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2009–2010, almost 70 percent of Americans are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese. The survey also shows differences in overweight and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> among racial/ethnic groups.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In women, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are highest among non-Hispanic Black women (about 82 percent), compared with about 76 percent for Hispanic women and 64 percent for non-Hispanic White women.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>In men, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are highest among Hispanic men (about 82 percent), compared with about 74 percent for non-Hispanic White men and about 70 percent for non-Hispanic Black men.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Children and Teens</h3><p>Children also have become heavier. In the past 30 years, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> has tripled among school-aged children and teens.</p><p>According to NHANES 2009–2010, about 1 in 6 American children ages 2–19 are obese. The survey also suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are having a greater effect on minority groups, including Blacks and Hispanics.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Overweight and Obesity?</h2><p>Weight gain usually happens over time. Most people know when they've gained weight. Some of the signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Clothes feeling tight and needing a larger size.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The scale showing that you've gained weight.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> around the waist.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A higher than normal body mass index and waist circumference. (For more information, go to "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">How Are Overweight and Obesity Diagnosed?</a>")</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Overweight and Obesity Diagnosed?</h2><p>The most common way to find out whether you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese is to figure out your body mass index (BMI). BMI is an estimate of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a>, and it's a good gauge of your risk for diseases that occur with more body fat.</p><p>BMI is calculated from your height and weight. You can use the chart below or the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/BMI/bmicalc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">online BMI calculator</a> to figure out your BMI. Or, you health care provider can measure your BMI.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Body Mass Index for Adults</h3><p>Use this table to learn your BMI. First, find your height on the far left column. Next, move across the row to find your weight. Weight is measured with underwear but no shoes.</p><p>Once you've found your weight, move to the very top of that column. This number is your BMI.</p><div id="d7e47" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/table/d7e47/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e47_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" summary="Body Mass Index Chart"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Height</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">21</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_3" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">22</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_4" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">23</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_5" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">24</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_6" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">25</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_7" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">26</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_8" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">27</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_9" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">28</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_10" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">29</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_11" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">30</th><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_12" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">31</th></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">4'10"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">100</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_3" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">105</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_4" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">110</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_5" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">115</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_6" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">119</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_7" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">124</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_8" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">129</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_9" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">134</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_10" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">138</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_11" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">143</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_2_1 hd_b_d7e47_1_1_1_12" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">148</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'0"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">107</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">112</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">118</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">123</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">128</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">133</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">138</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">143</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">148</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">153</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_3_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">158</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'1"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">111</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">116</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">122</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">127</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">132</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">137</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">143</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">148</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">153</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">158</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_4_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">164</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'3"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">118</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">124</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">130</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">135</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">141</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">146</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">152</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">158</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">163</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">169</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_5_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">175</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'5"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">126</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">132</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">138</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">144</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">150</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">156</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">162</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">168</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">174</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">180</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_6_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">186</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'7"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">134</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">140</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">146</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">153</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">159</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">166</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">172</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">178</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">185</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">191</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_7_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">198</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'9"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">142</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">149</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">155</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">162</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">169</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">176</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">182</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">189</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">196</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">203</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_8_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">209</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">5'11"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">150</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">157</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">165</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">172</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">179</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">186</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">193</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">208</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">215</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_9_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">222</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6'1"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">159</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">166</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">174</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">182</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">189</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">197</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">204</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">212</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">219</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">227</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_10_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">235</td></tr><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">6'3"</th><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">168</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">176</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">184</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">192</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">200</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">208</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">216</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">224</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">232</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">240</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e47_1_1_11_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">248</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>This table offers a sample of BMI measurements. If you don't see your height and/or weight listed on this table, go the NHLBI's complete <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/guidelines/obesity/bmi_tbl.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Body Mass Index Table</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d7e511"><h4>What Does Body Mass Index Mean?</h4><div id="d7e516" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/table/d7e516/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e516_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">BMI</th><th id="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"> </th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">18.5–24.9</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Normal weight</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">25.0–29.9</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">30.0–39.9</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Obese</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">40.0 and above</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e516_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Extreme <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>Although BMI can be used for most men and women, it does have some limits. It may overestimate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018959" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">body fat</a> in athletes and others who have a muscular build. BMI also may underestimate body fat in older people and others who have lost <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d7e571"><h3>Body Mass Index for Children and Teens</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> are defined differently for children and teens than for adults. Children are still growing, and boys and girls mature at different rates.</p><p>BMIs for children and teens compare their heights and weights against growth charts that take age and sex into account. This is called BMI-for-age percentile. A child or teen's BMI-for-age percentile shows how his or her BMI compares with other boys and girls of the same age.</p><p>For more information about BMI-for-age and growth charts for children, go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's BMI-for-age calculator.</p><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec3-d7e586"><h4>What Does the BMI-for-Age Percentile Mean?</h4><div id="d7e592" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063069/table/d7e592/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d7e592_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;"> BMI-for-Age Percentile</th><th id="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"> </th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Less than 5th percentile</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Underweight</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">5th percentile to less than the 85th percentile</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Healthy weight</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">85th percentile to less than the 95th percentile</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a></td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_1" scope="row" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">95th percentile or greater</td><td headers="hd_b_d7e592_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Obese</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d7e645"><h3>Waist Circumference</h3><p>Health care professionals also may take your waist measurement. This helps screen for the possible health risks related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> in adults.</p><p>If you have abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> and most of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> is around your waist rather than at your hips, you're at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 2 diabetes</a>. The risk goes up with a waist size that's greater than 35 inches for women or greater than 40 inches for men.</p><p>You also can measure your waist size. To do so correctly, stand and place a tape measure around your middle, just above your hipbones. Measure your waist just after you breathe out.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-obe-sec2-d7e661"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A primary care doctor (or pediatrician for children and teens) will assess your BMI, waist measurement, and overall health risk. If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese, or if you have a large waist size, your doctor should explain the health risks and find out whether you're interested and willing to lose weight.</p><p>If you are, you and your doctor can work together to create a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. The plan may include weight-loss goals and treatment options that are realistic for you.</p><p>Your doctor may send you to other health care specialists if you need expert care. These specialists may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhyth |
June 11, 2014. | { "62": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 62, "category_1.id": 13, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "o" } } |
63 | 2018-02-02 05:21:08 | Patent Ductus Arteriosus | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pda-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem that affects some babies soon after birth. In PDA, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow occurs between two of the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the heart. These arteries are the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Before birth, these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are connected by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> called the ductus arteriosus. This blood vessel is a vital part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023062" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood circulation</a>.</p><p>Within minutes or up to a few days after birth, the ductus arteriosus closes. This change is normal in newborns.</p><p>In some babies, however, the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent). The opening allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to mix with oxygen-poor blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This can strain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e55" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e55"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d1e55/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e55" rid-ob="figobd1e55"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/bin/patent_ductus.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/bin/patent_ductus.jpg" alt="Normal Heart and Heart With Patent Ductus Arteriosus."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e55"><h4 id="d1e55"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d1e55/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e55">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Heart and Heart With Patent Ductus Arteriosus. Figure A shows a cross-section of a normal heart. The arrows show the direction of blood flow through the heart. Figure B shows a heart with patent ductus arteriosus. The defect connects the aorta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d1e55/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e55">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/#nhlbisec-heartworks">"How the Heart Works"</a> section of this article for more details about how a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works compared with a heart that has PDA.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d1e67"><h3>Overview</h3><p>PDA is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defect</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> is any type of heart problem that's present at birth.</p><p>If your baby has a PDA but an otherwise normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, the PDA may shrink and go away. However, some children need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to close their PDAs.</p><p>Some children who have PDAs are given medicine to keep the ductus arteriosus open. For example, this may be done if a child is born with another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect that decreases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or the rest of the body.</p><p>Keeping the PDA open helps maintain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels until doctors can do <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to correct the other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d1e86"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>PDA is a fairly common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a> in the United States. Although the condition can affect full-term infants, it's more common in premature infants.</p><p>On average, PDA occurs in about 8 out of every 1,000 premature babies, compared with 2 out of every 1,000 full-term babies. Premature babies also are more vulnerable to the effects of PDA.</p><p>PDA is twice as common in girls as it is in boys.</p><p>Doctors treat the condition with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Most children who have PDAs live healthy, normal lives after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-heartworks"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-heartworks_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How the Heart Works</h2><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA), it helps to know how a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works. Your child's heart is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> about the size of his or her fist. The heart works like a pump and beats 100,000 times a day.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The right side of the heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The left side of the heart receives the oxygen-rich blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and four valves and is connected to various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are blood vessels that carry blood from the body to the heart. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e41" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e41" rid-ob="figobd3e41"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/bin/heart_interior2011.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/bin/heart_interior2011.jpg" alt="A Healthy Heart Cross-Section."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e41"><h4 id="d3e41"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">A Healthy Heart Cross-Section. Figure A shows the location of the heart in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a healthy heart and its inside structures. The blue arrow shows the direction in which oxygen-poor blood flows through the heart to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062968/figure/d3e41/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e41">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Heart Chambers</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> or "rooms."</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh) are the two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> as it flows into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuhls) are the two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> that pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or other parts of the body.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Heart Valves</h3><p>Four valves control the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> and from the ventricles into the two large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> connected to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The tricuspid (tri-CUSS-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pid</a>) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right atrium and the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) valve is in the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. This artery carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The mitral (MI-trul) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left atrium and the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aortic (ay-OR-tik) valve is in the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, between the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and the entrance to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the heart to the body.</div></li></ul><p>Valves are like doors that open and close. They open to allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow through to the next <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> or to one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward.</p><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s valves open and close, they make a "lub-DUB" sound that a doctor can hear using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The first sound—the "lub"—is made by the mitral and tricuspid valves closing at the beginning of systole (SIS-toe-lee). Systole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract, or squeeze, and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The second sound—the "DUB"—is made by the aortic and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> valves closing at the beginning of diastole (di-AS-toe-lee). Diastole is when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> relax and fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pumped into them by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e99"><h3>Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up a fresh supply of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> are the other important arteries attached to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, which must have its own blood supply to function.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e118"><h3>Veins</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> also are major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> connected to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> so it can be pumped to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023101" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">superior</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023100" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior</a> vena cavae are large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article. The article contains animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d3e140"><h3>The Heart With Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h3><p>The ductus arteriosus is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> that connects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> in unborn babies. This vessel allows blood to be pumped from the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> into the aorta, without stopping at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>While a baby is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>, only a small amount of his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> needs to go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This is because the baby gets <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the mother's bloodstream.</p><p>After birth, the baby no longer is connected to the mother's bloodstream. Thus, the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> must travel to his or her own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. As the baby begins to breathe on his or her own, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> opens to allow blood into the lungs. Normally, the ductus arteriosus closes because the infant no longer needs it.</p><p>Once the ductus arteriosus closes, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leaving the right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> no longer goes into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. Instead, the blood travels through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. There, the blood picks up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The oxygen-rich blood returns to the left side of the heart and is pumped to the rest of the body.</p><p>Sometimes the ductus arteriosus remains open (patent) after birth. A PDA allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> and to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The extra blood flowing into the lungs strains the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. It also increases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec3-d3e159"><h4>Effects of Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h4><p>Full-term infants. A small PDA might not cause any problems, but a large PDA likely will cause problems. The larger the PDA, the greater the amount of extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that passes through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>A large PDA that remains open for an extended time can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to enlarge, forcing it to work harder. Also, fluid can build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>A PDA can slightly increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>In PDA, increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow can irritate the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>, where the ductus arteriosus connects. This irritation makes it easier for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> in the bloodstream to collect and grow, which can lead to IE.</p><p>Premature infants. PDA can be more serious in premature infants than in full-term infants. Premature babies are more likely to have lung damage from the extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing from the PDA into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. These infants may need to be put on <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilators</a>. Ventilators are machines that support breathing.</p><p>Increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> also can reduce blood flow to the rest of the body. This can damage other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, especially the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</h2><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA), you may think you did something wrong during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> to cause the problem. However, the cause of patent ductus arteriosus isn't known.</p><p>Genetics may play a role in causing the condition. A defect in one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> might prevent the ductus arteriosus from closing after birth.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) is a fairly common <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defect</a> in the United States. Although the condition can affect full-term infants, it's more common in premature infants.</p><p>On average, PDA occurs in about 8 out of every 1,000 premature babies, compared with 2 out of every 1,000 full-term babies.</p><p>PDA also is more common in:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infants who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Down syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infants whose mothers had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">German measles</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rubella</a>) during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a></div></li></ul><p>PDA is twice as common in girls as it is in boys.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> may be the only sign that a baby has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during the heartbeat. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart murmurs</a> also have other causes besides PDA, and most murmurs are harmless.</p><p>Some infants may have signs or symptoms of volume overload on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. These signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fast breathing, working hard to breathe, and shortness of breath. Premature infants may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">extra oxygen</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> to help them breathe.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor feeding and poor weight gain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tiring easily.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sweating with exertion, such as while feeding.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus Diagnosed?</h2><p>In full-term infants, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) usually is first suspected if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> is heard during a routine checkup.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound heard during the heartbeat. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart murmurs</a> have other causes besides PDA, and most murmurs are harmless.</p><p>If a PDA is large, an infant also may have symptoms of volume overload and increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. If a PDA is small, it may not be diagnosed until later in childhood.</p><p>If your child's doctor thinks your child has PDA, he or she may refer you to a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems in children.</p><p>Premature babies who have PDA may not have the same signs and symptoms as full-term babies, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a>. Doctors may suspect PDA in premature babies who have breathing problems soon after birth. Tests can help confirm a diagnosis.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The sound waves (called ultrasound) bounce off the structures of the heart. A computer converts the sound waves into pictures on a screen.</p><p>The test allows the doctor to clearly see any problems with the way the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is formed or the way it's working. Echo is an important test for both diagnosing a heart defect and following the problem over time.</p><p>Echo can show the size of a PDA and how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is responding to the defect. When medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are used to try to close a PDA, echo can show how well the treatments are working.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec3-d7e65"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. For babies who have PDA, an EKG can show whether the heart is enlarged. The test also can show other subtle changes that may suggest the presence of a PDA.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. The goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to close the PDA. Closure will help prevent complications and reverse the effects of increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> volume.</p><p>Small PDAs often close without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. For full-term infants, treatment is needed if the PDA is large or causing health problems. For premature infants, treatment is needed if the PDA is causing breathing problems or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p><p>Talk with your child's doctor about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options and how your family prefers to handle treatment decisions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your child's doctor may prescribe medicines to help close your child's PDA.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000945" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Indomethacin</a> (in-doh-METH-ah-sin) is a medicine that helps close PDAs in premature infants. This medicine triggers the PDA to constrict or tighten, which closes the opening. Indomethacin usually doesn't work in full-term infants.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ibuprofen</a> also is used to close PDAs in premature infants. This medicine is similar to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000945" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indomethacin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Catheter-Based Procedures</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Catheters</a> are thin, flexible tubes that doctors use as part of a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Catheter</a>-based procedures often are used to close PDAs in infants or children who are large enough to have the procedure.</p><p>Your child's doctor may refer to the procedure as "transcatheter device closure." The procedure sometimes is used for small PDAs to prevent the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>Your child will be given medicine to help him or her relax or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure. The doctor will insert a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> in a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh). He or she will then guide the catheter to your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>A small metal coil or other blocking device is passed through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> and placed in the PDA. This device blocks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the vessel.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Catheter</a>-based procedures don't require the child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> to be opened. They also allow the child to recover quickly.</p><p>These procedures often are done on an outpatient basis. You'll most likely be able to take your child home the same day the procedure is done.</p><p>Complications from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures are rare and short term. They can include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, and movement of the blocking device from where it was placed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d8e81"><h3>Surgery</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to correct a PDA may be done if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A premature or full-term infant has health problems due to a PDA and is too small to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedure doesn't successfully close the PDA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is planned for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of related <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a> </div></li></ul><p>Often, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> isn't done until after 6 months of age in infants who don't have health problems from their PDAs. Doctors sometimes do surgery on small PDAs to prevent the risk of IE.</p><p>For the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your child will be given medicine so that he or she will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and not feel any pain. The surgeon will make a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">incision</a> (cut) between your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a> to reach the PDA. He or she will close the PDA using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stitches</a> or clips.</p><p>Complications from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> are rare and usually short term. They can include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027099" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hoarseness</a>, a paralyzed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> below the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, or fluid buildup around the lungs.</p><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec3-d8e111"><h4>After Surgery</h4><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your child will spend a few days in the hospital. He or she will be given medicine to reduce pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Most children go home 2 days after surgery. Premature infants usually have to stay in the hospital longer because of their other health issues.</p><p>The doctors and nurses at the hospital will teach you how to care for your child at home. They will talk to you about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limits on activity for your child while he or she recovers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Followup appointments with your child's doctors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How to give your child medicines at home, if needed</div></li></ul><p>When your child goes home after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you can expect that he or she will feel fairly comfortable. However, you child may have some short-term pain.</p><p>Your child should begin to eat better and gain weight quickly. Within a few weeks, he or she should fully recover and be able to take part in normal activities.</p><p>Long-term complications from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> are rare. However, they can include narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, incomplete closure of the PDA, and reopening of the PDA.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h2><p>Most children who have PDAs live healthy, normal lives after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Full-term infants will likely have normal activity levels, appetite, and growth after PDA treatment, unless they had other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>For premature infants, the outlook after PDA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> depends on other factors, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How early the child was born</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether the child has other illnesses or conditions, such as other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pda-sec2-d9e46"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Children who have PDAs are at slightly increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>Your child's doctor will tell you whether your child needs antibiotics before certain medical procedures to help prevent IE. According to the most recent American <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Association guidelines, most children who have PDAs don't need antibiotics.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent or treat them.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023293" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA) and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these conditions. For example, the NHLBI currently sponsors two research groups that study <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> heart disease.</p><p>The Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Network conducts clinical research to improve outcomes and quality of life for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> heart disease and other pediatric heart diseases.</p><p>The Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> Genomic Consortium (part of the NHLBI's Bench to Bassinet Program) conducts clinical research to find the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. This group's research also aims to pinpoint the genetic factors that affect clinical outcomes in people who have congenital heart disease.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw your child from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to PDA, talk with your child's doctor. For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p><p>You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-pda-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-heartworks_">How the Heart Works</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Patent Ductus Arteriosus?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Patent Ductus Arteriosus Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Patent Ductus Arteriosus</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "63": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 63, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
64 | 2018-02-02 05:21:28 | Pericarditis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-peri-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pericarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pericarditis</a> (PER-ih-kar-DI-tis) is a condition in which the membrane, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a>, around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is inflamed. This sac is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> (per-ih-KAR-de-um).</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> holds the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> in place and helps it work properly. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> is made of two thin layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that enclose your heart. Between the two layers is a small amount of fluid. This fluid keeps the layers from rubbing against each other and causing friction.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e49" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e49"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e49" rid-ob="figobd1e49"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/bin/pericarditis.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/bin/pericarditis.jpg" alt="Pericardium."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e49"><h4 id="d1e49"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e49">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Pericardium. Figure A shows the location of the heart and a normal heart and pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart). The inset image is an enlarged cross-section of the pericardium that shows its two layers of tissue and the fluid between the layers. Figure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062992/figure/d1e49/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e49">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, the layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> become inflamed and can rub against the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, a common symptom of pericarditis.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> may feel like pain from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. More often, the pain may be sharp and get worse when you inhale, and improve when you are sitting up and leaning forward. If you have chest pain, you should call 9–1–1 right away, as you may be having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d1e65"><h3>Overview</h3><p>In many cases, the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is unknown. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viral infections</a> are likely a common cause of pericarditis, although the virus may never be found. Bacterial, fungal, and other infections also can cause pericarditis.</p><p>Other possible causes include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, other medical conditions, injuries, and certain medicines.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pericarditis</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>. "Acute" means that it occurs suddenly and usually doesn't last long. "Chronic" means that it develops over time and may take longer to treat.</p><p>Both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> can disrupt your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s normal rhythm or function and possibly (although rarely) lead to death. However, most cases of pericarditis are mild; they clear up on their own or with rest and simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Other times, more intense <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are needed to prevent complications. Treatments may include medicines and, less often, procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d1e87"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>It may take from a few days to weeks or even months to recover from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. With proper and prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, such as rest and ongoing care, most people fully recover from pericarditis. Proper treatment also can help reduce the chance of getting the condition again.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pericarditis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. This term refers to pericarditis with no known cause.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> effusive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> and chronic constrictive pericarditis. These are forms of chronic pericarditis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pericarditis?</h2><p>In many cases, the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> (both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>) is unknown.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viral infections</a> are likely a common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, although the virus may never be found. Pericarditis often occurs after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections. Bacterial, fungal, and other infections also can cause pericarditis.</p><p>Most cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>, or recurring, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are thought to be the result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>. Examples of such disorders include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</p><p>With <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that mistakenly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>Other possible causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart attack</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney failure</a>, HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, and other health problems</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trauma to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or prior radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> to the chest</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022830" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcerative colitis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medicines, like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phenytoin</a> (an antiseizure medicine), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011845" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">procainamide</a> (a medicine to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pericarditis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pericarditis</a> occurs in people of all ages. However, men aged 20 to 50 are more likely to develop it than others.</p><p>People who are treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> may get it again. This may happen in 15 to 30 percent of people who have the condition. A small number of these people go on to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> pericarditis.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis?</h2><p>The most common sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is sharp, stabbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. The pain usually comes on quickly. It often is felt in the middle or left side of the chest or over the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of the chest. You also may feel pain in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, back, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</p><p>The pain tends to ease when you sit up and lean forward. Lying down and deep breathing worsens it. For some people, the pain feels like a dull ache or pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain also may feel like pain from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. If you have chest pain, you should call 9–1–1 right away, as you may be having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Some people with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> develop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. Other symptoms are weakness, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>, trouble breathing, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or too fast.)</p><p>The most common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. Chronic pericarditis also often causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a>, and shortness of breath. Severe cases of chronic pericarditis can lead to swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> and legs and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">hypotension</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>).</p><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Complications of Pericarditis</h3><p>Two serious complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> tamponade (tam-po-NAD) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> constrictive pericarditis.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> tamponade occurs if too much fluid collects in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>). The extra fluid puts pressure on the heart. This prevents the heart from properly filling with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, less blood leaves the heart, which causes a sharp drop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. If left untreated, cardiac tamponade can be fatal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> constrictive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> that develops over time. It leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a>-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> forming throughout the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> becomes stiff and can't move properly. In time, the scarred tissue compresses the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and prevents it from working well.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pericarditis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors—such as a family doctor, internist, or pediatrician—often diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. Other types of doctors also may be involved, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>, pediatric cardiologist, and an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> specialist.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> treats adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. A pediatric cardiologist treats children who have heart problems. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious disease</a> specialist treats people who have infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d7e41"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had a recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>-like illness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had a recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or injury to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have any other medical conditions</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask about your symptoms. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, he or she will ask you to describe how it feels, where it's located, and whether it's worse when you lie down, breathe, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>When the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) is inflamed, the amount of fluid between its two layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> increases. As part of the exam, your doctor will look for signs of excess fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>.</p><p>A common sign is the pericardial rub. This is the sound of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> rubbing against the outer layer of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Your doctor will place a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> to listen for this sound.</p><p>Your doctor may hear other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> sounds that are signs of fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> (pericardial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025275" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">effusion</a>) or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>). These are more severe problems related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d7e81"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more tests to diagnose your condition and show how severe it is. The most common tests are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). This simple test detects and records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. Certain EKG results may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The pictures can show whether you have an enlarged heart. This is a sign of excess fluid in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a>. This painless test uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The pictures show the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart is working. This test can show whether fluid has built up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ct/">Cardiac CT</a> (computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> CT is a type of x ray that takes a clear, detailed picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>. A cardiac CT helps rule out other causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging). This test uses powerful magnets and radio waves to create detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> MRI can show thickening or other changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. These tests can help your doctor find out whether you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, and how inflamed your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a> is.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pericarditis Treated?</h2><p>Most cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are mild; they clear up on their own or with rest and simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Other times, more intense treatment is needed to prevent complications. Treatment may include medicines and, less often, procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating the underlying cause, if it's known</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Checking for complications</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d8e46"><h3>Specific Types of Treatment</h3><p>As a first step in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your doctor may advise you to rest until you feel better and have no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. He or she may tell you to take over-the-counter, anti-inflammatory medicines to reduce pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. Examples of these medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</p><p>You may need stronger medicine if your pain is severe. If your pain continues to be severe, your doctor may prescribe a medicine called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009709" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colchicine</a> and, possibly, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> (a steroid medicine).</p><p>If an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, your doctor will prescribe an antibiotic or other medicine to treat the infection.</p><p>You may need to stay in the hospital during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> so your doctor can check you for complications.</p><p>The symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> can last from a few days to a few weeks. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> pericarditis may last for several months.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-peri-sec2-d8e65"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><p>You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for complications of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. Two serious complications are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> tamponade and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> constrictive pericarditis.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> tamponade is treated with a procedure called pericardiocentesis (per-ih-KAR-de-o-sen-TE-sis). A needle or tube (called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>) is inserted into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> to remove excess fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>. This procedure relieves pressure on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>The only cure for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> constrictive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023219" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericardium</a>. This is known as a pericardiectomy (PER-ih-kar-de-EK-to-me).</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for these complications require staying in the hospital.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Pericarditis Be Prevented?</h2><p>You usually can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. You can take steps to reduce your chance of having another acute episode, having complications, or getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> pericarditis.</p><p>These steps include getting prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, following your treatment plan, and having ongoing medical care (as your doctor advises).</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Pericarditis</h2><p>Many cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a> are mild and go away on their own. But other cases, if not treated, can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> pericarditis and serious problems that affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Some problems can be life threatening.</p><p>Sometimes it takes weeks or months to recover from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>. Full recovery is likely with rest and ongoing care. These measures also can help reduce your risk of having the condition again.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pericarditis</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-peri-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Pericarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Pericarditis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Pericarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Pericarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pericarditis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Pericarditis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Pericarditis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Pericarditis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Pericarditis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "64": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 64, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
65 | 2018-02-02 05:21:47 | Peripheral Arterial Disease | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pad-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Peripheral Arterial Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your head, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Plaque is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, fibrous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, and other substances in the blood.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ATH-er-o-skler-O-sis). Over time, plaque can harden and narrow the arteries. This limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and other parts of your body.</p><p>P.A.D. usually affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the legs, but it also can affect the arteries that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your head, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. This article focuses on P.A.D. that affects blood flow to the legs.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e56" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e56"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d1e56/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e56" rid-ob="figobd1e56"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/bin/pad_plaque.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/bin/pad_plaque.jpg" alt="Normal Artery and Artery With Plaque Buildup."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e56"><h4 id="d1e56"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d1e56/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e56">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Artery and Artery With Plaque Buildup. The illustration shows how P.A.D. can affect arteries in the legs. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of the normal artery. Figure B shows an artery <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d1e56/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e56">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d1e62"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your legs can cause pain and numbness. It also can raise your risk of getting an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Your body may have a hard time fighting the infection.</p><p>If severe enough, blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> death). In very serious cases, this can lead to leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amputation</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024515" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leg pain</a> when you walk or climb stairs, talk with your doctor. Sometimes older people think that leg pain is just a symptom of aging. However, the cause of the pain could be P.A.D. Tell your doctor if you're feeling pain in your legs and discuss whether you should be tested for P.A.D.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> is the main risk factor for P.A.D. If you smoke or have a history of smoking, your risk of P.A.D. increases up to four times. Other factors, such as age and having certain diseases or conditions, also increase your risk of P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d1e80"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>P.A.D. increases your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD; also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> ("mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>"). If you have CHD, you have a 1 in 3 chance of having blocked leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>Although P.A.D. is serious, it's treatable. If you have the disease, see your doctor regularly and treat the underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p><p>P.A.D. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may slow or stop disease progress and reduce the risk of complications. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> include lifestyle changes, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or procedures. Researchers continue to explore new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> for P.A.D.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Peripheral Arterial Disease</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Atherosclerotic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024512" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Claudication</a> (klaw-dih-KA-shen)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hardening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cramps</a> from poor circulation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023155" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral</a> vascular disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor circulation</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Vascular disease</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Peripheral Arterial Disease?</h2><p>The most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. The exact cause of atherosclerosis isn't known.</p><p>The disease may start if certain factors damage the inner layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p>When damage occurs, your body starts a healing process. The healing may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged.</p><p>Eventually, a section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open), causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot to form at the site. The buildup of plaque or blood clots can severely narrow or block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and limit the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your body.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Peripheral Arterial Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) affects millions of people in the United States. The disease is more common in African Americans than any other racial or ethnic group.</p><p>The major risk factors for P.A.D. are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, older age, and having certain diseases or conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Smoking</h3><p>Smoking is the main risk factor for P.A.D. Your risk of P.A.D. increases four times if you smoke or have a history of smoking.</p><p>On average, people who smoke and develop P.A.D. have symptoms 10 years earlier than people who don't smoke and develop P.A.D.</p><p>Quitting smoking slows the progress of P.A.D. Smoking even one or two cigarettes a day can interfere with P.A.D. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. People who smoke and people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> are at highest risk for P.A.D. complications, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> death) in the leg from decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d5e53"><h3>Older Age</h3><p>Older age also is a risk factor for P.A.D. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> builds up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as you age. About 1 in every 20 Americans over the age of 60 has P.A.D. The risk continues to rise as you get older.</p><p>Older age combined with other risk factors, such as smoking or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, also puts you at higher risk for P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d5e62"><h3>Diseases and Conditions</h3><p>Many diseases and conditions can raise your risk of P.A.D., including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. About 1 in 3 people older than 50 who has diabetes also has P.A.D.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">High blood cholesterol</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">Stroke</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a> (a group of risk factors that raise your risk of CHD and other health problems, such as P.A.D., <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>).</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease?</h2><p>Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) don't have any signs or symptoms. Others may have many signs and symptoms.</p><p>Even if you don't have signs or symptoms, ask your doctor whether you should get checked for P.A.D. if you're:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aged 70 or older</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aged 50 or older and have a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Younger than 50 and have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/#nhlbisec-atrisk">risk factors for atherosclerosis</a> </div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Intermittent Claudication</h3><p>People who have P.A.D. may have symptoms when walking or climbing stairs. These symptoms may include pain, numbness, aching, or heaviness in the leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.</p><p>Symptoms also may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cramping</a> in the affected leg(s) and in the buttocks, thighs, calves, and feet. Symptoms may ease after resting.</p><p>These symptoms are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024513" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intermittent claudication</a>. During physical activity, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> need increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> are narrowed or blocked, your muscles won't get enough blood, which will lead to symptoms. When resting, the muscles need less blood flow, so the symptoms will go away.</p><p>About 10 percent of people who have P.A.D. have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024512" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">claudication</a>. This symptom is more likely in people who also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> in other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d6e72"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Other signs and symptoms of P.A.D. include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weak or absent pulses in the legs or feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wounds</a> on the toes, feet, or legs that heal slowly, poorly, or not at all</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A pale or bluish color to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lower temperature in one leg compared to the other leg</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nail</a> growth on the toes and decreased hair growth on the legs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Erectile dysfunction, especially among men who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) is diagnosed based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>P.A.D. often is diagnosed after symptoms are reported. A correct diagnosis is important because people who have P.A.D. are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> ("mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>"). If you have P.A.D., your doctor also may want to check for signs of these diseases and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d7e46"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors, such as internists and family doctors, may treat people who have mild P.A.D. For more advanced P.A.D., a vascular specialist may be involved. This is a doctor who specializes in treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> diseases and conditions.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> also may be involved in treating people who have P.A.D. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a> treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, which often affect people who have P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d7e56"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have any risk factors for P.A.D. For example, he or she may ask whether you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoke</a> or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your symptoms, including any symptoms that occur when walking, exercising, sitting, standing, or climbing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your diet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About any medicines you take, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether anyone in your family has a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> diseases.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d7e86"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of P.A.D. He or she may check the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your legs or feet to see whether you have weak or absent pulses.</p><p>Your doctor also may check the pulses in your leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> for an abnormal whooshing sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bruit</a> (broo-E). He or she can hear this sound with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. A bruit may be a warning sign of a narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may compare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> between your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> to see whether the pressure is lower in the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>. He or she also may check for poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> healing or any changes in your hair, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or nails that may be signs of P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d7e99"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e102"><h4>Ankle-Brachial Index</h4><p>A simple test called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a>-brachial index (ABI) often is used to diagnose P.A.D. The ABI compares <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in your ankle to blood pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. This test shows how well blood is flowing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>.</p><p>ABI can show whether P.A.D. is affecting your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>, but it won't show which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> are narrowed or blocked.</p><p>A normal ABI result is 1.0 or greater (with a range of 0.90 to 1.30). The test takes about 10 to 15 minutes to measure both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> and both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>. This test may be done yearly to see whether P.A.D. is getting worse.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd7e118" co-legend-rid="figlgndd7e118"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d7e118/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd7e118" rid-ob="figobd7e118"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/bin/pad_abi.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/bin/pad_abi.jpg" alt="Ankle-Brachial Index."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd7e118"><h4 id="d7e118"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/figure/d7e118/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd7e118">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Ankle-Brachial Index. The illustration shows the ankle-brachial index test. The test compares blood pressure in the ankle to blood pressure in the arm. As the blood pressure cuff deflates, the blood pressure in the arteries is recorded. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e124"><h4>Doppler Ultrasound</h4><p>A Doppler ultrasound looks at <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. During this test, a handheld device is placed on your body and passed back and forth over the affected area. A computer converts sound waves into a picture of blood flow in the arteries and veins.</p><p>The results of this test can show whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> is blocked. The results also can help show the severity of P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e134"><h4>Treadmill Test</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treadmill test</a> can show the severity of symptoms and the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> that brings them on. You'll walk on a treadmill for this test. This shows whether you have any problems during normal walking.</p><p>You may have an ABI test before and after the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treadmill test</a>. This will help compare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> and legs before and after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e143"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Angiogram</h4><p>A magnetic resonance angiogram (MRA) uses magnetic and radio wave energy to take pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test is a type of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).</p><p>An MRA can show the location and severity of a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>. If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>, man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent</a>, surgical clips, mechanical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a>, or other metallic devices in your body, you might not be able to have an MRA. Ask your doctor whether an MRA is an option for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e162"><h4>Arteriogram</h4><p>An arteriogram provides a "road map" of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Doctors use this test to find the exact location of a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>For this test, dye is injected through a needle or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (tube) into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This may make you feel mildly flushed. After the dye is injected, an x ray is taken. The x ray can show the location, type, and extent of the blockage in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Some doctors use a newer method of arteriogram that uses tiny ultrasound cameras. These cameras take pictures of the insides of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This method is called intravascular ultrasound.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d7e174"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check for P.A.D. risk factors. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can help diagnose conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) include lifestyle changes, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or procedures.</p><p>The overall goals of treating P.A.D. include reducing symptoms, improving quality of life, and preventing complications. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> is based on your signs and symptoms, risk factors, and results from a physical exam and tests.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may slow or stop disease progress and reduce the risk of complications. Without treatment, P.A.D. can cause sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> death). In extreme cases, it may be necessary to remove part of the leg or foot (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amputation</a>).</p><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> often includes making long-lasting lifestyle changes, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. Your risk of P.A.D. increases four times if you smoke. Smoking also raises your risk for other diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">blood pressure</a>. This lifestyle change can help you avoid the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>. Lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> can delay or even reverse the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) levels if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin A1C test</a> can show how well you have controlled your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level over the past 3 months.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>. Talk with your doctor about taking part in a supervised <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program. This type of program has been shown to reduce P.A.D. symptoms.</div></li></ul><p>Follow a healthy eating plan that's low in total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, and sodium (salt). Include fruits, vegetables, and low-fat dairy products in your diet. If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan.</p><p>Two examples of healthy eating plans are <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/dash/dash_what.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</a> (DASH).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d8e110"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming due to low blood flow</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Help ease <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024515" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leg pain</a> that occurs when you walk or climb stairs</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d8e129"><h3>Surgery or Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d8e132"><h4>Bypass Grafting</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend bypass grafting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a> is blocked or nearly blocked. For this surgery, your doctor uses a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> from another part of your body or a man-made tube to make a graft.</p><p>This graft bypasses (that is, goes around) the blocked part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The bypass allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to flow around the blockage.</p><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> doesn't cure P.A.D., but it may increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d8e145"><h4>Angioplasty and Stenting</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angioplasty</a> (AN-jee-oh-plas-tee) to restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through a narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>During this procedure, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (thin tube) with a balloon at the tip is inserted into a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The balloon is then inflated, which pushes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> outward against the artery wall. This widens the artery and restores <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stents/">stent</a> (a small mesh tube) may be placed in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angioplasty</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> helps keep the artery open after angioplasty is done. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stents</a> are coated with medicine to help prevent blockages in the artery.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Atherectomy</h4><p>Atherectomy (ath-eh-REK-to-me) is a procedure that removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. During the procedure, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is used to insert a small cutting device into the blocked artery. The device is used to shave or cut off plaque.</p><p>The bits of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> are removed from the body through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> or washed away in the bloodstream (if they're small enough).</p><p>Doctors also can do atherectomy using a special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">laser</a> that dissolves the blockage.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d8e176"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><p>Researchers are studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> to treat P.A.D. However, these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> aren't yet available outside of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/#nhlbisec-trials">"Clinical Trials"</a> section of this article or the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">Clinical Trials</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Peripheral Arterial Disease Be Prevented?</h2><p>Taking action to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/#nhlbisec-atrisk">risk factors</a> can help prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) and its complications.</p><p>Know your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of health problems related to P.A.D. If you or someone in your family has the disease, be sure to tell your doctor.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking is the main risk factor for P.A.D. Your risk of P.A.D. increases four times if you smoke or have a history of smoking. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart"</a> both include information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Follow a healthy diet that includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. A healthy diet also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/chol/chol_tlc.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Therapeutic Lifestyle Changes (TLC)</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/dash/dash_what.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH)</a> are two programs that promote healthy eating.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan. Also, try to be physically active. Physical activity can improve your fitness level and your health. Talk with your doctor about the types of activity that are safe for you.</p><p>The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart"</a> include information about physical activity. Although these resources focus on heart health, they also apply to general health and well-being.</p><p>The lifestyle changes described above can reduce your risk of P.A.D. These changes also can help prevent and control conditions that can lead to P.A.D., such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Peripheral Arterial Disease</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.), you're more likely to also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> ("mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>"). However, you can take steps to treat and control P.A.D. and lower your risk for these other conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d10e45"><h3>Living With Peripheral Arterial Disease Symptoms</h3><p>If you have P.A.D., you may feel pain in your calf or thigh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> after walking. Try to take a break and allow the pain to ease before walking again. Over time, this may increase the distance that you can walk without pain.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about taking part in a supervised <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program. This type of program has been shown to reduce P.A.D. symptoms.</p><p>Check your feet and toes regularly for sores or possible infections. Wear comfortable shoes that fit well. Maintain good foot hygiene and have professional medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for corns, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025483" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bunions</a>, or calluses.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pad-sec2-d10e58"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs and Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>See your doctor for checkups as he or she advises. If you have P.A.D. without symptoms, you should still see your doctor regularly. Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>Lifestyle changes can help prevent or delay P.A.D. and other related problems, such as CHD, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a>. Lifestyle changes include quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, controlling risk factors, being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physically active</a>, and following a healthy diet.</p><p>For more information about lifestyle changes, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062981/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Can Peripheral Arterial Disease Be Treated?"</a> </p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about various diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023287" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.). For example, NHLBI-supported research on P.A.D. includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ways to increase physical activity and its benefits in people who have P.A.D., such as motivational interviewing or taking nutritional supplements</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The effectiveness of certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to improve or increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or activity level in people who have P.A.D.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The effect of short <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> duration on cardiovascular function</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to P.A.D., talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-pad-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Peripheral Arterial Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Peripheral Arterial Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Peripheral Arterial Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Peripheral Arterial Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Peripheral Arterial Disease Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Peripheral Arterial Disease Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Peripheral Arterial Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "65": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 65, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
66 | 2018-02-02 05:22:05 | Pernicious Anemia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-prnanmia-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pernicious Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> (per-NISH-us uh-NEE-me-uh) is a condition in which the body can't make enough healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> because it doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin B12</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrient</a> found in some foods. The body needs this nutrient to make healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and to keep its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a> working properly.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can't absorb enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> from food. This is because they lack intrinsic (in-TRIN-sik) factor, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. A lack of this protein leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>.</p><p>Other conditions and factors also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>. Examples include infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, medicines, and diet. Technically, the term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>" refers to vitamin B12 deficiency due to a lack of intrinsic factor. Often though, vitamin B12 deficiency due to other causes also is called pernicious anemia.</p><p>This article discusses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> due to a lack of intrinsic factor and other causes.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d1e56"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. In pernicious anemia, the body can't make enough healthy red blood cells because it doesn't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</p><p>Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't divide normally and are too large. They may have trouble getting out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> where blood cells are made.</p><p>Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your body, you may feel tired and weak. Severe or long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> also can cause other problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024541" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological</a> problems (such as memory loss), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> problems. People who have pernicious anemia also may be at higher risk for weakened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> strength and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021891" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d1e75"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The term “pernicious” means “deadly.” The condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> because it often was fatal in the past, before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> were available. Now, pernicious anemia usually is easy to treat with vitamin B12 pills or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><p>With ongoing care and proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can recover, feel well, and live normal lives.</p><p>Without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can lead to serious problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, and other parts of the body. Some of these problems may be permanent.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pernicious Anemia</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> is one of two major types of "macrocytic" or "megaloblastic" anemia. These terms refer to anemia in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are larger than normal. (The other major type of macrocytic anemia is caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> deficiency.)</p><p>Rarely, children are born with an inherited disorder that prevents their bodies from making intrinsic factor. This disorder is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin B12 deficiency</a> also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cobalamin deficiency</a> and combined systems disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pernicious Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> is caused by a lack of intrinsic factor or other causes, such as infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, medicines, or diet.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Lack of Intrinsic Factor</h3><p>Intrinsic factor is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>. It helps your body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. In some people, an autoimmune response causes a lack of intrinsic factor.</p><p>An autoimmune response occurs if the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that mistakenly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and destroy the parietal (pa-RI-eh-tal) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. These cells line the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> and make intrinsic factor. Why this autoimmune response occurs isn't known.</p><p>As a result of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> stops making intrinsic factor. Without intrinsic factor, your body can't move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a>, where it's absorbed. This leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>.</p><p>A lack of intrinsic factor also can occur if you've had part or all of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> surgically removed. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> reduces the number of parietal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> available to make intrinsic factor.</p><p>Rarely, children are born with an inherited disorder that prevents their bodies from making intrinsic factor. This disorder is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Other Causes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> also has other causes, besides a lack of intrinsic factor. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Malabsorption</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> and a diet lacking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> both can lead to pernicious anemia.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d4e60"><h4>Malabsorption in the Small Intestine</h4><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> occurs because the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> can't properly absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. This may be the result of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Too many of the wrong kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a>. This is a common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> in older adults. The bacteria use up the available <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> before the small intestine can absorb it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diseases that interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> absorption. One example is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">celiac disease</a>. This is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorder in which your body can't tolerate a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gluten</a>. Another example is Crohn's disease, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a>. HIV also may interfere with vitamin B12 absorption.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medicines that alter bacterial growth or prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> from properly absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Examples include antibiotics and certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a> medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgical removal of part or all of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A tapeworm <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. The tapeworm feeds off of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Eating undercooked, infected fish may cause this type of infection.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d4e84"><h4>Diet Lacking Vitamin B12</h4><p>Some people get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> because they don't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in their diets. This cause of pernicious anemia is less common than other causes.</p><p>Good food sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breakfast cereals with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Meats such as beef, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, poultry, and fish</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eggs and dairy products (such as milk, yogurt, and cheese)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Foods fortified with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, such as soy-based beverages and vegetarian burgers</div></li></ul><p>Strict vegetarians who don't eat any animal or dairy products and don't take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> supplement are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</p><p>Breastfed infants of strict vegetarian mothers also are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. These infants can develop anemia within months of being born. This is because they haven't had enough time to store <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in their bodies. Doctors treat these infants with vitamin B12 supplements.</p><p>Other groups, such as the elderly and people who suffer from alcoholism, also may be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. These people may not get the proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> in their diets.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pernicious Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> is more common in people of Northern European and African descent than in other ethnic groups.</p><p>Older people also are at higher risk for the condition. This is mainly due to a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> acid and intrinsic factor, which prevents the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> from absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. As people grow older, they tend to make less stomach acid.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> also can occur in younger people and other populations. You're at higher risk for pernicious anemia if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the condition.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had part or all of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> surgically removed. The stomach makes intrinsic factor. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> helps your body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a> that involves the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endocrine glands</a>, such as Addison's disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024702" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 1 diabetes</a>, Graves' disease, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitiligo</a>. Research suggests a link may exist between these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> that's caused by an autoimmune response.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had part or all of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022231" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">small intestine</a> surgically removed. The small intestine is where <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> is absorbed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain intestinal diseases or other disorders that may prevent your body from properly absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Examples include Crohn's disease, intestinal infections, and HIV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take medicines that prevent your body from properly absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Examples of such medicines include antibiotics and certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a> medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are a strict vegetarian who doesn't eat any animal or dairy products and doesn't take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> supplement, or if you eat poorly overall.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pernicious Anemia?</h2><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>) causes the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. Without enough vitamin B12, your body can't make enough healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, which causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><p>Some of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> apply to all types of anemia. Other signs and symptoms are specific to a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Anemia</h3><p>The most common symptom of all types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). Fatigue occurs because your body doesn’t have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to its various parts.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count also can cause shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, pale or yellowish <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> also means that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood through your body. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, an enlarged heart, or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Vitamin B12 Deficiency</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin B12 deficiency</a> may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage. This can cause tingling and numbness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness, and loss of reflexes. You also may feel unsteady, lose your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a>, and have trouble walking. Vitamin B12 deficiency can cause weakened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> and may lead to hip fractures.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024541" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological</a> problems, such as confusion, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dementia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and memory loss.</p><p>Other symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a> involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a>. These symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028109" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heartburn</a>, abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bloating</a> and gas, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">loss of appetite</a>, and weight loss. An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> is another symptom.</p><p>A smooth, thick, red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> also is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</p><p>Infants who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a> may have poor reflexes or unusual movements, such as face <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024540" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tremors</a>. They may have trouble feeding due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> problems. They also may be irritable. If vitamin B12 deficiency isn't treated, these infants may have permanent growth problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pernicious Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will want to find out whether the condition is due to a lack of intrinsic factor or another cause. He or she also will want to find out the severity of the condition, so it can be properly treated.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors—such as family doctors, internists, and pediatricians (doctors who treat children)—often diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. Other kinds of doctors also may be involved, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022774" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a> specialist)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> specialist)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A hematologist (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease specialist)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastroenterologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a> specialist)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d7e56"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063030/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a>. He or she also may ask:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've had any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> or intestinal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have any digestive disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024528" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">celiac disease</a> or Crohn's disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>About your diet and any medicines you take</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a> (such as Addison's disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024702" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">type 1 diabetes</a>, Graves' disease, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitiligo</a>). Research suggests a link may exist between these autoimmune disorders and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> that's caused by an autoimmune response.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d7e86"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor may check for pale or yellowish <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. He or she may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for rapid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage. He or she may want to see how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, senses, and reflexes work. Your doctor may ask questions or do tests to check your mental status, coordination, and ability to walk.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d7e99"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> and procedures can help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> and find out what's causing it.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d7e107"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). This test measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>) using a needle.</p><p>A CBC checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels may be lower in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, another blood disorder, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. MCV can be a clue as to what's causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, the red blood cells are larger than normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d7e129"><h4>Other Blood Tests</h4><p>If the CBC results confirm that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to find out what type of anemia you have.</p><p>A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count measures the number of young <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood. The test shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the correct rate. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> have low reticulocyte counts.</p><p>Serum <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, and iron-binding capacity tests also can help show whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> or another type of anemia.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to check:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> level. A low level of vitamin B12 in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> indicates <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your homocysteine and methylmalonic acid (MMA) levels. High levels of these substances in your body are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>For intrinsic factor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> and parietal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> antibodies. These antibodies also are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec3-d7e157"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy and making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The two bone marrow tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pi-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>.</p><p>For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>, your doctor removes a small amount of fluid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> through a needle. For a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a larger needle. The samples are then examined under a microscope.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that turn into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells are larger than normal.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pernicious Anemia Treated?</h2><p>Doctors treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> by replacing the missing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in the body. People who have pernicious anemia may need lifelong <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or treating the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> and its signs and symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or managing complications, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating the cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> (if a cause can be found)</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d8e49"><h3>Specific Types of Treatment</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pernicious anemia</a> usually is easy to treat with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> or pills.</p><p>If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> first. Shots usually are given in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> every day or every week until the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> increases. After your vitamin B12 blood level returns to normal, you may get a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> only once a month.</p><p>For less severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, your doctor may recommend large doses of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> pills. A vitamin B12 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> gel and spray also are available. These products may be useful for people who have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a> pills, such as older people who have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">strokes</a>.</p><p>Your signs and symptoms may begin to improve within a few days after you start <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Your doctor may advise you to limit your physical activity until your condition improves.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> is caused by something other than a lack of intrinsic factor, you may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for the cause (if a cause can be found). For example, your doctor may prescribe medicines to treat a condition that prevents your body from absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>.</p><p>If medicines are the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, your doctor may change the type or dose of medicine you take. Infants of strict vegetarian mothers may be given <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> supplements from birth.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Pernicious Anemia Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> caused by a lack of intrinsic factor. Without intrinsic factor, you won't be able to absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> and will develop pernicious anemia.</p><p>Although uncommon, some people develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> because they don't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> in their diets. You can take steps to prevent pernicious anemia caused by dietary factors.</p><p>Eating foods high in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> can help prevent low vitamin B12 levels. Good food sources of vitamin B12 include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breakfast cereals with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Meats such as beef, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, poultry, and fish</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eggs and dairy products (such as milk, yogurt, and cheese)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Foods fortified with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, such as soy-based beverages and vegetarian burgers</div></li></ul><p>If you’re a strict vegetarian, talk with your doctor about having your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> level checked regularly.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin B12</a> also is found in multivitamins and B-complex vitamin supplements. Doctors may recommend supplements for people at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>, such as strict vegetarians or people who have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Older adults may have trouble absorbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>. Thus, doctors may recommend that older adults eat foods fortified with vitamin B12 or take vitamin B12 supplements.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Pernicious Anemia</h2><p>With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> can recover, feel well, and live normal lives. If you have complications of pernicious anemia, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> damage, early treatment may help reverse the damage.</p><div id="nhlbi-prnanmia-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, you may need lifelong <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. See your doctor regularly for checkups and ongoing care. Take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> supplements as your doctor advises. This may help prevent symptoms and complications.</p><p>During your followup visits, your doctor may check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>. He or she also may adjust your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>, you're at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021891" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach cancer</a>. See your doctor regularly so he or she can check for this complication.</p><p>Also, tell your family members, especially your children and brothers and sisters, that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a>. Pernicious anemia can run in families, so they may have a higher risk for the condition.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022012" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pernicious anemia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12 deficiency</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li clas |
June 11, 2014. | { "66": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 66, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
67 | 2018-02-02 05:22:24 | Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pleurisy-sec1-d1e34_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> (PLUR-ih-se) is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> is inflamed. The pleura is a membrane that consists of two large, thin layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. One layer wraps around the outside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The other layer lines the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a>.</p><p>Between the layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is a very thin space called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. Normally this space is filled with a small amount of fluid—about 4 teaspoons full. The fluid helps the two layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> glide smoothly past each other as you breathe in and out.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> occurs if the two layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> become irritated and inflamed. Instead of gliding smoothly past each other, they rub together every time you breathe in. The rubbing can cause sharp pain.</p><p>Many conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d1e50"><h3>Other Pleural Disorders</h3><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d1e53"><h4>Pneumothorax</h4><p>Air or gas can build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. When this happens, it's called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> (noo-mo-THOR-aks). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> lung injury can cause a pneumothorax. </p><p>Some lung procedures also can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a>. Examples include lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, drainage of fluid with a needle, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">mechanical ventilation</a>.</p><p>Sometimes the cause of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> isn't known.</p><p>The most common symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> are sudden pain in one side of the lung and shortness of breath. The air or gas in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> also can put pressure on the lung and cause it to collapse.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e78" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e78"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/figure/d1e78/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e78" rid-ob="figobd1e78"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/bin/pleurisy.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/bin/pleurisy.jpg" alt="Pleurisy and Pneumothorax."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e78"><h4 id="d1e78"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/figure/d1e78/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e78">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Pleurisy and Pneumothorax. Figure A shows the location of the lungs, airways, pleura, and diaphragm (a muscle that helps you breathe). The inset image shows a detailed view of the two pleural layers and pleural space. Figure B shows lungs with pleurisy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063064/figure/d1e78/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e78">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>A small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> may go away without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. A large pneumothorax may require a procedure to remove air or gas from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>.</p><p>A very large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to drop. This is called a tension pneumothorax.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d1e90"><h4>Pleural Effusion</h4><p>In some cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>, excess fluid builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. This is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>. A lot of extra fluid can push the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> against your lung until the lung, or part of it, collapses. This can make it hard for you to breathe.</p><p>Sometimes the extra fluid gets infected and turns into an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a>. When this happens, it's called an empyema (em-pi-E-ma).</p><p>You can develop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a> even if you don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, (nu-MO-ne-ah), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm) can lead to a pleural effusion.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d1e112"><h4>Hemothorax</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> also can build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. This condition is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a> (he-mo-THOR-aks). An injury to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, chest or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, or lung or pleural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> can cause a hemothorax.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a> can put pressure on the lung and cause it to collapse. A hemothorax also can cause shock. In shock, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> reach your body's vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d1e125"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a> can be serious, depending on their causes. If the condition that caused the pleurisy or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a> isn't too serious and is diagnosed and treated early, you usually can expect a full recovery.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleuritis</a> and pleuritic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleural effusion</a> also is called fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and pleural fluid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumothorax</a> also is called air around the lung and air outside the lung.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?</h2><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Pleurisy</h3><p>Many conditions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Viral infections</a> are likely the most common cause. Other causes of pleurisy include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bacterial infections</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>) and infections from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022591" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">parasites</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary embolism</a> (a sudden blockage in a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> (MEZ-o-thee-lee-O-ma)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, especially <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/cabg/cabg_whatis.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> coronary artery bypass grafting</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lam/">LAM</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphangioleiomyomatosis</a>) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asb/">asbestosis</a> (as-bes-TO-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammatory bowel disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Familial Mediterranean <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> (an inherited condition that often causes fever and swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>)</div></li></ul><p>Other causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> injuries, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreatitis</a> (an inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a>), and reactions to some medicines.</p><p>Sometimes the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> isn't known.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d4e88"><h3>Pneumothorax</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> lung injury can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> (a buildup of air or gas in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a> that can cause a pneumothorax include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, LAM, and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/cf/cf_what.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">cystic fibrosis</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> injury also may cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a>.</p><p>You can develop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> without having a recognized <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> injury. This is called a spontaneous pneumothorax. Smoking increases your risk of spontaneous pneumothorax. Having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the condition also increases your risk.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d4e106"><h3>Pleural Effusion</h3><p>The most common cause of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a> (a buildup of fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung cancer</a>, LAM, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, and other lung infections also can lead to a pleural effusion.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease can cause fluid to build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asbestosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DO-sis), and reactions to some medicines also can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d4e122"><h3>Hemothorax</h3><p>An injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, chest or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, or lung or pleural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a> (a buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>).</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>, or a spontaneous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> also can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders</h2><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Pleurisy</h3><p>The main symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> is sharp or stabbing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. The pain gets worse when you breathe in deeply, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, or sneeze.</p><p>The pain may stay in one place or spread to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a> or back. Sometimes the pain becomes a fairly constant dull ache.</p><p>Depending on the cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>, you may have other symptoms such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or rapid, shallow breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a> and chills</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained weight loss</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d5e59"><h3>Pneumothorax</h3><p>The symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden, sharp <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that gets worse when you breathe in deeply or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> tightness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) that comes on easily</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heart rate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> (caused by lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>)</div></li></ul><p>Other symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> include flaring of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and tension; and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">hypotension</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">low blood pressure</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d5e93"><h3>Pleural Effusion</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a> often has no symptoms. However, the disorder may cause shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> discomfort.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d5e100"><h3>Hemothorax</h3><p>The symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023389" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemothorax</a> often are similar to those of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a>. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">Respiratory failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heart rate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anxiety</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Restlessness</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will want to rule out other causes of your symptoms. He or she also will want to find the underlying cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a> so it can be treated.</p><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask detailed questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. He or she likely will ask you to describe any pain, especially:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What it feels like</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Where it's located and whether you can feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When it started and whether it goes away and then comes back</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What makes it better or worse</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023167" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Palpitations</a> are feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or fast.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you've ever:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoked.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Traveled to places where you may have been exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Had a job that exposed you to asbestos. Asbestos is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> that, at one time, was widely used in many industries.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask about medicines you take or have taken. Reactions to some medicines can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a>. </p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d6e86"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your breathing with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to find out whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are making any abnormal sounds.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a>, the inflamed layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> make a rough, scratchy sound as they rub against each other when you breathe. Doctors call this a pleural friction rub. If your doctor hears the friction rub, he or she will know that you have pleurisy.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>, fluid buildup in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> will prevent a friction rub. But if you have a lot of fluid, your doctor may hear a dull sound when he or she taps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Or, he or she may have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> any breathing sounds.</p><p>Muffled or dull breathing sounds also can be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumothorax</a> (a buildup of air or gas in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d6e102"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Depending on the results of your physical exam, your doctor may recommend tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e109"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates a picture of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test may show air or fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray also may show what's causing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a>—for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, a fractured <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rib</a>, or a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>.</p><p>Sometimes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray is taken while you lie on your side. This position can show fluid that didn't appear on an x ray taken while you were standing.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e127"><h4>Chest CT Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>, is a painless test that creates precise pictures of the structures in your chest.</p><p>This test provides a computer-generated picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> that can show pockets of fluid. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> CT scan also may show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>, or other possible causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e140"><h4>Ultrasound</h4><p>This test uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. An ultrasound may show where fluid is located in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The test also can show some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e146"><h4>Chest MRI</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> magnetic resonance imaging scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmri/">chest MRI</a>, uses radio waves, magnets, and a computer to created detailed pictures of the structures in your chest. This test can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusions</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>This test also is called a magnetic resonance (MR) scan or a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) scan.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e159"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-with">Blood tests</a> can show whether you have an illness that increases your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorder</a>. Such illnesses include bacterial or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreatitis</a> (an inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e167"><h4>Arterial Blood Gas Test</h4><p>For this test, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample is taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. The blood's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels are checked. This test shows how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are taking in oxygen.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e173"><h4>Thoracentesis</h4><p>Once your doctor knows whether fluid has built up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> and where it is, he or she can remove a sample for testing. This is done using a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a> (THOR-ah-sen-TE-sis).</p><p>During the procedure, your doctor inserts a thin needle or plastic tube into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> and draws out the excess fluid. After the fluid is removed from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, it's sent for testing.</p><p>The risks of thoracentesis—such as pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>—usually are minor. They get better on their own, or they're easily treated. Your doctor may do a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray after the procedure to check for complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e189"><h4>Fluid Analysis</h4><p>The fluid removed during thoracentesis is examined under a microscope. It's checked for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, or other conditions that can cause fluid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec3-d6e195"><h4>Biopsy</h4><p>Your doctor may suspect that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> has caused fluid to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. If so, he or she may want to look at a small piece of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> under a microscope.</p><p>To take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample, your doctor may do one of the following procedures:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Insert a needle into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> to remove a small sample of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>'s outer layer.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Insert a tube with a light on the end (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscope</a>) into tiny cuts in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> so that he or she can see the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>. Your doctor can then snip out small pieces of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. This procedure must be done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Snip out a sample of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> through a small cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. This is called an open pleural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. It's usually done if the sample from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030166" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">needle biopsy</a> is too small for an accurate diagnosis. This procedure must be done in a hospital. You'll be given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the procedure.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleurisy</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a> are treated with procedures, medicines, and other methods. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Removing the fluid, air, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> (if a large amount is present)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating the underlying condition</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d7e43"><h3>Relieving Symptoms</h3><p>To relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023385" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy symptoms</a>, your doctor may recommend:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acetaminophen</a> or anti-inflammatory medicines (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>) to control pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Codeine</a>-based <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> syrups to control <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lying on your painful side. This might make you more comfortable.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing deeply and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> to clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> as the pain eases. Otherwise, you may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Getting plenty of rest.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d7e74"><h3>Removing Fluid, Air, or Blood From the Pleural Space</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend removing fluid, air, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> to prevent a lung collapse.</p><p>The procedures used to drain fluid, air, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> are similar.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a>, your doctor will insert a thin needle or plastic tube into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. An attached syringe will draw fluid out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. This procedure can remove more than 6 cups of fluid at a time.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If your doctor needs to remove a lot of fluid, he or she may use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tube. Your doctor will inject a painkiller into the area of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> where the fluid is. He or she will then insert a plastic tube into your chest between two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. The tube will be connected to a box that suctions out the fluid. Your doctor will use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> to check the tube's position.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your doctor also can use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tube to drain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and air from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. This process can take several days. The tube will be left in place, and you'll likely stay in the hospital during this time.</div></li></ul><p>Sometimes the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> contains thick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. It may form a hard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or peel, which makes the fluid harder to drain. To help break up the pus or blood clots, your doctor may use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tube to deliver medicines called fibrinolytics to the pleural space. If the fluid still won't drain, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>If you have a small, persistent air leak into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>, your doctor may attach a one-way valve to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tube. The valve allows air to exit the pleural space, but not reenter. Using this type of valve may allow you to continue your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> from home.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pleurisy-sec2-d7e108"><h3>Treat the Underlying Condition</h3><p>The fluid sample that was removed during thoracentesis will be checked under a microscope. This can tell your doctor what's causing the fluid buildup, and he or she can decide the best way to treat it.</p><p>If the fluid is infected, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will involve antibiotics and drainage. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungal infection</a>, treatment will involve long-term use of antibiotics or antifungal medicines.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a> are causing fluid buildup, the fluid may quickly build up again after it's drained. Sometimes antitumor medicines will prevent further fluid buildup. If they don't, your doctor may seal the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. Sealing the pleural space is called pleurodesis (plur-OD-eh-sis).</p><p>For this procedure, your doctor will drain all of the fluid out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> through a chest tube. Then he or she will push a substance through the chest tube into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. The substance will irritate the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>. This will cause the two layers of the pleura to stick together, preventing more fluid from building up.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chemotherapy</a> or radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> also may be used to reduce the size of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> is causing fluid buildup, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> usually includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a> (medicines that help reduce fluid buildup) and other medicines.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023380" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleurisy</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural disorders</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-pleurisy-sec1-d1e34_">What Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Pleurisy and Other Pleural Disorders Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "67": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 67, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
68 | 2018-02-02 05:22:44 | Pneumonia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pnu-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pneumonia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah) is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in one or both of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a>—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>—can cause pneumonia.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> inflames your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>, which are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>). The air sacs may fill up with fluid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a>, causing symptoms such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025094" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlegm</a> (a slimy substance), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, chills, and trouble breathing.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d1e50"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> and its symptoms can vary from mild to severe. Many factors affect how serious pneumonia is, such as the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and your age and overall health.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> tends to be more serious for:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infants and young children.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older adults (people 65 years or older).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> as a result of diseases or other factors. Examples of these diseases and factors include HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>), and an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> transplant or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d1e87"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> is common in the United States. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for pneumonia depends on its cause, how severe your symptoms are, and your age and overall health. Many people can be treated at home, often with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> antibiotics.</p><p>Children usually start to feel better in 1 to 2 days. For adults, it usually takes 2 to 3 days. Anyone who has worsening symptoms should see a doctor.</p><p>People who have severe symptoms or underlying health problems may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital. It may take 3 weeks or more before they can go back to their normal routines.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can last for a month or more.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Pneumonia</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> is named for the way in which a person gets the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> that causes it.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Community-Acquired Pneumonia</h3><p>Community-acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> (CAP) occurs outside of hospitals and other health care settings. Most people get CAP by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> (especially while sleeping) that live in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>CAP is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Most cases occur during the winter. About 4 million people get this form of pneumonia each year. About 1 out of every 5 people who has CAP needs to be treated in a hospital.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d3e44"><h3>Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia</h3><p>Some people catch <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> during a hospital stay for another illness. This is called hospital-acquired pneumonia (HAP). You're at higher risk of getting HAP if you're on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (a machine that helps you breathe).</p><p>HAP tends to be more serious than CAP because you're already sick. Also, hospitals tend to have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that are resistant to antibiotics (medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d3e56"><h3>Health Care-Associated Pneumonia</h3><p>Patients also may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> in other health care settings, such as nursing homes, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a> centers, and outpatient clinics. This type of pneumonia is called health care-associated pneumonia.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d3e62"><h3>Other Common Types of Pneumonia</h3><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d3e66"><h4>Aspiration Pneumonia</h4><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can occur if you inhale food, drink, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024478" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saliva</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This may happen if something disturbs your normal gag reflex, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> injury, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a> problem, or excessive use of alcohol or drugs.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspiration</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> to form in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022145" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavity</a> in the lung. When this happens, it's called a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a> (AB-ses).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d3e75"><h4>Atypical Pneumonia</h4><p>Several types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>—Legionella pneumophila, mycoplasma <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae—cause atypical pneumonia, a type of CAP. Atypical pneumonia is passed from person to person.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pneumonia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hp/">Pneumonitis</a> (nu-mo-NI-tis).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bronchopneumonia (BRONG-ko-nu-MO-ne-ah).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nosocomial (nos-o-KO-me-al) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. This is another name for hospital-acquired pneumonia.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Walking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. This refers to pneumonia that's mild enough that you're not bedridden.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Double <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. This refers to pneumonia that affects both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lobes</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pneumonia?</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Examples include different kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, and, less often, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a>.</p><p>Most of the time, the body filters <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> out of the air that we breathe to protect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>, the shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, your ability to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, and fine, hair-like structures called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> (SIL-e-ah) help stop the germs from reaching your lungs. (For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">How the Lungs Work</a> article.)</p><p>Sometimes, though, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> manage to enter the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and cause infections. This is more likely to occur if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> is weak</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is very strong</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your body fails to filter <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> out of the air that you breathe</div></li></ul><p>For example, if you can't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> because you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> or are sedated, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> may remain in your airways. ("Sedated" means you're given medicine to make you sleepy.)</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> reach your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> goes into action. It sends many kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the germs. These cells cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>) to become red and inflamed and to fill up with fluid and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a>. This causes the symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d5e65"><h3>Germs That Can Cause Pneumonia</h3><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d5e68"><h4>Bacteria</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bacteria</a> are the most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> in adults. Some people, especially the elderly and those who are disabled, may get bacterial pneumonia after having the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> or even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">common cold</a>.</p><p>Many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Bacterial pneumonia can occur on its own or develop after you've had a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>. This type of pneumonia often affects one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lobe</a>, or area, of a lung. When this happens, the condition is called lobar pneumonia.</p><p>The most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> in the United States is the bacterium <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Streptococcus</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025792" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strep</a>-to-KOK-us) pneumoniae, or pneumococcus (nu-mo-KOK-us).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd5e93" co-legend-rid="figlgndd5e93"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/figure/d5e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd5e93" rid-ob="figobd5e93"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/bin/pneumonia.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/bin/pneumonia.jpg" alt="Lobar Pneumonia."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd5e93"><h4 id="d5e93"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/figure/d5e93/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd5e93">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Lobar Pneumonia. Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. This figure also shows pneumonia affecting the lower lobe of the left lung. Figure B shows normal alveoli. Figure C shows infected alveoli. </p></div></div><p>Another type of bacterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> is called atypical pneumonia. Atypical pneumonia includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Legionella pneumophila. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> sometimes is called Legionnaire's disease, and it has caused serious outbreaks. Outbreaks have been linked to exposure to cooling towers, whirlpool spas, and decorative fountains.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mycoplasma <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. This is a common type of pneumonia that usually affects people younger than 40 years old. People who live or work in crowded places like schools, homeless shelters, and prisons are at higher risk for this type of pneumonia. It's usually mild and responds well to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with antibiotics. However, mycoplasma pneumonia can be very serious. It may be associated with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022337" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolysis</a> (the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chlamydophila pneumoniae. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can occur all year and often is mild. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is most common in people 65 to 79 years old.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d5e124"><h4>Viruses</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> cause up to one-third of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> cases in the United States each year. These viruses are the most common cause of pneumonia in children younger than 5 years old.</p><p>Most cases of viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> are mild. They get better in about 1 to 3 weeks without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Some cases are more serious and may require treatment in a hospital.</p><p>If you have viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, you run the risk of getting bacterial pneumonia as well.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025750" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu virus</a> is the most common cause of viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> in adults. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> that cause pneumonia include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> syncytial virus, rhinovirus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024491" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">herpes simplex virus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024856" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">severe acute respiratory syndrome</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024856" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">SARS</a>), and more.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d5e139"><h4>Fungi</h4><p>Three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a> in the soil in some parts of the United States can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. These fungi are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029886" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coccidioidomycosis</a> (kok-sid-e-OY-do-mi-KO-sis). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungus</a> is found in Southern California and the desert Southwest.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029753" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Histoplasmosis</a> (HIS-to-plaz-MO-sis). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungus</a> is found in the Ohio and Mississippi River Valleys.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cryptococcus (krip-to-KOK-us). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungus</a> is found throughout the United States in bird droppings and soil contaminated with bird droppings.</div></li></ul><p>Most people exposed to these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022590" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungi</a> don't get sick, but some do and require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungal infections</a> are most common in people who have weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> due to the long-term use of medicines to suppress their immune systems or having HIV/AIDS.</p><p>Pneumocystis jiroveci (nu-mo-SIS-tis ye-RO-VECH-e), formerly Pneumocystis carinii, sometimes is considered a fungal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. However, it's not treated with the usual antifungal medicines. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is most common in people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have HIV/AIDS or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> transplant and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take medicines that affect their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a></div></li></ul><p>Other kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fungal infections</a> also can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pneumonia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> can affect people of all ages. However, two age groups are at greater risk of developing pneumonia:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infants who are 2 years old or younger (because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> are still developing during the first few years of life)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are 65 years old or older</div></li></ul><p>Other conditions and factors also raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. You're more likely to get pneumonia if you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or other serious disease. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a>.</p><p>You're at greater risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> if you're in a hospital intensive-care unit, especially if you're on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (a machine that helps you breathe).</p><p>Having a weak or suppressed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> also raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. A weak immune system may be the result of a disease such as HIV/AIDS. A suppressed immune system may be due to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> transplant or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>), or long-term steroid use.</p><p>Your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> also increases if you have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> because of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> or problems <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a>. You're also at higher risk if you can't move around much or are sedated (given medicine to make you relaxed or sleepy).</p><p>Smoking cigarettes, abusing alcohol, or being undernourished also raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Your risk also goes up if you've recently had a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, or if you're exposed to certain chemicals, pollutants, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029559" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxic fumes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pneumonia?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> vary from mild to severe. Many factors affect how serious pneumonia is, including the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and your age and overall health. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is at Risk for Pneumonia?"</a>)</p><p>See your doctor promptly if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have shaking chills</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025094" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlegm</a> (a slimy substance), which doesn't improve or worsens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Develop shortness of breath with normal daily activities</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain when you breathe or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel suddenly worse after a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a></div></li></ul><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> may have other symptoms, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>.</p><p>Symptoms may vary in certain populations. Newborns and infants may not show any signs of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Or, they may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a>, have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, or appear restless, sick, or tired and without energy.</p><p>Older adults and people who have serious illnesses or weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> may have fewer and milder symptoms. They may even have a lower than normal temperature. If they already have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, it may get worse. Older adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> sometimes have sudden changes in mental awareness.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d7e72"><h3>Complications of Pneumonia</h3><p>Often, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> can be successfully treated and not have complications. But some people, especially those in high-risk groups, may have complications such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bacteremia (bak-ter-E-me-ah). This serious complication occurs if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> moves into your bloodstream. From there, it can quickly spread to other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscesses</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022195" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abscess</a> occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> forms in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022145" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavity</a> in the lung. An abscess usually is treated with antibiotics. Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or drainage with a needle is needed to remove the pus.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleural effusion</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> may cause fluid to build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. This is a very thin space between two layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that line the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a>. Pneumonia can cause the fluid to become infected—a condition called empyema (em-pi-E-ma). If this happens, you may need to have the fluid drained through a chest tube or removed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pneumonia Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> can be hard to diagnose because it may seem like a cold or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>. You may not realize it's more serious until it lasts longer than these other conditions.</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063028/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> and how and when they began. To find out what type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, he or she also may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any recent traveling you've done</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your hobbies</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your exposure to animals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your exposure to sick people at home, school, or work</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your past and current medical conditions, and whether any have gotten worse recently</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any medicines you take</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you smoke</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> vaccinations</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d8e72"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, your lungs may make crackling, bubbling, and rumbling sounds when you inhale. Your doctor also may hear wheezing.</p><p>Your doctor may find it hard to hear sounds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> some areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d8e81"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>If your doctor thinks you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, he or she may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d8e88"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray is the best test for diagnosing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. However, this test won't tell your doctor what kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is causing the pneumonia.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d8e100"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> involve taking a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your body. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures many parts of your blood, including the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> in the blood sample. The number of white blood cells can show whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> culture to find out whether the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> has spread to your bloodstream. This test is used to detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> in the bloodstream. A blood culture may show which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> caused the infection. If so, your doctor can decide how to treat the infection.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests if you're in the hospital, have serious symptoms, are older, or have other health problems.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sputum</a> test. Your doctor may look at a sample of sputum (spit) collected from you after a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. This may help your doctor find out what <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germ</a> is causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Then, he or she can plan <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> computed tomography (CT) scan. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a> is a painless test that creates precise pictures of the structures in your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A chest CT scan is a type of x ray, but its pictures show more detail than those of a standard chest x ray.</p><p>Pleural fluid culture. For this test, a fluid sample is taken from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a> (a thin space between two layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that line the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a>). Doctors use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a> (THOR-ah-sen-TE-sis) to collect the fluid sample. The fluid is studied for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a> that may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry. For this test, a small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> can keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from moving enough oxygen into your bloodstream.</p><p>If you're very sick, your doctor may need to measure the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> using a blood sample. The sample is taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. This test is called an arterial blood gas test.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchoscopy</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">Bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee) is a procedure used to look inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' airways. If you're in the hospital and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with antibiotics isn't working well, your doctor may use this procedure.</p><p>Your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into the airways. The tube has a light and small camera that allow your doctor to see your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a> and airways and take pictures.</p><p>Your doctor can see whether something is blocking your airways or whether another factor is contributing to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pneumonia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> depends on the type of pneumonia you have and how severe it is. Most people who have community-acquired pneumonia—the most common type of pneumonia—are treated at home.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to cure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and prevent complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d9e34"><h3>General Treatment</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan, take all medicines as prescribed, and get ongoing medical care. Ask your doctor when you should schedule followup care. Your doctor may want you to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> to make sure the pneumonia is gone.</p><p>Although you may start feeling better after a few days or weeks, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>) can persist for up to a month or more. People who are treated in the hospital may need at least 3 weeks before they can go back to their normal routines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d9e47"><h3>Bacterial Pneumonia</h3><p>Bacterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> is treated with medicines called antibiotics. You should take antibiotics as your doctor prescribes. You may start to feel better before you finish the medicine, but you should continue taking it as prescribed. If you stop too soon, the pneumonia may come back.</p><p>Most people begin to improve after 1 to 3 days of antibiotic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This means that they should feel better and have fewer symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d9e59"><h3>Viral Pneumonia</h3><p>Antibiotics don't work when the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> is a virus. If you have viral pneumonia, your doctor may prescribe an antiviral medicine to treat it.</p><p>Viral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> usually improves in 1 to 3 weeks.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d9e69"><h3>Treating Severe Symptoms</h3><p>You may need to be treated in a hospital if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your symptoms are severe</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're at risk for complications because of other health problems</div></li></ul><p>If the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your bloodstream is low, you may receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. If you have bacterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>, your doctor may give you antibiotics through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Pneumonia Be Prevented?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> can be very serious and even life threatening. When possible, take steps to prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, especially if you're in a high-risk group.</p><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Vaccines</h3><p>Vaccines are available to prevent pneumococcal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>. Vaccines can't prevent all cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. However, compared to people who don't get vaccinated, those who do and still get pneumonia tend to have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Milder cases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pneumonia</a> that doesn't last as long</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fewer serious complications</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d10e50"><h4>Pneumococcal Pneumonia Vaccine</h4><p>A vaccine is available to prevent pneumococcal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. In most adults, one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> is good for at least 5 years of protection. This vaccine often is recommended for:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who are 65 years old or older.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) diseases, serious long-term health problems, or weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a>. For example, this may include people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, or damaged or removed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Children who are younger than 5 years old.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Children who are 5–18 years of age with certain medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. For more information, talk with your child's doctor.</div></li></ul><p>For more information about the pneumococcal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> vaccine, go to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's (CDC's) Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: Pneumococcal Vaccination Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d10e83"><h4>Influenza Vaccine</h4><p>The vaccine that helps prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> is good for 1 year. It's usually given in October or November, before peak flu season.</p><p>Because many people get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> after having the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>, this vaccine also helps prevent pneumonia.</p><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza vaccine</a>, go to the CDC's Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: Seasonal Influenza (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Flu</a>) Vaccination Web page.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec3-d10e99"><h4>Hib Vaccine</h4><p>Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024781" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meningitis</a> (men-in-JI-tis). (Meningitis is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the covering of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>.) The Hib vaccine is given to children to help prevent these infections.</p><p>The vaccine is recommended for all children in the United States who are younger than 5 years old. The vaccine often is given to infants starting at 2 months of age.</p><p>For more information about the Hib vaccine, go to the CDC's Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: Hib Vaccination Web page.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pnu-sec2-d10e117"><h3>Other Ways To Help Prevent Pneumonia</h3><p>You also can take the following steps to help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> with soap and water or alcohol-based rubs to kill <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">germs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Don't smoke. Smoking damages your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' ability to filter out and defend aga |
June 11, 2014. | { "68": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 68, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
69 | 2018-02-02 05:23:04 | Polycythemia Vera | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-poly-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Polycythemia Vera?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (POL-e-si-THEE-me-ah VAY-rah or VE-rah), or PV, is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease in which your body makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>The extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> make your blood thicker than normal. As a result, blood clots can form more easily. These clots can block blood flow through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, which can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>Thicker <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also doesn't flow as quickly to your body as normal blood. Slowed blood flow prevents your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> from getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>, which can cause serious problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort.)</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d1e61"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of your body. They also remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body's cells and carry it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to be exhaled.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) also are made in your bone marrow. White blood cells help fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Platelets stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>If you have PV, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. It also can make too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the body's JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is the major cause of PV. This gene makes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps the body produce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. What causes the change in the JAK2 gene isn't known. PV generally isn't inherited—that is, passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>PV develops slowly and may not cause symptoms for years. The disease often is found during routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> done for other reasons.</p><p>When signs and symptoms are present, they're the result of the thick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that occurs with PV. This thickness slows the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to all parts of your body. Without enough oxygen, many parts of your body won't work normally.</p><p>For example, slower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow deprives your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> they need. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, and vision problems, such as blurred or double vision.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d1e90"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>PV is a serious, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) disease that can be fatal if not diagnosed and treated. PV has no cure, but <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help control the disease and its complications.</p><p>PV is treated with procedures, medicines, and other methods. You may need one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to manage the disease.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Polycythemia Vera</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cryptogenic (KRIP-to-JEN-ik) polycythemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Erythremia</a> (ER-ih-THRE-me-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Erythrocytosis</a> (eh-RITH-ro-si-TO-sis) megalosplenica (MEG-ah-lo-SPLE-ne-kah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Myelopathic (MY-e-lo-PATH-ik) polycythemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Myeloproliferative (MY-e-lo-pro-LIF-er-ah-tiv) disorder</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Osler disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia rubra vera</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia with chronic cyanosis</a> (SI-ah-NO-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary polycythemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Splenomegalic (SPLE-no-me-GA-lic) polycythemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vaquez disease</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Polycythemia Vera?</h2><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Primary Polycythemia</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) also is known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary polycythemia</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the body's JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is the main cause of PV. The JAK2 gene makes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps the body produce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>What causes the change in the JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> isn't known. PV generally isn't inherited—that is, passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. However, in some families, the JAK2 gene may have a tendency to mutate. Other, unknown <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors also may play a role in causing PV.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d4e37"><h3>Secondary Polycythemia</h3><p>Another type of polycythemia, called secondary polycythemia, isn't related to the JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. Long-term exposure to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels causes secondary polycythemia.</p><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> over a long period can cause your body to make more of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> erythropoietin (EPO). High levels of EPO can prompt your body to make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> than normal. This leads to thicker blood, as seen in PV.</p><p>People who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> may develop secondary polycythemia. People who smoke, spend long hours at high altitudes, or are exposed to high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon monoxide</a> where they work or live also are at risk.</p><p>For example, working in an underground parking garage or living in a home with a poorly vented fireplace or furnace can raise your risk for secondary polycythemia.</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> can make and release EPO, or certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> problems can cause the body to make more EPO.</p><p>Sometimes doctors can cure secondary polycythemia—it depends on whether the underlying cause can be stopped, controlled, or cured.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Polycythemia Vera?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disease. The disease affects people of all ages, but it's most common in adults who are older than 60. PV is rare in children and young adults. Men are at slightly higher risk for PV than women.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Polycythemia Vera?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) develops slowly. The disease may not cause signs or symptoms for years.</p><p>When signs and symptoms are present, they're the result of the thick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that occurs with PV. This thickness slows the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to all parts of your body. Without enough oxygen, many parts of your body won't work normally.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of PV include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and weakness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath and problems breathing while lying down</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feelings of pressure or fullness on the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> due to an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in the abdomen)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Double or blurred vision and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blind spots</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Itching</a> all over (especially after a warm bath), reddened face, and a burning feeling on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> (especially your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> and heavy bleeding from small cuts</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained weight loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Excessive sweating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very painful swelling in a single <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a>, usually the big toe (called gouty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>)</div></li></ul><p>In rare cases, people who have PV may have pain in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Polycythemia Vera Complications</h3><p>If you have PV, the thickness of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and the slowed blood flow can cause serious health problems.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots are the most serious complication of PV. Blood clots can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. They also can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> to enlarge. Blood clots in the liver and spleen can cause sudden, intense pain.</p><p>Slowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow also prevents enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from reaching your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. The high levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that PV causes can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach ulcers</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gout</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney stones</a>.</p><p>Some people who have PV may develop myelofibrosis (MY-e-lo-fi-BRO-sis). This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. Abnormal bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> may begin to grow out of control.</p><p>This abnormal growth can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> myelogenous (my-eh-LOJ-eh-nus) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (AML), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. This disease can worsen very quickly.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Polycythemia Vera Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) may not cause signs or symptoms for years. The disease often is found during routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> done for other reasons. If the results of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> aren't normal, your doctor may want to do more tests.</p><p>Your doctor will diagnose PV based on your signs and symptoms, your age and overall health, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of PV. He or she will check for an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on your face, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>.</p><p>If your doctor confirms that you have polycythemia, the next step is to find out whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary polycythemia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycythemia vera</a>) or secondary polycythemia.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and physical exam may confirm which type of polycythemia you have. If not, you may have tests that check the level of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> erythropoietin (EPO) in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>People who have PV have very low levels of EPO. People who have secondary polycythemia usually have normal or high levels of EPO.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d7e50"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If your primary care doctor thinks you have PV, he or she may refer you to a hematologist. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d7e56"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>You may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to diagnose PV. These tests include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC) and other tests, if necessary.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d7e66"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose PV is a CBC. The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>This test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A high level of hemoglobin or hematocrit may be a sign of PV.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of PV, a blood disorder, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>In addition to high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> counts, people who have PV also may have high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d7e81"><h4>Other Blood Tests</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> smear. For this test, a small sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The blood sample is examined under a microscope.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear can show whether you have a higher than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The test also can show abnormal blood cells that are linked to myelofibrosis and other conditions related to PV.</p><p>Erythropoietin level. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> measures the level of EPO in your blood. EPO is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that prompts your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to make new blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. People who have PV have very low levels of EPO. People who have secondary polycythemia usually have normal or high levels of EPO.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d7e98"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy. These tests also show whether your bone marrow is making normal amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>The two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pi-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. For aspiration, your doctor removes a small amount of fluid bone marrow through a needle. For a biopsy, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a larger needle. The samples are then examined under a microscope.</p><p>If the tests show that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, it may be a sign that you have PV.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Polycythemia Vera Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) doesn't have a cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help control the disease and its complications. PV is treated with procedures, medicines, and other methods. You may need one or more treatments to manage the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The goals of treating PV are to control symptoms and reduce the risk of complications, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. To do this, PV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> reduce the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>) in the blood. This brings the thickness of your blood closer to normal.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> with normal thickness flows better through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This reduces the chance that blood clots will form and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> with normal thickness also ensures that your body gets enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. This can help reduce some of the signs and symptoms of PV, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, vision problems, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>.</p><p>Studies show that treating PV greatly improves your chances of living longer.</p><p>The goal of treating secondary polycythemia is to control its underlying cause, if possible. For example, if the cause is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon monoxide</a> exposure, the goal is to find the source of the carbon monoxide and fix or remove it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d8e56"><h3>Treatments To Lower Red Blood Cell Levels</h3><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d8e59"><h4>Phlebotomy</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Phlebotomy</a> (fle-BOT-o-me) is a procedure that removes some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your body. For this procedure, a needle is inserted into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. Blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> flows through an airtight tube into a sterile container or bag. The process is similar to the process of donating blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Phlebotomy</a> reduces your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count and starts to bring your blood thickness closer to normal.</p><p>Typically, a pint (1 unit) of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is removed each week until your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> level approaches normal. (Hematocrit is the measure of how much space <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> take up in your blood.)</p><p>You may need to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> done every few months.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d8e75"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> from making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Examples of these medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> and interferon-alpha.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hydroxyurea</a> is a medicine generally used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. This medicine can reduce the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. As a result, this medicine helps improve your blood flow and bring the thickness of your blood closer to normal.</p><p>Interferon-alpha is a substance that your body normally makes. It also can be used to treat PV. Interferon-alpha can prompt your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> to fight overactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. This helps lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count and keep your blood flow and blood thickness closer to normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec3-d8e88"><h4>Radiation Treatment</h4><p>Radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help suppress overactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. This helps lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count and keep your blood flow and blood thickness closer to normal.</p><p>However, radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>) and other blood diseases.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d8e97"><h3>Treatments for Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> can relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> pain and burning feelings in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet that you may have as a result of PV. Aspirin also thins your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, so it reduces the risk of blood clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> can have side effects, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>. For this reason, take aspirin only as your doctor recommends.</p><p>If your PV causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, your doctor may prescribe medicines to ease the discomfort. Your doctor also may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ultraviolet light</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to help relieve your itching.</p><p>Other ways to reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding hot baths. Cooler water can limit irritation to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gently patting yourself dry after bathing. Vigorous rubbing with a towel can irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012213" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">starch</a> baths. Add half a box of starch to a tub of lukewarm water. This can help soothe your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d8e125"><h3>Experimental Treatments</h3><p>Researchers are studying other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for PV. An experimental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a> involves taking low doses of selective serotonin reuptake <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a> (SSRIs). This type of medicine is used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>, SSRIs reduced itching in people who had PV.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010674" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Imatinib</a> mesylate is a medicine that's approved for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>, this medicine helped reduce the need for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phlebotomy</a> in people who had PV. This medicine also helped reduce the size of enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a>.</p><p>Researchers also are trying to find a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> that can block or limit the effects of an abnormal JAK2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>. (A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutation</a>, or change, in the JAK2 gene is the major cause of PV.)</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Polycythemia Vera Be Prevented?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary polycythemia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycythemia vera</a>) can't be prevented. However, with proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you can prevent or delay symptoms and complications.</p><p>Sometimes you can prevent secondary polycythemia by avoiding things that deprive your body of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. For example, you can avoid mountain climbing, living at a high altitude, or smoking.</p><p>People who have serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> may develop secondary polycythemia. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for the underlying disease may improve the secondary polycythemia. Following a healthy lifestyle to lower your risk of heart and lung diseases also will help you prevent secondary polycythemia.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Polycythemia Vera</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polycythemia vera</a> (PV) develops very slowly. It may not cause signs or symptoms for years. If you have PV, the sooner it's diagnosed, the sooner your doctor can begin treating you. With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you can prevent or delay complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Preventing Complications</h3><p>Moderate physical activities, such as walking, can safely increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your body. Improving blood flow lowers your risk of blood clots. Leg and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a> stretching exercises also can help improve your blood flow.</p><p>PV may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a> all over your body. It's important not to scratch and damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. If bathing or showering causes you to have severe itching, try using cooler water and gentler soap. Carefully and gently dry your skin after baths, and use moisturizing lotion on your skin. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012213" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Starch</a> baths also may help ease itchy skin.</p><p>PV causes poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet. As a result, you may be more prone to injuries from cold, heat, and pressure. If you have PV, avoid long-term exposure to extremes in temperature or pressure. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take extra care of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet in cold weather. Wear warm gloves, socks, and shoes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid extreme heat, and protect yourself from the sun. Drink plenty of liquids. Avoid hot tubs, heated whirlpools, or hot baths of any type. Also, tanning beds, sun lamps, and heat lamps can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> if you have PV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Guard against trauma or situations where you may be at high risk of injury, such as during sports or strenuous activities. If you're injured, seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away. Tell the person treating you that you have PV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check your feet regularly and report any sores to your doctor.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-poly-sec2-d10e59"><h3>Getting Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have PV, you'll need lifelong medical care for the disease. Ask your doctor how often you should schedule followup visits.</p><p>Routine care will allow your doctor to detect any changes with your PV and treat them early, if needed. You may need periodic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to show whether the disease is getting worse.</p><p>Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan and take all of your medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polycythemia vera</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-poly-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Polycythemia Vera?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Polycythemia Vera</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Polycythemia Vera?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Polycythemia Vera?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Polycythemia Vera?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Polycythemia Vera Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Polycythemia Vera Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Polycythemia Vera Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Polycythemia Vera</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "69": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 69, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
70 | 2018-02-02 05:23:17 | Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pcd-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?</h2><p>Primary ciliary (SIL-e-ar-e) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dyskinesia</a> (dis-kih-NE-ze-ah), or PCD, is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> that affects tiny, hair-like structures that line the airways. These structures are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> (SIL-e-ah).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cilia</a> move together in wave-like motions. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) toward the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughed</a> or sneezed out of the body. The mucus contains inhaled dust, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, and other small particles.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> don't work well, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> stay in your airways. This can cause breathing problems, infections, and other disorders. PCD mainly affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Some people who have PCD have breathing problems from the moment of birth.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sperm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> have structures that are like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. In men who have PCD, these structures also may not work well. This can cause fertility problems. "Fertility" refers to the ability to have children.</p><p>Fertility problems also occur in some women who have PCD. These problems likely are due to faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022597" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fallopian tubes</a>. (The fallopian tubes carry eggs from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>.)</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d1e58"><h3>Overview</h3><p>PCD is an inherited disease. "Inherited" means the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. With PCD, this process is very complex. Researchers are still learning how the disease is inherited and which genes are involved.</p><p>Generally, a child must inherit faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> from both parents to have PCD. These genes affect how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> grow and function. Faulty genes may cause the cilia to be the wrong size or shape or move in the wrong way. Sometimes the cilia are missing altogether.</p><p>No single faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> causes all cases of PCD. Rather, many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are associated with the disease.</p><p>If a child inherits a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> (or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) from only one parent, he or she may be a "PCD carrier." Carriers usually have no symptoms of PCD. However, carriers can pass faulty PCD genes on to their children.</p><p>The symptoms and severity of PCD vary from person to person. If you or your child has the disease, you may have serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, and/or lung infections. If the disease is mild, it may not show up until the teen or adult years.</p><p>The symptoms and severity of PCD also vary over time. Sometimes you may have few symptoms. Other times, your symptoms may become more severe.</p><p>Some people who have PCD have a condition called situs inversus (SI-tus in-VER-sus). This is a condition in which the internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (for example, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>) are in opposite positions from where they normally are.</p><p>A correct and early diagnosis of PCD is very important. It will allow you or your child to get the proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to keep your airways and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> as healthy as possible. An early diagnosis and proper treatment also can prevent or delay lung damage.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d1e86"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Many people who have PCD have normal lifespans. However, about 25 percent of people who have the disease may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a>, a life-threatening condition. A small number of people who have PCD need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplants</a>.</p><p>Scientists continue to study the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that cause PCD. Further studies of the disease will likely lead to earlier diagnoses, better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, and improved outcomes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acilia syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dyskinetic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Immotile cilia syndrome</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) is a rare, inherited disease. "Inherited" means the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. With PCD, this process is very complex. Researchers are still learning how the disease is inherited and which genes are involved.</p><p>Generally, a child must inherit faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> from both parents to have PCD. These genes affect how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> grow and function. Cilia are tiny, hair-like structures that line the airways.</p><p>The airways include your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and linked air passages; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022080" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">larynx</a> (LAR-ingks), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022080" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">voice box</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a> (TRA-ke-ah), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>; and tubes called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchial tubes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022178" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchi</a>, and their branches.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cilia</a> move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> (a slimy substance) through your airways and toward your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughed</a> or sneezed out of your body. The mucus contains inhaled dust, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, and other small particles.</p><p>Faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> may cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> to be the wrong size or shape or move in the wrong way. Sometimes the cilia are missing altogether. If the cilia don't work well, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> stay in your airways. This can cause breathing problems, infections, and other disorders.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e50" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e50" rid-ob="figobd4e50"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/bin/primary_ciliary_dyskinesia.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/bin/primary_ciliary_dyskinesia.jpg" alt="Image "></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e50"><h4 id="d4e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e50">Figure</a></h4></div></div><p>Figure A shows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> can affect. Figure B shows a cross-section of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trachea</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>). Figure C shows a closeup view of normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> lining the trachea. The cilia move together in wave-like motions to transport <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> toward the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. Figure D shows a closeup view of faulty cilia lining the trachea. The cilia are deformed and do not move together, causing a buildup of mucus.</p><p>No single faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> causes all cases of PCD. Rather, many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are associated with the disease.</p><p>If a child inherits a faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> (or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) from only one parent, he or she may be a "PCD carrier." Carriers usually have no symptoms of PCD. However, carriers can pass faulty PCD genes on to their children.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disease</a> that affects both males and females. The disease also affects people from all racial and ethnic groups.</p><p>Some people who have PCD have breathing problems from the moment of birth. However, other people can go through all or most of their lives without knowing that they have the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) mainly affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. One sign that you might have PCD is if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) infections in one or more of these areas. Common signs, symptoms, and complications linked to PCD include the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sinuses</a>: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> nasal congestion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Runny nose</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> discharge</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Ears</a>: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022347" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">middle ear</a> infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024996" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hearing loss</a></div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lungs</a>: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> distress (breathing problems) in newborns</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recurrent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Collapse of part or all of a lung</div></li></ul> </div></li></ul><p>PCD also can cause fertility problems in men and women. "Fertility" refers to the ability to have children. In men, PCD can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>-like structures that help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> move. Because the sperm cells don't move well, men who have the disease usually are unable to father children.</p><p>Fertility problems also occur in some women who have PCD. These problems likely are due to faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022597" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fallopian tubes</a>. (The fallopian tubes carry eggs from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022599" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ovaries</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>.)</p><p>About half of all people who have PCD have Kartagener's syndrome. This syndrome involves three disorders: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinusitis</a> (si-nu-SI-tis), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a> (brong-ke-EK-tah-sis), and situs inversus.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024567" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinusitis</a> is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a> are infected or inflamed. The sinuses are hollow air spaces around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024564" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal passages</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> is a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred.</p><p>Situs inversus is a condition in which the internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (for example, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>) are in opposite positions from where they normally are.</p><p>Situs inversus can occur without PCD. In fact, only 25 percent of people who have the condition also have PCD. By itself, situs inversus may not affect your health. However, in PCD, it's a sign of Kartagener's syndrome.</p><p>Some people who have PCD have abnormally placed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d6e118"><h3>When Do Symptoms Occur?</h3><p>The symptoms and severity of PCD vary from person to person. If you or your child has the disease, you may have serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, and/or lung infections. If the disease is mild, it may not show up until the teen or adult years.</p><p>The symptoms and severity of PCD also vary over time. Sometimes, you may have few symptoms. Other times, your symptoms may become more severe.</p><p>Some people who have PCD have breathing problems when they're born and need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">extra oxygen</a> for several days. Afterward, airway infections are common.</p><p>Diagnosing PCD in children can be hard. This is because some PCD symptoms—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear infections</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>—are common in children, even if they don't have PCD. Also, the disease may be confused with another condition, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a>.</p><p>A correct and early diagnosis of PCD is very important. It will allow you or your child to get the proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to keep your airways and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> as healthy as possible. An early diagnosis and proper treatment also can prevent or delay ongoing and long-term lung damage.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor or your child's doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) based on signs and symptoms and test results.</p><p>If your primary care doctor thinks that you may have PCD or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorder</a>, he or she may refer you to a pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Your doctor will look for signs and symptoms that point to PCD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> distress (breathing problems) at birth</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022347" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">middle ear</a>, and/or lung infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Situs inversus (internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in positions opposite of what is normal)</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062961/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia?"</a> </p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of PCD. PCD is an inherited disease. "Inherited" means the disease is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. A family history of PCD suggests an increased risk for the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d7e61"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>If the doctor thinks that you or your child might have PCD, he or she may recommend tests to confirm the diagnosis.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d7e67"><h4>Genetic Testing</h4><p>Researchers have found many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> defects associated with PCD. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic testing</a> can show whether you have faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> linked to the disease.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic testing</a> is done using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample. The sample is taken from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your body using a needle. The blood sample is checked at a special genetic testing laboratory (lab).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d7e77"><h4>Electron Microscopy</h4><p>Doctors can use a special microscope, called an electron microscope, to look at samples of your airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. This test can show whether your cilia are faulty.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> (ENT) specialist or a pulmonologist (lung specialist) will take samples of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. He or she will brush the inside of your nose or remove some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> from your airways.</p><p>The doctor will send the samples to a lab. There, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a> will look at them under an electron microscope. (A pathologist is a doctor who specializes in identifying diseases by studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> under a microscope.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Sometimes doctors use one or more of the following tests to help diagnose PCD. These tests are less complex than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic testing</a> and electron <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029872" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">microscopy</a>, and they can be done in a doctor's office.</p><p>However, these tests don't give a final diagnosis. Based on the test results, doctors may recommend the more complex tests.</p><p>Video <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029872" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">microscopy</a>. For this test, a pulmonologist brushes the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> to get a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. Then, he or she looks at the cilia under a microscope to see how they move. Abnormal movement of the cilia may be a sign of PCD.</p><p>Radiolabeled particles. For this test, you breathe in tiny particles that have a small amount of radiation attached to them. When you breathe out, your doctor will test how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> can move the particles.</p><p>If you breathe out a smaller than normal number of particles, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> may not be working well. This could be a sign of PCD.</p><p>Nasal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011425" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nitric oxide</a>. This test measures the level of nitric oxide (a gas) when you breathe out. In people who have PCD, the level of nitric oxide is very low compared with normal levels. Doctors don't know why people who have PCD breathe out such low levels of nitric oxide.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025038" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Semen analysis</a>. This test is used for adult men. In men, PCD can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>-like structures that help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> move. As a result, men who have PCD may have fertility problems. ("Fertility" refers to the ability to have children.)</p><p>For this test, a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024427" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">semen</a> is checked under a microscope. Abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022595" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sperm</a> may be a sign of PCD.</p><p>Tests for other conditions. Your doctor also might want to do tests to rule out diseases and disorders that have symptoms similar to those of PCD. For example, you may have tests to rule out <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a> or immune disorders.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia Treated?</h2><p>Unfortunately, no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is available yet to fix faulty airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a>. (Cilia are tiny, hair-like structures that line the airways.) Thus, treatment for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD) focuses on which symptoms and complications you have.</p><p>The main goals of treating PCD are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Control and treat lung, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear infections</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Remove trapped <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and airways</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d8e43"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Many doctors may help care for someone who has PCD. For example, a neonatologist may suspect PCD or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorder</a> if a newborn has breathing problems at birth. A neonatologist is a doctor who specializes in treating newborns.</p><p>A pediatrician may suspect PCD if a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, and/or lung infections. A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in treating children. This type of doctor provides children with ongoing care from an early age and treats conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear infections</a> and breathing problems.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030535" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">otolaryngologist</a> also may help diagnose and treat PCD. This type of doctor treats <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> disorders and also is called an ear, nose, and throat (ENT) specialist. If a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear infections</a>, an ENT specialist may be involved in the child's care.</p><p>A pulmonologist may help diagnose or treat lung problems related to PCD. This type of doctor specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> and conditions. Most people who have PCD have lung problems at some point in their lives.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a> is a doctor who specializes in identifying diseases by studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> under a microscope. This type of doctor may help diagnose PCD by looking at <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022938" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cilia</a> under a microscope.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a> also may look at <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> samples to see what types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> are causing infections. This information can help your doctor decide which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to prescribe.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d8e66"><h3>Treatments for Breathing and Lung Problems</h3><p>Standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for breathing and lung problems in people who have PCD are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> (CPT), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, and medicines.</p><p>One of the main goals of these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> is to get you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> clears <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from the airways, which is important for people who have PCD. For this reason, your doctor also may advise you to avoid medicines that suppress coughing.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d8e78"><h4>Chest Physical Therapy</h4><p>CPT also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapping or percussion. It involves pounding your chest and back over and over with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or a device to loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so that you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</p><p>You might sit down or lie on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> with your head down while you do CPT. Gravity and force help drain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Some people find CPT hard or uncomfortable to do. Several devices have been made to help with CPT, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An electric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> clapper, known as a mechanical percussor.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An inflatable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> vest that uses high-frequency airwaves. The airwaves force the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> that's deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> toward your upper airways so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>-held device that you breathe out through. The device causes vibrations that dislodge the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mask that creates vibrations to help break the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> loose from your airway walls.</div></li></ul><p>Breathing techniques also may help dislodge <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up. These techniques include forcing out a couple of short breaths or deeper breaths and then doing relaxed breathing. This may help loosen the mucus in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and open your airways.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d8e109"><h4>Exercise</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022362" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aerobic exercise</a> that makes you breathe harder helps loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> in your airways so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up. Exercise also helps improve your overall physical condition.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about what types and amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> are safe for you or your child.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec3-d8e119"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>If you have PCD, your doctor may prescribe antibiotics, bronchodilators, or anti-inflammatory medicines. These medicines help treat lung infections, open up the airways, and reduce swelling.</p><p>Antibiotics are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to prevent or treat lung infections. Your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) antibiotics.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oral</a> antibiotics often are used to treat mild lung infections. For severe or hard-to-treat infections, you may be given IV antibiotics through a tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p><p>To help decide which antibiotics you need, your doctor may send <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> samples to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a>. The pathologist will try to find out which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> are causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>Bronchodilators help open the airways by relaxing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around them. You inhale these medicines. Often, they're taken just before CPT to help clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. You also may take bronchodilators before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> other medicines into your lungs.</p><p>Anti-inflammatory medicines can help reduce swelling in your airways that's caused by ongoing infections. These medicines may be inhaled or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d8e141"><h3>Treatments for Sinus and Ear Infections</h3><p>To treat infections, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030277" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saline</a> nasal washes and anti-inflammatory nasal spray. If these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> aren't enough, you may need medicines, such as antibiotics. If antibiotics don't work, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may be an option.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025673" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tympanostomy</a> (tim-pan-OS-toe-me) is a procedure in which small tubes are inserted into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024839" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eardrums</a> to help drain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>. This procedure may help children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> problems caused by PCD.</p><p>Nasal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may help drain the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a> and provide short-term relief of symptoms. However, the long-term benefits of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are unclear.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d8e153"><h3>Treatments for Advanced Lung Disease</h3><p>People who have PCD may develop a serious lung condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-brn/">bronchiectasis</a>. This condition often is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022869" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydration</a> (drinking plenty of fluids), and CPT.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> severely affects part of your lung, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may be used to remove that area of lung.</p><p>In very rare cases, if other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> haven't worked, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> may be an option for severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove a person's diseased lung and replace it with a healthy lung from a deceased donor.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Primary Ciliary Dyskinesia</h2><p>If you or your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD), try to learn as much as you can about the disease. Work closely with your doctors or your child's doctors to learn how to manage PCD.</p><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>You'll need ongoing care to check your lung function and your general health. Ask your doctor how often you should schedule followup visits.</p><p>Your doctor will likely recommend periodic <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x rays</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a>. He or she will use the test results and information about your symptoms to plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Make sure to report new or worsening symptoms, such as increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, to your doctor right away. This will allow him or her to find out whether you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and what's causing it. Your doctor can then prescribe medicine to prevent the infection from worsening.</p><p>Also, certain vaccines can lower your risk for some infections. Talk with your doctor about which vaccines may benefit you.</p><p>If your child has PCD, encourage him or her to learn about the disease and take an active role in his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e59"><h3>Healthy Lifestyle</h3><p>Between medical checkups, you can practice good self-care and follow a healthy lifestyle. An important part of a healthy lifestyle is following a healthy diet.</p><p>A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources include general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Another important part of a healthy lifestyle is to quit smoking or not start smoking. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have a child who has PCD, avoid smoking anywhere your child spends time, including the home and car. Encourage your child to never start smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Other steps you can take to follow a healthy lifestyle include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Washing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often to lower your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being physically active and drinking lots of fluids. Talk with your doctor about what types and amounts of activity are safe for you or your child.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Doing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a> (as your doctor recommends).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding medicines that suppress <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a>. (Coughing helps clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your airways.)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e118"><h3>Other Concerns</h3><p>Adults who have PCD can expect to have normal sex lives. However, men and women who have the disease may have fertility problems. ("Fertility" refers to the ability to have children.) Fertility <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> may help some people who have PCD.</p><p>If you have PCD and fertility concerns, talk with your doctor. He or she can advise you about available <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options.</p><p>People who have PCD should still have protected sex to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030416" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sexually transmitted diseases</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e130"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with PCD may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pcd-sec2-d9e140"><h3>Genetic Counseling</h3><p>You may want to consider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counseling</a> if you have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of PCD and you're planning to have children</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A child who has PCD and are planning to have more children</div></li></ul><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a> can explain the risk (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">likelihood</a>) of having children who have the disease. He or she also can help explain the choices that are available.</p><p>You can find information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counseling</a> from health departments, neighborhood health centers, and medical centers.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent or treat these diseases.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022930" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">primary ciliary dyskinesia</a> (PCD). The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these diseases. For example, the NHLBI currently is supporting a study to explore how PCD starts and changes over time and how it affects lung function.</p><p>Research often depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) |
June 11, 2014. | { "70": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 70, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
71 | 2018-02-02 05:23:29 | Pulmonary Embolism | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pe-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pulmonary Embolism?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm), or PE, is a sudden blockage in a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The blockage usually is caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot that travels to the lung from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg.</p><p>A clot that forms in one part of the body and travels in the bloodstream to another part of the body is called an embolus (EM-bo-lus).</p><p>PE is a serious condition that can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage part of your lung because of a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. This damage may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> (increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cause low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body because of a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li></ul><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot is large, or if there are many clots, PE can cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d1e68"><h3>Overview</h3><p>PE most often is a complication of a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). In DVT, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the body—most often in the legs. These clots can break free, travel through the bloodstream to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and block an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> clots are not like clots in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> close to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>'s surface. Those clots remain in place and do not cause PE.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d1e80"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The exact number of people affected by DVT and PE isn't known. Estimates suggest these conditions affect 300,000 to 600,000 people in the United States each year.</p><p>If left untreated, about 30 percent of patients who have PE will die. Most of those who die do so within the first few hours of the event.</p><p>The good news is that a prompt diagnosis and proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can save lives and help prevent the complications of PE.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pulmonary Embolism</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021985" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Venous thromboembolism</a> (VTE). This term is used for both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?</h2><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Major Causes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) usually begins as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> of the leg. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>. The clot can break free, travel through the bloodstream to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and block an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>The animation below shows how a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot from a deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg can travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a>. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figdvtpe" co-legend-rid="figlgnddvtpe"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063052/figure/dvt_pe/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobdvtpe"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgnddvtpe"><h4 id="dvt_pe"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063052/figure/dvt_pe/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobdvtpe">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how a blood clot in a deep vein of the leg can break off, travel to the lungs, and block blood flow. </p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the legs if blood flow is restricted and slows down. This can happen if you don't move around for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>After some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>During a long trip in a car or airplane</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you must stay in bed for an extended time</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots are more likely to develop in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> damaged from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or injured in other ways.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d4e69"><h3>Other Causes</h3><p>Rarely, an air bubble, part of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and causes PE. Also, if a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> in the body (such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024553" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thigh bone</a>) breaks, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can travel through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. If the fat reaches the lungs, it can cause PE.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) occurs equally in men and women. The risk increases with age. For every 10 years after age 60, the risk of having PE doubles.</p><p>Certain inherited conditions, such as factor V Leiden, increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> and PE.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>Your risk for PE is high if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) or a history of DVT. In DVT, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the body—most often in the legs. These clots can break free, travel through the bloodstream to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and block an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>Your risk for PE also is high if you've had the condition before.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Other factors also can increase the risk for PE, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being bedridden or unable to move around much</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or breaking a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> (the risk goes up in the weeks following the surgery or injury)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Having certain diseases or conditions, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, paralysis (an inability to move), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li></ul><p>People who have recently been treated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or who have a central venous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> are more likely to develop DVT, which increases their risk for PE. A central venous catheter is a tube placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> to allow easy access to the bloodstream for medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Other risk factors for DVT include sitting for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> (such as during long car or airplane rides), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and the 6-week period after pregnancy, and being <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>. Women who take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> pills or birth control pills also are at increased risk for DVT.</p><p>The risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots increases as your number of risk factors increases.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?</h2><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) include unexplained shortness of breath, problems breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>) also may suggest that you have PE.</p><p>Sometimes the only signs and symptoms are related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). These include swelling of the leg or along a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg, pain or tenderness in the leg, a feeling of increased warmth in the area of the leg that's swollen or tender, and red or discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on the affected leg.</p><p>See your doctor right away if you have any signs or symptoms of PE or DVT. It's also possible to have PE and not have any signs or symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d6e50"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Some people who have PE have feelings of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> or dread, light-headedness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>, rapid breathing, sweating, or an increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) is diagnosed based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Doctors who treat patients in the emergency room often are the ones to diagnose PE with the help of a radiologist. A radiologist is a doctor who deals with x rays and other similar tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>To diagnose PE, the doctor will ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. He or she will want to: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Find out your <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT) and PE risk factors</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>See how likely it is that you could have PE</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rule out other possible causes for your symptoms</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also will do a physical exam. During the exam, he or she will check your legs for signs of DVT. He or she also will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Many tests can help diagnose PE. Which tests you have will depend on how you feel when you get to the hospital, your risk factors, available testing options, and other conditions you could possibly have. You may have one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Ultrasound</h4><p>Doctors can use ultrasound to look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in your legs. Ultrasound uses sound waves to check blood flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>For this test, gel is put on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> of your legs. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>-held device called a transducer is moved back and forth over the affected areas. The transducer gives off <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ultrasound waves</a> and detects their echoes as they bounce off the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> walls and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>A computer turns the echoes into a picture on a computer screen, allowing the doctor to see <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your legs. If the doctor finds blood clots in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of your legs, he or she will recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>DVT and PE both are treated with the same medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e81"><h4>Computed Tomography Scans</h4><p>Doctors can use computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scans, or CT scans, to look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and legs.</p><p>For this test, dye is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The dye makes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and legs show up on x-ray images. You'll lie on a table, and an x-ray tube will rotate around you. The tube will take pictures from many angles.</p><p>This test allows doctors to detect most cases of PE. The test only takes a few minutes. Results are available shortly after the scan is done.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e94"><h4>Lung Ventilation/Perfusion Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lvq/">lung ventilation/perfusion scan</a>, or VQ scan, uses a radioactive substance to show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> are flowing to all areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can help detect PE.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e103"><h4>Pulmonary Angiography</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> angiography (an-jee-OG-rah-fee) is another test used to diagnose PE. This test isn't available at all hospitals, and a trained specialist must do the test.</p><p>For this test, a flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is threaded through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Dye is injected into the blood vessels through the catheter.</p><p>X-ray pictures are taken to show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. If a blood clot is found, your doctor may use the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> to remove it or deliver medicine to dissolve it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e116"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> may help your doctor find out whether you're likely to have PE.</p><p>A D-dimer test measures a substance in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that's released when a blood clot breaks down. High levels of the substance may mean a clot is present. If your test is normal and you have few risk factors, PE isn't likely.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> check for inherited disorders that cause blood clots. Blood tests also can measure the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in your blood. A clot in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> may lower the level of oxygen in your blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec3-d7e128"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>To rule out other possible causes of your symptoms, your doctor may use one or more of the following tests.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo). This test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Doctors use echo to check heart function and detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots inside the heart.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An EKG is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. This test creates pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> below your lungs).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmri/">Chest MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging). This test uses radio waves and magnetic fields to create pictures of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside the body. MRI often can provide more information than an x ray.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) is treated with medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. The main goals of treating PE are to stop the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot from getting bigger and keep new clots from forming.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may include medicines to thin the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and slow its ability to clot. If your symptoms are life threatening, your doctor may give you medicine to quickly dissolve the clot. Rarely, your doctor may use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or another procedure to remove the clot.</p><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Anticoagulants (AN-te-ko-AG-u-lants), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners, decrease your blood's ability to clot. They're used to stop blood clots from getting larger and prevent clots from forming. Blood thinners don't break up blood clots that have already formed. (The body dissolves most clots with time.)</p><p>You can take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners as either a pill, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a>, or through a needle or tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a>, or IV, injection). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Warfarin</a> is given as a pill. (Coumadin® is a common brand name for warfarin.) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heparin</a> is given as an injection or through an IV tube.</p><p>Your doctor may treat you with both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> at the same time. Heparin acts quickly. Warfarin takes 2 to 3 days before it starts to work. Once warfarin starts to work, heparin usually is stopped.</p><p>Pregnant women usually are treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> only, because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> is dangerous for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually lasts for 3 to 6 months. If you've had blood clots before, you may need a longer period of treatment. If you're being treated for another illness, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, you may need to take blood thinners as long as PE risk factors are present.</p><p>The most common side effect of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. This can happen if the medicine thins your blood too much. This side effect can be life threatening.</p><p>Sometimes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is internal, which is why people treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>. These tests, called PT and PTT tests, measure the blood's ability to clot. These tests also help your doctor make sure you're taking the right amount of medicine. Call your doctor right away if you're bruising or bleeding easily.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a> are a newer type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicine. They're used to treat some types of blood clots in people who can't take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d8e69"><h3>Emergency Treatment</h3><p>When PE is life threatening, a doctor may use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that remove or break up the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. These treatments are given in an emergency room or hospital.</p><p>Thrombolytics (THROM-bo-LIT-iks) are medicines that can quickly dissolve a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. They're used to treat large clots that cause severe symptoms. Because thrombolytics can cause sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, they're used only in life-threatening situations.</p><p>Sometimes a doctor may use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> (a flexible tube) to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. The catheter is inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> and threaded to the clot in the lung. The doctor may use the catheter to remove the clot or deliver medicine to dissolve it.</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> may be needed to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pe-sec2-d8e85"><h3>Other Types of Treatment</h3><p>If you can't take medicines to thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, or if the medicines don't work, your doctor may suggest a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vena cava</a> filter. This device keeps blood clots from traveling to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>The filter is inserted inside a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inferior vena cava</a>. (This vein carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the body back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>). The filter catches clots before they travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can prevent PE, but it won't stop other blood clots from forming.</p><p>Graduated compression stockings can reduce the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) swelling that a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in the leg may cause.</p><p>Graduated compression stockings are worn on the legs from the arch of the foot to just above or below the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knee</a>. These stockings are tight at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a> and become looser as they go up the leg. This causes gentle compression (pressure) up the leg. The pressure keeps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from pooling and clotting.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Pulmonary Embolism Be Prevented?</h2><p>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) begins with preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT). Knowing whether you're at risk for DVT and taking steps to lower your risk are important.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> your lower leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> if you're sitting for a long time while traveling.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get out of bed and move around as soon as you're able after having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or being ill. The sooner you move around, the better your chance is of avoiding a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take medicines to prevent clots after some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (as your doctor prescribes).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Follow up with your doctor.</div></li></ul><p>If you've already had DVT or PE, you can take more steps to prevent new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming. Visit your doctor for regular checkups. Also, use compression stockings to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) swelling in your legs from DVT (as your doctor advises).</p><p>Contact your doctor right away if you have any signs or symptoms of DVT or PE.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Pulmonary Embolism</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary embolism</a> (PE) usually is treated in a hospital. After leaving the hospital, you may need to take medicine at home for 6 months or longer. It's important to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take all medicines as prescribed, and have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> done as your doctor advises.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your doctor before taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines with any other medicines, including over-the-counter products. Over-the-counter <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, for example, can thin your blood. Taking two medicines that thin your blood may increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask your doctor about your diet. Foods that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024016" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin K</a> can affect how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> (Coumadin®) works. Vitamin K is found in green leafy vegetables and some oils, such as canola and soybean oils. It's best to eat a well-balanced, healthy diet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discuss with your doctor what amount of alcohol is safe for you to drink if you're taking medicine.</div></li></ul><p>Medicines used to treat PE can thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much. This can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the digestive system or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. If you have signs or symptoms of bleeding in the digestive system or the brain, get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at once.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the digestive system include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a> or vomit that looks like coffee grounds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> or black, tarry stools</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li></ul><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe pain in your head</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden changes in your vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden loss of movement in your legs or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory loss or confusion</div></li></ul><p>Excessive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or injury also may mean that your PE medicines have thinned your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much. Excessive bleeding is bleeding that won't stop after you apply pressure to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> for 10 minutes. If you have excessive bleeding from a fall or injury, get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> at once.</p><p>Once you've had PE (with or without <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (DVT)), you're at higher risk of having the condition again. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and after, continue to take steps to prevent DVT.</p><p>Check your legs for any signs or symptoms of DVT, such as swollen areas, pain or tenderness, increased warmth in swollen or painful areas, or red or discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p>If you think that you have DVT or are having symptoms of PE, contact your doctor right away.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022020" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary embolism</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-pe-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Pulmonary Embolism?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Pulmonary Embolism</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Pulmonary Embolism?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Embolism?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Embolism?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Pulmonary Embolism Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Pulmonary Embolism Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Pulmonary Embolism Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Pulmonary Embolism</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "71": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 71, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
72 | 2018-02-02 05:23:48 | Pulmonary Hypertension | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-pah-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Pulmonary Hypertension?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PULL-mun-ary HI-per-TEN-shun), or PH, is increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>PH causes symptoms such as shortness of breath during routine activity (for example, climbing two flights of stairs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">racing heartbeat</a>. As the condition worsens, its symptoms may limit all physical activity.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d1e46"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand PH, it helps to understand how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> work. Your heart has two sides, separated by an inner wall called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>.</p><p>Each side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has an upper and lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>. The lower right chamber of your heart, the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> (VEN-trih-kul), pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. The blood then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, where it picks up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>The upper left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, the left atrium (AY-tree-um), receives the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The blood is then pumped into the lower left chamber of your heart, the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>. From the left ventricle, the blood is pumped to the rest of your body through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">How the Lungs Work</a> articles.</p><p>PH begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that line your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. Other factors also can affect the pulmonary arteries and cause PH. For example, the condition may develop if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> tighten.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are stiff at birth or become stiff from an overgrowth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li></ul><p>These changes make it hard for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to push <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. As a result, the pressure in your arteries rises. Also, because your heart is working harder than normal, your right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> becomes strained and weak.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> may become so weak that it can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> is the most common cause of death in people who have PH.</p><p>PH is divided into five groups based on its causes and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options. In all groups, the average pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> is 25 mmHg or higher. The pressure in normal pulmonary arteries is 8–20 mmHg at rest. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.)</p><p>Other diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, usually cause PH. Some people inherit the condition (that is, their parents pass the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for PH on to them). In some cases, the cause isn't known.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d1e99"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>PH has no cure. However, research for new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> is ongoing. The earlier PH is treated, the easier it is to control.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> include medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. These treatments can relieve PH symptoms and slow the progress of the disease. Lifestyle changes also can help control symptoms.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Pulmonary Hypertension</h2><p>The World Health Organization divides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) into five groups. These groups are organized based on the cause of the condition and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options.</p><p>In all groups, the average pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> is 25 mmHg or higher. The pressure in normal pulmonary arteries is 8–20 mmHg at rest.</p><p>(Note that group 1 is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) and groups 2 through 5 are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a>. However, together all groups are called pulmonary hypertension.)</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e37"><h3>Group 1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</h3><p>Group 1 PAH includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that has no known cause.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that's inherited (passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that's caused by drugs or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>, such as street drugs and certain diet medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that's caused by conditions such as: <ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Connective tissue diseases</a>. (Connective tissue helps support all parts of your body, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HIV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart disease</a>. This is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that's present at birth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">Sickle cell disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Schistosomiasis (SKIS-toe-so-MI-ah-sis). This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> caused by a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022591" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">parasite</a>. Schistosomiasis is one of the most common causes of PAH in many parts of the world.</div></li></ul> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>PAH that's caused by conditions that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e88"><h3>Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Group 2 includes PH with left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Conditions that affect the left side of the heart, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">mitral valve disease</a> or long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, can cause left heart disease and PH. Left heart disease is likely the most common cause of PH.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e100"><h3>Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Group 3 includes PH associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> (IN-ter-STISH-al) lung diseases. Interstitial lung diseases cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>Group 3 also includes PH associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>-related breathing disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e116"><h3>Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Group 4 includes PH caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d3e122"><h3>Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Group 5 includes PH caused by various other diseases or conditions. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-poly/">polycythemia vera</a> (POL-e-si-THE-me-ah VAY-rah or VE-rah) and essential <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thrm/">thrombocythemia</a> (THROM-bo-si-THE-me-ah).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Systemic disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DO-sis) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis). Systemic disorders involve many of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023079" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027951" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glycogen storage disease</a>. (In glycogen storage disease, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> don't use a form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) properly.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Other conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumors</a> that press on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Pulmonary Hypertension</h2><p>Group 1 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) that occurs without a known cause often is called primary PAH or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) PAH.</p><p>Group 1 PAH that occurs with a known cause often is called associated PAH. For example, PAH that occurs in a person who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a> might be called "PAH occurring in association with scleroderma," or simply "scleroderma-associated PAH."</p><p>Groups 2–5 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) sometimes are called secondary PH.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Pulmonary Hypertension?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that line your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. Other factors also can affect the pulmonary arteries and cause PH. For example, the condition may develop if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> tighten.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are stiff at birth or become stiff from an overgrowth of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li></ul><p>These changes make it hard for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to push <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Thus, the pressure in the arteries rises, causing PH.</p><p>Many factors can contribute to the process that leads to the different types of PH.</p><p>Group 1 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) may have no known cause, or the condition may be inherited. ("Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.)</p><p>Some diseases and conditions also can cause group 1 PAH. Examples include HIV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell disease</a>. Also, the use of street drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a>) and certain diet medicines can lead to PAH.</p><p>Many diseases and conditions can cause groups 2 through 5 PH (often called secondary PH), including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">Mitral valve disease</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">Sarcoidosis</a> </div></li></ul><p>For more information about the types of PH and the diseases, conditions, and factors that can cause them, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062983/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Pulmonary Hypertension."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Pulmonary Hypertension?</h2><p>The exact number of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) isn't known.</p><p>Group 1 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) without a known cause is rare. Experts think that there are about 15 cases per 1 million adults. (Similar estimates have not been made for the other PH groups.) Group 1 PAH affects women more often than men. People who have group 1 PAH tend to be <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>.</p><p>PH that occurs with another disease or condition is more common.</p><p>PH usually develops between the ages of 20 and 60, but it can occur at any age. People who are at increased risk for PH include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Those who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the condition.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Those who have certain diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, HIV <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. (For more information about the diseases, conditions, and factors that cause PH, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062983/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Pulmonary Hypertension."</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Those who use street drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a>) or certain diet medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Those who live at high altitudes.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Pulmonary Hypertension?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath during routine activity, such as climbing two flights of stairs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tiredness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">racing heartbeat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain on the upper right side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Decreased appetite</a></div></li></ul><p>As PH worsens, you may find it hard to do any physical activities. At this point, other signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling light-headed, especially during physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fainting</a> at times</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling in your legs and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pulmonary Hypertension Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>PH can develop slowly. In fact, you may have it for years and not know it. This is because the condition has no early signs or symptoms.</p><p>When symptoms do occur, they're often like those of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lung conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>. This makes PH hard to diagnose.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about your signs and symptoms and how and when they began. He or she also may ask whether you have other medical conditions that can cause PH.</p><p>Your doctor will want to know whether you have any family members who have or have had PH. People who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of PH are at higher risk for the condition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. He or she also will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and legs for swelling and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> for a bluish color. These are signs of PH.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d8e56"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests and procedures to confirm a diagnosis of PH and to look for its underlying cause. Your doctor also will use test results to find out the severity of your PH.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d8e63"><h4>Tests and Procedures To Confirm a Diagnosis</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Echocardiography</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo, uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. This test can estimate the pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. Echo also can show the size and thickness of your right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> and how well it's working.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> x ray. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the structures in your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This test can show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> are enlarged.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> may get larger if the right ventricle has to work hard to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the pulmonary arteries.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray also may show signs of an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that's causing or contributing to PH.</p><p>EKG (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. This test also shows whether your heart's rhythm is steady or irregular. An EKG may show whether your right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is enlarged or strained.</p><p>Right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> catheterization. This procedure measures the pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. It also shows how well your heart is pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the rest of your body. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">Right heart catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-ih-ZA-shun) can find any leaks between the left and right side of the heart.</p><p>During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded into the right side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a>. Through the tube, your doctor can do tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> on your heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d8e108"><h4>Tests To Look for the Underlying Cause of Pulmonary Hypertension</h4><p>PH has many causes, so many tests may need to be done to find its underlying cause.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> CT scan. A chest computed tomography (to-MOG-ra-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>, creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These pictures can show signs of PH or a condition that may be causing PH.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> MRI. Chest magnetic resonance imaging, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmri/">chest MRI</a>, shows how your right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is working. The test also shows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Chest MRI also can help detect signs of PH or an underlying condition causing PH.</p><p>Lung function tests. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a> measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests can help detect a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that may be causing PH.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polysomnogram</a> (PSG). This test records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. A PSG also measures the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your blood. A low oxygen level during sleep is common in PH, and it can make the condition worse.</p><p>A PSG usually is done while you stay overnight at a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> center. For more information about this test, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">Sleep Studies</a> article.</p><p>Lung ventilation/perfusion (VQ) scan. A lung VQ scan measures air and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can help detect blood clots in your lung's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> are used to rule out other diseases, such as HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Finding Out the Severity of Pulmonary Hypertension</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Exercise</a> testing is used to find out the severity of PH. This testing consists of either a 6-minute walk test or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiopulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise test</a>.</p><p>A 6-minute walk test measures the distance you can quickly walk in 6 minutes. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiopulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise test</a> measures how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work while you exercise on a treadmill or bicycle.</p><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> testing, your doctor will rate your activity level. Your level is linked to the severity of your PH. The rating system ranges from class 1 to class 4.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Class 1 has no limits. You can do regular physical activities, such as walking or climbing stairs. These activities don't cause PH symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, shortness of breath, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Class 2 has slight or mild limits. You're comfortable while resting, but regular physical activity causes PH symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Class 3 has marked or noticeable limits. You're comfortable while resting. However, walking even one or two blocks or climbing one flight of stairs can cause PH symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Class 4 has severe limits. You're not able to do any physical activity without discomfort. You also may have PH symptoms while at rest.</div></li></ul><p>Over time, you may need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise tests</a> to find out how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are working. Each time testing is done, your doctor will compare your activity level with the previous one.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Pulmonary Hypertension Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) has no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may help relieve symptoms and slow the progress of the disease.</p><p>PH is treated with medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> will depend on what type of PH you have and its severity. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062983/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Pulmonary Hypertension."</a>)</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e37"><h3>Group 1 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension</h3><p>Group 1 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertension</a> (PAH) includes PH that's inherited, that has no known cause, or that's caused by certain drugs or conditions. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for group 1 PAH include medicines and medical procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d9e44"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to relax the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and reduce excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> growth in the blood vessels. As the blood vessels relax, more blood can flow through them.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines that are taken by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, inhaled, or injected.</p><p>Examples of medicines for group 1 PAH include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Phosphodiesterase-5 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhibitors</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001641" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sildenafil</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prostanoids, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010130" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">epoprostenol</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Endothelin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024275" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">receptor</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antagonists</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009316" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bosentan</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0008911" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ambrisentan</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Calcium channel blockers</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000580" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diltiazem</a></div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may prescribe one or more of these medicines. To find out which of these medicines works best, you'll likely have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> vasoreactivity test. This test shows how the pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> reacts to certain medicines. The test is done during <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">right heart catheterization</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d9e78"><h4>Medical and Surgical Procedures</h4><p>If you have group 1 PAH, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following procedures.</p><p>Atrial septostomy (sep-TOS-toe-me). For this procedure, a thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your leg and threaded to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The tube is then put through the wall that separates your right and left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of your heart). This wall is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>.</p><p>A tiny balloon on the tip of the tube is inflated. This creates an opening between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. This procedure relieves the pressure in the right atria and increases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. Atrial septostomy is rarely done in the United States.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung transplant</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to replace a person's diseased lung with a healthy lung from a deceased donor. This procedure may be used for people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that's causing PAH.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>–<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a>. A heart–lung transplant is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> in which both the heart and lung are replaced with healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> from a deceased donor.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e106"><h3>Group 2 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Conditions that affect the left side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">mitral valve disease</a>, can cause group 2 PH. Treating the underlying condition will help treat PH. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include lifestyle changes, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e115"><h3>Group 3 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, can cause group 3 PH. Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>, also can cause group 3 PH.</p><p>If you have this type of PH, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> raises the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. You'll likely get the oxygen through soft, plastic prongs that fit into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a> can be done at home or in a hospital.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> if you have an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e137"><h3>Group 4 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> disorders can cause group 4 PH. If you have this type of PH, your doctor will likely prescribe blood-thinning medicines. These medicines prevent clots from forming or getting larger.</p><p>Sometimes doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> due to old <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e146"><h3>Group 5 Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Various diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sarc/">sarcoidosis</a>, can cause group 5 PH. An object, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>, pressing on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary arteries</a> also can cause group 5 PH.</p><p>Group 5 PH is treated by treating its cause.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d9e159"><h3>All Types of Pulmonary Hypertension</h3><p>Several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> may be used for all types of PH. These treatments include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diuretics</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">water pills</a>. These medicines help reduce fluid buildup in your body, including swelling in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines. These medicines help prevent blood clots from forming or getting larger.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Digoxin</a>. This medicine helps the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> beat stronger and pump more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Digoxin sometimes is used to control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> if abnormal heart rhythms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> or atrial flutter, occur.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> raises the level of oxygen in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physical activity. Regular activity may help improve your ability to be active. Talk with your doctor about a physical activity plan that's safe for you.</div></li></ul><p>Research is ongoing for better PH <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. These treatments offer hope for the future.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Pulmonary Hypertension</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH) has no cure. However, you can work with your doctor to manage your symptoms and slow the progress of the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d10e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan as your doctor advises. Call your doctor if your PH symptoms worsen or change. The earlier symptoms are addressed, the easier it is to treat them.</p><p>Some symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, may require emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Ask your doctor when you should call him or her or seek emergency care.</p><p>Also, talk with your doctor before taking any over-the-counter medicines. Some medicines can make your PH worse or interfere with the medicines you're taking for PH. Ask your doctor whether you should get a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine and a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a>.</p><p>You may have a complex schedule for taking medicines. Call your doctor or nurse if you're having problems with this schedule. Knowing the names of your medicines and how they work is helpful. Keep a list of your medicines with you. Don't stop or change medicines unless you talk with your doctor first.</p><p>Pay careful attention to your weight. You may want to keep a daily record of your weight. You should weigh yourself at the same time each day. If you notice a rapid weight gain (2 or more pounds in 1 day or 5 or more pounds in 1 week), call your doctor. This may be a sign that your PH is worsening.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a> is risky for women who have PH. Consider using birth control if there is a chance you may become pregnant. Ask your doctor which birth control methods are safe for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec2-d10e56"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes can help you manage your symptoms. These changes will depend on the type of PH you have. Talk with your doctor about which lifestyle changes can help you.</p><div id="nhlbi-pah-sec3-d10e63"><h4>Quit Smoking</h4><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking makes PH symptoms worse. Ask your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, avoid exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go |
June 11, 2014. | { "72": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 72, "category_1.id": 14, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "p" } } |
73 | 2018-02-02 05:24:08 | Raynaud's | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-raynaud-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Raynaud's?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a> that affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Arteries are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry blood from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to different parts of your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s sometimes is called a disease, syndrome, or phenomenon. The disorder is marked by brief episodes of vasospasm (VA-so-spazm), which is a narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Vasospasm of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes. In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, the disorder usually affects the fingers. In about 40 percent of people who have Raynaud's, it affects the toes. Rarely, the disorder affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024043" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nipples</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d1e47"><h3>Overview</h3><p>There are two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s—primary and secondary.</p><p>In primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s (also called Raynaud’s disease), the cause isn't known. Primary Raynaud's is more common and tends to be less severe than secondary Raynaud's.</p><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s is caused by an underlying disease, condition, or other factor. This type of Raynaud's is often called Raynaud's phenomenon.</p><p>If you have primary or secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, cold temperatures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can trigger "Raynaud's attacks." During an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>, little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows to affected body parts.</p><p>As a result, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> may turn white and then blue for a short time. As <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow returns, the affected areas may turn red and throb, tingle, burn, or feel numb.</p><p>In both types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, even mild or brief changes in temperature can cause Raynaud's attacks. For example, taking something out of the freezer or being exposed to temperatures below 60 degrees Fahrenheit can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> to turn blue.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e73" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e73"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/figure/d1e73/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e73" rid-ob="figobd1e73"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/bin/raynauds.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/bin/raynauds.jpg" alt="Raynaud's."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e73"><h4 id="d1e73"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/figure/d1e73/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e73">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Raynaud's. Figure A shows arteries in the fingers (digital arteries) with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a digital artery. Figure B shows fingertips that have turned white due to blocked blood flow. Figure C shows narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/figure/d1e73/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e73">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s have no long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> damage or disability. However, people who have severe Raynaud's can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a> from prolonged or repeated Raynaud's attacks. "Gangrene" refers to the death or decay of body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>About 5 percent of the U.S. population has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. For most people who have primary Raynaud's, the disorder is more of a bother than a serious illness. They usually can manage the condition with minor lifestyle changes.</p><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s may be harder to manage. However, several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available to help prevent or relieve symptoms. With secondary Raynaud's, it's important to treat the underlying disease or condition that's causing it.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for better ways to diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Raynaud's?</h2><p>There are two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s—primary and secondary.</p><p>In primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s (also called Raynaud’s disease), the cause isn't known. Primary Raynaud's is more common and tends to be less severe than secondary Raynaud's. </p><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s is caused by an underlying disease, condition, or other factor. This type of Raynaud's is often called Raynaud's phenomenon.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d3e37"><h3>Causes of Secondary Raynaud's</h3><p>Many things can cause secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diseases and conditions that directly damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repetitive actions that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Injuries to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to certain chemicals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines that narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e62"><h4>Diseases and Conditions</h4><p>Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s is linked to diseases and conditions that directly damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. The disorder also is linked to diseases and conditions that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s occurs in most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a> (skler-o-DER-ma). It also is a common problem for people with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>.</p><p>Other examples of diseases and conditions that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rheumatoid (RU-ma-toyd) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">Atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> disorders such as cryoglobulinemia (KRI-o-GLOB-yu-li-NE-me-ah) and polycythemia (POL-e-si-THE-me-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sjögren's (SHOW-gren's) syndrome, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025847" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dermatomyositis</a> (DER-ma-to-mi-o-SI-tis), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029565" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polymyositis</a> (POL-e-mi-o-SI-tis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/#nhlbisec-types">Buerger's disease</a> </div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thyroid</a> problems and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> also may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e102"><h4>Repetitive Actions</h4><p>Repetitive actions that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p><p>Typing, playing the piano, or doing other similar movements repeatedly over long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> may lead to secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. Using vibrating tools, such as jackhammers and drills, also may raise your risk of developing Raynaud's.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e111"><h4>Hand or Foot Injuries</h4><p>Injuries to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet from accidents, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029381" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">frostbite</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, or other causes can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e118"><h4>Chemicals</h4><p>Exposure to certain workplace chemicals can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a>-like illness that's linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. An example of this type of chemical is vinyl chloride, which is used in the plastics industry.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> in cigarettes also can raise your risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d3e127"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Certain medicines can cause secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Migraine headache</a> medicines that contain ergotamine. This substance causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to narrow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cisplatin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vinblastine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some over-the-counter cold and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines and diet aids. Some of these medicines can narrow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a>. These medicines slow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Birth control pills. These medicines can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Raynaud's?</h2><p>The risk factors for primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) and secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) are different.</p><p>The risk factors for primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Gender. Women are more likely to have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s than men.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s usually develops before the age of 30.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a>. Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s may occur in members of the same family.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Living in a cold climate. Cold temperatures can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks.</div></li></ul><p>The risk factors for secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. Secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s usually develops after the age of 30.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain diseases and conditions. For example, diseases that directly damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control the arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet may cause secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Raynaud's?"</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Injuries to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to certain workplace chemicals, such as vinyl chloride (used in the plastics industry).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repetitive actions with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, such as typing or using vibrating tools.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">migraine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, cold/<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> medicines.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Living in a cold climate.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Raynaud's?</h2><p>People who have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) or secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) can have attacks in response to cold temperatures or emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks usually affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes. Rarely, the attacks affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024043" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nipples</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> become very narrow for a brief period. As a result, little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows to affected body parts. This may cause these areas to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Turn pale or white and then blue</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel numb, cold, or painful</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Turn red, throb, tingle, burn, or feel numb as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow returns to the affected areas</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks can last less than a minute or as long as several hours. Attacks can occur daily or weekly.</p><p>Attacks often begin in one finger or toe and move to other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes. Sometimes only one or two fingers or toes are affected. Different areas may be affected at different times.</p><p>Severe secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a>. "Gangrene" refers to the death or decay of body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Fortunately, severe Raynaud's is rare.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Raynaud's Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) or secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors and internists often diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p><p>If you have the disorder, you also may see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024683" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in treating disorders of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024683" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatologists</a> diagnose and treat many of the diseases that are linked to secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/#nhlbisec-atrisk">risk factors</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. He or she also may ask about your signs and symptoms when you're exposed to cold temperatures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</p><p>For example, your doctor may ask whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel numb or painful when they're exposed to cold temperatures</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Turn white or blue, or both, when they're exposed to cold temperatures</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes to check the health of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and nails and to check <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to these areas.</p><p>Your doctor also may do a more complete physical exam to check for signs of diseases and conditions that are linked to secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend the following tests to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s and related conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d6e81"><h4>Cold Stimulation Test</h4><p>A cold stimulation test can be used to trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s symptoms. For this test, a small device that measures temperature is taped to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> are then exposed to cold—they're usually briefly put into ice water.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> are then removed from the cold, and the device measures how quickly your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> return to their normal temperature. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, it may take more than 20 minutes for your fingers to return to their normal temperature.</p><p>Because results of this type of test are not always consistent, your doctor may do other tests to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>’s.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d6e94"><h4>Nailfold Capillaroscopy</h4><p>You may have a test called nailfold capillaroscopy (KAP-ih-lar-OS-ko-pe). For this test, your doctor puts a drop of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023011" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oil</a> at the base of your fingernail. He or she then looks at your fingernail under a microscope.</p><p>If your doctor sees abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, it may mean you have a disease linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d6e103"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may order <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to look for conditions that are linked to secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s. Examples include antinuclear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> (ANA), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocyte</a> sedimentation rate (ESR or "sed rate"), and C-reactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> (CRP) blood tests.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Raynaud's Treated?</h2><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) and secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) have no cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can reduce the number and severity of Raynaud's attacks. Treatments include lifestyle changes, medicines, and, rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Most people who have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s can manage the condition with lifestyle changes. People who have secondary Raynaud's may need medicines in addition to lifestyle changes. Rarely, they may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s and develop sores on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>, toes, or other parts of your body, see your doctor right away. Timely <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help prevent permanent damage to these areas.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Lifestyle changes can help you avoid things that may trigger a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>. Examples of such triggers include cold temperatures, emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, workplace or recreational factors, and contact with certain chemicals or medicines.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d7e44"><h4>Protect Yourself From Cold Temperatures</h4><p>To protect yourself from cold temperatures:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wear a hat, mittens (rather than gloves), scarf, coat with snug cuffs, and warm socks and shoes during cold weather. Layer your clothing for extra warmth.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Put <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a> and foot warmers in your mittens, boots, socks, or pockets. Some warmers are small heat packs, and others are battery-operated. These warmers often are available at sporting goods stores.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Turn down air conditioning or dress warmly while in an air-conditioned space.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Warm up your car before driving in cold weather.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wear gloves or mittens when taking food out of the refrigerator or freezer (if cold temperatures severely affect you).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d7e68"><h4>Avoid Other Triggers</h4><p>Try to avoid things that make you upset or stressed. Learn ways to handle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> that you can't avoid. Physical activity helps some people cope with stress. Other people listen to music or focus on something calm or peaceful to reduce stress. Some people learn <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022369" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tai chi</a>, or meditation.</p><p>Try to avoid workplace and recreational triggers. For example, limit the use of vibrating tools, such as drills. Wear proper protective gear if you work with industrial chemicals. Also, try to limit repetitive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a> actions, such as typing or playing the piano.</p><p>Some medicines can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024778" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Migraine headache</a> medicines that contain ergotamine. This substance causes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> to narrow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cisplatin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vinblastine</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Over-the-counter cold or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines or diet aids. Some of these medicines can narrow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a>. These medicines slow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Birth control pills. These medicines can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</div></li></ul><p>Talk with your doctor about whether your medicines are safe for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec3-d7e107"><h4>Other Lifestyle Changes</h4><p>Other lifestyle changes also can help you avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. For example, include physical activity as part of your healthy lifestyle. Physical activity can increase your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and help keep you warm.</p><p>Limit your use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> and alcohol. These substances can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. If you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoke</a>, quit. Smoking makes Raynaud's worse. Ask your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>You also can take steps to help stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks when they occur. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Move to a warmer spot, such as indoors, during cold weather.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Warm your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet. Place your hands under your armpits. Soak your feet or hands in warm water.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wiggle or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027057" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">massage</a> your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Move your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> in circles or shake your arms or feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get out of stressful situations and try relaxation techniques.</div></li></ul><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, be sure to take care of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet. Protect them from cuts, bruises, and other injuries. For example, wear properly fitted shoes and don't walk barefoot. Use lotion to prevent your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> from drying and cracking. Also, avoid tight wristbands and rings.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d7e144"><h3>Medicines and Surgery</h3><p>If lifestyle changes don't control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, you may need medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Medicines are used to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes.</p><p>Examples of medicines used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a>, alpha blockers, prescription <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> creams, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a> (used less often).</p><p>Rarely, people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> sores or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a>. "Gangrene" refers to the death or decay of body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. If this happens, antibiotics or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to cut out the damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> may be needed. In very serious cases, the affected toe or finger may need to be removed.</p><p>Another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s is to block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet that control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This can help prevent Raynaud's attacks. This treatment is done using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> often relieves symptoms, but sometimes for only a few years. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Shots</a> may need to be repeated if symptoms persist or come back.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Raynaud's</h2><p>Primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s (Raynaud's disease) and secondary Raynaud's (Raynaud's phenomenon) can be lifelong conditions. However, you can take steps to help control Raynaud's. Lifestyle changes and ongoing care can help you manage the disorder.</p><p>Most people who have primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s can manage the disorder with lifestyle changes. People who have secondary Raynaud's may need medicines in addition to lifestyle changes. Rarely, they may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>You can take steps to avoid things that trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. If you have Raynaud's:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Protect yourself from cold temperatures.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to avoid emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and learn ways to cope with stress that you can't avoid.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid certain medicines, substances, and activities that can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s attacks. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Raynaud's?"</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Include physical activity as part of your healthy lifestyle and limit your use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> and alcohol. If you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoke</a>, quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</div></li></ul><p>You also can take steps to stop a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> once it starts. Warm up your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, feet, or other affected areas right away. For example, place your hands under your armpits, run warm water over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027057" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">massage</a> your hands and feet.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, be sure to take care of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet. Protect them from cuts, bruises, and other injuries. For example, wear properly fitted shoes and don't walk barefoot. Use lotion to prevent your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> from drying and cracking. Also, avoid tight wristbands and rings.</p><p>For more information about lifestyle changes, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063014/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Raynaud's Treated?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-raynaud-sec2-d8e73"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, it's important to get ongoing care. Talk with your doctor about how often to schedule followup visits. Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>See your doctor right away if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s symptoms get worse or if you develop sores on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>, toes, or other parts of your body. Timely <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help prevent permanent damage to these areas.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to primary or secondary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Raynaud</a>'s, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-raynaud-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Raynaud's?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Raynaud's?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Raynaud's?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Raynaud's?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Raynaud's Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Raynaud's Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Raynaud's</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "73": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 73, "category_1.id": 15, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "r" } } |
74 | 2018-02-02 05:24:21 | Respiratory Distress Syndrome | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-rds-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) is a breathing disorder that affects newborns. RDS rarely occurs in full-term infants. The disorder is more common in premature infants born about 6 weeks or more before their due dates.</p><p>RDS is more common in premature infants because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> aren't able to make enough surfactant (sur-FAK-tant). Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs. It helps keep them open so that infants can breathe in air once they're born.</p><p>Without enough surfactant, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> collapse and the infant has to work hard to breathe. He or she might not be able to breathe in enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to support the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. The lack of oxygen can damage the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and other organs if proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> isn't given.</p><p>Most babies who develop RDS show signs of breathing problems and a lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> at birth or within the first few hours that follow.</p><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>RDS is a common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorder</a> in premature infants. In fact, nearly all infants born before 28 weeks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> develop RDS.</p><p>RDS might be an early phase of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bpd/">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a> (brong-ko-PUL-mo-nar-e dis-PLA-ze-ah), or BPD. This is another breathing disorder that affects premature babies.</p><p>RDS usually develops in the first 24 hours after birth. If premature infants still have breathing problems by the time they reach their original due dates, they may be diagnosed with BPD. Some of the life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> used for RDS may cause BPD.</p><p>Some infants who have RDS recover and never get BPD. Infants who do get BPD have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> that are less developed or more damaged than the infants who recover.</p><p>Infants who develop BPD usually have fewer healthy air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> and tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Both the air sacs and the tiny blood vessels that support them are needed to breathe well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d1e75"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Due to improved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and medical advances, most infants who have RDS survive. However, these babies may need extra medical care after going home.</p><p>Some babies have complications from RDS or its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. Serious complications include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) breathing problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> and BPD; blindness; and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Respiratory Distress Syndrome</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hyaline membrane disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surfactant deficiency</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</h2><p>The main cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) is a lack of surfactant in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> start making surfactant during the third <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trimester</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> (weeks 26 through labor and delivery). The substance coats the insides of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> in the lungs. This helps keep the lungs open so breathing can occur after birth.</p><p>Without enough surfactant, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> will likely collapse when the infant exhales (breathes out). The infant then has to work harder to breathe. He or she might not be able to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to support the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Some full-term infants develop RDS because they have faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that affect how their bodies make surfactant.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</h2><p>Certain factors may increase the risk that your infant will have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS). These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Premature delivery. The earlier your baby is born, the greater his or her risk for RDS. Most cases of RDS occur in babies born before 28 weeks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> during your baby's delivery, especially if you lose a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your baby also is at greater risk for RDS if you require an emergency cesarean delivery (C-section) before your baby is full term. You may need an emergency C-section because of a condition, such as a detached <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>, that puts you or your infant at risk.</p><p>Planned C-sections that occur before a baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> have fully matured also can increase the risk of RDS. Your doctor can do tests before delivery that show whether it's likely that your baby's lungs are fully developed. These tests assess the age of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> or lung maturity.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</h2><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) usually occur at birth or within the first few hours that follow. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid, shallow breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sharp pulling in of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> below and between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a> with each breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Grunting sounds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Flaring of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a></div></li></ul><p>The infant also may have pauses in breathing that last for a few seconds. This condition is called apnea (AP-ne-ah).</p><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d6e49"><h3>Respiratory Distress Syndrome Complications</h3><p>Depending on the severity of an infant's RDS, he or she may develop other medical problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d6e56"><h4>Lung Complications</h4><p>Lung complications may include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atl/">atelectasis</a>), leakage of air from the lung into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the lung (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhage</a>).</p><p>Some of the life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> used for RDS may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bpd/">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a>, another breathing disorder.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d6e74"><h4>Blood and Blood Vessel Complications</h4><p>Infants who have RDS may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sepsis</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the bloodstream. This infection can be life threatening.</p><p>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> may prevent a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> called the ductus arteriosus from closing after birth as it should. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pda/">patent ductus arteriosus</a>, or PDA.</p><p>The ductus arteriosus connects a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> artery. If it remains open, it can strain the heart and increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Other Complications</h4><p>Complications of RDS also may include blindness and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029887" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bowel disease</a> called necrotizing enterocolitis (EN-ter-o-ko-LI-tis). Infants who have severe RDS can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p>Some infants who have RDS develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. This bleeding can delay mental development. It also can cause mental retardation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cerebral palsy</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) is common in premature infants. Thus, doctors usually recognize and begin treating the disorder as soon as babies are born.</p><p>Doctors also do several tests to rule out other conditions that could be causing an infant's breathing problems. The tests also can confirm that the doctors have diagnosed the condition correctly.</p><p>The tests include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray creates a picture of the structures inside the chest, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show whether your infant has signs of RDS. A chest x ray also can detect problems, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>, that may require urgent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a> are used to see whether an infant has enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in his or her blood. Blood tests also can help find out whether an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> is causing the infant's breathing problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo). This test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Echo is used to rule out heart defects as the cause of an infant's breathing problems.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS) usually begins as soon as an infant is born, sometimes in the delivery room.</p><p>Most infants who show signs of RDS are quickly moved to a neonatal intensive care unit (NICU). There they receive around-the-clock <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> from health care professionals who specialize in treating premature infants.</p><p>The most important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for RDS are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surfactant replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breathing support from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> or nasal continuous positive airway pressure (NCPAP) machine. These machines help premature infants breathe better.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a>.</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d8e55"><h3>Surfactant Replacement Therapy</h3><p>Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. It helps keep them open so that an infant can breathe in air once he or she is born.</p><p>Babies who have RDS are given surfactant until their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are able to start making the substance on their own. Surfactant usually is given through a breathing tube. The tube allows the surfactant to go directly into the baby's lungs.</p><p>Once the surfactant is given, the breathing tube is connected to a ventilator, or the baby may get breathing support from NCPAP.</p><p>Surfactant often is given right after birth in the delivery room to try to prevent or treat RDS. It also may be given several times in the days that follow, until the baby is able to breathe better.</p><p>Some women are given medicines called corticosteroids during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. These medicines can speed up surfactant production and lung development in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>. Even if you had these medicines, your infant may still need surfactant replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> after birth.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d8e74"><h3>Breathing Support</h3><p>Infants who have RDS often need breathing support until their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> start making enough surfactant. Until recently, a mechanical ventilator usually was used. The ventilator was connected to a breathing tube that ran through the infant's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>.</p><p>Today, more and more infants are receiving breathing support from NCPAP. NCPAP gently pushes air into the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> through prongs placed in the infant's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d8e83"><h3>Oxygen Therapy</h3><p>Infants who have breathing problems may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>. Oxygen is given through a ventilator or NCPAP machine, or through a tube in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> ensures that the infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> get enough oxygen to work well.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen Therapy</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d8e96"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for RDS include medicines, supportive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pda/">patent ductus arteriosus</a> (PDA). PDA is a condition that affects some premature infants.</p><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d8e105"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Doctors often give antibiotics to infants who have RDS to control infections (if the doctors suspect that an infant has an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d8e111"><h4>Supportive Therapy</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> in the NICU helps limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> on babies and meet their basic needs of warmth, nutrition, and protection. Such treatment may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using a radiant warmer or incubator to keep infants warm and reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ongoing monitoring of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, breathing, and temperature through sensors taped to the babies' bodies.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using sensors on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> or toes to check the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Giving fluids and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> through needles or tubes inserted into the infants' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. This helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malnutrition</a> and promotes growth. Nutrition is critical to the growth and development of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Later, babies may be given <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk or infant formula through feeding tubes that are passed through their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">noses</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouths</a> and into their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throats</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Checking fluid intake to make sure that fluid doesn't build up in the babies' <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec3-d8e136"><h4>Treatment for Patent Ductus Arteriosus</h4><p>PDA is a possible complication of RDS. In this condition, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> called the ductus arteriosus doesn't close after birth as it should.</p><p>The ductus arteriosus connects a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> artery. If it remains open, it can strain the heart and increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>PDA is treated with medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> procedures, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pda/">Patent Ductus Arteriosus</a> article.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Respiratory Distress Syndrome Be Prevented?</h2><p>Taking steps to ensure a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> might prevent your infant from being born before his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> have fully developed. These steps include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Seeing your doctor regularly during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Following a healthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke, alcohol, and illegal drugs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Managing any medical conditions you have</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing infections</div></li></ul><p>If you're having a planned cesarean delivery (C-section), your doctor can do tests before delivery to show whether it's likely that your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are fully developed. These tests assess the age of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> or lung maturity.</p><p>Your doctor may give you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a> of a corticosteroid medicine if he or she thinks you may give birth too early. This medicine can speed up surfactant production and development of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> in your baby.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> with corticosteroids can reduce your baby's risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS). If the baby does develop RDS, it will probably be fairly mild.</p><p>Corticosteroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> also can reduce the chances that your baby will have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Respiratory Distress Syndrome</h2><p>Caring for a premature infant can be challenging. You may experience:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emotional distress, including feelings of guilt, anger, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anxiety</a> about your baby's future.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A feeling of a lack of control over the situation.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Financial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems relating to your baby while he or she is in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frustration that you can't breastfeed your infant right away. (You can pump and store your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk for later use.)</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d10e56"><h3>Take Steps to Manage Your Situation</h3><p>You can take steps to help yourself during this difficult time. For example, take care of your health so that you have enough energy to deal with the situation.</p><p>Learn as much as you can about what goes on in the NICU. You can help your baby during his or her stay there and begin to bond with the baby before he or she comes home.</p><p>Learn as much as you can about your infant's condition and what's involved in daily care. This will allow you to ask questions and feel more confident about your ability to care for your baby at home.</p><p>Seek out support from family, friends, and hospital staff. Ask the case manager or social worker at the hospital about what you'll need after your baby leaves the hospital. The doctors and nurses can assist with questions about your infant's care. Also, you may want to ask whether your community has a support group for parents of premature infants.</p><p>Parents are encouraged to visit their baby in the NICU as much as possible. Spend time talking to your baby and holding and touching him or her (when allowed).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rds-sec2-d10e75"><h3>Ongoing Care for Your Infant</h3><p>Your baby may need special care after leaving the NICU, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> exams</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Speech or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">physical therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Specialty care for other medical problems caused by premature birth</div></li></ul><p>Talk to your child's doctor about ongoing care for your infant and any other medical concerns you have.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. However, many questions remain about various diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS).</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about RDS. For example, NHLBI-supported research includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether corticosteroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> given to pregnant women 12–24 hours before delivery can decrease late preterm infants' need for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> support. (Late preterm infants are babies born between 34 and 36 weeks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether late doses of surfactant in patients receiving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011425" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nitric oxide</a> can help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bpd/">bronchopulmonary dysplasia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The role that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> play in surfactant deficiency and new ways to treat this problem in newborns.</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw your child from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to RDS, talk with your doctor. For more information about clinical trials for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p><p>You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-rds-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Respiratory Distress Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Distress Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Respiratory Distress Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Respiratory Distress Syndrome Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Respiratory Distress Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "74": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 74, "category_1.id": 15, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "r" } } |
75 | 2018-02-02 05:24:39 | Respiratory Failure | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-rf-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Respiratory Failure?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory</a> (RES-pih-rah-tor-e) failure is a condition in which not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> passes from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, need oxygen-rich blood to work well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can't properly remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Too much carbon dioxide in your blood can harm your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Both of these problems—a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level and a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> level in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>—can occur at the same time.</p><p>Diseases and conditions that affect your breathing can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030151" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord injuries</a>. COPD prevents enough air from flowing in and out of the airways. Spinal cord injuries can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> that control breathing.</p><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d1e55"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. When air reaches the air sacs, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the air passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, gas exchange is impaired.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short term) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing). Acute respiratory failure can develop quickly and may require emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Chronic respiratory failure develops more slowly and lasts longer.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> may include shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and air hunger (feeling like you can't breathe in enough air). In severe cases, signs and symptoms may include a bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails; confusion; and sleepiness.</p><p>One of the main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> is to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> from your body. Another goal is to treat the underlying cause of the condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> usually is treated in an intensive care unit. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> respiratory failure can be treated at home or at a long-term care center.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d1e83"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> depends on the severity of its underlying cause, how quickly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> begins, and your overall health.</p><p>People who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> may need long-term or ongoing breathing support, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> or the help of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (VEN-til-a-tor). A ventilator is a machine that supports breathing. It blows air—or air with increased amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>—into your airways and then your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Respiratory Failure</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> causes a low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, it's called hypoxemic (HI-pok-SE-mik) respiratory failure.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> causes a high level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, it's called hypercapnic (HI-per-KAP-nik) respiratory failure.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Respiratory Failure?</h2><p>Diseases and conditions that impair breathing can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. These disorders may affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that support breathing, or they may affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> directly.</p><p>When breathing is impaired, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can't easily move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> from your blood (gas exchange). This can cause a low oxygen level or high carbon dioxide level, or both, in your blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> can occur as a result of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> that control breathing. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029689" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amyotrophic lateral sclerosis</a> (ALS), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030151" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord injuries</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. An injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> can cause this damage.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spine</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scoliosis</a> (a curve in the spine). This condition can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> used for breathing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug or alcohol overdose. An overdose affects the area of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that controls breathing. During an overdose, breathing becomes slow and shallow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a> and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ards/">ARDS</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a>. These diseases and conditions can affect the flow of air and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. ARDS and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> affect gas exchange in the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> lung injuries. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> harmful fumes or smoke can injure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e81" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d4e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e81" rid-ob="figobd4e81"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/respiratory_failure.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/respiratory_failure.jpg" alt="Normal Lungs and Conditions Causing Respiratory Failure."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e81"><h4 id="d4e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d4e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e81">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Lungs and Conditions Causing Respiratory Failure. Figure A shows the location of the lungs, airways, diaphragm, rib cage, pulmonary arteries, brain, and spinal cord in the body. Figure B shows the major conditions that cause respiratory failure. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d4e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e81">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Respiratory Failure?</h2><p>People who have diseases or conditions that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that support breathing are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> or conditions also are at risk for respiratory failure. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Respiratory Failure?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Failure?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> depend on its underlying cause and the levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can cause shortness of breath and air hunger (feeling like you can't breathe in enough air). If the level of oxygen is very low, it also can cause a bluish color on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. A high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> level can cause rapid breathing and confusion.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> may become very sleepy or lose consciousness. They also may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>. These symptoms can occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> are not getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Respiratory Failure Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. Once respiratory failure is diagnosed, your doctor will look for its underlying cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you might have or have recently had diseases or conditions that could lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. </p><p>Examples include disorders that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that support breathing. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung diseases</a> and conditions also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>.</p><p>For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Respiratory Failure?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d7e46"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> and its underlying cause.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> can cause shortness of breath, rapid breathing, and air hunger (feeling like you can't breathe in enough air). Using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>, your doctor can listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for abnormal sounds, such as crackling.</p><p>Your doctor also may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for signs of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> can occur if your heart doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>Your doctor might look for a bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. A bluish color means your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Respiratory failure</a> also can cause extreme sleepiness and confusion, so your doctor might check how alert you are.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>To check the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, you may have: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulse</a> oximetry. For this test, a small sensor is attached to your finger or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>. The sensor uses light to estimate how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> gas test. This test measures the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels in your blood. A blood sample is taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrist</a>. The sample is then sent to a laboratory, where its oxygen and carbon dioxide levels are measured.</div></li></ul><p>A low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> or a high level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (or both) is a possible sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>, to help find the underlying cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray is a painless test that takes pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> as a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, he or she may recommend an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). An EKG is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Respiratory Failure Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> depends on whether the condition is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (short-term) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) and its severity. Treatment also depends on the condition's underlying cause.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> can be a medical emergency. It often is treated in an intensive care unit at a hospital. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> respiratory failure often can be treated at home. If chronic respiratory failure is severe, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a long-term care center.</p><p>One of the main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> is to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> from your body. Another goal is to treat the underlying cause of the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Oxygen Therapy and Ventilator Support</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, you may receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. Extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is given through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029684" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal cannula</a> (two small plastic tubes, or prongs, that are placed in both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030531" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nostrils</a>) or through a mask that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd8e50" co-legend-rid="figlgndd8e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd8e50" rid-ob="figobd8e50"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/oxygen_therapy.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/oxygen_therapy.jpg" alt="Oxygen Therapy."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd8e50"><h4 id="d8e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd8e50">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Oxygen Therapy. The image shows how a nasal cannula and portable oxygen container are attached to a patient. </p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> also can be given through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-trach/">tracheostomy</a> (TRA-ke-OS-to-me). This is a surgically made hole that goes through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">front</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. A breathing tube, also called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheostomy</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trach tube</a>, is placed in the hole to help you breathe.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd8e66" co-legend-rid="figlgndd8e66"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd8e66" rid-ob="figobd8e66"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/tracheostomy.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/tracheostomy.jpg" alt="Oxygen Therapy Tracheostomy."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd8e66"><h4 id="d8e66"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd8e66">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Oxygen Therapy Tracheostomy. Figure A shows a side view of the neck and the correct placement of a tracheostomy tube in the trachea, or windpipe. Figure B shows an external view of a patient who has a tracheostomy. </p></div></div><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn't increase, or if you're still having trouble breathing, your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>. A ventilator is a machine that supports breathing. It blows air—or air with increased amounts of oxygen—into your airways and then your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd8e81" co-legend-rid="figlgndd8e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd8e81" rid-ob="figobd8e81"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/ventilators.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/bin/ventilators.jpg" alt="Oxygen Therapy Tracheostomy Ventilator."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd8e81"><h4 id="d8e81"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062967/figure/d8e81/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd8e81">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Oxygen Therapy Tracheostomy Ventilator. The illustration shows a standard setup for a ventilator in a hospital room. The ventilator pushes warm, moist air (or air with increased oxygen) to the patient. Exhaled air flows away from the patient. </p></div></div><p>Your doctor will adjust the ventilator as needed. This will help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> get the right amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. It also can prevent the machine's pressure from injuring your lungs. You'll use the ventilator until you can breathe on your own.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e91"><h3>Other Treatments To Help You Breathe</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022884" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Noninvasive</a> positive pressure ventilation (NPPV) and a rocking bed are two methods that can help you breathe better while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. These methods are very useful for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>.</p><p>NPPV is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> that uses mild air pressure to keep your airways open while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. You wear a mask or other device that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or your nose and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. A tube connects the mask to a machine, which blows air into the tube.</p><p>CPAP (continuous positive airway pressure) is one type of NPPV. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> article. Although the article focuses on CPAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>, it explains how CPAP works.</p><p>A rocking bed consists of a mattress on a motorized platform. The mattress gently rocks back and forth. When your head rocks down, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> used for breathing) slide up, helping you exhale. When your head rocks up, the organs in your abdomen and your diaphragm slide down, helping you inhale.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e113"><h3>Fluids</h3><p>You may be given fluids to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow throughout your body and to provide nutrition. Your doctor will make sure you get the right amount of fluids.</p><p>Too much fluid can fill the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and make it hard for you to get the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> you need. Not enough fluid can limit the flow of oxygen-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Fluids usually are given through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line inserted in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e125"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to relieve discomfort.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d8e132"><h3>Treatments for the Underlying Cause of Respiratory Failure</h3><p>Once your doctor figures out what's causing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, he or she will plan how to treat that disease or condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include medicines, procedures, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Respiratory Failure</h2><p>One of the main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> is to treat the underlying cause of the condition. However, sometimes it's hard to cure or control the underlying cause. Thus, respiratory failure may last for weeks or even years. This is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> respiratory failure.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen therapy</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help you breathe easier. However, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> levels still may not be normal. Thus, you may have one or more of the following symptoms:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rapid breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tiredness</a> and confusion</div></li></ul><p>These symptoms may go away within a few weeks or last longer. Talk with your doctor about how to deal with these symptoms, and read the tips below.</p><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d9e52"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, see your doctor for ongoing medical care. Your doctor may refer you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (rehab).</p><p>Rehab can involve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> training, education, and counseling. Your rehab team might include doctors, nurses, and other specialists. They'll work with you to create a program that meets your needs.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>If you're on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen therapy</a>, don't smoke. Oxygen isn't explosive, but it can worsen a fire. In the presence of oxygen, a small fire can quickly get out of control. Also, the cylinder that compressed oxygen gas comes in can explode when exposed to heat.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article. Although this resource focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> health, it includes basic information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d9e80"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk to your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rf-sec2-d9e92"><h3>Prepare for Emergencies</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, knowing when and where to seek help for your symptoms is important. You should seek emergency care if you have severe symptoms, such as trouble catching your breath or talking.</p><p>Call your doctor if you notice that your symptoms are worsening or if you have new signs and symptoms. Your doctor may change or adjust your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to relieve and treat symptoms.</p><p>Keep phone numbers handy for your doctor, hospital, and someone who can take you for medical care. You also should have on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a> directions to the doctor's office and hospital and a list of all the medicines you're taking.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory failure</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-rf-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Respiratory Failure?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Respiratory Failure</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Respiratory Failure?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Respiratory Failure?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Respiratory Failure?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Respiratory Failure Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Respiratory Failure Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Respiratory Failure</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "75": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 75, "category_1.id": 15, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "r" } } |
76 | 2018-02-02 05:24:59 | Restless Legs Syndrome | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-rls-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Restless Legs Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) is a disorder that causes a strong urge to move your legs. This urge to move often occurs with strange and unpleasant feelings in your legs. Moving your legs relieves the urge and the unpleasant feelings.</p><p>People who have RLS describe the unpleasant feelings as creeping, crawling, pulling, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, tingling, burning, aching, or electric shocks. Sometimes, these feelings also occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>.</p><p>The urge to move and unpleasant feelings happen when you're resting and inactive. Thus, they tend to be worse in the evening and at night.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d1e47"><h3>Overview</h3><p>RLS can make it hard to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and stay asleep. It may make you feel tired and sleepy during the day. This can make it hard to learn, work, and do other daily activities. Not getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, mood swings, or other health problems.</p><p>RLS can range from mild to severe based on:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The strength of your symptoms and how often they occur</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How easily moving around relieves your symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much your symptoms disturb your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li></ul><p>One type of RLS usually starts early in life (before 45 years of age) and tends to run in families. It may even start in childhood. Once this type of RLS starts, it usually lasts for the rest of your life. Over time, symptoms slowly get worse and occur more often. If you have a mild case, you may have long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> with no symptoms.</p><p>Another type of RLS usually starts later in life (after 45 years of age). It generally doesn't run in families. This type of RLS tends to have a more abrupt onset. The symptoms usually don't get worse over time.</p><p>Some diseases, conditions, and medicines may trigger RLS. For example, the disorder has been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> deficiency. When a disease, condition, or medicine causes RLS, the symptoms usually start suddenly.</p><p>Medical conditions or medicines often cause or worsen the type of RLS that starts later in life.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>RLS symptoms often get worse over time. However, some people's symptoms go away for weeks to months.</p><p>If a medical condition or medicine triggers RLS, the disorder may go away if the trigger is relieved or stopped. For example, RLS that occurs due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> tends to go away after giving birth. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney transplants</a> (but not <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022165" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dialysis</a>) relieve RLS linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for RLS include lifestyle changes and medicines. Some simple lifestyle changes often help relieve mild cases of RLS. Medicines often can relieve or prevent the symptoms of more severe RLS.</p><p>Research is ongoing to better understand the causes of RLS and to find better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome?</h2><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Faulty Use of Iron or Lack of Iron</h3><p>Research suggests that the main cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) is a faulty use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> or a lack of iron in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. The brain uses iron to make the chemical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024928" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dopamine</a> (DO-pah-meen) and to control other brain activities. Dopamine works in the parts of the brain that control movement.</p><p>Many conditions can affect how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> or how it's used. These conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and iron deficiency. All of these conditions increase your risk of RLS.</p><p>People whose family members have RLS also are more likely to develop the disorder. This suggests that genetics may contribute to the faulty use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> or lack of iron in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that triggers RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d3e41"><h3>Nerve Damage</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nerve</a> damage in the legs or feet and sometimes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> may cause or worsen RLS. Several conditions can cause this type of nerve damage, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Medicines and Substances</h3><p>Certain medicines may trigger RLS. These include some:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antinausea medicines (used to treat upset <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antidepressants (used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antipsychotics (used to treat certain mental health disorders)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Cold and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030662" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antihistamines</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Calcium channel blockers</a> (used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>)</div></li></ul><p>RLS symptoms usually get better or may even go away if the medicine is stopped.</p><p>Certain substances, such as alcohol and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, also can trigger or worsen RLS symptoms. Symptoms may get better or go away if the substances are stopped.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Restless Legs Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) affects about 5–15 percent of Americans. Many people who have RLS have family members with the disorder.</p><p>RLS can affect people of any racial or ethnic group, but the disorder is more common in people of Northern European descent. RLS affects both genders, but women are more likely to have it than men.</p><p>The number of cases of RLS rises with age. Many people who have RLS are diagnosed in middle age. People who develop RLS early in life tend to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of the disorder.</p><p>People who have certain diseases or conditions or who take certain medicines are more likely to develop RLS. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063031/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome?"</a>)</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> is a risk factor for RLS. It usually occurs during the last 3 months of pregnancy. The disorder usually improves or goes away after giving birth. Some women may continue to have symptoms after giving birth. Other women may develop RLS again later in life.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome?</h2><p>The four key signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A strong urge to move your legs. This urge often, but not always, occurs with unpleasant feelings in your legs. When the disorder is severe, you also may have the urge to move your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Symptoms that start or get worse when you're inactive. The urge to move increases when you're sitting still or lying down and resting.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relief from moving. Movement, especially walking, helps relieve the unpleasant feelings.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Symptoms that start or get worse in the evening or at night.</div></li></ul><p>You must have all four of these signs to be diagnosed with RLS.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d5e49"><h3>The Urge To Move</h3><p>RLS gets its name from the urge to move the legs when sitting or lying down. This movement relieves the unpleasant feelings that RLS sometimes causes. Typical movements are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pacing and walking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Jiggling the legs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stretching and flexing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tossing and turning</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rubbing the legs</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d5e74"><h3>Unpleasant Feelings</h3><p>People who have RLS describe the unpleasant feelings in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> as creeping, crawling, pulling, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, tingling, burning, aching, or electric shocks. Severe RLS may cause painful feelings. However, the pain usually is more of an ache than a sharp, stabbing pain.</p><p>Children may describe RLS symptoms differently than adults. In children, the condition may occur with hyperactivity. However, it's not fully known how the disorders are related.</p><p>The unpleasant feelings from RLS often occur in the lower legs (calves). But the feelings can occur at any place in the legs or feet. They also can occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>.</p><p>The feelings seem to come from deep within the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>, rather than from the surface. You usually will have the feelings in both legs. However, the feelings can occur in one leg, move from one leg to the other, or affect one leg more than the other.</p><p>People who have mild symptoms may notice them only when they're still or awake for a long time, such as on a long airplane trip or while watching TV. If they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep quickly, they may not have symptoms when lying down at night.</p><p>The unpleasant feelings from RLS aren't the same as the leg <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cramps</a> many people get at night. Leg cramps often are limited to certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> groups in the leg, which you can feel tightening. Leg cramps cause more severe pain and require stretching the affected muscle for relief.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) can cause pain or discomfort in the legs. Moving the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> usually worsens the discomfort instead of relieving it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d5e102"><h3>Periodic Limb Movement in Sleep</h3><p>Many people who have RLS also have a condition called periodic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a> movement in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (PLMS). PLMS causes your legs or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> to twitch or jerk about every 10 to 60 seconds during sleep. These movements cause you to wake up often and get less sleep.</p><p>PLMS usually affects the legs, but it also can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>. Not everyone who has PLMS also has RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d5e115"><h3>Related Sleep Problems</h3><p>RLS can make it hard to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or stay asleep. If RLS disturbs your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, you may feel very tired during the day.</p><p>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> may make it hard for you to concentrate at school or work. Not enough sleep also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, mood swings, and other health problems such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) based on your signs and symptoms, your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will use this information to rule out other conditions that have symptoms similar to those of RLS.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor usually can diagnose and treat RLS. However, he or she also may suggest that you see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022774" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurologist</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e41"><h3>Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>You must have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063031/#nhlbisec-signs">four key signs</a> of RLS to be diagnosed with the disorder.</p><p>Your doctor will want to know how your symptoms are affecting your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and how alert you are during the day.</p><p>To help your doctor, you may want to keep a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary. Use the diary to keep a daily record of how easy it is to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> and stay asleep, how much sleep you get at night, and how alert you feel during the day.</p><p>For a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e61"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether you have any of the diseases or conditions that can trigger RLS. These include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> deficiency.</p><p>Your doctor also may want to know what medicines you take. Some medicines can trigger or worsen RLS.</p><p>The most common type of RLS tends to run in families. Thus, your doctor may ask whether any of your relatives have RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e74"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to check for underlying conditions that may trigger RLS. He or she also will check for other conditions that have symptoms similar to those of RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e80"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Currently, no test can diagnose RLS. Still, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to measure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> levels. He or she also may suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> tests. These tests can show whether you have a condition that can worsen RLS or that has symptoms similar to those of RLS.</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">sleep studies</a> are used to help diagnose RLS. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> measures how much and how well you sleep. Although RLS can cause a lack of sleep, this sign isn't specific enough to diagnose the condition.</p><p>Researchers continue to study new ways to diagnose RLS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d6e99"><h3>Drug Therapy Trial</h3><p>If your doctor thinks you have RLS, he or she may prescribe certain medicines to relieve your symptoms. These medicines, which are used to treat people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease, also can relieve RLS symptoms. If the medicines relieve your symptoms, your doctor can confirm that you have RLS.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) has no cure. If a condition or medicine triggers RLS, it may go away or get better if the trigger is relieved or stopped.</p><p>RLS can be treated. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent or relieve symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> you're getting and improve the quality of your sleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treat or correct any underlying condition that may trigger or worsen RLS</div></li></ul><p>Mild cases of RLS often are treated with lifestyle changes and sometimes with periodic use of medicines. More severe RLS usually is treated with daily medicines.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d7e50"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Lifestyle changes can prevent or relieve the symptoms of RLS. For mild RLS, lifestyle changes may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> needed.</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec3-d7e56"><h4>Preventing Symptoms</h4><p>Many common substances, such as alcohol and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, can trigger RLS symptoms. Avoiding these substances can limit or prevent symptoms.</p><p>Some prescription and over-the-counter medicines can cause or worsen RLS symptoms. Tell your doctor about all of the medicines you're taking. He or she can tell you whether you should stop or change certain medicines.</p><p>Adopting good <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits can help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and stay asleep—a problem for many people who have RLS. Good sleep habits include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keeping the area where you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> cool, quiet, comfortable, and as dark as possible.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Making your bedroom <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>-friendly. Remove things that can interfere with sleep, such as a TV, computer, or phone.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Going to bed and waking up at the same time every day. Some people who have RLS find it helpful to go to bed later in the evening and get up later in the morning.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding staying in bed awake for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> in the evening or during the night.</div></li></ul><p>Doing a challenging activity before bedtime, such as solving a crossword puzzle, may ease your RLS symptoms. This distraction may make it easier for you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. Focusing on your breathing and using other relaxation techniques also may help you fall asleep.</p><p>Regular, moderate physical activity also can help limit or prevent RLS symptoms. Often, people who have RLS find that if they increase their activity during the day, they have fewer symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Relieving Symptoms</h4><p>Certain activities can relieve RLS symptoms. These include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Walking or stretching</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking a hot or cold bath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Massaging the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>(s)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using heat or ice packs on the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limb</a>(s)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Doing mentally challenging tasks</div></li></ul><p>Choose an aisle seat at the movies or on airplanes and trains so you can move around, if necessary.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d7e118"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>You may need medicines to treat RLS if lifestyle changes can't control symptoms. Many medicines can relieve or prevent RLS symptoms.</p><p>No single medicine works for all people who have RLS. It may take several changes in medicines and dosages to find the best approach. Sometimes, a medicine will work for a while and then stop working.</p><p>Some of the medicines used to treat RLS also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease. These medicines make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024928" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dopamine</a> or mimic it in the parts of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that control movement. (Dopamine is a chemical that helps you move properly.)</p><p>If medicines for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>'s disease don't prevent or relieve your symptoms, your doctor may prescribe other medicines. You may have to take more than one medicine to treat your RLS.</p><p>Always talk with your doctor before taking any medicines. He or she can tell you the side effects of each RLS medicine. Side effects may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, and daytime sleepiness.</p><p>In some cases, RLS medicines may worsen problems with excessive gambling, shopping, or sexual activity. Sometimes, continued use of RLS medicines may make your RLS symptoms worse.</p><p>Contact your doctor if you have any of these problems. He or she can adjust your medicines to prevent these side effects.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Restless Legs Syndrome</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Restless legs syndrome</a> (RLS) often is a lifelong condition. Symptoms may come and go often or go away for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. Symptoms often get worse over time.</p><p>If a condition or medicine triggers RLS, the disorder may go away if the trigger is relieved or stopped. For example, RLS that occurs due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> tends to go away after giving birth.</p><p>Although RLS has no cure, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can relieve or prevent RLS symptoms. Mild cases of RLS often are treated with lifestyle changes and sometimes with periodic use of medicines. More severe RLS usually is treated with daily medicines. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063031/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Treated?"</a>)</p><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Ongoing Medical Care</h3><p>If you have RLS, see your doctor regularly so he or she can watch for changes in your symptoms. This will show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working and whether it will continue to work over time.</p><p>Call your doctor if you notice your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is no longer working or if you have new symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Other Considerations</h3><p>Try to plan long car trips and other long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of inactivity at the times of day when your symptoms are least severe. Give yourself time to stretch or take walking breaks.</p><p>Choose an aisle seat at the movies or on airplanes and trains so you can move around if needed.</p><p>Consider finding a work setting where you can stand or walk around.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rls-sec2-d8e63"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with RLS may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. It's important to talk about how you feel with your health care team.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with RLS. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">restless legs syndrome</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-rls-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Restless Legs Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Restless Legs Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Restless Legs Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Restless Legs Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Restless Legs Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Restless Legs Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "76": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 76, "category_1.id": 15, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "r" } } |
77 | 2018-02-02 05:25:20 | Rh Incompatibility | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-rh-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Rh Incompatibility?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is a condition that occurs during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> if a woman has Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and her baby has Rh-positive blood.</p><p>"Rh-negative" and "Rh-positive" refer to whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh factor</a>. Rh factor is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. If you have Rh factor, you're Rh-positive. If you don't have it, you're Rh-negative. Rh factor is inherited (passed from parents to children through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>). Most people are Rh-positive.</p><p>Whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh factor</a> doesn't affect your general health. However, it can cause problems during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d1e52"><h3>Overview</h3><p>When you're pregnant, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your baby can cross into your bloodstream, especially during delivery. If you're Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, your body will react to the baby's blood as a foreign substance.</p><p>Your body will create <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) against the baby's Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These antibodies usually don't cause problems during a first <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This is because the baby often is born before many of the antibodies develop.</p><p>However, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> stay in your body once they have formed. Thus, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is more likely to cause problems in second or later <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a> (if the baby is Rh-positive).</p><p>The Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> can cross the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> (HEE-moh-lit-ick uh-NEE-me-uh) in the baby.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are destroyed faster than the body can replace them. Red blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of the body.</p><p>Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, your baby won't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. This can lead to serious problems. Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> may even be fatal to the child.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d1e78"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>With prompt and proper prenatal care and screening, you can prevent the problems of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. Screening tests allow your doctor to find out early in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> whether you're at risk for the condition.</p><p>If you're at risk, your doctor will carefully check on you and your baby throughout your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Injections</a> of a medicine called Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> can keep your body from making Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>. This medicine helps prevent the problems of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. If you're Rh-negative, you'll need this medicine every time you have a baby with Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Other events also can expose you to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, which could affect a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. Examples include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a>. If you're treated with Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> right after these events, you may be able to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> during your next pregnancy.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Rh Incompatibility</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rh disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rh-induced hemolytic disease of the newborn</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Rh Incompatibility?</h2><p>A difference in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> type between a pregnant woman and her baby causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. The condition occurs if a woman is Rh-negative and her baby is Rh-positive.</p><p>When you're pregnant, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from your baby can cross into your bloodstream, especially during delivery. If you're Rh-negative and your baby is Rh-positive, your body will react to the baby's blood as a foreign substance.</p><p>Your body will create <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) against the baby's Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These antibodies can cross the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> in the baby.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> usually doesn't cause problems during a first <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. The baby often is born before many of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> develop.</p><p>However, once you've formed Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, they remain in your body. Thus, the condition is more likely to cause problems in second or later <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a> (if the baby is Rh-positive).</p><p>With each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, your body continues to make Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>. As a result, each Rh-positive baby you conceive becomes more at risk for serious problems, such as severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Rh Incompatibility?</h2><p>An Rh-negative woman who conceives a child with an Rh-positive man is at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021989" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh factor</a> is inherited (passed from parents to children through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>). If you're Rh-negative and the father of your baby is Rh-positive, the baby has a 50 percent or more chance of having Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> can show whether you and the father of your baby are Rh-positive or Rh-negative.</p><p>If you're Rh-negative, your risk of problems from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is higher if you were exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> before the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This may have happened during:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An earlier <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> (usually during delivery). You also may have been exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> if you had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or abdominal trauma (for example, from a car accident) during the pregnancy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ectopic pregnancy</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a>, or an induced abortion. (An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that starts outside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mismatched <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or puncture with a needle or other object containing Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Certain tests also can expose you to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> (AM-ne-o-sen-TE-sis) and chorionic villus (ko-re-ON-ik VIL-us) sampling (CVS).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Amniocentesis</a> is a test that you may have during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. Your doctor uses a needle to remove a small amount of fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around your baby. The fluid is then tested for various reasons.</p><p>CVS also may be done during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. For this test, your doctor threads a thin tube through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022600" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vagina</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cervix</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. He or she removes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample from the placenta using gentle suction. The tissue sample is tested for various reasons.</p><p>Unless you were treated with the medicine that prevents Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>) after each of these events, you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> during current and future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Rh Incompatibility?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> doesn't cause signs or symptoms in a pregnant woman. In a baby, the condition can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are destroyed faster than the body can replace them.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin), an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Without enough red blood cells and hemoglobin, the baby won't get enough oxygen.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> can cause mild to severe signs and symptoms in a newborn, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> and a buildup of fluid.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> is a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> die, they release <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> into the blood. The hemoglobin is broken down into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>. This compound gives the skin and eyes a yellowish color. High levels of bilirubin can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage in the baby.</p><p>The buildup of fluid is a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. Without enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>-carrying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood through the body. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> can cause fluid to build up in many parts of the body. When this occurs in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> or newborn, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydrops</a> fetalis (HI-drops fe-TAL-is).</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> can be fatal to a newborn at the time of birth or shortly after.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Rh Incompatibility Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. To find out whether a baby is developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> and how serious it is, doctors may use more advanced tests, such as ultrasound.</p><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>An obstetrician will screen for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in treating pregnant women. The obstetrician also will monitor the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> and the baby for problems related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. He or she also will oversee <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to prevent problems with future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p><p>A pediatrician or hematologist treats newborns who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> and related problems. A pediatrician is a doctor who specializes in treating children. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in treating people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>If you're pregnant, your doctor will order a simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> at your first prenatal visit to learn whether you're Rh-positive or Rh-negative.</p><p>If you're Rh-negative, you also may have another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> screen. This test shows whether you have Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> in your blood. If you do, it means that you were exposed to Rh-positive blood before and you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>.</p><p>If you're Rh-negative and you don't have Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, your baby's father also will be tested to find out his Rh type. If he's Rh-negative too, the baby has no chance of having Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Thus, there's no risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>.</p><p>However, if the baby's father is Rh-positive, the baby has a 50 percent or more chance of having Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, you're at high risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>.</p><p>If your baby's father is Rh-positive, or if it's not possible to find out his Rh status, your doctor may do a test called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a>.</p><p>For this test, your doctor inserts a hollow needle through your abdominal wall into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>. He or she removes a small amount of fluid from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the baby. The fluid is tested to learn whether the baby is Rh-positive. (Rarely, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> can expose you to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>).</p><p>Your doctor also may use this test to measure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> levels in your baby. Bilirubin builds up as a result of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> dying too quickly. The higher the level of bilirubin is, the greater the chance that the baby has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is known or suspected, you'll be tested for Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> one or more times during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This test often is done at least once at your sixth or seventh month of pregnancy.</p><p>The results from this test also can suggest how severe the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> has become. Higher levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> suggest more severe hemolytic anemia.</p><p>To check your baby for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, your doctor also may use a test called Doppler ultrasound. He or she will use this test to measure how fast <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the baby's head.</p><p>Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to measure how fast <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is moving. The faster the blood flow is, the greater the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. This is because the anemia will cause the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to pump more blood.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Rh Incompatibility Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is treated with a medicine called Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for a baby who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> will vary based on the severity of the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> are to ensure that your baby is healthy and to lower your risk for the condition in future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Treatment for Rh Incompatibility</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is diagnosed during your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, you'll receive Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> in your seventh month of pregnancy and again within 72 hours of delivery.</p><p>You also may receive Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> if the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> transfer between you and the baby is high (for example, if you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ectopic pregnancy</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> during pregnancy).</p><p>Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> contains Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that attach to the Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in your blood. When this happens, your body doesn't react to the baby's Rh-positive cells as a foreign substance. As a result, your body doesn't make Rh antibodies. Rh immune globulin must be given at the correct times to work properly.</p><p>Once you have formed Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, the medicine will no longer help. That's why a woman who has Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> must be treated with the medicine with each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> or any other event that allows her blood to mix with Rh-positive blood.</p><p>Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> is injected into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> or buttock. Side effects may include soreness at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> site and a slight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. The medicine also may be injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-rh-sec2-d8e59"><h3>Treatment for Hemolytic Anemia</h3><p>Several options are available for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> in a baby. In mild cases, no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may be needed. If treatment is needed, the baby may be given a medicine called erythropoietin and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can prompt the body to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> is severe, the baby may get a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a>. If the hemolytic anemia is severe and the baby is almost full-term, your doctor may induce labor early. This allows the baby's doctor to begin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away.</p><p>A newborn who has severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may be treated with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> exchange <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusion</a>. The procedure involves slowly removing the newborn's blood and replacing it with fresh blood or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> from a donor.</p><p>Newborns also may be treated with special lights to reduce the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These babies may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>). High levels of bilirubin cause jaundice.</p><p>Reducing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> level is important because high levels of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage. High levels of bilirubin often are seen in babies who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. This is because the compound forms when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> break down.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Rh Incompatibility Be Prevented?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> can be prevented with Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a>, as long as the medicine is given at the correct times. Once you have formed Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, the medicine will no longer help.</p><p>Thus, a woman who has Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> must be treated with Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> during and after each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> or after any other event that allows her blood to mix with Rh-positive blood.</p><p>Early prenatal care also can help prevent some of the problems linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a>. For example, your doctor can find out early whether you're at risk for the condition.</p><p>If you're at risk, your doctor can closely monitor your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. He or she will watch for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> in your baby and provided <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Rh Incompatibility</h2><p>If you have Rh-negative <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a> of Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> can reduce your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> in future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>. It's important to get this medicine every time you give birth to an Rh-positive baby or come in contact with Rh-positive blood.</p><p>If you're Rh-negative, your risk of problems from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> is higher if you were exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> before your current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This may have happened during:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An earlier <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> (usually during delivery). You also may have been exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> if you had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or abdominal trauma (for example, from a car accident) during the pregnancy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ectopic pregnancy</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a>, or an induced abortion. (An ectopic pregnancy is a pregnancy that starts outside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A mismatched <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusion</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or puncture with a needle or other object containing Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li></ul><p>You also can be exposed to Rh-positive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> during certain tests, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> and chorionic villus sampling. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063020/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is At Risk for Rh Incompatibility?"</a>)</p><p>Unless you were treated with Rh <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000931" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune globulin</a> after each of these events, you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021988" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rh incompatibility</a> during current and future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p><p>Let your doctor know about your risk early in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This allows him or her to carefully monitor your pregnancy and promptly treat any problems that arise.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-rh-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Rh Incompatibility?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Rh Incompatibility</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Rh Incompatibility?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Rh Incompatibility?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Rh Incompatibility?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Rh Incompatibility Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Rh Incompatibility Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Rh Incompatibility Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Rh Incompatibility</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "77": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 77, "category_1.id": 15, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "r" } } |
78 | 2018-02-02 05:25:39 | Sarcoidosis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-sarc-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Sarcoidosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> (sar-koy-DO-sis) is a disease of unknown cause that leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. This disease affects your body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> defends your body against foreign or harmful substances. For example, it sends special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to protect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are in danger.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> release chemicals that recruit other cells to isolate and destroy the harmful substance. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> occurs during this process. Once the harmful substance is gone, the cells and the inflammation go away.</p><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> doesn't go away. Instead, some of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> cluster to form lumps called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (gran-yu-LO-mas) in various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d1e52"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> can affect any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in your body. However, it's more likely to affect some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> than others. The disease usually starts in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> (especially the lymph nodes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>).</p><p>Also, the disease often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. Although less common, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, leading to serious complications.</p><p>If many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> form in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a>, they can affect how the organ works. This can cause signs and symptoms. Signs and symptoms vary depending on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected. Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> have no signs or symptoms or mild ones.</p><p>Lofgren's syndrome is a classic set of signs and symptoms that is typical in some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Lofgren's syndrome may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> (usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>), and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024827" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythema</a> nodosum (er-ih-THE-ma no-DO-sum).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024827" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Erythema</a> nodosum is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> of red or reddish-purple bumps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shins</a>. The rash may be warm and tender to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> varies depending on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected. Your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022342" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">topical</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and/or medicines to treat the disease. Not everyone who has sarcoidosis needs treatment.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d1e74"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> varies. Many people recover from the disease with few or no long-term problems.</p><p>More than half of the people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> have remission within 3 years of diagnosis. “Remission” means the disease isn't active, but it can return.</p><p>Two-thirds of people who have the disease have remission within 10 years of diagnosis. People who have Lofgren's syndrome usually have remission. Relapse (return of the disease) 1 or more years after remission occurs in less than 5 percent of patients.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage in about one-third of the people diagnosed with the disease. Damage may occur over many years and involve more than one organ. Rarely, sarcoidosis can be fatal. Death usually is the result of problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>Poor outcomes are more likely in people who have advanced disease and show little improvement from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Certain people are at higher risk for poor outcomes from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. This includes people who have lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> complications, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> pernio (LU-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pus</a> PUR-ne-o). Lupus pernio is a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> condition that sarcoidosis may cause.</p><p>Research is ongoing for new and better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Sarcoidosis?</h2><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> isn't known. More than one factor may play a role in causing the disease.</p><p>Some researchers think that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> develops if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> responds to a trigger, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>, dust, or chemicals.</p><p>Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> defends your body against foreign or harmful substances. For example, it sends special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to protect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are in danger.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> release chemicals that recruit other cells to isolate and destroy the harmful substance. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> occurs during this process. Once the harmful substance is gone, the cells and the inflammation go away.</p><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> doesn't go away. Instead, some of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> cluster to form lumps called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> in various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body.</p><p>Genetics also may play a role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Researchers believe that sarcoidosis occurs if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have a certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that raise your risk for the disease</div></li></ul><p>—And—</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're exposed to something that triggers your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a></div></li></ul><p>Triggers may vary depending on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> makeup. Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> may influence which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected and the severity of your symptoms.</p><p>Researchers continue to try to pinpoint the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that are linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sarcoidosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> affects people of all ages and races. However, it's more common among African Americans and Northern Europeans. In the United States, the disease affects African Americans somewhat more often and more severely than Whites.</p><p>Studies have shown that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> tends to vary amongst ethnic groups. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems related to the disease are more common in Japanese people.</p><p>Lofgren's syndrome, a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>, is more common in people of European descent. Lofgren's syndrome may involve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> (usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>), and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024827" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythema</a> nodosum. Erythema nodosum is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> of red or reddish-purple bumps on your ankles and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shins</a>. The rash may be warm and tender to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> is somewhat more common in women than in men. The disease usually develops between the ages of 20 and 50. People who have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of sarcoidosis also are at higher risk for the disease.</p><p>Researchers have looked for a link between <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> and exposure to workplace and environmental factors. However, no clear link has been found.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sarcoidosis?</h2><p>Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> have no signs or symptoms or mild ones. Often, the disease is found when a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is done for another reason (for example, to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>).</p><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> vary depending on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected. Signs and symptoms also may vary depending on your gender, age, and ethnic background. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is at Risk for Sarcoidosis?"</a>)</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d5e43"><h3>Common Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>In both adults and children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> most often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (inflamed lumps) form in your lungs, you may wheeze, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, feel short of breath, or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. Or, you may have no symptoms at all.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> feel very tired, uneasy, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>. Night sweats and weight loss are common symptoms of the disease.</p><p>Common signs and symptoms in children are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">loss of appetite</a>, weight loss, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> pain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>.</p><p>Children who are younger than 4 years old may have a distinct form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. It may cause enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> (which can be seen on chest x-ray pictures), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lesions</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> swelling or redness.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d5e65"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> may affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. The disease can cause enlarged lymph nodes that feel tender. Sarcoidosis usually affects the lymph nodes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. However, the disease also may affect the lymph nodes under your chin, in your armpits, or in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> can cause lumps, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores), or areas of discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These areas may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itch</a>, but they don't hurt. These signs tend to appear on your back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scalp</a>. Sometimes they appear near your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. These signs usually last a long time.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> may cause a more serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> pernio. Disfiguring skin sores may affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024564" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal passages</a>, cheeks, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyelids</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>. These sores tend to be ongoing. They can return after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is over.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> problems. If you have sarcoidosis, having an annual eye exam is important. If you have changes in your vision and can't see as clearly or can't see color, call 9–1–1 or have someone drive you to the emergency room.</p><p>You should call your doctor if you have any new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> symptoms, such as burning, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itching</a>, tearing, pain, or sensitivity to light.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> also may include an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024480" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">salivary glands</a>.</p><p>Although less common, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. This can cause many symptoms, such as abnormal heartbeats, shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, and vision problems. If sarcoidosis affects the heart or brain, serious complications can occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d5e90"><h3>Lofgren's Syndrome</h3><p>Lofgren's syndrome is a classic set of signs and symptoms that occur in some people when they first have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Signs and symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a>. This symptom only occurs in some people.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> (which can be seen on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arthritis</a>, usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>. This symptom is more common in men than women.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024827" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Erythema</a> nodosum. This is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> of red or reddish-purple bumps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shins</a>. The rash may be warm and tender to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a>. This symptom is more common in women than men.</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd5e115" co-legend-rid="figlgndd5e115"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/figure/d5e115/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd5e115" rid-ob="figobd5e115"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/bin/sarcoidosis.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/bin/sarcoidosis.jpg" alt="Sarcoidosis Signs and Symptoms."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd5e115"><h4 id="d5e115"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/figure/d5e115/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd5e115">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Sarcoidosis Signs and Symptoms. The illustration shows the major signs and symptoms of sarcoidosis and the organs involved. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sarcoidosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. He or she will look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (inflamed lumps) in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Your doctor also will try to rule out other possible causes of your symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask you detailed questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. For example, he or she may ask whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had any jobs that may have raised your risk for the disease.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have ever been exposed to inhaled beryllium metal. (This type of metal is used to make aircrafts and weapons.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had contact with organic dust from birds or hay.</div></li></ul><p>Exposure to beryllium metal and organic dust can cause inflamed lumps in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> that look like the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. However, these lumps are signs of other conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d6e56"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will check you for signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Signs and symptoms may include red bumps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>; swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>; an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024480" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">salivary glands</a>; or redness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. Your doctor also will check for other causes of your symptoms.</p><p>Your doctor may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Abnormal breathing or heartbeat sounds could be a sign that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> is affecting your lungs or heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>You may have tests to confirm a diagnosis and to find out how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> is affecting you. Tests include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>, and other tests to assess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d6e78"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The test may show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> or enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> in your chest. About 95 percent of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> have abnormal chest x rays.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d6e84"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p>Lung function tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> is affecting your lungs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Biopsy</h4><p>Your doctor may do a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> to confirm a diagnosis or rule out other causes of your symptoms. A biopsy involves taking a small sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from one of your affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Usually, doctors try to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are easiest to access. Examples include the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, tear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glands</a>, or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> that are just under the skin.</p><p>If this isn't possible, your doctor may use a positron emission tomography (PET) scan to pinpoint areas for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>. For this test, a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>The substance, which releases energy, travels through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and collects in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Special cameras detect the energy and convert it into three-dimensional (3D) pictures.</p><p>If lung function tests or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray shows signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, your doctor may do a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022276" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee) to get a small sample of lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>.</p><p>During this procedure, a thin, flexible tube is passed through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> (or sometimes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>), down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into the airways to reach your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. (For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">Bronchoscopy</a> article.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d6e115"><h4>Other Tests To Assess Organ Damage</h4><p>You also may have other tests to assess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage and find out whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. For example, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> and/or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>).</p><p>If you’re diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>, you should see an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ophthalmologist</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> specialist), even if you don’t have eye symptoms. In sarcoidosis, eye damage can occur without symptoms.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sarcoidosis Treated?</h2><p>Not everyone who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> needs <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Sometimes the disease goes away on its own. Whether you need treatment and what type of treatment you need depend on your signs and symptoms, which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected, and whether those organs are working well.</p><p>If the disease affects certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>—such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>—you'll need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> even if you don't have any symptoms.</p><p>In either case, whether you have symptoms or not, you should see your doctor for ongoing care. He or she will want to check to make sure that the disease isn't damaging your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. For example, you may need routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a> to make sure that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are working well.</p><p>If the disease isn't worsening, your doctor may watch you closely to see whether the disease goes away on its own. If the disease does start to get worse, your doctor can prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Improving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> function</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Controlling <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and reducing the size of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (inflamed lumps)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a> (lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>) if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are affected</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022342" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">topical</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and/or medicines to treat the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Medicines</h3><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d7e68"><h4>Prednisone</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Prednisone</a>, a type of steroid, is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. This medicine reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. In most people, prednisone relieves symptoms within a couple of months.</p><p>Although most people need to take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> for 12 months or longer, your doctor may lower the dose within a few months after you start the medicine.</p><p>Long-term use of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, especially at high doses, can cause serious side effects. Work with your doctor to decide whether the benefits of this medicine outweigh the risks. If your doctor prescribes this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, he or she will find the lowest dose that controls your disease.</p><p>When you stop taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, you should cut back slowly (as your doctor advises). This will help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Cutting back slowly also allows your body to adjust to not having the medicine.</p><p>If a relapse or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a> occurs after you stop taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, you may need a second round of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. If you remain stable for more than 1 year after stopping this treatment, the risk of relapse is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec3-d7e87"><h4>Other Medicines</h4><p>Other medicines, besides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>, also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010621" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hydroxychloroquine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009570" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chloroquine</a> (known as antimalarial medicines). These medicines work best for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> that affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Your doctor also may prescribe an antimalarial if you have a high level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to sarcoidosis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines that suppress the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001158" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">methotrexate</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">azathioprine</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010881" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leflunomide</a>. These medicines work best for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> that affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may prescribe these medicines if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> worsens while you're taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a> or if you can't handle prednisone's side effects.</p><p>If you have Lofgren's syndrome with pain or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, your doctor may prescribe nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</p><p>If you're wheezing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>, you may need inhaled medicine to help open your airways. You take inhaled medicine using an inhaler. This device allows the medicine to go straight to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Anti-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">necrosis</a> factor drugs, originally developed to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a>, are being studied to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d7e118"><h3>Ongoing Research</h3><p>Researchers continue to look for new and better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. They're currently studying treatments aimed at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. Researchers also are studying antibiotics as a possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for sarcoidosis that affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p>For more information about ongoing research, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063003/#nhlbisec-trials">“Clinical Trials”</a> section of this article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Sarcoidosis</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sarcoidosis</a> has no cure, but you can take steps to manage the disease. Get ongoing care and follow a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor if you’re pregnant or planning a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>Ongoing care is important, even if you don't take medicine for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. New symptoms can occur at any time. Also, the disease can slowly worsen without your noticing.</p><p>How often you need to see your doctor will depend on the severity of your symptoms, which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected, which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> you're using, and whether you have any side effects from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Even if you don’t have symptoms, you should see your doctor for ongoing care.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend routine tests, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> exams. He or she will want to check to make sure that the disease isn’t damaging your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Discuss with your doctor how often you need to have followup visits. You may have some followup visits with your primary care doctor and others with one or more specialists.</p><p>Make sure to take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d8e53"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes can help you manage your health. For example, follow a healthy diet and be as physically active as you can. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains.</p><p>It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources include general information about healthy eating.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid other lung irritants, such as dust, chemicals, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart”</a> booklet. Although these resources focus on heart health, both include general information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d8e93"><h3>Emotional Issues</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sarc-sec2-d8e106"><h3>Pregnancy</h3><p>Many women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> give birth to healthy babies. Women who have severe sarcoidosis, especially if they’re older, may have trouble becoming pregnant. Sometimes sarcoidosis may get worse after the baby is delivered.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> and are pregnant or planning a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, talk with your doctor about the risks involved. Also, if you become pregnant, it’s important to get good prenatal care and regular sarcoidosis checkups during and after pregnancy.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sarcoidosis</a> medicines are considered safe to use during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>; others are not recommended.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, as well as ways to prevent or treat these diseases.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=bod |
June 11, 2014. | { "78": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 78, "category_1.id": 16, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "s" } } |
79 | 2018-02-02 05:25:50 | Sickle Cell Anemia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-sca-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Sickle Cell Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh) is the most common form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell disease</a> (SCD). SCD is a serious disorder in which the body makes sickle-shaped <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. “Sickle-shaped” means that the red blood cells are shaped like a crescent.</p><p>Normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024402" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disc</a>-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. They move easily through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Red blood cells contain an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). This protein carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> contain abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> called sickle hemoglobin or hemoglobin S. Sickle hemoglobin causes the cells to develop a sickle, or crescent, shape.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> are stiff and sticky. They tend to block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage. It can also raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e57" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e57"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d1e57/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e57" rid-ob="figobd1e57"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/bin/sickle_cell_01.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/bin/sickle_cell_01.jpg" alt="Normal Red Blood Cells and Sickle Cells."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e57"><h4 id="d1e57"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d1e57/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e57">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Red Blood Cells and Sickle Cells. Figure A shows normal red blood cells flowing freely in a blood vessel. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal red blood cell with normal hemoglobin. Figure B shows abnormal, sickled red blood cells <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d1e57/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e57">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d1e63"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is one type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. Anemia is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This condition also can occur if your red blood cells don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are made in the spongy marrow inside the larger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> of the body. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> is always making new red blood cells to replace old ones. Normal red blood cells live about 120 days in the bloodstream and then die. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>, the abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cells</a> usually die after only about 10 to 20 days. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can't make new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> fast enough to replace the dying ones.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is an inherited, lifelong disease. People who have the disease are born with it. They inherit two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>—one from each parent.</p><p>People who inherit a sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from one parent and a normal gene from the other parent have a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell</a> trait is different than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. People who have sickle cell trait don't have the disease. Like people who have sickle cell anemia, people who have sickle cell trait can pass the sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their children.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d1e88"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> has no widely available cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to improve the anemia and lower complications can help with the symptoms and complications of the disease in both children and adults. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a> may offer a cure for a small number of people.</p><p>Over the past 100 years, doctors have learned a great deal about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. They know its causes, how it affects the body, and how to treat many of its complications.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> varies from person to person. Some people who have the disease have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-term) pain or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). However, with proper care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, many people who have the disease can have improved quality of life and reasonable health much of the time.</p><p>Because of improved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and care, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> are now living into their forties or fifties, or longer.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Sickle Cell Anemia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>HbS disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin S disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> SS disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell disease</a> (a broad term that includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell</a> disorders (a broad group of conditions that includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sickling disorder due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> S</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Sickle Cell Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is an inherited disease. People who have the disease inherit two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>—one from each parent.</p><p>Sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to develop a sickle, or crescent, shape. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> are stiff and sticky. They tend to block blood flow in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Blocked blood flow can cause pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage. It can also raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d4e34"><h3>Sickle Cell Trait</h3><p>People who inherit a sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from one parent and a normal gene from the other parent have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait. Their bodies make both sickle hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait usually have few, if any, symptoms and lead normal lives. However, some people may have medical complications.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait can pass the sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> to their children. The following image shows an example of an inheritance pattern for sickle cell trait.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e50" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e50" rid-ob="figobd4e50"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/bin/sickle-cell-trait-pattern_11-30-11.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/bin/sickle-cell-trait-pattern_11-30-11.jpg" alt="Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Sickle Cell Trait."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e50"><h4 id="d4e50"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e50">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Sickle Cell Trait. The image shows how sickle hemoglobin genes are inherited. A person inherits two hemoglobin genes—one from each parent. A normal gene will make normal hemoglobin (A). A sickle hemoglobin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063048/figure/d4e50/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e50">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>When both parents have a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> and an abnormal gene, each child has a 25 percent chance of inheriting two normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>; a 50 percent chance of inheriting one normal gene and one abnormal gene; and a 25 percent chance of inheriting two abnormal genes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sickle Cell Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is most common in people whose families come from Africa, South or Central America (especially Panama), Caribbean islands, Mediterranean countries (such as Turkey, Greece, and Italy), India, and Saudi Arabia.</p><p>In the United States, it's estimated that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> affects 70,000–100,000 people, mainly African Americans. The disease occurs in about 1 out of every 500 African American births. Sickle cell anemia also affects Hispanic Americans. The disease occurs in more than 1 out of every 36,000 Hispanic American births.</p><p>More than 2 million Americans have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> trait. The condition occurs in about 1 in 12 African Americans.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sickle Cell Anemia?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> vary. Some people have mild symptoms. Others have very severe symptoms and often are hospitalized for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> is present at birth, but many infants don't show any signs until after 4 months of age.</p><p>The most common signs and symptoms are linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> and pain. Other signs and symptoms are linked to the disease's complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d6e40"><h3>Signs and Symptoms Related to Anemia</h3><p>The most common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (feeling tired or weak). Other signs and symptoms of anemia include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Coldness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paler than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that lines your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d6e69"><h3>Signs and Symptoms Related to Pain</h3><p>Sudden pain throughout the body is a common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. This pain is called a sickle cell crisis. Sickle cell crises often affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>.</p><p>These crises occur when sickled <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> block blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. This can cause pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage.</p><p>The pain from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a>, but acute pain is more common. Acute pain is sudden and can range from mild to very severe. The pain usually lasts from hours to as long as a week or more.</p><p>Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> pain, especially in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. Chronic pain often lasts for weeks or months and can be hard to bear and mentally draining. Chronic pain may limit your daily activities.</p><p>Almost all people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> have painful crises at some point in their lives. Some have these crises less than once a year. Others may have crises once a month or more. Repeated crises can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. This type of damage happens more often in adults than in children.</p><p>Many factors can play a role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> crises. Often, more than one factor is involved and the exact cause isn't known.</p><p>You can control some factors. For example, the risk of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> crisis increases if you're dehydrated (your body doesn't have enough fluids). Drinking plenty of fluids can lower the risk of a painful crisis.</p><p>You can't control other factors, such as infections.</p><p>Painful crises are the leading cause of emergency room visits and hospital stays for people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d6e101"><h3>Complications of Sickle Cell Anemia</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell</a> crises can affect many parts of the body and cause many complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e107"><h4>Hand-Foot Syndrome</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> can block the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet in children (usually those younger than 4 years of age). This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>-foot syndrome. It can lead to pain, swelling, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p><p>Swelling often occurs on the back of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet and moves into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes. One or both hands and/or feet might be affected at the same time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e116"><h4>Splenic Crisis</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. Normally, it filters out abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and helps fight infections. Sometimes the spleen may trap red blood cells that should be in the bloodstream. This causes the spleen to grow large and leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> traps too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> until your body can make more cells and recover.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e129"><h4>Infections</h4><p>Both children and adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> may get infections easily and have a hard time fighting them. This is because sickle cell anemia can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that helps fight infections.</p><p>Infants and young children who have damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> are more likely to get serious infections that can kill them within hours or days. Bloodstream infections are the most common cause of death in young children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>.</p><p>Medicines and vaccines can help prevent severe illness and death. For example, vaccines are available for infections such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024781" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meningitis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">influenza</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>.</p><p>Getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away for high fevers (which can be a sign of a severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>) also helps prevent death in infants and children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>.</p><p>It's also important to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>, problems breathing, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> pain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e148"><h4>Acute Chest Syndrome</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> syndrome is a life-threatening condition linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. This syndrome is similar to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>. An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cells</a> trapped in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can cause acute chest syndrome.</p><p>People who have this condition often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. They also often have low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels and abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> results.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e163"><h4>Pulmonary Hypertension</h4><p>Damage to the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> makes it hard for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to pump blood through the lungs. This causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the lungs to rise.</p><p>Increased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pah/">pulmonary hypertension</a> (PH). Shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> are the main symptoms of PH.</p><p> </p><p>Delayed Growth and Puberty in Children</p><p> </p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> often grow more slowly than other children. They may reach puberty later. A shortage of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> causes the slow growth rate. Adults who have sickle cell anemia often are slender or smaller in size than other adults.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e190"><h4>Stroke</h4><p>Two forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> can occur in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. One form occurs if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is damaged and blocked. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs more often in children than adults. The other form of stroke occurs if a blood vessel in the brain bursts.</p><p>Either type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> can cause learning problems and lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage, long-term disability, paralysis (an inability to move), or death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e202"><h4>Eye Problems</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cells</a> also can affect the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>. Sickle cells can block these vessels or cause them to break open and bleed. This can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022385" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">retinas</a>—thin layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> at the back of the eyes. The retinas take the images you see and send them to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>This damage can cause serious problems, including blindness.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e212"><h4>Priapism</h4><p>Males who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> may have painful, unwanted erections. This condition is called priapism (PRI-a-pizm). It happens because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cells</a> block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow out of an erect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024426" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">penis</a>. Over time, priapism can damage the penis and lead to impotence.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e218"><h4>Gallstones</h4><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> die, they release their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. The body breaks down this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>. Too much bilirubin in the body can cause stones to form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015632" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallbladder</a>, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallstones</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Gallstones</a> may cause steady pain that lasts for 30 minutes or more in the upper right side of the belly, under the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulder</a>, or between the shoulder blades. The pain may happen after eating fatty meals.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018967" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gallstones</a> may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, sweating, chills, clay-colored stools, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e231"><h4>Ulcers on the Legs</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores) usually begin as small, raised, crusted sores on the lower third of the leg. Leg sores may occur more often in males than in females. These sores usually develop in people who are aged 10 years or older.</p><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> isn't clear. The number of ulcers can vary from one to many. Some heal quickly, but others persist for years or come back after healing.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d6e240"><h4>Multiple Organ Failure</h4><p>Multiple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> failure is rare, but serious. It happens if you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> crisis that causes two out of three major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>) to fail. Often, multiple organ failure occurs during an unusually severe pain crisis.</p><p>Symptoms of this complication are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heartbeat</a>, problems breathing, and changes in mental status (such as sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> or confusion).</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sickle Cell Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>A simple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>, done at any time during a person's lifespan, can detect whether he or she has sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. However, early diagnosis is very important.</p><p>In the United States, all States mandate testing for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> as part of their newborn screening programs. The test uses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the same blood samples used for other routine newborn screening tests. The test can show whether a newborn infant has sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p><p>Test results are sent to the doctor who ordered the test and to the baby's primary care doctor. It's important to give the correct contact information to the hospital. This allows the baby's doctor to get the test results as quickly as possible.</p><p>Health providers from a newborn screening followup program may contact you directly to make sure you're aware of the test results.</p><p>If the test shows some sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, a second <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> is done to confirm the diagnosis. The second test should be done as soon as possible and within the first few months of life.</p><p>The primary care doctor may send you to a hematologist for a second <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in blood diseases and disorders. This doctor also can provide <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell disease</a> if needed.</p><p>Doctors also can diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell disease</a> before birth. This is done using a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030323" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniotic fluid</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> taken from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. (Amniotic fluid is the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> surrounding a growing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028118" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">embryo</a>. The placenta is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that attaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a> to the mother's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.)</p><p>Testing before birth can be done as early as 10 weeks into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This testing looks for the sickle <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, rather than the abnormal hemoglobin that the gene makes.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sickle Cell Anemia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> has no widely available cure. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can help relieve symptoms and treat complications. The goals of treating sickle cell anemia are to relieve pain; prevent infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">strokes</a>; and control complications (if they occur).</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a> may offer a cure for a small number of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. Researchers continue to look for new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for the disease.</p><p>Infants who have been diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> through newborn screening are treated with antibiotics to prevent infections and receive needed vaccinations. Their parents are educated about the disease and how to manage it. These initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> steps have greatly improved the outcome for children who have sickle cell anemia.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d8e42"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> need regular medical care. Some doctors and clinics specialize in treating people who have the disease. Hematologists specialize in treating adults and children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases or disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d8e49"><h3>Treating Pain</h3><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e52"><h4>Medicines and Fluids</h4><p>Mild pain often is treated at home with over-the-counter pain medicines, heating pads, rest, and plenty of fluids. More severe pain may need to be treated in a day clinic, emergency room, or hospital.</p><p>The usual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (rapid-onset) pain are fluids, medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a> (if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level is low). Fluids help prevent dehydration, a condition in which your body doesn't have enough fluids. Fluids are given either by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics if you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for mild-to-moderate pain usually begins with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acetaminophen</a> (Tylenol®) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</p><p>If pain continues or becomes severe, stronger medicines called opioids might be needed. Talk with your doctor about the possible benefits and risks of taking strong pain medicine, especially if the medicine will be used for a long period.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e74"><h4>Hydroxyurea</h4><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> can be treated with a medicine called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> (hi-DROK-se-yu-RE-ah). This medicine prompts your body to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. Fetal hemoglobin, or hemoglobin F, is the type of hemoglobin that newborns have.</p><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> helps prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> from sickling and improves anemia.</p><p>Taken daily by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> reduces how often painful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> crises and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> syndrome occur. Many people taking hydroxyurea also need fewer <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> and have fewer hospital visits.</p><p>Doctors are studying the long-term effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> on people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. Studies in very young children have shown that hydroxyurea can be given safely and that it improves anemia and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> F levels while reducing complications of sickle cell anemia. Long-term followup studies of adults treated with hydroxyurea suggest that those treated with the drug survive longer than those not treated with the drug.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hydroxyurea</a> can reduce the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> in your blood, which can raise your risk for infections.</p><p>People who take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> must have careful medical followup, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. The dose of this medicine might need to be adjusted to reduce the risk of side effects.</p><p>A doctor who has knowledge about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> can tell you about the risks and benefits of taking this medicine.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2-d8e105"><h3>Preventing Complications</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> are commonly used to treat worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022027" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell</a> complications. A sudden worsening of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> due to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is a common reason for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>.</p><p>Some, but not all, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> need regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> to prevent life-threatening problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> problems, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> syndrome.</p><p>Having routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> can cause side effects. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reactions</a> and a dangerous buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the body (which must be treated). In general, the blood supply is fairly safe from infections such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a> and HIV.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e127"><h4>Infections</h4><p>Infections can be a major complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> throughout life, but especially during childhood. Often, infections can be prevented or treated.</p><p>To prevent infections in babies and young children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Daily doses of antibiotics. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may begin as early as 2 months of age and continue until the child is at least 5 years old.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>All routine vaccinations (including a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a>), plus the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumococcal vaccine</a>.</div></li></ul><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> and shows early signs of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, you should seek <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away.</p><p>Adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a> also should have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> every year and get vaccinated against <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e155"><h4>Eye Damage</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sickle cell anemia</a> can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022385" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">retinas</a>. The retinas are the thin layers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> at the back of the eyes. Regular checkups with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> doctor who specializes in diseases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022385" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">retina</a> can help detect eye damage.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec3-d8e161"><h4>Strokes</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stroke</a> prevention and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are now possible for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell anemia</a>. Starting at age 2, children who have sickle cell anemia should have routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ultrasound scans</a> of the head. This is called transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound. These scans are used to check the speed of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>TCD scans allow doctors to find out which children are at high risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Doctors can treat these children with routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> to reduce the risk of stroke.</p><p>A doctor who has knowledge about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022028" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sickle cell disease</a> can tell you about the benefits and risks of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-sca-sec2- |
June 11, 2014. | { "79": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 79, "category_1.id": 16, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "s" } } |
80 | 2018-02-02 05:26:10 | Sleep Apnea | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Sleep Apnea?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea (AP-ne-ah) is a common disorder in which you have one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p>Breathing pauses can last from a few seconds to minutes. They may occur 30 times or more an hour. Typically, normal breathing then starts again, sometimes with a loud snort or choking sound.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea usually is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) condition that disrupts your sleep. When your breathing pauses or becomes shallow, you’ll often move out of deep sleep and into light sleep.</p><p>As a result, the quality of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> is poor, which makes you tired during the day. Sleep apnea is a leading cause of excessive daytime sleepiness.</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea often goes undiagnosed. Doctors usually can't detect the condition during routine office visits. Also, no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> can help diagnose the condition.</p><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea don't know they have it because it only occurs during sleep. A family member or bed partner might be the first to notice signs of sleep apnea.</p><p>The most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>. In this condition, the airway collapses or becomes blocked during sleep. This causes shallow breathing or breathing pauses.</p><p>When you try to breathe, any air that squeezes past the blockage can cause loud snoring. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obstructive sleep apnea</a> is more common in people who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>, but it can affect anyone. For example, small children who have enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsil</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throats</a> may have obstructive sleep apnea.</p><p>The animation below shows how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a> occurs. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figsleepapnea" co-legend-rid="figlgndsleepapnea"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063018/figure/sleep_apnea/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobsleepapnea"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndsleepapnea"><h4 id="sleep_apnea"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063018/figure/sleep_apnea/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobsleepapnea">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how the airway can collapse and block air flow to the lungs, causing sleep apnea. </p></div></div><p>Central <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea is a less common type of sleep apnea. This disorder occurs if the area of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that controls your breathing doesn't send the correct signals to your breathing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>. As a result, you'll make no effort to breathe for brief <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</p><p>Central <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can affect anyone. However, it's more common in people who have certain medical conditions or use certain medicines.</p><p>Central <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can occur with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a> or alone. Snoring typically doesn't happen with central sleep apnea.</p><p>This article mainly focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d1e98"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the risk of, or worsen, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>, more likely</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the chance of having work-related or driving accidents</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> condition that requires long-term management. Lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, and breathing devices can successfully treat sleep apnea in many people.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Sleep Apnea</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Central <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obstructive sleep apnea</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a>-disordered breathing</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Sleep Apnea?</h2><p>When you're awake, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> help keep your airway stiff and open so air can flow into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. When you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, these muscles relax, which narrows your throat.</p><p>Normally, this narrowing doesn’t prevent air from flowing into and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. But if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, your airway can become partially or fully blocked because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> relax more than normal.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsils</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> masses in the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>) are large compared with the opening into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>. The extra soft <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> can thicken the wall of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. This narrows the inside of the windpipe, which makes it harder to keep open.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The shape of your head and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> (bony structure) may cause a smaller airway size in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> area.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The aging process limits your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> signals' ability to keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> stiff during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Thus, your airway is more likely to narrow or collapse.</div></li></ul><p>Not enough air flows into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> if your airway is partially or fully blocked during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. As a result, loud snoring and a drop in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level can occur.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> drops to a dangerous level, it triggers your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> to disturb your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This helps tighten the upper airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> and open your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. Normal breathing then starts again, often with a loud snort or choking sound.</p><p>Frequent drops in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level and reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> quality can trigger the release of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>. These hormones raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>). The hormones also can raise your risk for, or worsen, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea also can lead to changes in how your body uses energy. These changes increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sleep Apnea?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Obstructive sleep apnea</a> is a common condition. About half of the people who have this condition are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight</a>.</p><p>Men are more likely than women to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. Although the condition can occur at any age, the risk increases as you get older. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of sleep apnea also increases your risk for the condition.</p><p>People who have small airways in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">noses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throats</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouths</a> are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. Small airways might be due to the shape of these structures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a> or other conditions that cause congestion.</p><p>Small children might have enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsil</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throats</a>. Enlarged tonsil tissues raise a child’s risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Overweight</a> children also might be at increased risk for sleep apnea.</p><p>About half of the people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. Sleep apnea also is linked to smoking, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">metabolic syndrome</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Race and ethnicity might play a role in the risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. However, more research is needed.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sleep Apnea?</h2><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d6e28"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>One of the most common signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024431" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obstructive sleep apnea</a> is loud and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) snoring. Pauses may occur in the snoring. Choking or gasping may follow the pauses.</p><p>The snoring usually is loudest when you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> on your back; it might be less noisy when you turn on your side. You might not snore every night. Over time, however, the snoring can happen more often and get louder.</p><p>You're asleep when the snoring or gasping happens. You likely won't know that you're having problems breathing or be able to judge how severe the problem is. A family member or bed partner often will notice these problems before you do.</p><p>Not everyone who snores has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea.</p><p>Another common sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea is fighting sleepiness during the day, at work, or while driving. You may find yourself rapidly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep during the quiet moments of the day when you're not active. Even if you don't have daytime sleepiness, talk with your doctor if you have problems breathing during sleep.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d6e47"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Others signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Morning <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory or learning problems and not being able to concentrate</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling irritable, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or having mood swings or personality changes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Waking up frequently to urinate</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dry mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sore throat</a> when you wake up</div></li></ul><p>In children, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea can cause hyperactivity, poor school performance, and angry or hostile behavior. Children who have sleep apnea also may breathe through their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouths</a> instead of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">noses</a> during the day.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sleep Apnea Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea based on medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> results. Your primary care doctor may evaluate your symptoms first. He or she will then decide whether you need to see a sleep specialist.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> specialists are doctors who diagnose and treat people who have sleep problems. Examples of such doctors include lung and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> specialists and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ear</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> specialists. Other types of doctors also can be sleep specialists.</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>If you think you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problem, consider keeping a sleep diary for 1 to 2 weeks. Bring the diary with you to your next medical appointment.</p><p>Write down when you go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, wake up, and take naps. Also write down how much you sleep each night, how alert and rested you feel in the morning, and how sleepy you feel at various times during the day. This information can help your doctor figure out whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a>.</p><p>You can find a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p><p>At your appointment, your doctor will ask you questions about how you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and how you function during the day.</p><p>Your doctor also will want to know how loudly and often you snore or make gasping or choking sounds during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Often you're not aware of such symptoms and must ask a family member or bed partner to report them.</p><p>Let your doctor know if anyone in your family has been diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea or has had symptoms of the disorder.</p><p>Many people aren't aware of their symptoms and aren't diagnosed.</p><p>If you're a parent of a child who may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, tell your child's doctor about your child's signs and symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> for extra or large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea might have enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsils</a>. Doctors may need only a physical exam and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> to diagnose sleep apnea in children.</p><p>Adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea may have an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024371" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uvula</a> (U-vu-luh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soft palate</a>. The uvula is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that hangs from the middle of the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. The soft palate is the roof of your mouth in the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d7e74"><h3>Sleep Studies</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">Sleep studies</a> are tests that measure how well you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and how your body responds to sleep problems. These tests can help your doctor find out whether you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> and how severe it is. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep studies</a> are the most accurate tests for diagnosing sleep apnea.</p><p>There are different kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep studies</a>. If your doctor thinks you have sleep apnea, he or she may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">polysomnogram</a> (poly-SOM-no-gram; also called a PSG) or a home-based portable monitor.</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec3-d7e86"><h4>Polysomnogram</h4><p>A PSG is the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> for diagnosing sleep apnea. This study records <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> activity, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movements, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>A PSG also records the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, air movement through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> while you breathe, snoring, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> movements. The chest movements show whether you're making an effort to breathe.</p><p>PSGs often are done at <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> centers or sleep labs. The test is painless. You'll go to sleep as usual, except you'll have sensors attached to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scalp</a>, face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>, and a finger. The staff at the sleep center will use the sensors to check on you throughout the night.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist will review the results of your PSG to see whether you have sleep apnea and how severe it is. He or she will use the results to plan your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may use a PSG to find the best setting for you on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) machine. CPAP is the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. A CPAP machine uses mild air pressure to keep your airway open while you sleep.</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, he or she may schedule a split-night <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a>. During the first half of the night, your sleep will be checked without a CPAP machine. This will show whether you have sleep apnea and how severe it is.</p><p>If the PSG shows that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, you’ll use a CPAP machine during the second half of the split-night study. The staff at the sleep center will adjust the flow of air from the CPAP machine to find the setting that works best for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec3-d7e114"><h4>Home-Based Portable Monitor</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend a home-based <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> test with a portable monitor. The portable monitor will record some of the same information as a PSG. For example, it may record:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Air movement through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> while you breathe</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> movements that show whether you're making an effort to breathe</div></li></ul><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist may use the results from a home-based sleep test to help diagnose sleep apnea. He or she also may use the results to decide whether you need a full PSG study in a sleep center.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sleep Apnea Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is treated with lifestyle changes, mouthpieces, breathing devices, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Medicines typically aren't used to treat the condition.</p><p>The goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Restore regular breathing during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieve symptoms such as loud snoring and daytime sleepiness</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may improve other medical problems linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. Treatment also can reduce your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, talk with your doctor or sleep specialist about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> options that will work best for you.</p><p>Lifestyle changes and/or mouthpieces may relieve mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. People who have moderate or severe sleep apnea may need breathing devices or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>If you continue to have daytime sleepiness despite <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your doctor may ask whether you're getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. (Adults should get at least 7 to 8 hours of sleep; children and teens need more. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sdd/">Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency</a> article.)</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> don't relieve your daytime sleepiness, your doctor will consider other treatment options.</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d8e71"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>If you have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, some changes in daily activities or habits might be all the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> you need.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid alcohol and medicines that make you sleepy. They make it harder for your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> to stay open while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lose weight if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>. Even a little weight loss can improve your symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> on your side instead of your back to help keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> open. You can sleep with special pillows or shirts that prevent you from sleeping on your back.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024564" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal passages</a> open at night with nasal sprays or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> medicines, if needed. Talk with your doctor about whether these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> might help you.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you smoke, quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d8e99"><h3>Mouthpieces</h3><p>A mouthpiece, sometimes called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oral</a> appliance, may help some people who have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. Your doctor also may recommend a mouthpiece if you snore loudly but don't have sleep apnea.</p><p>A dentist or orthodontist can make a custom-fit plastic mouthpiece for treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea. (An orthodontist specializes in correcting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a> problems.) The mouthpiece will adjust your lower jaw and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> to help keep your airways open while you sleep.</p><p>If you use a mouthpiece, tell your doctor if you have discomfort or pain while using the device. You may need periodic office visits so your doctor can adjust your mouthpiece to fit better.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d8e111"><h3>Breathing Devices</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) is the most common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for moderate to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea in adults. A CPAP machine uses a mask that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, or just over your nose.</p><p>The machine gently blows air into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>. The pressure from the air helps keep your airway open while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>Treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea may help you stop snoring. But not snoring doesn't mean that you no longer have sleep apnea or can stop using CPAP. Your sleep apnea will return if you stop using your CPAP machine or don’t use it correctly.</p><p>Usually, a technician will come to your home to bring the CPAP equipment. The technician will set up the CPAP machine and adjust it based on your doctor's prescription. After the initial setup, you may need to have the CPAP adjusted from time to time for the best results.</p><p>CPAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may cause side effects in some people. These side effects include a dry or stuffy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, irritated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> on your face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025315" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dry mouth</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>. If your CPAP isn't adjusted properly, you may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bloating</a> and discomfort while wearing the mask.</p><p>If you're having trouble with CPAP side effects, work with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> specialist, his or her nursing staff, and the CPAP technician. Together, you can take steps to reduce the side effects.</p><p>For example, the CPAP settings or size/fit of the mask might need to be adjusted. Adding moisture to the air as it flows through the mask or using nasal spray can help relieve a dry, stuffy, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>.</p><p>There are many types of CPAP machines and masks. Tell your doctor if you're not happy with the type you're using. He or she may suggest switching to a different type that might work better for you.</p><p>People who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea symptoms generally feel much better once they begin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with CPAP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d8e145"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea might benefit from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. The type of surgery and how well it works depend on the cause of the sleep apnea.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is done to widen breathing passages. It usually involves shrinking, stiffening, or removing excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> or resetting the lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to shrink or stiffen excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is done in a doctor's office or a hospital. Shrinking tissue may involve small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to the tissue. You may need a series of treatments to shrink the excess tissue. To stiffen excess tissue, the doctor makes a small cut in the tissue and inserts a piece of stiff plastic.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to remove excess <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is done in a hospital. You're given medicine to help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> during the surgery. After surgery, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> pain that lasts for 1 to 2 weeks.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tonsils</a>, if they're blocking the airway, might be helpful for some children. Your child's doctor may suggest waiting some time to see whether these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> shrink on their own. This is common as small children grow.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Sleep Apnea</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea can be very serious. However, following an effective <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan often can improve your quality of life quite a bit.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> can improve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and relieve daytime sleepiness. Treatment also might lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, and other health problems linked to sleep apnea.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may improve your overall health and happiness as well as your quality of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (and possibly your family's quality of sleep).</p><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d9e40"><h3>Ongoing Health Care Needs</h3><p>Follow up with your doctor regularly to make sure your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working. Tell him or her if the treatment is causing bothersome side effects.</p><p>Ongoing care is important if you're getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> (continuous positive airway pressure) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. It may take a while before you adjust to using CPAP.</p><p>If you aren't comfortable with your CPAP device, or if it doesn't seem to be working, let your doctor know. You may need to switch to a different device or mask. Or, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to relieve CPAP side effects.</p><p>Try not to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">gain weight</a>. Weight gain can worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea and require adjustments to your CPAP device. In contrast, weight loss may relieve your sleep apnea.</p><p>Until your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea is properly treated, know the dangers of driving or operating heavy machinery while sleepy.</p><p>If you're having any type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> that requires medicine to put you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, let your surgeon and doctors know you have sleep apnea. They might have to take extra steps to make sure your airway stays open during the surgery.</p><p>If you're using a mouthpiece to treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, you may need to have routine checkups with your dentist.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec2-d9e72"><h3>How Can Family Members Help?</h3><p>Often, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea don't know they have it. They're not aware that their breathing stops and starts many times while they're sleeping. Family members or bed partners usually are the first to notice signs of sleep apnea.</p><p>Family members can do many things to help a loved one who has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Let the person know if he or she snores loudly during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> or has breathing stops and starts.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Encourage the person to get medical help.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Help the person follow the doctor's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan, including CPAP treatment.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Provide emotional support.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> and ways to diagnose and treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research to learn more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>. For example, the NHLBI’s Sleep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Health Study showed that moderate to severe sleep apnea is associated with an increased risk of <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/stroke/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">stroke</a> and death in middle-aged adults, especially men. Current NHLBI studies are exploring:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">CPAP</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> affects how the body uses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>New behavioral programs and methods to help patients adhere to CPAP <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li></ul><p>In November 2011, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released its <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/sleep_splan.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"2011 NIH Sleep Disorders Research Plan."</a> The plan expands upon previous and current research programs and identifies new research opportunities.</p><p>The NHLBI's National Center on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep Disorders</a> Research coordinates this research across the NIH and other Federal agencies. The research focuses on sleep and the body's natural 24-hour cycle, the role of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> and the environment on sleep health, and ways to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of sleep disorders.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases, conditions, and health problems.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-sleepapnea-sec1-d1e37_">What Is Sleep Apnea?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Sleep Apnea</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Sleep Apnea?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Sleep Apnea?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sleep Apnea?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Sleep Apnea Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Sleep Apnea Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Sleep Apnea</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "80": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 80, "category_1.id": 16, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "s" } } |
diseases_conditions.id | diseases_conditions.ts | diseases_conditions.title | diseases_conditions.diseases_conditions_detail | diseases_conditions.last_update | diseases_conditions.category_1_x_diseases_conditions_id |