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diseases_conditions.id | diseases_conditions.ts | diseases_conditions.title | diseases_conditions.diseases_conditions_detail | diseases_conditions.last_update | diseases_conditions.category_1_x_diseases_conditions_id |
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81 | 2018-02-02 05:26:30 | Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-sdd-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deprivation</a> (DEP-rih-VA-shun) is a condition that occurs if you don't get enough sleep. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> is a broader concept. It occurs if you have one or more of the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You don't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deprivation</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> at the wrong time of day (that is, you're out of sync with your body's natural clock)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You don't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> well or get all of the different types of sleep that your body needs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> that prevents you from getting enough sleep or causes poor quality sleep</div></li></ul><p>This article focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>, unless otherwise noted.</p><p>Sleeping is a basic human need, like eating, drinking, and breathing. Like these other needs, sleeping is a vital part of the foundation for good health and well-being throughout your lifetime.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can lead to physical and mental health problems, injuries, loss of productivity, and even a greater risk of death.</p><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d1e67"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>, it helps to understand how sleep works and why it's important. The two basic types of sleep are rapid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> movement (REM) and non-REM.</p><p>Non-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a> includes what is commonly known as deep sleep or slow wave sleep. Dreaming typically occurs during REM sleep. Generally, non-REM and REM sleep occur in a regular pattern of 3–5 cycles each night.</p><p>Your ability to function and feel well while you're awake depends on whether you're getting enough total <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and enough of each type of sleep. It also depends on whether you're sleeping at a time when your body is prepared and ready to sleep.</p><p>You have an internal "body clock" that controls when you're awake and when your body is ready for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This clock typically follows a 24-hour repeating rhythm (called the circadian rhythm). The rhythm affects every <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in your body and how they work. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063010/#nhlbisec-whatmakes">"What Makes You Sleep?"</a>)</p><p>If you aren't getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, are sleeping at the wrong times, or have poor quality sleep, you'll likely feel very tired during the day. You may not feel refreshed and alert when you wake up.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can interfere with work, school, driving, and social functioning. You might have trouble learning, focusing, and reacting. Also, you might find it hard to judge other people's emotions and reactions. Sleep deficiency also can make you feel frustrated, cranky, or worried in social situations.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> may differ between children and adults. Children who are sleep deficient might be overly active and have problems paying attention. They also might misbehave, and their school performance can suffer.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d1e95"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> is a common public health problem in the United States. People in all age groups report not getting enough sleep.</p><p>As part of a health survey for the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, about 7–19 percent of adults in the United States reported not getting enough rest or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> every day. </p><p>Nearly 40 percent of adults report <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep during the day without meaning to at least once a month. Also, an estimated 50 to 70 million Americans have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> is linked to many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> health problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> also is associated with an increased risk of injury in adults, teens, and children. For example, driver sleepiness (not related to alcohol) is responsible for serious car crash injuries and death. In the elderly, sleep deficiency might be linked to an increased risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028122" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">broken bones</a>.</p><p>In addition, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> has played a role in human errors linked to tragic accidents, such as nuclear reactor meltdowns, grounding of large ships, and aviation accidents.</p><p>A common myth is that people can learn to get by on little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> with no negative effects. However, research shows that getting enough quality sleep at the right times is vital for mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-whatmakes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-whatmakes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Makes You Sleep?</h2><p>Many factors play a role in preparing your body to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep and wake up. You have an internal "body clock" that controls when you're awake and when your body is ready for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>The body clock typically has a 24-hour repeating rhythm (called the circadian rhythm). Two processes interact to control this rhythm. The first is a pressure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> that builds with every hour that you're awake. This drive for sleep reaches a peak in the evening, when most people <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0008834" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">adenosine</a> (ah-DEN-o-seen) seems to be one factor linked to this drive for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. While you're awake, the level of adenosine in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> continues to rise. The increasing level of this compound signals a shift toward sleep. While you sleep, your body breaks down adenosine.</p><p>A second process involves your internal body clock. This clock is in sync with certain cues in the environment. Light, darkness, and other cues help determine when you feel awake and when you feel drowsy.</p><p>For example, light signals received through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> tell a special area in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that it is daytime. This area of your brain helps align your body clock with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of the day and night.</p><p>Your body releases chemicals in a daily rhythm, which your body clock controls. When it gets dark, your body releases a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">melatonin</a> (mel-ah-TONE-in). Melatonin signals your body that it's time to prepare for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, and it helps you feel drowsy.</p><p>The amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">melatonin</a> in your bloodstream peaks as the evening wears on. Researchers believe this peak is an important part of preparing your body for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>Exposure to bright artificial light in the late evening can disrupt this process, making it hard to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep. Examples of bright artificial light include the light from a TV screen, computer screen, or a very bright alarm clock.</p><p>As the sun rises, your body releases cortisol (KOR-tih-sol). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> naturally prepares your body to wake up.</p><p>The rhythm and timing of the body clock change with age. Teens <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep later at night than younger children and adults. One reason for this is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">melatonin</a> is released and peaks later in the 24-hour cycle for teens. As a result, it's natural for many teens to prefer later bedtimes at night and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> later in the morning than adults. </p><p>People also need more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> early in life, when they're growing and developing. For example, newborns may sleep more than 16 hours a day, and preschool-aged children need to take naps.</p><p>Young children tend to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> more in the early evening. Teens tend to sleep more in the morning. Also, older adults tend to go to bed earlier and wake up earlier. </p><p>The patterns and types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> also change as people mature. For example, newborn infants spend more time in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023519" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">REM sleep</a>. The amount of slow-wave sleep (a stage of non-REM sleep) peaks in early childhood and then drops sharply after puberty. It continues to decline as people age.</p><p>For more information about what makes you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-why"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-why_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Why Is Sleep Important?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> plays a vital role in good health and well-being throughout your life. Getting enough quality sleep at the right times can help protect your mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety.</p><p>The way you feel while you're awake depends in part on what happens while you're sleeping. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, your body is working to support healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> function and maintain your physical health. In children and teens, sleep also helps support growth and development.</p><p>The damage from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> can occur in an instant (such as a car crash), or it can harm you over time. For example, ongoing sleep deficiency can raise your risk for some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> health problems. It also can affect how well you think, react, work, learn, and get along with others.</p><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d4e37"><h3>Healthy Brain Function and Emotional Well-Being</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> helps your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> work properly. While you're sleeping, your brain is preparing for the next day. It's forming new pathways to help you learn and remember information.</p><p>Studies show that a good night's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> improves learning. Whether you're learning math, how to play the piano, how to perfect your golf swing, or how to drive a car, sleep helps enhance your learning and problem-solving skills. Sleep also helps you pay attention, make decisions, and be creative.</p><p>Studies also show that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> alters activity in some parts of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. If you're sleep deficient, you may have trouble making decisions, solving problems, controlling your emotions and behavior, and coping with change. Sleep deficiency also has been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, suicide, and risk-taking behavior.</p><p>Children and teens who are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> deficient may have problems getting along with others. They may feel angry and impulsive, have mood swings, feel sad or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or lack motivation. They also may have problems paying attention, and they may get lower grades and feel stressed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d4e53"><h3>Physical Health</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> plays an important role in your physical health. For example, sleep is involved in healing and repair of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> is linked to an increased risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> also increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>. For example, one study of teenagers showed that with each hour of sleep lost, the odds of becoming obese went up. Sleep deficiency increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> in other age groups as well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> helps maintain a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> that make you feel hungry (ghrelin) or full (leptin). When you don't get enough sleep, your level of ghrelin goes up and your level of leptin goes down. This makes you feel hungrier than when you're well-rested.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> also affects how your body reacts to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that controls your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) level. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> results in a higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level, which may increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> also supports healthy growth and development. Deep sleep triggers the body to release the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that promotes normal growth in children and teens. This hormone also boosts <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> mass and helps repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> in children, teens, and adults. Sleep also plays a role in puberty and fertility.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> relies on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> to stay healthy. This system defends your body against foreign or harmful substances. Ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> can change the way in which your immune system responds. For example, if you're sleep deficient, you may have trouble fighting common infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d4e87"><h3>Daytime Performance and Safety</h3><p>Getting enough quality <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> at the right times helps you function well throughout the day. People who are sleep deficient are less productive at work and school. They take longer to finish tasks, have a slower reaction time, and make more mistakes.</p><p>After several nights of losing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>—even a loss of just 1–2 hours per night—your ability to function suffers as if you haven't slept at all for a day or two.</p><p>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> also may lead to microsleep. Microsleep refers to brief moments of sleep that occur when you're normally awake.</p><p>You can't control microsleep, and you might not be aware of it. For example, have you ever driven somewhere and then not remembered part of the trip? If so, you may have experienced microsleep.</p><p>Even if you're not driving, microsleep can affect how you function. If you're listening to a lecture, for example, you might miss some of the information or feel like you don't understand the point. In reality, though, you may have slept through part of the lecture and not been aware of it.</p><p>Some people aren't aware of the risks of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>. In fact, they may not even realize that they're sleep deficient. Even with limited or poor-quality sleep, they may still think that they can function well.</p><p>For example, drowsy drivers may feel capable of driving. Yet, studies show that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> harms your driving ability as much as, or more than, being drunk. It's estimated that driver sleepiness is a factor in about 100,000 car accidents each year, resulting in about 1,500 deaths.</p><p>Drivers aren't the only ones affected by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>. It can affect people in all lines of work, including health care workers, pilots, students, lawyers, mechanics, and assembly line workers.</p><p>As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> is not only harmful on a personal level, but it also can cause large-scale damage. For example, sleep deficiency has played a role in human errors linked to tragic accidents, such as nuclear reactor meltdowns, grounding of large ships, and aviation accidents.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-howmuch"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-howmuch_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Much Sleep Is Enough?</h2><p>The amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> you need each day will change over the course of your life. Although sleep needs vary from person to person, the chart below shows general recommendations for different age groups.</p><div id="d5e31" class="table"><p class="large-table-link" style="display:none"><span class="right"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063010/table/d5e31/?report=objectonly" target="object">View in own window</a></span></p><div class="large_tbl" id="__d5e31_lrgtbl__"><table cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"><tbody><tr><th id="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Age</th><th id="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" scope="col" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="vertical-align:top;">Recommended Amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a></th></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Newborns</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">16–18 hours a day</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Preschool-aged children</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">11–12 hours a day</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">School-aged children</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">At least 10 hours a day</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Teens</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">9–10 hours a day</td></tr><tr><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_1" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">Adults (including the elderly)</td><td headers="hd_b_d5e31_1_1_1_2" rowspan="1" colspan="1" style="text-align:left;vertical-align:top;">7–8 hours a day</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><p>If you routinely lose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> or choose to sleep less than needed, the sleep loss adds up. The total sleep lost is called your sleep debt. For example, if you lose 2 hours of sleep each night, you'll have a sleep debt of 14 hours after a week.</p><p>Some people nap as a way to deal with sleepiness. Naps may provide a short-term boost in alertness and performance. However, napping doesn't provide all of the other benefits of night-time <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Thus, you can't really make up for lost sleep.</p><p>Some people <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> more on their days off than on work days. They also may go to bed later and get up later on days off.</p><p>Sleeping more on days off might be a sign that you aren't getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. Although extra sleep on days off might help you feel better, it can upset your body's sleep–wake rhythm.</p><p>Bad <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits and long-term sleep loss will affect your health. If you're worried about whether you're getting enough sleep, try using a sleep diary for a couple of weeks. </p><p>Write down how much you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> each night, how alert and rested you feel in the morning, and how sleepy you feel during the day. Show the results to your doctor and talk about how you can improve your sleep. You can find a sample sleep diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p><p>Sleeping when your body is ready to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> also is very important. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can affect people even when they sleep the total number of hours recommended for their age group.</p><p>For example, people whose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> is out of sync with their body clocks (such as shift workers) or routinely interrupted (such as caregivers or emergency responders) might need to pay special attention to their sleep needs. </p><p>If your job or daily routine limits your ability to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> or sleep at the right times, talk with your doctor. You also should talk with your doctor if you sleep more than 8 hours a night, but don't feel well rested. You may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorder</a> or other health problem. </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a>, which includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deprivation</a>, affects people of all ages, races, and ethnicities. Certain groups of people may be more likely to be sleep deficient. Examples include people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have limited time available for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, such as caregivers or people working long hours or more than one job</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have schedules that conflict with their internal body clocks, such as shift workers, first responders, teens who have early school schedules, or people who must travel for work</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make lifestyle choices that prevent them from getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, such as taking medicine to stay awake, abusing alcohol or drugs, or not leaving enough time for sleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have undiagnosed or untreated medical problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have medical conditions or take medicines that interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li></ul><p>Certain medical conditions have been linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>. These conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).</p><p>If you have or have had one of these conditions, ask your doctor whether you might benefit from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep study</a> allows your doctor to measure how much and how well you sleep. It also helps show whether you have sleep problems and how severe they are. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">Sleep Studies</a> article.</p><p>If you have a child who is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>, talk with the doctor about your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Problem Sleepiness?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can cause you to feel very tired during the day. You may not feel refreshed and alert when you wake up. Sleep deficiency also can interfere with work, school, driving, and social functioning.</p><p>How sleepy you feel during the day can help you figure out whether you're having symptoms of problem sleepiness. You might be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> deficient if you often feel like you could doze off while:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting and reading or watching TV</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting still in a public place, such as a movie theater, meeting, or classroom</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Riding in a car for an hour without stopping</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting and talking to someone</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting quietly after lunch</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sitting in traffic for a few minutes</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep deficiency</a> can cause problems with learning, focusing, and reacting. You may have trouble making decisions, solving problems, remembering things, controlling your emotions and behavior, and coping with change. You may take longer to finish tasks, have a slower reaction time, and make more mistakes.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> may differ between children and adults. Children who are sleep deficient might be overly active and have problems paying attention. They also might misbehave, and their school performance can suffer.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a>-deficient children may feel angry and impulsive, have mood swings, feel sad or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, or lack motivation.</p><p>You may not notice how <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a> affects your daily routine. A common myth is that people can learn to get by on little sleep with no negative effects. However, research shows that getting enough quality sleep at the right times is vital for mental health, physical health, quality of life, and safety.</p><p>To find out whether you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> deficient, try keeping a sleep diary for a couple of weeks. Write down how much you sleep each night, how alert and rested you feel in the morning, and how sleepy you feel during the day.</p><p>Compare the amount of time you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> each day with the average amount of sleep recommended for your age group, as shown in the chart in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063010/#nhlbisec-howmuch">"How Much Sleep Is Enough?"</a> If you often feel very sleepy, and efforts to increase your sleep don't help, talk with your doctor.</p><p>You can find a sample <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-strategies"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-strategies_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Strategies for Getting Enough Sleep</h2><p>You can take steps to improve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits. First, make sure that you allow yourself enough time to sleep. With enough sleep each night, you may find that you're happier and more productive during the day.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> often is the first thing that busy people squeeze out of their schedules. Making time to sleep will help you protect your health and well-being now and in the future.</p><p>To improve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits, it also may help to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Go to bed and wake up at the same time every day. For children, have a set bedtime and a bedtime routine. Don't use the child's bedroom for timeouts or punishment.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to keep the same <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> schedule on weeknights and weekends. Limit the difference to no more than about an hour. Staying up late and sleeping in late on weekends can disrupt your body clock's sleep–wake rhythm.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Use the hour before bed for quiet time. Avoid strenuous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and bright artificial light, such as from a TV or computer screen. The light may signal the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that it's time to be awake.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid heavy and/or large meals within a couple hours of bedtime. (Having a light snack is okay.) Also, avoid alcoholic drinks before bed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> (for example, cigarettes) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> (including caffeinated soda, coffee, tea, and chocolate). Nicotine and caffeine are stimulants, and both substances can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. The effects of caffeine can last as long as 8 hours. So, a cup of coffee in the late afternoon can make it hard for you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep at night.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Spend time outside every day (when possible) and be physically active.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep your bedroom quiet, cool, and dark (a dim night light is fine, if needed).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take a hot bath or use relaxation techniques before bed.</div></li></ul><p>Napping during the day may provide a boost in alertness and performance. However, if you have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falling</a> asleep at night, limit naps or take them earlier in the afternoon. Adults should nap for no more than 20 minutes.</p><p>Napping in preschool-aged children is normal and promotes healthy growth and development.</p><p>For more information about healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-sdd-sec2-d8e77"><h3>Strategies for Special Groups</h3><p>Some people have schedules that conflict with their internal body clocks. For example, shift workers and teens who have early school schedules may have trouble getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This can affect how they feel mentally, physically, and emotionally.</p><p>If you're a shift worker, you may find it helpful to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take naps and increase the amount of time available for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Keep the lights bright at work</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limit shift changes so your body clock can adjust</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> use to the first part of your shift</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Remove sound and light distractions in your bedroom during daytime <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> (for example, use light-blocking curtains)</div></li></ul><p>If you're still not able to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep during the day or have problems adapting to a shift-work schedule, talk with your doctor about other options to help you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>When possible, employers and schools might find it helpful to consider options to address issues related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-howto"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-howto_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How To Discuss Sleep With Your Doctor</h2><p>Doctors might not detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems during routine office visits because patients are awake. Thus, you should let your doctor know if you think you might have a sleep problem.</p><p>For example, talk with your doctor if you often feel sleepy during the day, don't wake up feeling refreshed and alert, or are having trouble adapting to shift work.</p><p>To get a better sense of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problem, your doctor will ask you about your sleep habits. Before you see the doctor, think about how to describe your problems, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often you have trouble sleeping and how long you've had the problem</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>When you go to bed and get up on workdays and days off</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long it takes you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> asleep, how often you wake up at night, and how long it takes you to fall back asleep</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you snore loudly and often or wake up gasping or feeling out of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How refreshed you feel when you wake up, and how tired you feel during the day</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often you doze off or have trouble staying awake during routine tasks, especially driving</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask questions about your personal routine and habits. For example, he or she may ask about your work and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> routines. Your doctor also may ask whether you use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a>, alcohol, or any medicines (including over-the-counter medicines).</p><p>To help your doctor, consider keeping a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> diary for a couple of weeks. Write down when you go to sleep, wake up, and take naps. (For example, you might note: Went to bed at 10 a.m.; woke up at 3 a.m. and couldn't <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> back asleep; napped after work for 2 hours.)</p><p>Also write down how much you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> each night, how alert and rested you feel in the morning, as well as how sleepy you feel at various times during the day. Share the information in your sleep diary with your doctor. You can find a sample sleep diary in the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/sleep/healthy_sleep.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Healthy Sleep."</a> </p><p>Doctors can diagnose some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> by asking questions about sleep schedules and habits and by getting information from sleep partners or parents. To diagnose other sleep disorders, doctors also use the results from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep studies</a> and other medical tests.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023524" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep studies</a> allow your doctor to measure how much and how well you sleep. They also help show whether you have sleep problems and how severe they are. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-slpst/">Sleep Studies</a> article.</p><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to rule out other medical problems that might interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems or other conditions that can cause sleep problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a> and ways to diagnose and treat these disorders.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>. For example, the NHLBI currently supports studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How well light and nonlight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> regulate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> cycles and improve sleep quality.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The biological factors that determine how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> people need.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ways to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> habits and reduce the risk of poor sleep in children from minority or disadvantaged populations.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How reduced amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> in the body. (Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, where it's used for energy.)</div></li></ul><p>In November of 2011, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) released its <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/prof/sleep/sleep_splan.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"2011 NIH Sleep Disorders Research Plan."</a> The plan expands upon previous and current research programs and identifies new research opportunities.</p><p>The NHLBI's National Center on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep Disorders</a> Research will coordinate this research across the NIH and other Federal agencies. The research will focus on sleep and the body's natural 24-hour cycle, the role of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> and the environment on sleep health, and ways to improve the prevention, diagnosis, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of sleep disorders.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases, conditions, and health problems.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023521" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep deficiency</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-sdd-sec1-d1e36_">What Are Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-whatmakes_">What Makes You Sleep?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-why_">Why Is Sleep Important?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-howmuch_">How Much Sleep Is Enough?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Sleep Deprivation and Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Problem Sleepiness?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-strategies_">Strategies for Getting Enough Sleep</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-howto_">How To Discuss Sleep With Your Doctor</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "81": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 81, "category_1.id": 16, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "s" } } |
82 | 2018-02-02 05:26:50 | Stroke | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-stroke-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is a Stroke?</h2><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to a portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is blocked. Without oxygen, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> start to die after a few minutes. Sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the brain also can cause a stroke if it damages brain cells.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> die or are damaged because of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, symptoms occur in the parts of the body that these brain cells control. Examples of stroke symptoms include sudden weakness; paralysis or numbness of the face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, or legs (paralysis is an inability to move); trouble speaking or understanding speech; and trouble seeing.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> is a serious medical condition that requires emergency care. A stroke can cause lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage, long-term disability, or even death.</p><p>If you think you or someone else is having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, call 9–1–1 right away. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> on the way to the emergency room. During a stroke, every minute counts.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d1e54"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> are ischemic (is-KE-mik) and hemorrhagic (hem-ah-RAJ-ik). Ischemic is the more common type of stroke.</p><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> becomes blocked. Blood clots often cause the blockages that lead to ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>.</p><p>A hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> leaks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a> (breaks open). The pressure from the leaked blood damages <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysms</a> (AN-u-risms) are examples of conditions that can cause hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> are balloon-like bulges in an artery that can stretch and burst.)</p><p>Another condition that’s similar to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a>, also called a TIA or “mini-stroke.” A TIA occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to a portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> is blocked only for a short time. Thus, damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> isn’t permanent (lasting).</p><p>Like ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TIAs</a> often are caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Although TIAs are not full-blown strokes, they greatly increase the risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. If you have a TIA, it’s important for your doctor to find the cause so you can take steps to prevent a stroke.</p><p>Both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TIAs</a> require emergency care.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stroke</a> is a leading cause of death in the United States. Many factors can raise your risk of having a stroke. Talk with your doctor about how you can control these risk factors and help prevent a stroke.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can reduce damage to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and help you avoid lasting disabilities. Prompt treatment also may help prevent another stroke.</p><p>Researchers continue to study the causes and risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. They’re also finding new and better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and new ways to help the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> repair itself after a stroke.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Stroke</h2><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Ischemic Stroke</h3><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> becomes blocked. Blood clots often cause the blockages that lead to ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>.</p><p>The two types of ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> are thrombotic (throm-BOT-ik) and embolic (em-BOL-ik). In a thrombotic stroke, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombus</a>) forms in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p>In an embolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot or other substance (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a>, a fatty material) travels through the bloodstream to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. (A blood clot or piece of plaque that travels through the bloodstream is called an embolus.)</p><p>With both types of ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> blocks the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to a portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e47" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e47" rid-ob="figobd3e47"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/bin/stroke_ischemic.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/bin/stroke_ischemic.jpg" alt="Ischemic Stroke."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e47"><h4 id="d3e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e47">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Ischemic Stroke. The illustration shows how an ischemic stroke can occur in the brain. If a blood clot breaks away from plaque buildup in a carotid (neck) artery, it can travel to and lodge in an artery in the brain. The clot can block blood flow to part <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e47">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d3e53"><h3>Hemorrhagic Stroke</h3><p>A hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> leaks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a> (breaks open). The pressure from the leaked blood damages <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a>.</p><p>The two types of hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> are intracerebral (in-trah-SER-e-bral) and subarachnoid (sub-ah-RAK-noyd). In an intracerebral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhage</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> leaks blood or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>.</p><p>In a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028089" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">subarachnoid hemorrhage</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> on the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> leaks blood or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>. When this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> occurs between the inner and middle layers of the membranes that cover the brain.</p><p>In both types of hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, the leaked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> causes swelling of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skull</a>. The swelling and pressure damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> in the brain.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd3e72" co-legend-rid="figlgndd3e72"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e72/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd3e72" rid-ob="figobd3e72"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/bin/stroke_hemorrhagic.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/bin/stroke_hemorrhagic.jpg" alt="Ischemic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd3e72"><h4 id="d3e72"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/figure/d3e72/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd3e72">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Ischemic Stroke Hemorrhagic Stroke. The illustration shows how a hemorrhagic stroke can occur in the brain. An aneurysm in a cerebral artery breaks open, which causes bleeding in the brain. The pressure of the blood causes brain tissue death. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for a Stroke</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Brain attack</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cerebrovascular accident</a> (CVA)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> (includes intracerebral <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhage</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028089" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">subarachnoid hemorrhage</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> (includes thrombotic stroke and embolic stroke)</div></li></ul><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> sometimes is called a TIA or mini-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. A TIA has the same symptoms as a stroke, and it increases your risk of having a stroke.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes a Stroke?</h2><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack</h3><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA) occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> becomes blocked. Many medical conditions can increase the risk of ischemic stroke or TIA.</p><p>For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis) is a disease in which a fatty substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up on the inner walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Plaque hardens and narrows the arteries, which limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> can crack or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets), which are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024402" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disc</a>-shaped <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments, stick to the site of the plaque injury and clump together to form blood clots. These clots can partly or fully block an artery.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> can build up in any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the body, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The two main arteries on each side of the neck are called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid</a> (ka-ROT-id) arteries. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the brain, face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scalp</a>, and neck.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023187" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid artery disease</a> causes many of the ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TIAs</a> that occur in the United States.</p><p>An embolic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> (a type of ischemic stroke) or TIA also can occur if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot or piece of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> breaks away from the wall of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. The clot or plaque can travel through the bloodstream and get stuck in one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This stops blood flow through the artery and damages <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders also can cause blood clots that can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA. For example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fi-bri-LA-shun), or AF, is a common cause of embolic stroke.</p><p>In AF, the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> contract in a very fast and irregular way. As a result, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pools in the heart. The pooling increases the risk of blood clots forming in the heart chambers.</p><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA also can occur because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lesions</a> caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. These lesions may form in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and they can block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the brain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d5e69"><h3>Hemorrhagic Stroke</h3><p>Sudden <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> can cause a hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. The bleeding causes swelling of the brain and increased pressure in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skull</a>. The swelling and pressure damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p><p>Examples of conditions that can cause a hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysms</a>, and arteriovenous (ar-TEER-e-o-VE-nus) malformations (AVMs).</p><p>"<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a>" is the force of blood pushing against the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pumps blood. If blood pressure rises and stays high over time, it can damage the body in many ways.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> are balloon-like bulges in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that can stretch and burst. AVMs are tangles of faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> within the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> can increase the risk of hemorrhagic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> in people who have aneurysms or AVMs.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for a Stroke?</h2><p>Certain traits, conditions, and habits can raise your risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA). These traits, conditions, and habits are known as risk factors.</p><p>The more risk factors you have, the more likely you are to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. You can treat or control some risk factors, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> and smoking. Other risk factors, such as age and gender, you can’t control.</p><p>The major risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">High blood pressure</a> is the main risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Blood pressure is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, high blood pressure is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also may reduce the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> that reaches your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> also can damage the blood vessels.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. Diabetes is a disease in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move blood sugar into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it’s used for energy.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> diseases. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-a-the), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that can lead to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Brain</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysms</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029563" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteriovenous malformations</a> (AVMs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> are balloon-like bulges in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that can stretch and burst. AVMs are tangles of faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open) within the brain. AVMs may be present at birth, but often aren’t diagnosed until they rupture.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age and gender. Your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> increases as you get older. At younger ages, men are more likely than women to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a>. However, women are more likely to die from strokes. Women who take birth control pills also are at slightly higher risk of stroke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Race and ethnicity. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Strokes</a> occur more often in African American, Alaska Native, and American Indian adults than in Caucasian, Hispanic, or Asian American adults.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA. If you’ve had a stroke, you’re at higher risk for another one. Your risk of having a repeat stroke is the highest right after a stroke. A TIA also increases your risk of having a stroke, as does having a family history of stroke.</div></li></ul><p>Other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, many of which of you can control, include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol and illegal drug use, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a>, amphetamines, and other drugs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol levels</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of physical activity</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Obesity</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorders</div></li></ul><p>Following a healthy lifestyle can lower the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Some people also may need to take medicines to lower their risk.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> can occur in people who don’t have any known risk factors.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of a Stroke?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> often develop quickly. However, they can develop over hours or even days.</p><p>The type of symptoms depends on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> and the area of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that’s affected. How long symptoms last and how severe they are vary among different people.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden weakness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paralysis (an inability to move) or numbness of the face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, or legs, especially on one side of the body</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble speaking or understanding speech</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble seeing in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a>, trouble walking, loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> or coordination, and unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of consciousness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a></div></li></ul><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA) has the same signs and symptoms as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. However, TIA symptoms usually last less than 1–2 hours (although they may last up to 24 hours). A TIA may occur only once in a person’s lifetime or more often.</p><p>At first, it may not be possible to tell whether someone is having a TIA or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. All stroke-like symptoms require medical care.</p><p>If you think you or someone else is having a TIA or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, call 9–1–1 right away. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> on the way to the emergency room. During a stroke, every minute counts.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d7e78"><h3>Stroke Complications</h3><p>After you’ve had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>, you may develop other complications, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness. Being immobile (unable to move around) for a long time can raise your risk of developing blood clots in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the legs. Being immobile also can lead to muscle weakness and decreased muscle flexibility.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>. If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> used for swallowing, you may have a hard time eating or drinking. You also may be at risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inhaling</a> food or drink into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. If this happens, you may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a> control. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">strokes</a> affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> used to urinate. You may need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urinary catheter</a> (a tube placed into the bladder) until you can urinate on your own. Use of these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheters</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024568" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urinary tract infections</a>. Loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bowel</a> control or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> also may occur after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Stroke Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063013/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor will want to find out the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> you’ve had, its cause, the part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> that's affected, and whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the brain.</p><p>If your doctor thinks you’ve had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA), he or she will look for its cause to help prevent a future <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Medical History and Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will ask you or a family member about your risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Examples of risk factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, and a personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of stroke. Your doctor also will ask about your signs and symptoms and when they began.</p><p>During the physical exam, your doctor will check your mental alertness and your coordination and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a>. He or she will check for numbness or weakness in your face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and legs; confusion; and trouble speaking and seeing clearly.</p><p>Your doctor will look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>, a common cause of ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. He or she will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>. A whooshing sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bruit</a> (broo-E) may suggest changed or reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the carotid arteries.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d8e62"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e68"><h4>Brain Computed Tomography</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scan, or brain CT scan, is a painless test that uses x rays to take clear, detailed pictures of your brain. This test often is done right after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> is suspected.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> CT scan can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the brain or damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. The test also can show other brain conditions that may be causing your symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e78"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</h4><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures in your body. This test can detect changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> and damage to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain cells</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>An MRI may be used instead of, or in addition to, a CT scan to diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e87"><h4>Computed Tomography Arteriogram and Magnetic Resonance Arteriogram</h4><p>A CT arteriogram (CTA) and magnetic resonance arteriogram (MRA) can show the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. These tests may give your doctor more information about the site of a blood clot and the flow of blood through your brain.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e94"><h4>Carotid Ultrasound</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cu/">Carotid ultrasound</a> is a painless and harmless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029834" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid ultrasound</a> shows whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> has narrowed or blocked your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029834" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid ultrasound</a> test may include a Doppler ultrasound. Doppler ultrasound is a special test that shows the speed and direction of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> moving through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e108"><h4>Carotid Angiography</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Carotid</a> angiography (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>.</p><p>For this test, a small tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh). The tube is then moved up into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>.</p><p>Your doctor will inject a substance (called contrast dye) into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid artery</a>. The dye helps make the artery visible on x-ray pictures.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d8e121"><h3>Heart Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e124"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.</p><p>An EKG can help detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems that may have led to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. For example, the test can help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> or a previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec3-d8e143"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (EK-o-kar-de-OG-ra-fee), or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>The test gives information about the size and shape of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and how well your heart's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo can detect possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from your heart to all parts of your body.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d8e157"><h3>Blood Tests</h3><p>Your doctor also may use <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to help diagnose a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood glucose</a> test measures the amount of glucose (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>) in your blood. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024699" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Low blood glucose</a> levels may cause symptoms similar to those of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count measures the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Blood platelets are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that help your blood clot. Abnormal platelet levels may be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder (not enough clotting) or a thrombotic disorder (too much clotting).</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to measure how long it takes for your blood to clot. Two tests that may be used are called PT and PTT tests. These tests show whether your blood is clotting normally.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is a Stroke Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> depends on whether it is ischemic or hemorrhagic. Treatment for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transient ischemic attack</a> (TIA) depends on its cause, how much time has passed since symptoms began, and whether you have other medical conditions.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Strokes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024787" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TIAs</a> are medical emergencies. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> symptoms, call 9–1–1 right away. Do not drive to the hospital or let someone else drive you. Call an ambulance so that medical personnel can begin life-saving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> on the way to the emergency room. During a stroke, every minute counts.</p><p>Once you receive initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your doctor will try to treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> risk factors and prevent complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-stroke-sec2-d9e40"><h3>Treating Ischemic Stroke and Transient Ischemic Attack</h3><p>An ischemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> or TIA occurs if an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that supplies <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>- |
June 11, 2014. | { "82": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 82, "category_1.id": 16, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "s" } } |
83 | 2018-02-02 05:27:02 | Sudden Cardiac Arrest | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-scda-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> suddenly and unexpectedly stops beating. If this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> stops flowing to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and other vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>SCA usually causes death if it's not treated within minutes.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d1e44"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand SCA, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">how the heart works</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has an electrical system that controls the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat. Problems with the heart's electrical system can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs).</p><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. During an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm. Some arrhythmias can cause the heart to stop pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body—these arrhythmias cause SCA.</p><p>SCA is not the same as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is blocked. During a heart attack, the heart usually doesn't suddenly stop beating. SCA, however, may happen after or during recovery from a heart attack.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease are at higher risk for SCA. However, SCA can happen in people who appear healthy and have no known heart disease or other risk factors for SCA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d1e69"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Most people who have SCA die from it—often within minutes. Rapid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of SCA with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">defibrillator</a> can be lifesaving. A defibrillator is a device that sends an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to try to restore its normal rhythm.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aed/">Automated external defibrillators</a> (AEDs) can be used by bystanders to save the lives of people who are having SCA. These portable devices often are found in public places, such as shopping malls, golf courses, businesses, airports, airplanes, casinos, convention centers, hotels, sports venues, and schools.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</h2><p>Ventricular fibrillation (v-fib) causes most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrests</a> (SCAs). V-fib is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a>.</p><p>During v-fib, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>) don't beat normally. Instead, they quiver very rapidly and irregularly. When this happens, the heart pumps little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body. V-fib is fatal if not treated within a few minutes.</p><p>Other problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system also can cause SCA. For example, SCA can occur if the rate of the heart's electrical signals becomes very slow and stops. SCA also can occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't respond to the heart's electrical signals.</p><p>Certain diseases and conditions can cause the electrical problems that lead to SCA. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>; severe physical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>; certain inherited disorders; and structural changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Several research studies are under way to try to find the exact causes of SCA and how to prevent them.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d3e50"><h3>Coronary Heart Disease</h3><p>CHD is a disease in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Eventually, an area of plaque can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open). This may cause a blood clot to form on the plaque's surface.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot can partly or fully block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the portion of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> fed by the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. This causes a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> die and are replaced with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scar</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. The scar tissue damages the heart's electrical system. As a result, electrical signals may spread abnormally throughout the heart. These changes to the heart increase the risk of dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> and SCA.</p><p>CHD seems to cause most cases of SCA in adults. Many of these adults, however, have no signs or symptoms of CHD before having SCA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d3e72"><h3>Physical Stress</h3><p>Certain types of physical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system to fail. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Intense physical activity. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">adrenaline</a> is released during intense physical activity. This hormone can trigger SCA in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> or magnesium. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> play an important role in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signaling.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d3e93"><h3>Inherited Disorders</h3><p>A tendency to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> runs in some families. This tendency is inherited, which means it's passed from parents to children through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. Members of these families may be at higher risk for SCA.</p><p>An example of an inherited disorder that makes you more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-qt/">long QT syndrome</a> (LQTS). LQTS is a disorder of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. Problems with tiny pores on the surface of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> cause the disorder. LQTS can cause sudden, uncontrollable, dangerous heart rhythms.</p><p>People who inherit structural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems also may be at higher risk for SCA. These types of problems often are the cause of SCA in children.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d3e109"><h3>Structural Changes in the Heart</h3><p>Changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s normal size or structure may affect its electrical system. Examples of such changes include an enlarged heart due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> or advanced heart disease. Heart infections also may cause structural changes in the heart.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</h2><p>The risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) increases with age. The risk also is higher if you have underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Men are two to three times more likely to have SCA than women.</p><p>SCA rarely occurs in children unless they have inherited problems that make them likely to have SCA. Only a very small number of children have SCA each year.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d4e34"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>The major risk factor for SCA is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). Most people who have SCA have some degree of CHD. However, these people may not know that they have CHD until SCA occurs.</p><p>Their CHD is "silent"—that is, it has no signs or symptoms. Because of this, doctors and nurses have not detected it. Many SCAs happen in people who have silent CHD and no known <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease prior to SCA.</p><p>Many people who have SCA also have silent, or undiagnosed, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> before SCA happens. These people have no clear signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, and they don't even realize that they've had one. The chances of having SCA are higher during the first 6 months after a heart attack.</p><p>For more information about CHD risk factors, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d4e59"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Other risk factors for SCA include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A personal or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of SCA or inherited disorders that make you prone to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A personal history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart attack</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug or alcohol abuse</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</h2><p>Usually, the first sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) is loss of consciousness (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a>). At the same time, no heartbeat (or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a>) can be felt.</p><p>Some people may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">racing heartbeat</a> or feel dizzy or light-headed just before they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>. Within an hour before SCA, some people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) happens without warning and requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Doctors rarely diagnose SCA with medical tests as it's happening. Instead, SCA often is diagnosed after it happens. Doctors do this by ruling out other causes of a person's sudden collapse.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d6e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If you're at high risk for SCA, your doctor may refer you to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions. Your cardiologist will work with you to decide whether you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to prevent SCA.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> specialize in problems with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system. These specialists are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> electrophysiologists.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d6e41"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Doctors use several tests to help detect the factors that put people at risk for SCA.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e47"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through each part of the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show evidence of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). The test also can show signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e65"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Echocardiography</a>, or echo, is a painless test that uses sound waves to create pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. This test is done both before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">cardiac stress test</a>. During this test, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> (or are given medicine if you're unable to exercise) to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a> echo shows whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> (a sign of CHD).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e84"><h4>MUGA Test or Cardiac MRI</h4><p>A MUGA (multiple gated acquisition) test shows how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. For this test, a small amount of radioactive substance is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> and travels to your heart.</p><p>The substance releases energy, which special cameras outside of your body can detect. The cameras use the energy to create pictures of many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mri/">Cardiac MRI</a> (magnetic resonance imaging) is a safe procedure that uses radio waves and magnets to create detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test creates still and moving pictures of your heart and major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> MRI to get pictures of the beating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and to look at the structure and function of the heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e102"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">Cardiac catheterization</a> is a procedure used to diagnose and treat certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions. A long, thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> and threaded to your heart. Through the catheter, your doctor can do diagnostic tests and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> on your heart.</p><p>Sometimes dye is put into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>. The dye will flow through your bloodstream to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The dye makes your coronary (heart) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> visible on x-ray pictures. The dye can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> has narrowed or blocked any of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e114"><h4>Electrophysiology Study</h4><p>For an electrophysiology study, doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization to record how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system responds to certain medicines and electrical stimulation. This helps your doctor find where the heart's electrical system is damaged.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d6e120"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check the levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>, magnesium, and other chemicals in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These chemicals play an important role in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signaling.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Treated?</h2><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d7e28"><h3>Emergency Treatment</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) is an emergency. A person having SCA needs to be treated with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">defibrillator</a> right away. This device sends an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The electric shock can restore a normal rhythm to a heart that's stopped beating.</p><p>To work well, defibrillation must be done within minutes of SCA. With every minute that passes, the chances of surviving SCA drop rapidly.</p><p>Police, emergency medical technicians, and other first responders usually are trained and equipped to use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">defibrillator</a>. Call 9–1–1 right away if someone has signs or symptoms of SCA. The sooner you call for help, the sooner lifesaving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can begin.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d7e41"><h3>Automated External Defibrillators</h3><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aed/">Automated external defibrillators</a> (AEDs) are special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">defibrillators</a> that untrained bystanders can use. These portable devices often are found in public places, such as shopping malls, golf courses, businesses, airports, airplanes, casinos, convention centers, hotels, sports venues, and schools.</p><p>AEDs are programmed to give an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> if they detect a dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a>, such as ventricular fibrillation. This prevents giving a shock to someone who may have fainted but isn't having SCA.</p><p>You should give <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiopulmonary resuscitation</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030032" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">CPR</a>) to a person having SCA until defibrillation can be done.</p><p>People who are at risk for SCA may want to consider having an AED at home. Currently, one AED, the Phillips HeartStart Home <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029744" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Defibrillator</a>, is sold over-the-counter for home use.</p><p>A 2008 study by the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute and the National Institutes of Health found that AEDs in the home are safe and effective. However, the benefits of home-use AEDs are still debated.</p><p>Some people feel that placing these devices in homes will save many lives because many SCAs occur at home.</p><p>Others note that no evidence supports the idea that home-use AEDs save more lives. These people fear that people who have AEDs in their homes will delay calling for help during an emergency. They're also concerned that people who have home-use AEDs will not properly maintain the devices or forget where they are.</p><p>When considering a home-use AED, talk with your doctor. He or she can help you decide whether having an AED in your home will benefit you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d7e77"><h3>Treatment in a Hospital</h3><p>If you survive SCA, you'll likely be admitted to a hospital for ongoing care and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. In the hospital, your medical team will closely watch your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. They may give you medicines to try to reduce the risk of another SCA.</p><p>While in the hospital, your medical team will try to find out what caused your SCA. If you're diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">angioplasty</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a>. These procedures help restore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through narrowed or blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>Often, people who have SCA get a device called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a> (ICD). This small device is surgically placed under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. An ICD uses electric pulses or shocks to help control dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/#nhlbisec-prevention">"How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?"</a>)</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?</h2><p>Ways to prevent death due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrest</a> (SCA) differ depending on whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've already had SCA</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've never had SCA but are at high risk for the condition</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've never had SCA and have no known risk factors for the condition</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d8e43"><h3>For People Who Have Survived Sudden Cardiac Arrest</h3><p>If you've already had SCA, you're at high risk of having it again. Research shows that an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-icd/">implantable cardioverter defibrillator</a> (ICD) reduces the chances of dying from a second SCA.</p><p>An ICD is surgically placed under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. The device has wires with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on the ends that connect to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. The ICD monitors your heartbeat.</p><p>If the ICD detects a dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm, it gives an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> to restore the heart's normal rhythm. Your doctor may give you medicine to limit <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> that can trigger the ICD.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd8e62" co-legend-rid="figlgndd8e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/figure/d8e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd8e62" rid-ob="figobd8e62"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/bin/scd_icd.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/bin/scd_icd.jpg" alt="Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd8e62"><h4 id="d8e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062999/figure/d8e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd8e62">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator. The illustration shows the location of an implantable cardioverter defibrillator in the upper chest. The electrodes are inserted into the heart through a vein. </p></div></div><p>An ICD isn't the same as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>. The devices are similar, but they have some differences. Pacemakers give off low-energy electrical pulses. They're often used to treat less dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms, such as those that occur in the upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> of the heart. Most new ICDs work as both pacemakers and ICDs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d8e75"><h3>For People at High Risk for a First Sudden Cardiac Arrest</h3><p>If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/#nhlbisec-names">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), you're at increased risk for SCA. This is especially true if you've recently had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe a type of medicine called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blocker</a> to help lower your risk for SCA. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for CHD, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angioplasty/">angioplasty</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a>, also may lower your risk for SCA.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend an ICD if you're at high risk for SCA.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d8e99"><h3>For People Who Have No Known Risk Factors for Sudden Cardiac Arrest</h3><p>CHD seems to be the cause of most SCAs in adults. CHD also is a major risk factor for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, and it contributes to other heart problems.</p><p>Following a healthy lifestyle can help you lower your risk for CHD, SCA, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Healthy Diet and Physical Activity</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Choose a variety of fruits, vegetables, and grains; half of your grains should come from whole-grain products.</p><p>Choose foods that are low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>. Healthy choices include lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, fish, beans, and fat-free or low-fat milk and milk products.</p><p>Choose and prepare foods with little sodium (salt). Too much salt can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>. Studies show that following the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dash/">Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension</a> (DASH) eating plan can lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>.</p><p>Choose foods and beverages that are low in added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>. If you drink alcoholic beverages, do so in moderation.</p><p>Aim for a healthy weight by staying within your daily calorie needs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Balance</a> the calories you take in with the calories you use for physical activity. Be as physically active as you can.</p><p>Some people should get medical advice before starting or increasing physical activity. For example, talk with your doctor if you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) health problem, are on medicine, or have symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>. Your doctor can suggest types and amounts of physical activity that are safe for you.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-scda-sec2-d8e163"><h3>Other Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Other lifestyle changes also can help lower your risk for SCA. Examples include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Quitting <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Losing weight if you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden cardiac arrest</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-scda-sec1-d1e35_">What Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Sudden Cardiac Arrest?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Sudden Cardiac Arrest Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Death Due to Sudden Cardiac Arrest Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "83": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 83, "category_1.id": 16, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "s" } } |
84 | 2018-02-02 05:27:22 | Tetralogy of Fallot | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-tof-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Tetralogy of Fallot?</h2><p>Tetralogy (teh-TRAL-o-je) of Fallot (fah-LO) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defect</a>. This is a problem with the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s structure that's present at birth. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital heart defects</a> change the normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the heart.</p><p>Tetralogy of Fallot is a rare, complex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect. It occurs in about 5 out of every 10,000 babies. The defect affects boys and girls equally.</p><p>To understand tetralogy of Fallot, it helps to know how a healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works. The Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article describes the structure and function of a healthy heart. The article also has animations that show how your heart pumps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and how your heart's electrical system works.</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Tetralogy of Fallot involves four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A large <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary</a> (PULL-mun-ary) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Right ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertrophy</a> (hi-PER-tro-fe)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An overriding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d1e78"><h4>Ventricular Septal Defect</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has an inner wall that separates the two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> on its left side from the two chambers on its right side. This wall is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. The septum prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from mixing between the two sides of the heart.</p><p>A VSD is a hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a> between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. The hole allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to mix with oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d1e87"><h4>Pulmonary Stenosis</h4><p>This defect involves narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> and the passage from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>.</p><p>Normally, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> flows through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> and into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. From there, the blood travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up oxygen.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> cannot fully open. Thus, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the valve. As a result, not enough blood reaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d1e100"><h4>Right Ventricular Hypertrophy</h4><p>With this defect, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> of the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is thicker than usual. This occurs because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder than normal to move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through the narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d1e106"><h4>Overriding Aorta</h4><p>This defect occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body. In a healthy heart, the aorta is attached to the left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>. This allows only oxygen-rich blood to flow to the body.</p><p>In tetralogy of Fallot, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is located between the left and right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, directly over the VSD. As a result, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> flows directly into the aorta instead of into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d1e116"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>With tetralogy of Fallot, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is able to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>, and oxygen-poor blood flows to the body.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e125" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e125"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/figure/d1e125/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e125" rid-ob="figobd1e125"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/bin/tetralogy_fallot.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/bin/tetralogy_fallot.jpg" alt="Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With Tetralogy of Fallot."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e125"><h4 id="d1e125"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/figure/d1e125/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e125">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Cross-Section of a Normal Heart and a Heart With Tetralogy of Fallot. Figure A shows the structure and blood flow inside a normal heart. Figure B shows a heart with the four defects of tetralogy of Fallot. </p></div></div><p>Babies and children who have tetralogy of Fallot have episodes of cyanosis (si-ah-NO-sis). Cyanosis is a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. It occurs because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> leaving the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is below normal.</p><p>Tetralogy of Fallot is repaired with open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, either soon after birth or later in infancy. The timing of the surgery will depend on how narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> is.</p><p>Over the past few decades, the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of tetralogy of Fallot have greatly improved. Most children who have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect survive to adulthood. However, they'll need lifelong medical care from specialists to help them stay as healthy as possible.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Tetralogy of Fallot</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fallot's tetralogy</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Tetralogy of Fallot?</h2><p>Doctors often don't know what causes tetralogy of Fallot and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>Some conditions or factors that occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> may raise your risk of having a child who has tetralogy of Fallot. These conditions and factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">German measles</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rubella</a>) and some other viral illnesses</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor nutrition</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol use</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age (being older than 40)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p>Heredity may play a role in causing tetralogy of Fallot. An adult who has tetralogy of Fallot may be more likely than other people to have a baby with the condition.</p><p>Children who have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024723" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Down syndrome</a> and DiGeorge syndrome, often have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>, including tetralogy of Fallot.</p><p>Researchers continue to search for the causes of tetralogy of Fallot and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Tetralogy of Fallot?</h2><p>Cyanosis is an important sign of tetralogy of Fallot. Cyanosis is a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails. Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cause cyanosis.</p><p>Babies who have unrepaired tetralogy of Fallot sometimes have "tet spells." These spells happen in response to an activity like crying or having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bowel movement</a>.</p><p>A tet spell occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> suddenly drops. This causes the baby to become very blue. The baby also may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a hard time breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Become very tired and limp</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Not respond to a parent's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">voice</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023108" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">touch</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Become very fussy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pass out</a></div></li></ul><p>In years past, when tetralogy of Fallot wasn't treated in infancy, children would get very tired during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and could <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>. Now, doctors repair tetralogy of Fallot in infancy to prevent these symptoms.</p><p>Another common sign of tetralogy of Fallot is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmur</a> is an extra or unusual sound that doctors might hear while listening to the heart.</p><p>The sound occurs because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect causes abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the heart. However, not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023248" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart murmurs</a> are signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defects</a>. Many healthy children have heart murmurs.</p><p>Babies who have tetralogy of Fallot may tire easily while feeding. Thus, they may not gain weight or grow as quickly as children who have healthy hearts. Also, normal growth depends on a normal workload for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and normal flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to all parts of the body.</p><p>Children who have tetralogy of Fallot also may have clubbing. Clubbing is the widening or rounding of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> around the tips of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Tetralogy of Fallot Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose tetralogy of Fallot based on a baby's signs and symptoms, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Signs and symptoms of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect usually occur during the first weeks of life. Your infant's doctor may notice signs or symptoms during a routine checkup. Some parents also notice cyanosis or poor feeding and bring the baby to the doctor. (Cyanosis is a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, and fingernails.)</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If your child has tetralogy of Fallot, a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> and pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> surgeon may be involved in his or her care.</p><p>A pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems in children. Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> surgeons repair children's heart defects using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, the doctor may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for signs of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect, such as a bluish tint to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>, or fingernails and rapid breathing.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look at your baby's general appearance. Some children who have tetralogy of Fallot also have DiGeorge syndrome. This syndrome causes characteristic facial traits, such as wide-set <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>Your child's doctor may recommend several tests to diagnose tetralogy of Fallot. These tests can provide information about the four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects that occur in tetralogy of Fallot and how serious they are.</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e72"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) is a painless test that uses sound waves to create a moving picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. During the test, the sound waves (called ultrasound) bounce off the structures of the heart. A computer converts the sound waves into pictures on a screen.</p><p>Echo allows the doctor to clearly see any problem with the way the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is formed or the way it's working.</p><p>Echo is an important test for diagnosing tetralogy of Fallot because it shows the four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects and how the heart is responding to them. This test helps the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> decide when to repair the defects and what type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to use.</p><p>Echo also is used to check a child's condition over time, after the defects have been repaired.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e89"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>This test can help the doctor find out whether your child's right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> is enlarged (ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hypertrophy</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e102"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show whether the heart is enlarged or whether the lungs have extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow or extra fluid, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e114"><h4>Pulse Oximetry</h4><p>For this test, a small sensor is attached to a finger or toe (like an adhesive bandage). The sensor gives an estimate of how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d6e121"><h4>Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-eh-ter-ih-ZA-shun), a thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Special dye is injected through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> or one of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>. The dye allows the doctor to see the flow of blood through the heart and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> on an x-ray image.</p><p>The doctor also can use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization to measure the pressure and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This can help the doctor figure out whether blood is mixing between the two sides of the heart.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Tetralogy of Fallot Treated?</h2><p>Tetralogy of Fallot is repaired with open-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, either soon after birth or later in infancy. The goal of surgery is to repair the four defects of tetralogy of Fallot so the heart can work as normally as possible. Repairing the defects can greatly improve a child's health and quality of life.</p><p>The pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> surgeon will decide the best time to do the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. They will base their decision on your baby's health and weight and the severity of the defects and symptoms.</p><p>Some teenagers or adults who had tetralogy of Fallot repaired in childhood need additional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to correct <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems that develop over time. For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062976/#nhlbisec-livingwith">"Living With Tetralogy of Fallot."</a> </p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d7e39"><h3>Types of Surgery</h3><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d7e43"><h4>Complete Intracardiac Repair</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> to repair tetralogy of Fallot improves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Surgery also ensures that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich and oxygen-poor blood flow to the right places.</p><p>The surgeon will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Widen the narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> is widened or replaced. Also, the passage from the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a> is enlarged. These procedures improve blood flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This allows the blood to get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to meet the body's needs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Repair the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD). A patch is used to cover the hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022259" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">septum</a>. This patch stops <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich and oxygen-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from mixing between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Fixing these two defects resolves problems caused by the other two defects. When the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> no longer has to work so hard to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, it will return to a normal thickness. Fixing the VSD means that only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood will flow out of the left ventricle into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">incision</a> (cut) that the surgeon makes to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> usually heals in about 6 weeks. The surgeon or a hospital staff member will explain when it's okay to give your baby a bath, pick him or her up under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and take your baby for regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> (immunizations).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d7e71"><h4>Temporary or Palliative Surgery</h4><p>It was common in the past to do temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> during infancy for tetralogy of Fallot. This surgery improved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A complete repair of the four defects was done later in childhood.</p><p>Now, tetralogy of Fallot usually is fully repaired in infancy. However, some babies are too weak or too small to have the full repair. They must have temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> first. This surgery improves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The surgery also gives the baby time to grow and get strong enough for the full repair.</p><p>For temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, the surgeon places a tube between a large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> branching off the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary artery</a>. The tube is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shunt</a>. One end of the shunt is sewn to the artery branching off the aorta. The other end is sewn to the pulmonary artery.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shunt</a> creates an additional pathway for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The surgeon removes the shunt when the baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects are fixed during the full repair.</p><p>After temporary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your baby may need medicines to keep the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029696" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shunt</a> open while waiting for the full repair. These medicines are stopped after the surgeon removes the shunt.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Tetralogy of Fallot</h2><p>The outlook for a child born with tetralogy of Fallot is much better today than in the past. Advances in testing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> mean that most children who have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">congenital heart defect</a> survive to adulthood. However, they need long-term care from specialists to stay as healthy as possible.</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d8e34"><h3>Caring for Your Child at Home</h3><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e37"><h4>Feeding and Nutrition</h4><p>Babies who have tetralogy of Fallot can tire while nursing or feeding. Small, frequent meals may be easier for your baby to handle.</p><p>Your child also may need extra nutrition. A supplement or an extra feeding can give the baby more calories, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. Your child's doctors will work with you to decide whether your baby needs extra nutrition.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e47"><h4>Tet Spells</h4><p>"Tet spells" can occur in babies whose tetralogy of Fallot hasn't yet been repaired. Lowering your baby's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> can help prevent tet spells and save the baby's energy. For example, slowly picking up your baby and speaking in a soothing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">voice</a> can avoid startling him or her, which may prevent or reduce crying.</p><p>Ask your doctor how you can manage your child's tet spells. Your doctor may suggest that you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bring the child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a> up tight against his or her <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> (this is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knee</a>–chest position) or have your child squat down. This will increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to calm your child.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Call 9–1–1 if the symptoms don't improve right away.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e68"><h4>Activity Restrictions</h4><p>If your child was born with tetralogy of Fallot, he or she may have some physical activity limits. The limits vary with each child. Ask your child's doctor whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your child needs to restrict activity or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your child can play in organized sports, especially contact sports</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You need a note for your child's school or coaches about limiting your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d8e87"><h3>Ongoing Medical Care</h3><p>Children who have tetralogy of Fallot should have ongoing medical care. This includes making sure your child:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sees a pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> checkups as directed</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sees a pediatrician or family health care provider for routine exams</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Takes medicines as prescribed</div></li></ul><p>Children who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects, like tetralogy of Fallot, may be at slightly increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-endo/">infective endocarditis</a> (IE). IE is a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> of the inner lining of the heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves.</p><p>Your child's doctor or dentist may give your child antibiotics before some medical or dental procedures (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or dental cleanings) that can allow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> into the bloodstream. Your child's doctor will tell you whether your child needs to take antibiotics before such procedures.</p><p>To reduce the risk of IE, gently brush your young child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> every day as soon as they begin to come in. As your child gets older, make sure he or she brushes every day and sees a dentist regularly. Talk with your child's doctor and dentist about how to keep your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and teeth healthy.</p><p>Consider having your child wear a medical ID bracelet or necklace. This alerts anyone caring for your child that the child has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec2-d8e121"><h3>Special Needs for Teenagers and Adults</h3><p>As children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects grow up and become teens, they should learn how their hearts differ from normal hearts. They also should know what kind of defects they have, how they were treated, and what type of care is still needed. They should be able to recognize signs and symptoms and know how to respond.</p><p>Work with your child's health care providers to compile a packet of medical records and information that covers all aspects of your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defect, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diagnosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prescribed medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recommendations about medical followup and how to prevent complications</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health insurance</div></li></ul><p>Review your current health insurance plan so you understand your coverage. Keeping your health insurance current is important. If you plan to change jobs, find out whether your new health insurance will cover care for your child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defect</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e152"><h4>Transition of Care</h4><p>The move from pediatric care to adult care is an important step in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Talk with your teen's health care team about creating a plan to help your teen transition to adult care. Start planning as soon as your teen is able and willing to fully take part in this process.</p><p>Following a transition plan has many benefits. It will help your teen:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get used to talking with health care providers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Learn about the adult health care system</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Understand the importance of having health insurance and learn what his or her insurance covers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take responsibility for his or her medical care</div></li></ul><p>A transition plan also can help your teen think about other important issues, such as future education and employment, birth control and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> planning, and making healthy choices about nutrition, physical activity, and other lifestyle habits.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e180"><h4>Additional Surgery and Other Complications</h4><p>Some teenagers or young adults need additional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. For example, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> can narrow again over time, reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. A surgeon may need to widen or replace the valve. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a> will discuss with you and your teenager the need for any additional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>.</p><p>Over time, people who have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair tetralogy of Fallot also may face other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</p><p>Leaking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>. The heart has four valves that open and close with each heartbeat. These valves ensure that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows only in one direction.</p><p>If a valve doesn't seal tightly, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can leak back into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> it came from. This is called backflow or regurgitation (re-GUR-jih-TA-shun), and it can lead to symptoms and complications.</p><p>The most frequent problem that occurs after tetralogy of Fallot repair is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> backflow, or leaking from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a>. Backflow from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022270" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tricuspid valve</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> also can occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> is used to repair or replace the leaking valve. In some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>-based procedures may be used to replace leaking valves.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a>. Arrhythmias (ah-RITH-me-ahs) are another complication that may occur. Arrhythmias are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> associated with tetralogy of Fallot include ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a>, and atrial flutter. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">Arrhythmia</a> article.</p><p>Doctors use medicines to control these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. They also may recommend medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to treat arrhythmias.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pulmonary artery</a> branch <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a>. Over time, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary valve</a> can narrow again. This will reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, making the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work harder than it should. Several surgical techniques can be used to fix this problem.</p><p>Right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular aneurysms</a>. The patch used to fix a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holes/">ventricular septal defect</a> (VSD) can cause areas of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a> to weaken. These areas, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysms</a> (AN-u-risms), can bulge or "balloon" out. Aneurysms make it hard for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to work as well as it should. Aneurysms are repaired with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>Residual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricular septal defects</a>. Some VSDs still leak, even after they've been repaired. VSDs are repaired again if they're large or are causing problems with the function of the right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricle</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a>. As people who have repaired tetralogy of Fallot approach middle age, they can develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). (Adults who don't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a> also can develop CHD.)</p><p>CHD is a condition in which a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up in the coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. CHD can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, shortness of breath, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p>For people who have repaired tetralogy of Fallot, preventing CHD is important. The procedures used to treat CHD, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">coronary artery bypass grafting</a>, can cause problems for these people.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-tof-sec3-d8e263"><h4>Other Considerations</h4><p>Many women with repaired tetralogy of Fallot who become pregnant are able to have successful, full-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>. Others may have difficult pregnancies.</p><p>Women with tetralogy of Fallot who want to become pregnant (or who are pregnant) should talk with their doctors about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health risks during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines they can take during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any new or worsening symptoms</div></li></ul><p>If possible, these women should consult specialists who take care of pregnant women who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>.</p><p>Adults who were born with tetralogy of Fallot should consider job changes carefully, because health benefits may change. Some health plans have waiting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> or clauses to exclude some types of coverage. Before making any job changes, find out whether the change will affect your health insurance.</p><p>Several laws protect the employment rights of people who have health conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. The Americans with Disabilities Act and the Work Incentives Improvement Act try to ensure fairness in hiring for all people, including those who have health conditions.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent or treat them.</p><p>Many more questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions, including tetralogy of Fallot. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about tetralogy of Fallot and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023239" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital heart defects</a>. For example, the NHLBI currently sponsors two research groups that study congenital heart disease.</p><p>The Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> Network conducts clinical research to improve outcomes and quality of life for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> heart disease and other pediatric heart diseases.</p><p>The Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> Genomic Consortium (part of the NHLBI's Bench to Bassinet Program) conducts clinical research to find the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. This group's research also aims to pinpoint the genetic factors that affect clinical outcomes in people who have congenital heart disease.</p><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, your child can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. Your child also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor his or her health closely. Even if your child doesn't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>Children (aged 18 and younger) get special protection as research subjects. Almost always, parents must give legal consent for their child to take part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>.</p><p>When researchers think that a trial's potential risks are greater than minimal, both parents must give permission for their child to enroll. Also, children aged 7 and older often must agree (assent) to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a>.</p><p>If you agree to have your child |
June 11, 2014. | { "84": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 84, "category_1.id": 17, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "t" } } |
85 | 2018-02-02 05:27:35 | Thalassemias | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-thalassemia-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Thalassemias?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> (thal-a-SE-me-ahs) are inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders. "Inherited" means that the disorder is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> cause the body to make fewer healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and less <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) than normal. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in red blood cells. It carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of the body. Hemoglobin also carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) from the body to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, where it's exhaled.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> can have mild or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is caused by a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> or not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> in the red blood cells.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d1e52"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, also called hemoglobin A, has four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains—two alpha globin and two beta globin. The two major types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>, alpha and beta, are named after defects in these protein chains.</p><p>Four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (two from each parent) are needed to make enough alpha globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait occurs if one or two of the four genes are missing. If more than two genes are missing, moderate to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> occurs.</p><p>The most severe form of alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> is called alpha thalassemia major or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydrops</a> fetalis. Babies who have this disorder usually die before or shortly after birth.</p><p>Two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (one from each parent) are needed to make enough beta globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. Beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> occurs if one or both genes are altered.</p><p>The severity of beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> depends on how much one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are affected. If both genes are affected, the result is moderate to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. The severe form of beta thalassemia is known as thalassemia major or Cooley's anemia.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> affect males and females. The disorders occur most often among people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African descent. Severe forms usually are diagnosed in early childhood and are lifelong conditions.</p><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> using <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>. The disorders are treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, medicines, and other procedures.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d1e84"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have improved over the years. People who have moderate or severe thalassemias are now living longer and have better quality of life.</p><p>However, complications from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> and their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are frequent. People who have moderate or severe thalassemias must closely follow their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plans. They need to take care of themselves to remain as healthy as possible.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Thalassemias</h2><p>The various types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> have specific names related to the severity of the disorder. (For more information about the types of thalassemia, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Thalassemias?"</a>)</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d3e34"><h3>Alpha Thalassemias</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> silent carrier</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> minor, also called alpha thalassemia trait</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> H disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydrops</a> fetalis</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d3e52"><h3>Beta Thalassemias</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> minor, also called beta thalassemia trait</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> intermedia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major, also called Cooley's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> or beta-zero (ß0) thalassemia</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beta-plus (ß+) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mediterranean <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Thalassemias?</h2><p>Your body makes three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets). Red blood cells contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to all parts of your body. Hemoglobin also carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas) from your body to your lungs, where it's exhaled.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> has two kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains: alpha globin and beta globin. If your body doesn't make enough of these protein chains or they're abnormal, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> won't form correctly or carry enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. Your body won't work well if your red blood cells don't make enough healthy hemoglobin.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genes</a> control how the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. When these genes are missing or altered, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> are inherited disorders—that is, they're passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. People who inherit faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> genes from one parent but normal genes from the other are called carriers. Carriers often have no signs of illness other than mild <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/anemia/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">anemia</a>. However, they can pass the faulty genes on to their children.</p><p>People who have moderate to severe forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> have inherited faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> from both parents.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d4e47"><h3>Alpha Thalassemias</h3><p>You need four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (two from each parent) to make enough alpha globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. If one or more of the genes is missing, you'll have alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait or disease. This means that your body doesn't make enough alpha globin protein.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you're only missing one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, you're a "silent" carrier. This means you won't have any signs of illness.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you're missing two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, you have alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait (also called alpha thalassemia minor). You may have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you're missing three <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, you likely have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> H disease (which a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a> can detect). This form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> causes moderate to severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Very rarely, a baby is missing all four <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. This condition is called alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydrops</a> fetalis. Babies who have hydrops fetalis usually die before or shortly after birth.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e75" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e75"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e75" rid-ob="figobd4e75"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/bin/thalassemia_alpha.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/bin/thalassemia_alpha.jpg" alt="Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e75"><h4 id="d4e75"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e75">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia. The picture shows one example of how alpha thalassemia is inherited. The alpha globin genes are located on chromosome 16. A child inherits four alpha globin genes (two from each parent). In this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e75/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e75">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d4e84"><h3>Beta Thalassemias</h3><p>You need two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (one from each parent) to make enough beta globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains. If one or both of these genes are altered, you'll have beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>. This means that your body won’t make enough beta globin protein.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you have one altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, you're a carrier. This condition is called beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait or beta thalassemia minor. It causes mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> are altered, you'll have beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> intermedia or beta thalassemia major (also called Cooley's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>). The intermedia form of the disorder causes moderate anemia. The major form causes severe anemia.</div></li></ul><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e103" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e103"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e103/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e103" rid-ob="figobd4e103"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/bin/thalassemia_beta.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/bin/thalassemia_beta.jpg" alt="Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Beta Thalassemia."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e103"><h4 id="d4e103"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e103/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e103">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Alpha Thalassemia Example of an Inheritance Pattern for Beta Thalassemia. The picture shows one example of how beta thalassemia is inherited. The beta globin gene is located on chromosome 11. A child inherits two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/figure/d4e103/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e103">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> and ancestry are the two risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Family History</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> are inherited—that is, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for the disorders are passed from parents to their children. If your parents have missing or altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>-making genes, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Ancestry</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemias</a> occur most often among people of Italian, Greek, Middle Eastern, Southern Asian, and African descent.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thalassemias?</h2><p>A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in the bloodstream causes the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. The lack of oxygen occurs because the body doesn't make enough healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. The severity of symptoms depends on the severity of the disorder.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e31"><h3>No Symptoms</h3><p>Alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> silent carriers generally have no signs or symptoms of the disorder. The lack of alpha globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> is so minor that the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> works normally.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Mild Anemia</h3><p>People who have alpha or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait can have mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. However, many people who have these types of thalassemia have no signs or symptoms.</p><p>Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can make you feel tired. Mild anemia caused by alpha <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait might be mistaken for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">iron-deficiency anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Mild to Moderate Anemia and Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>People who have beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> intermedia have mild to moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. They also may have other health problems, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slowed growth and delayed puberty. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> can slow down a child's growth and development.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone</a> problems. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thalassemia</a> may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to expand. Bone marrow is the spongy substance inside <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> that makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. When bone marrow expands, the bones become wider than normal. They may become brittle and break easily.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. The spleen is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that helps your body fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and remove unwanted material. When a person has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>, the spleen has to work very hard. As a result, the spleen becomes larger than normal. This makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> worse. If the spleen becomes too large, it must be removed.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e71"><h3>Severe Anemia and Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> H disease or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major (also called Cooley's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>) have severe thalassemia. Signs and symptoms usually occur within the first 2 years of life. They may include severe anemia and other health problems, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A pale and listless appearance</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Poor appetite</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dark <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> (a sign that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are breaking down)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slowed growth and delayed puberty</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone</a> problems (especially with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> in the face)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d6e103"><h3>Complications of Thalassemias</h3><p>Better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> now allow people who have moderate and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> to live much longer. As a result, these people must cope with complications of these disorders that occur over time.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d6e109"><h4>Heart and Liver Diseases</h4><p>Regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> are a standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Transfusions</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> to build up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (iron overload). This can damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, especially the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> disease caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> overload is the main cause of death in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. Heart disease includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d6e131"><h4>Infection</h4><p>Among people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>, infections are a key cause of illness and the second most common cause of death. People who have had their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> removed are at even higher risk because they no longer have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>-fighting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d6e137"><h4>Osteoporosis</h4><p>Many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> are weak and brittle and break easily.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> using <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>, including a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) and special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> tests.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A CBC measures the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and the different kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, in a sample of blood. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have fewer healthy red blood cells and less hemoglobin than normal in their blood. People who have alpha or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait may have red blood cells that are smaller than normal.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> tests measure the types of hemoglobin in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have problems with the alpha or beta globin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> chains of hemoglobin.</div></li></ul><p>Moderate and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> usually are diagnosed in early childhood. This is because signs and symptoms, including severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>, often occur within the first 2 years of life.</p><p>People who have milder forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> might be diagnosed after a routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> shows they have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Doctors might suspect thalassemia if a person has anemia and is a member of an ethnic group that's at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is at Risk for Thalassemias?"</a>)</p><p>Doctors also test the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to find out whether the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is due to iron deficiency or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">Iron-deficiency anemia</a> occurs if the body doesn't have enough iron to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. The anemia in thalassemia occurs because of a problem with either the alpha globin or beta globin chains of hemoglobin, not because of a lack of iron.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> are passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, family <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> studies also can help diagnose the disorder. These studies involve taking a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family medical history</a> and doing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> on family members. The tests will show whether any family members have missing or altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> genes.</p><p>If you know of family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> and you're thinking of having children, consider talking with your doctor and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a>. They can help determine your risk for passing the disorder to your children.</p><p>If you're expecting a baby and you and your partner are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> carriers, you may want to consider prenatal testing.</p><p>Prenatal testing involves taking a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030323" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniotic fluid</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a>. (Amniotic fluid is the fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> surrounding a growing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028118" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">embryo</a>. The placenta is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that attaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">umbilical cord</a> to the mother's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>.) Tests done on the fluid or tissue can show whether your baby has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> and how severe it might be.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Thalassemias Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> depend on the type and severity of the disorder. People who are carriers or who have alpha or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> trait have mild or no symptoms. They’ll likely need little or no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Doctors use three standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for moderate and severe forms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>. These treatments include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation (ke-LAY-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> supplements. Other treatments have been developed or are being tested, but they're used much less often.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Standard Treatments</h3><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e40"><h4>Blood Transfusions</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Transfusions</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have moderate or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. This treatment gives you healthy red blood cells with normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>.</p><p>During a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>, a needle is used to insert an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Through this line, you receive healthy blood. The procedure usually takes 1 to 4 hours.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> live only for about 120 days. So, you may need repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a> to maintain a healthy supply of red blood cells.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> H disease or beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> intermedia, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> on occasion. For example, you may have transfusions when you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or other illness, or when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> is severe enough to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>.</p><p>If you have beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major (Cooley's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>), you’ll likely need regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> (often every 2 to 4 weeks). These transfusions will help you maintain normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> levels.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> allow you to feel better, enjoy normal activities, and live into adulthood. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is lifesaving, but it's expensive and carries a risk of transmitting infections and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>). However, the risk is very low in the United States because of careful blood screening.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e72"><h4>Iron Chelation Therapy</h4><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>. Thus, regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> can lead to a buildup of iron in the blood. This condition is called iron overload. It damages the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and other parts of the body.</p><p>To prevent this damage, doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> to remove excess iron from the body. Two medicines are used for iron chelation therapy.</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Deferoxamine</a> is a liquid medicine that's given slowly under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, usually with a small portable pump used overnight. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> takes time and can be mildly painful. Side effects include problems with vision and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Deferasirox</a> is a pill taken once daily. Side effects include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> pain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e90"><h4>Folic Acid Supplements</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Folic acid</a> is a B <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> that helps build healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Your doctor may recommend folic acid supplements in addition to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d8e97"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> have been developed or are being tested, but they're used much less often.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e103"><h4>Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant replaces faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> with healthy ones from another person (a donor). Stem cells are the cells inside <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> that make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and other types of blood cells.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant is the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> that can cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a>. But only a small number of people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> are able to find a good donor match and have the risky procedure.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec3-d8e119"><h4>Possible Future Treatments</h4><p>Researchers are working to find new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. For example, it might be possible someday to insert a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. This will allow people who have thalassemias to make their own healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and hemoglobin.</p><p>Researchers also are studying ways to trigger a person's ability to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> after birth. This type of hemoglobin is found in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetuses</a> and newborns. After birth, the body switches to making adult hemoglobin. Making more fetal hemoglobin might make up for the lack of healthy adult hemoglobin.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d8e128"><h3>Treating Complications</h3><p>Better <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> now allow people who have moderate and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> to live longer. As a result, these people must cope with complications that occur over time.</p><p>An important part of managing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> is treating complications. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> might be needed for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> diseases, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a>, and other health problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Thalassemias Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can’t prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> because they’re inherited (passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>). However, prenatal tests can detect these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders before birth.</p><p>Family <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> studies may help find out whether people have missing or altered <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062947/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Are Thalassemias Diagnosed?"</a>)</p><p>If you know of family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> and you're thinking of having children, consider talking with your doctor and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025312" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic counselor</a>. They can help determine your risk for passing the disorder to your children.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Thalassemias</h2><p>Survival and quality of life have improved for people who have moderate or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a>. This is because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>More people are able to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> now.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> screening has reduced the number of infections from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a>. Also, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for other kinds of infections have improved.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available that are easier for some people to take.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some people have been cured through <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> can be challenging, but several approaches can help you cope.</p><div id="nhlbi-thalassemia-sec2-d10e55"><h3>Follow Your Treatment Plan</h3><p>Following the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan your doctor gives you is important. For example, get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> as your doctor recommends, and take your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> chelation medicine as prescribed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can take time and be mildly painful. However, don't stop taking your medicine. The leading cause of death among people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemias</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease caused by iron overload. Iron buildup can damage your heart, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Several chelation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are now available, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injections</a> and pills. Your doctor will talk with you about which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is best for you.</p><p>Take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> supplements if your doctor prescribes them. Folic acid is a B <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> that helps build healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Also, talk with your doctor about whether you need other vitamin or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> supplements, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> A, C, or D |
June 11, 2014. | { "85": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 85, "category_1.id": 17, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "t" } } |
86 | 2018-02-02 05:27:46 | Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-thrm-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</h2><p>Thrombocythemia (THROM-bo-si-THE-me-ah) and thrombocytosis (THROM-bo-si-TO-sis) are conditions in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a higher than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments. They're made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> along with other kinds of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> travel through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and stick together (clot). Clotting helps stop any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that may occur if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> is damaged. Platelets also are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytes</a> (THROM-bo-sites) because a blood clot also is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombus</a>.</p><p>A normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> per microliter of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d1e53"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The term "thrombocythemia" is preferred when the cause of a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count isn't known. The condition sometimes is called primary or essential thrombocythemia.</p><p>This condition occurs if faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> make too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Bone marrow is the sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. It contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> that develop into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and platelets. What causes the bone marrow to make too many platelets often isn't known.</p><p>With primary thrombocythemia, a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count may occur alone or with other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> disorders. This condition isn't common.</p><p>When another disease or condition causes a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, the term "thrombocytosis" is preferred. This condition often is called secondary or reactive thrombocytosis. Secondary thrombocytosis is more common than primary thrombocythemia.</p><p>Often, a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count doesn't cause signs or symptoms. Rarely, serious or life-threatening symptoms can develop, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. These symptoms are more likely to occur in people who have primary thrombocythemia.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d1e72"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>People who have primary thrombocythemia with no signs or symptoms don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, as long as the condition remains stable.</p><p>Other people who have this condition may need medicines or procedures to treat it. Most people who have primary thrombocythemia will live a normal lifespan.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> and outlook for secondary thrombocytosis depend on its underlying cause.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis</h2><p>Primary thrombocythemia also is called:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Essential thrombocythemia. This term is used when a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count occurs alone (that is, without other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> disorders).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022069" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Idiopathic</a> (id-ee-o-PATH-ick) thrombocythemia.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Primary or essential thrombocytosis (these are less favored terms).</div></li></ul><p>Thrombocytosis also is known as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary or reactive thrombocytosis.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Secondary thrombocythemia (this is a less favored term).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</h2><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Primary Thrombocythemia</h3><p>In this condition, faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> make too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. What causes this to happen usually isn't known. When this process occurs without other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> disorders, it's called essential thrombocythemia.</p><p>A rare form of thrombocythemia is inherited. ("Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.) In some cases, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic mutation</a> may cause the condition.</p><p>In addition to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, the platelets also are abnormal in primary thrombocythemia. They may form <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or, surprisingly, cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> when they don't work well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> also can occur because of a condition that develops called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vwd/">von Willebrand disease</a>. This condition affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process.</p><p>After many years, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d4e50"><h3>Secondary Thrombocytosis</h3><p>This condition occurs if another disease, condition, or outside factor causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count to rise. For example, 35 percent of people who have high platelet counts also have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>—mostly lung, gastrointestinal, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a>, ovarian, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a>. Sometimes a high platelet count is the first sign of cancer.</p><p>Other conditions or factors that can cause a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">Iron-deficiency anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">Hemolytic (HEE-moh-lit-ick) anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Absence of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> (after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inflammatory or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030005" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissue disorders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tuberculosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reactions to medicine</div></li></ul><p>Some conditions can lead to a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count that lasts for only a short time. Examples of such conditions include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recovery from serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Recovery from a very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count caused by excessive alcohol use and lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> (short-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Response to physical activity</div></li></ul><p>Although the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is high in secondary thrombocytosis, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> are normal (unlike in primary thrombocythemia). Thus, people who have secondary thrombocytosis have a lower risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Thrombocythemia or Thrombocytosis?</h2><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d5e28"><h3>Primary Thrombocythemia</h3><p>Thrombocythemia isn't common. The exact number of people who have the condition isn't known. Some estimates suggest that 24 out of every 100,000 people have primary thrombocythemia.</p><p>Primary thrombocythemia is more common in people aged 50 to 70, but it can occur at any age. For unknown reasons, more women around the age of 30 have primary thrombocythemia than men of the same age.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d5e37"><h3>Secondary Thrombocytosis</h3><p>You might be at risk for secondary thrombocytosis if you have a disease, condition, or factor that can cause it. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062958/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?"</a>)</p><p>Secondary thrombocytosis is more common than primary thrombocythemia. Studies have shown that most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts over 500,000 have secondary thrombocytosis.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</h2><p>People who have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis may not have signs or symptoms. These conditions might be discovered only after routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a>.</p><p>However, people who have primary thrombocythemia are more likely than those who have secondary thrombocytosis to have serious signs and symptoms.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count are linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. They include weakness, bleeding, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and tingling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d6e40"><h3>Blood Clots</h3><p>In primary thrombocythemia, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots most often develop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, and feet. But they can develop anywhere in the body, including in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> may cause symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>. In extreme cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> may occur.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots in the tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet leave them numb and red. This may lead to an intense burning and throbbing pain felt mainly on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023128" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">palms</a> of the hands and the soles of the feet.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in speech or awareness, ranging from confusion to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">passing out</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Seizures</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, the back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li></ul><p>In pregnant women, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">placenta</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a> or problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetal</a> growth and development.</p><p>Women who have primary thrombocythemia or secondary thrombocytosis and take birth control pills are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots are related to other conditions and factors as well. Older age, prior blood clots, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and smoking also increase your risk for blood clots.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d6e90"><h3>Bleeding</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> occurs, it most often affects people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts higher than 1 million <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> per microliter of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Signs of bleeding include nosebleeds, bruising, bleeding from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>, or blood in the stools.</p><p>Although <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> usually is associated with a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, it also can occur in people who have high platelet counts. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots that develop in thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis may use up your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This means that not enough platelets are left in your bloodstream to seal off cuts or breaks on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls.</p><p>Another cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in people who have very high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> counts is a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vwd/">von Willebrand Disease</a>. This condition affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> process.</p><p>In rare cases of primary thrombocythemia, the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> will cause a form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (lu-KE-me-ah). Leukemia is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. A hematologist also may be involved in your care. This is a doctor who specializes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask you about factors that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> you've had</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any recent infections or vaccines you've had</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The medicines you take, including over-the-counter medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your general eating habits, including the amount of alcohol you normally drink</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. He or she also will check for signs of conditions that can cause secondary thrombocytosis, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><p>Primary thrombocythemia is diagnosed only after all possible causes of a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count are ruled out. For example, your doctor may recommend tests to check for early, undiagnosed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. If another disease, condition, or factor is causing a high platelet count, the diagnosis is secondary thrombocytosis.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to help diagnose a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d7e74"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures the levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>If you have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis, the CBC results will show that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is high.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d7e84"><h4>Blood Smear</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear is used to check the condition of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. Some of your blood is put on a glass slide. A microscope is then used to look at your platelets.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> check whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, are made in the bone marrow. The two bone marrow tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pih-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> might be done to find out whether your bone marrow is making too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a sample of fluid bone marrow through a needle. He or she examines the sample under a microscope to check for faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow biopsy</a> often is done right after an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a needle. He or she examines the tissue to check the number and types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the bone marrow.</p><p>With thrombocythemia and thrombocytosis, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> has a higher than normal number of the very large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> that make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d7e108"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to look for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> factors that can cause a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Treated?</h2><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec2-d8e28"><h3>Primary Thrombocythemia</h3><p>This condition is considered less harmful today than in the past, and its outlook often is good. People who have no signs or symptoms don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, as long as the condition remains stable.</p><p>Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> may help people who are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots (aspirin thins the blood). However, talk with your doctor about using aspirin because it can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Doctors prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> to most pregnant women who have primary thrombocythemia. This is because it doesn't have a high risk of side effects for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p><p>Some people who have primary thrombocythemia may need medicines or medical procedures to lower their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</p><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d8e44"><h4>Medicines To Lower Platelet Counts</h4><p>You may need medicines to lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are older than 60</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count over 1 million</div></li></ul><p>You'll need to take these medicines throughout your life.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hydroxyurea</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a>-lowering medicine is used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a> and other life-threatening diseases. Hydroxyurea most often is given under the care of doctors who specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases. Patients on hydroxyurea are closely monitored.</p><p>Currently, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> plus <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> is the standard <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have primary thrombocythemia and are at high risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0008997" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anagrelide</a>. This medicine also has been used to lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts in people who have thrombocythemia. However, research shows that when compared with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a>, anagrelide has worse outcomes. Anagrelide also has side effects, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fluid retention</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a> (pal-pih-TA-shuns), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</p><p>Interferon alfa. This medicine lowers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts, but 20 percent of patients can't handle its side effects. Side effects include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>-like feeling, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">decreased appetite</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diarrhea</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>, irritability, and sleepiness.</p><p>Doctors may prescribe this medicine to pregnant women who have primary thrombocythemia because it's safer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010627" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hydroxyurea</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0008997" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anagrelide</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d8e107"><h4>Plateletpheresis</h4><p>Plateletpheresis (PLATE-let-fe-REH-sis) is a procedure used to rapidly lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. This procedure is used only for emergencies. For example, if you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> due to primary thrombocythemia, you may need plateletpheresis.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) needle that's connected to a tube is placed in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> to remove blood. The blood goes through a machine that removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> from the blood. The remaining blood is then put back into you through an IV line in one of your blood vessels.</p><p>One or two procedures might be enough to reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count to a safe level.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thrm-sec3-d8e123"><h4>Secondary Thrombocytosis</h4><p>Secondary thrombocytosis is treated by addressing the condition that's causing it.</p><p>People who have secondary thrombocytosis usually don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a>-lowering medicines or procedures. This is because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> usually are normal (unlike in primary thrombocythemia).</p><p>Also, secondary thrombocytosis is less likely than primary thrombocythemia to cause serious problems related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent primary thrombocythemia. However, you can take steps to reduce your risk for complications. For example, you can control many of the risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and smoking.</p><p>To reduce your risk, quit smoking, adopt healthy lifestyle habits, and work with your doctor to manage your risk factors.</p><p>It's not always possible to prevent conditions that lead to secondary thrombocytosis. But, if you have routine medical care, your doctor may detect these conditions before you develop a high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Thrombocythemia or Thrombocytosis</h2><p>If you have thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>See your doctor for ongoing medical care.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Control risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots—for example, quit smoking and work to manage risk factors such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Watch for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062958/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and report them to your doctor right away.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take all medicines as prescribed.</div></li></ul><p>If you're taking medicines to lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, tell your doctor or dentist about them before any surgical or dental procedures. These medicines thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and may increase <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> during these procedures.</p><p>Medicines that thin the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also may cause internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Signs of internal bleeding include bruises, bloody or tarry-looking stools, pink or bloody <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>, increased menstrual bleeding, bleeding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>, and nosebleeds. Contact your doctor right away if you have any of these signs.</p><p>Avoid over-the-counter pain medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> (except Tylenol®). These medicines may raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> and may limit the effect of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>. Be aware that cold and pain medicines and other over-the-counter products may contain ibuprofen.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to thrombocythemia or thrombocytosis, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-thrm-sec1-d1e37_">What Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Thrombocythemia or Thrombocytosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Thrombocythemia and Thrombocytosis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Thrombocythemia or Thrombocytosis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "86": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 86, "category_1.id": 17, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "t" } } |
87 | 2018-02-02 05:28:04 | Thrombocytopenia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-thcp-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombocytopenia</a> (THROM-bo-si-to-PE-ne-ah) is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are made in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> along with other kinds of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. They travel through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and stick together (clot) to stop any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that may happen if a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> is damaged. Platelets also are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytes</a> (THROM-bo-sites) because a clot also is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombus</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has too few <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, mild to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur. Bleeding can occur inside your body (internal bleeding) or underneath your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or from the surface of your skin (external bleeding).</p><p>A normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count in adults ranges from 150,000 to 450,000 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> per microliter of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. A platelet count of less than 150,000 platelets per microliter is lower than normal. If your blood platelet count <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a> below normal, you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>.</p><p>However, the risk for serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> doesn't occur until the count becomes very low—less than 10,000 or 20,000 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> per microliter. Mild bleeding sometimes occurs when the count is less than 50,000 platelets per microliter.</p><p>Many factors can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, but the body destroys them or uses them up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> holds on to too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The spleen is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that normally stores about one-third of the body's platelets. It also helps your body fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> and remove unwanted <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> material.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A combination of the above factors.</div></li></ul><p>How long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> lasts depends on its cause. It can last from days to years.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for this condition also depends on its cause and severity. Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> often doesn't require treatment. If the condition causes or puts you at risk for serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, you may need medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood or platelet transfusions</a>. Rarely, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> may need to be removed.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d1e86"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombocytopenia</a> can be fatal, especially if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is severe or occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. However, the overall outlook for people who have the condition is good, especially if the cause of the low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is found and treated.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p>Many factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> (a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count). The condition can be inherited or acquired. "Inherited" means your parents pass the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition to you. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. Sometimes the cause of thrombocytopenia isn't known.</p><p>In general, a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count occurs because:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, but the body destroys them or uses them up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> holds on to too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li></ul><p>A combination of the above factors also may cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d3e50"><h3>The Bone Marrow Doesn't Make Enough Platelets</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> is the sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. It contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> that develop into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. When stem cells are damaged, they don't grow into healthy blood cells.</p><p>Many conditions and factors can damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e59"><h4>Cancer</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (lu-KE-me-ah) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a> (lim-FO-ma), can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> and destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022038" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood stem cells</a>. Cancer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, also destroy the stem cells.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e65"><h4>Aplastic Anemia</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">Aplastic anemia</a> is a rare, serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> stops making enough new blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. This lowers the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e74"><h4>Toxic Chemicals</h4><p>Exposure to toxic chemicals—such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene—can slow the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e80"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025451" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diuretics</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000378" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chloramphenicol</a>, can slow the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Chloramphenicol (an antibiotic) rarely is used in the United States.</p><p>Common over-the-counter medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>, also can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e90"><h4>Alcohol</h4><p>Alcohol also slows the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. A temporary drop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is common among heavy drinkers, especially if they're eating foods that are low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e96"><h4>Viruses</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chickenpox</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mumps</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rubella</a>, Epstein-Barr virus, or parvovirus can decrease your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count for a while. People who have AIDS often develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e102"><h4>Genetic Conditions</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions can cause low numbers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Examples include Wiskott-Aldrich and May-Hegglin syndromes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d3e109"><h3>The Body Destroys Its Own Platelets</h3><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count can occur even if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The body may destroy its own platelets due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a>, certain medicines, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and some conditions that cause too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e115"><h4>Autoimmune Diseases</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune diseases</a> occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> mistakenly attacks healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the body. If an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a> destroys the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> can occur.</p><p>One example of this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disease</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-itp/">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP). ITP is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> doesn't clot as it should. An autoimmune response is thought to cause most cases of ITP.</p><p>Normally, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> helps your body fight off infections and diseases. But if you have ITP, your immune system attacks and destroys its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Why this happens isn't known. (ITP also may occur if the immune system attacks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>, which makes platelets.)</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a> that destroy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e134"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>A reaction to medicine can confuse your body and cause it to destroy its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Examples of medicines that may cause this to happen include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a>; antibiotics that contain sulfa; and some medicines for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a>, such as Dilantin,® <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vancomycin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001577" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rifampin</a>. (Quinine is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heparin</a> is a medicine commonly used to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. But an immune reaction may trigger the medicine to cause blood clots and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. This condition is called heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT). HIT rarely occurs outside of a hospital.</p><p>In HIT, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks a substance formed by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> on the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> activates the platelets and they start to form <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form deep in the legs (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>), or they can break loose and travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e159"><h4>Infection</h4><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count can occur after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood poisoning</a> from a widespread <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024516" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacterial infection</a>. A virus, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024460" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mononucleosis</a> or cytomegalovirus, also can cause a low platelet count.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e165"><h4>Surgery</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> can be destroyed when they pass through man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valves</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> grafts, or machines and tubing used for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cabg/">bypass surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e177"><h4>Pregnancy</h4><p>About 5 percent of pregnant women develop mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> when they're close to delivery. The exact cause isn't known for sure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d3e184"><h4>Rare and Serious Conditions That Cause Blood Clots</h4><p>Some rare and serious conditions can cause a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. Two examples are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ttp/">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dic/">disseminated intravascular coagulation</a> (DIC).</p><p>TTP is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> condition. It causes blood clots to form in the body's small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, including vessels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brains</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>DIC is a rare complication of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, severe infections, or severe trauma. Tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots form suddenly throughout the body.</p><p>In both conditions, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots use up many of the blood's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d3e205"><h3>The Spleen Holds On to Too Many Platelets</h3><p>Usually, one-third of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> are held in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. If the spleen is enlarged, it will hold on to too many platelets. This means that not enough platelets will circulate in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> often is due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (sir-RO-sis). Cirrhosis is a disease in which the liver is scarred. This prevents it from working well.</p><p>An enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> also might be due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> condition, such as myelofibrosis (MI-eh-lo-fi-BRO-sis). With this condition, the bone marrow is scarred and isn't able to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p>People who are at highest risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> are those affected by one of the conditions or factors discussed in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Thrombocytopenia?"</a> This includes people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">aplastic anemia</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Are exposed to certain toxic chemicals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have a reaction to certain medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions</div></li></ul><p>People at highest risk also include heavy alcohol drinkers and pregnant women.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thrombocytopenia?</h2><p>Mild to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> causes the main signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. Bleeding can occur inside your body (internal bleeding) or underneath your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or from the surface of your skin (external bleeding).</p><p>Signs and symptoms can appear suddenly or over time. Mild <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> often has no signs or symptoms. Many times, it's found during a routine <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood test</a>.</p><p>Check with your doctor if you have any signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> can cause bleeding in almost any part of the body. Bleeding can lead to a medical emergency and should be treated right away.</p><p>External <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> usually is the first sign of a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. External bleeding may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (PURR-purr-ah) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (peh-TEE-key-ay). Purpura are purple, brown, and red bruises. This bruising may happen easily and often. Petechiae are small red or purple dots on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd5e47" co-legend-rid="figlgndd5e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/figure/d5e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd5e47" rid-ob="figobd5e47"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/bin/itp_photo.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/bin/itp_photo.jpg" alt="Purpura and Petechiae."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd5e47"><h4 id="d5e47"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/figure/d5e47/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd5e47">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Purpura and Petechiae. The photograph shows purpura (bruises) and petechiae (dots) on the skin. Bleeding under the skin causes the purple, brown, and red colors of the purpura and petechiae. </p></div></div><p>Other signs of external <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolonged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, even from minor cuts</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> or oozing from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, especially nosebleeds or bleeding from brushing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal vaginal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> (especially heavy menstrual flow)</div></li></ul><p>A lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or dental work also might suggest a bleeding problem.</p><p>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> (internal bleeding) is serious and can be fatal. Signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022230" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rectum</a>. Blood in the stool can appear as red blood or as a dark, tarry color. (Taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements also can cause dark, tarry stools.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024541" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurological</a> symptoms. These problems are very rare, but you should discuss them with your doctor.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Thrombocytopenia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results. A hematologist also may be involved in your care. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions.</p><p>Once <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> is diagnosed, your doctor will begin looking for its cause.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about factors that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The medicines you take, including over-the-counter medicines and herbal remedies, and whether you drink beverages that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a>. Quinine is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your general eating habits, including the amount of alcohol you normally drink.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your risk for AIDS, including questions about <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, sexual partners, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) drugs, and exposure to infectious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or bodily fluids at work.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, such as bruises or spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. He or she will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> for signs of an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. You also will be checked for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d6e65"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests to help diagnose a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count. For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood Tests</a> article.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d6e74"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a> (CBC) measures the levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>, the results of this test will show that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count is low.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d6e84"><h4>Blood Smear</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear is used to check the appearance of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> under a microscope. For this test, a small amount of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d6e90"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> check whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>, are made in your bone marrow. The two bone marrow tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pih-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> might be done to find out why your bone marrow isn't making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a sample of fluid bone marrow through a needle. He or she examines the sample under a microscope to check for faulty cells.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow biopsy</a> often is done right after an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a sample of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a needle. He or she examines the tissue to check the number and types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the bone marrow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d6e105"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problem is suspected, you may need other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> as well. For example, your doctor may recommend PT and PTT tests to see whether your blood is clotting properly.</p><p>Your doctor also may suggest an ultrasound to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. An ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of your spleen. This will allow your doctor to see whether your spleen is enlarged.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Thrombocytopenia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> depends on its cause and severity. The main goal of treatment is to prevent death and disability caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>If your condition is mild, you may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. A fully normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count isn't necessary to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, even with severe cuts or accidents.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombocytopenia</a> often improves when its underlying cause is treated. People who inherit the condition usually don't need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>If a reaction to a medicine is causing a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, your doctor may prescribe another medicine. Most people recover after the initial medicine has been stopped. For <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>-induced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> (HIT), stopping the heparin isn't enough. Often, you'll need another medicine to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> is causing a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, your doctor may prescribe medicines to suppress the immune system.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Severe Thrombocytopenia</h3><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> is severe, your doctor may prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> such as medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">splenectomy</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d7e50"><h4>Medicines</h4><p>Your doctor may prescribe corticosteroids, also called steroids for short. Steroids may slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> destruction. These medicines can be given through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> or by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. One example of this type of medicine is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011828" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">prednisone</a>.</p><p>The steroids used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> are different from illegal steroids taken by some athletes to enhance performance.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe immunoglobulins or medicines like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rituximab</a> to block your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. These medicines are given through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. He or she also may prescribe other medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010088" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eltrombopag</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">romiplostim</a>, to help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. The former comes as a tablet to take by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and the latter is given as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d7e63"><h4>Blood or Platelet Transfusions</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">transfusions</a> are used to treat people who have active <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or are at a high risk of bleeding. During this procedure, a needle is used to insert an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Through this line, you receive healthy blood or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>For more information about this procedure, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec3-d7e75"><h4>Splenectomy</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">splenectomy</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>. This surgery may be used if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with medicines doesn't work. This surgery mostly is used for adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-itp/">immune thrombocytopenia</a> (ITP). However, medicines often are the first course of treatment.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Thrombocytopenia Be Prevented?</h2><p>Whether you can prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> depends on its specific cause. Usually the condition can't be prevented. However, you can take steps to prevent health problems associated with thrombocytopenia. For example:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid heavy drinking. Alcohol slows the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to avoid contact with toxic chemicals. Chemicals such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene can slow the production of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid medicines that you know have decreased your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count in the past.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Be aware of medicines that may affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Two examples of such medicines are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>. These medicines may thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Talk with your doctor about getting vaccinated for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a> that can affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. You may need vaccines for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mumps</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rubella</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024798" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chickenpox</a>. You may want to have your child vaccinated for these viruses as well. Talk with your child's doctor about these vaccines.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Thrombocytopenia</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>, watch for any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063008/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Report these signs and symptoms to your doctor right away.</p><p>Symptoms can appear suddenly or over time. Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in almost any part of the body. Bleeding can lead to a medical emergency and should be treated right away.</p><p>You can take steps to avoid health problems associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. Be aware of the medicines you’re taking, avoid injuries, and contact your doctor if you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> or other signs or symptoms of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d9e40"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Avoid medicines that may affect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Two examples of such medicines are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>. These medicines may thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> too much. Be careful when using over-the-counter medicines—many contain aspirin or ibuprofen.</p><p>Tell your doctor about all of the medicines you take, including over-the-counter medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, supplements, and herbal remedies.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d9e50"><h3>Injuries</h3><p>Avoid injuries that can cause bruising and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Don't take part in contact sports such as boxing, football, or karate. These sports are likely to lead to injuries that can cause bleeding.</p><p>Other sports, such as skiing or horseback riding, also put you at risk for injuries that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Ask your doctor about physical activities that are safe for you.</p><p>Take safety precautions, such as using a seatbelt while riding in a car and wearing gloves when working with knives and other tools.</p><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>, try to protect him or her from injuries, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024859" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">head injuries</a> that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. Ask your child's doctor whether you need to restrict your child's activities.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-thcp-sec2-d9e66"><h3>Infection</h3><p>If you've had your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> removed, you may be more likely to become ill from certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Watch for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> or other signs of infection and report them to your doctor promptly. People who have had their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> removed may need vaccines to prevent certain infections.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref= |
June 11, 2014. | { "87": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 87, "category_1.id": 17, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "t" } } |
88 | 2018-02-02 05:28:24 | Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ttp-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) is a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder. In TTP, blood clots form in small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body.</p><p>The clots can limit or block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. As a result, serious health problems can develop.</p><p>The increased clotting that occurs in TTP also uses up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Platelets are blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that help form blood clots. These cell fragments stick together to seal small cuts and breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>With fewer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> available in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems can occur. People who have TTP may bleed inside their bodies, underneath the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or from the surface of the skin. When cut or injured, they also may bleed longer than normal.</p><p>"Thrombotic" (throm-BOT-ik) refers to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that form. "Thrombocytopenic" (throm-bo-cy-toe-PEE-nick) means the blood has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Purpura</a>" (PURR-purr-ah) refers to purple bruises caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> also can cause tiny red or purple dots on the skin. These pinpoint-sized dots are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a> (peh-TEE-kee-ay). Petechiae may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e62" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/figure/d1e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e62" rid-ob="figobd1e62"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/bin/itp_photo.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/bin/itp_photo.jpg" alt="Purpura and Petechiae."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e62"><h4 id="d1e62"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/figure/d1e62/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e62">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Purpura and Petechiae. The photograph shows purpura (bruises) and petechiae (dots) on the skin. Bleeding under the skin causes the purple, brown, and red colors of the purpura and petechiae. </p></div></div><p>TTP also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to break apart faster than the body can replace them. This leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a> (HEE-moh-lit-ick uh-NEE-me-uh)—a rare form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is a condition in which the body has a lower than normal number of red blood cells.</p><p>A lack of activity in the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>) causes TTP. The ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> controls the enzyme, which is involved in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. The enzyme breaks up a large protein called von Willebrand factor that clumps together with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> to form blood clots.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d1e81"><h3>Types of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><p>The two main types of TTP are inherited and acquired. "Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. This type of TTP mainly affects newborns and children.</p><p>In inherited TTP, the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is faulty and doesn't prompt the body to make a normal ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>. As a result, enzyme activity is lacking or changed.</p><p>Acquired TTP is the more common type of the disorder. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the disorder, but you develop it. This type of TTP mostly occurs in adults, but it can affect children.</p><p>In acquired TTP, the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> isn't faulty. Instead, the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that block the activity of the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>.</p><p>It's not clear what triggers inherited and acquired TTP, but some factors may play a role. These factors may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, and infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medical procedures, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Quinine</a>, which is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products</div></li></ul><p>If you have TTP, you may sometimes hear it referred to as TTP–HUS. HUS, or hemolytic-uremic syndrome, is a disorder that resembles TTP, but is more common in children. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney</a> problems also tend to be worse in HUS. Although some researchers think TTP and HUS are two forms of a single syndrome, recent evidence suggests that each has different causes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d1e120"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>TTP is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a>. It can be fatal or cause lasting damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, if it's not treated right away.</p><p>TTP usually occurs suddenly and lasts for days or weeks, but it can continue for months. Relapses (or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a>) can occur in up to 60 percent of people who have the acquired type of TTP. Many people who have inherited TTP have frequent flareups that need to be treated.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for TTP include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> of fresh frozen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma exchange</a>, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasmapheresis</a> (PLAZ-ma-feh-RE-sis). These treatments have greatly improved the outlook of the disorder.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h2><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Inherited Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Familial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upshaw-Schulman syndrome (USS)</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d3e40"><h3>Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Moschcowitz disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Microangiopathic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a></div></li></ul><p>If you have TTP, you may sometimes hear it referred to as TTP–HUS. HUS, or hemolytic-uremic syndrome, is a disorder that resembles TTP, but is more common in children. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kidney</a> problems also tend to be worse in HUS. Although some researchers think TTP and HUS are two forms of a single syndrome, recent evidence suggests that each has different causes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?</h2><p>A lack of activity in the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>) causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP). The ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> controls the enzyme, which is involved in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>.</p><p>Not having enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> activity causes overactive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. In TTP, blood clots form in small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body. These clots can limit or block the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. As a result, serious health problems can develop.</p><p>The increased clotting that occurs in TTP also uses up many of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. With fewer platelets available in the blood, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems can occur.</p><p>People who have TTP may bleed inside their bodies, underneath the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or from the surface of the skin. When cut or injured, they also may bleed longer than normal.</p><p>TTP also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to break apart faster than the body can replace them. This leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d4e47"><h3>Inherited Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><p>In inherited TTP, the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> is faulty. It doesn't prompt the body to make a normal ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>. As a result, enzyme activity is lacking or changed.</p><p>"Inherited" means that the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. A person who inherits TTP is born with two copies of the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>—one from each parent.</p><p>Most often, the parents each have one copy of the faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a>, but have no signs or symptoms TTP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d4e59"><h3>Acquired Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><p>In acquired TTP, the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> isn't faulty. Instead, the body makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that block the activity of the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>.</p><p>"Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it sometime after birth.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d4e69"><h3>Triggers for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h3><p>It's unclear what triggers inherited and acquired TTP, but some factors may play a role. These factors may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, and infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medical procedures, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Quinine</a>, which is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a>. Most cases of TTP are acquired. Acquired TTP mostly occurs in adults, but it can affect children. The condition occurs more often in women and in Black people than in other groups.</p><p>Inherited TTP mainly affects newborns and children. Most people who have inherited TTP begin to have symptoms soon after birth. Some, however, don't have symptoms until they're adults.</p><p>It isn't clear what triggers inherited and acquired TTP, but some factors may play a role. These factors may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some diseases and conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, and infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medical procedures, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Quinine</a>, which is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots, a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count, and damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> cause the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP).</p><p>The signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Purplish bruises on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (such as in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). These bruises, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a>, are caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pinpoint-sized red or purple dots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These dots, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a>, often are found in groups and may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> under the skin causes petechiae.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paleness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (feeling very tired and weak).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> or shortness of breath.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headache</a>, speech changes, confusion, coma, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A low amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the urine.</div></li></ul><p>If you've had TTP and have any of these signs or symptoms, you may be having a relapse (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>). Ask your doctor when to call him or her or seek emergency care.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnosis <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>If TTP is suspected or diagnosed, a hematologist will be involved in your care. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask about factors that may affect TTP. For example, he or she may ask whether you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, or infections (or whether you're pregnant).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have had previous medical procedures, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Take certain medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens, or whether you've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have used any products that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a>. Quinine is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>As part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and physical exam, your doctor will ask about any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> you've had. He or she will look for signs such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bruising and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paleness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Speech changes or changes in awareness that can range from confusion to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">passing out</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Changes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d7e90"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor also may recommend tests to help find out whether you have TTP.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e97"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>This test measures the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. For this test, a sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>If you have TTP, you'll have a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e109"><h4>Blood Smear</h4><p>For this test, a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. Some of your blood is put on a glass slide. A microscope is then used to look at your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. In TTP, the red blood cells are torn and broken.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e115"><h4>Platelet Count</h4><p>This test counts the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> smear. People who have TTP have a lower than normal number of platelets in their blood. This test is used with the blood smear to help diagnose TTP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e122"><h4>Bilirubin Test</h4><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> die, they release a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) into the bloodstream. The body breaks down hemoglobin into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compound</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a>. High levels of bilirubin in the bloodstream cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a>.</p><p>For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>, a sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bilirubin</a> in the sample is checked. If you have TTP, your bilirubin level may be high because your body is breaking down <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> faster than normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e131"><h4>Kidney Function Tests and Urine Tests</h4><p>These tests show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> are working well. If you have TTP, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> may contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Also, your blood creatinine (kre-AT-ih-neen) level may be high. Creatinine is a blood product that's normally removed by the kidneys.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e138"><h4>Coombs Test</h4><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> is used to find out whether TTP is the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">hemolytic anemia</a>. For this test, a sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p>In TTP, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a> occurs because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> are broken into pieces as they try to squeeze around blood clots.</p><p>When TTP is the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>, the Coombs test is negative. The test is positive if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) are destroying your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e153"><h4>Lactate Dehydrogenase Test</h4><p>This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> measures a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). For this test, a sample of blood is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemolytic anemia</a> causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to break down and release LDH into the blood. LDH also is released from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that are injured by blood clots as a result of TTP.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec3-d7e163"><h4>ADAMTS13 Assay</h4><p>A lack of activity in the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> causes TTP. For this test, a sample of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>, usually in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The blood is sent to a special lab to test for the enzyme's activity.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) can be fatal or cause lasting damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> damage or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, if it's not treated right away.</p><p>In most cases, TTP occurs suddenly and lasts for days or weeks, but it can go on for months. Relapses (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a>) can occur in up to 60 percent of people who have acquired TTP. Flareups also occur in most people who have inherited TTP.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are the most common way to treat TTP. Other treatments include medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Treatments are done in a hospital.</p><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Plasma Therapy</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma</a> is the liquid part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. It carries blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> to your body.</p><p>TTP is treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. This includes:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fresh frozen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> for people who have inherited TTP</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma exchange</a> for people who have acquired TTP</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> is started in the hospital as soon as TTP is diagnosed or suspected.</p><p>For inherited TTP, fresh frozen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> is given through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. This is done to replace the missing or changed ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plasma exchange</a> (also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasmapheresis</a>) is used to treat acquired TTP. This is a lifesaving procedure. It removes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> that damage your ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a>. Plasma exchange also replaces the ADAMTS13 enzyme.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma exchange</a> isn't available, you may be given fresh frozen plasma until it is available.</p><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma exchange</a>, an IV needle or tube is placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The blood goes through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> separator, which removes plasma from the blood. The nonplasma part of the blood is saved, and donated plasma is added to it.</p><p>Then, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is put back into you through an IV line inserted into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The time required to complete the procedure varies, but it often takes about 2 hours.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> of fresh frozen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma exchange</a> usually continue until your <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> results and signs and symptoms improve. This can take days or weeks, depending on your condition. You'll stay in the hospital while you recover.</p><p>Some people who recover from TTP have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a>. This can happen in the hospital or after you go home. If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>, your doctor will restart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ttp-sec2-d8e87"><h3>Other Treatments</h3><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are used if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> doesn't work well or if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a> occur often.</p><p>For acquired TTP, medicines can slow or stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> to the ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> from forming. Medicines used to treat TTP include glucocorticoids, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012639" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vincristine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012019" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rituximab</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to remove the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> (an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>) is needed. This is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the spleen make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that block ADAMTS13 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzyme</a> activity.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura Be Prevented?</h2><p>Both inherited and acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP) occur suddenly with no clear cause. You can't prevent either type.</p><p>If you've had TTP, watch for signs and symptoms of a relapse (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>). (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063007/#nhlbisec-livingwith">"Living With Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura."</a>)</p><p>Ask your doctor about factors that may trigger TTP or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some diseases or conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, HIV, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, or infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medical procedures, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplant</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Some medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a> A, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> and estrogens. If you take any of these medicines, your doctor may prescribe a different medicine.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Quinine</a>, which is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Thrombotic Thrombocytopenic Purpura</h2><p>Some people fully recover from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023093" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura</a> (TTP). However, relapses (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a>) can occur in many people who have acquired and inherited TTP.</p><p>If you've had TTP, call your doctor right away if you have signs or symptoms of a relapse. These signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Purplish bruises on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> (such as in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>). These bruises, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a>, are caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> under the skin.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pinpoint-sized red or purple dots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These dots, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022067" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">petechiae</a>, often are found in groups and may look like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> under the skin causes petechiae.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paleness or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (feeling very tired and weak).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> or shortness of breath.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headache</a>, speech changes, confusion, coma, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A low amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the urine.</div></li></ul><p>If you've been treated for TTP, ask your doctor about medicines that may raise your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> during a relapse, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>.</p><p>Also, tell your doctor about all over-the-counter medicines you take, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, supplements, and herbal remedies.</p><p>Your doctor may ask whether you're using any products that contain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011919" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinine</a>. Quinine is a substance often found in tonic water and nutritional health products. Quinine may trigger TTP or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a> of the disorder.</p><p>If your child has inherited TTP, ask the doctor whether you need to restrict your child's activities.</p><p>Report any symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, to your doctor. This is very important for people who have had their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleens</a> removed.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about changing medicines that may raise your risk of TTP, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012418" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ticlopidine</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype |
June 11, 2014. | { "88": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 88, "category_1.id": 17, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "t" } } |
89 | 2018-02-02 05:28:38 | Varicose Veins | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-vv-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Varicose Veins?</h2><p>Varicose (VAR-i-kos) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> are swollen, twisted veins that you can see just under the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These veins usually occur in the legs, but they also can form in other parts of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> are a common condition. They usually cause few signs and symptoms. Sometimes varicose veins cause mild to moderate pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores), or other problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d1e47"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry blood from your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Your heart pumps the blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to pick up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. The oxygen-rich blood then is pumped to your body through blood vessels called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>From your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flows through tiny <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>, where it gives up its <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. Your blood then returns to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> to pick up more oxygen. For more information about blood flow, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Veins</a> have one-way valves that help keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flowing toward your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. If the valves are weak or damaged, blood can back up and pool in your veins. This causes the veins to swell, which can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>.</p><p>Many factors can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. Examples of these factors include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>, older age, gender, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>, lack of movement, and leg trauma.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> are treated with lifestyle changes and medical procedures. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve appearance.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d1e72"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> usually don't cause medical problems. If they do, your doctor may simply suggest making lifestyle changes.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> cause pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a>, or other problems. If this happens, your doctor may recommend one or more medical procedures. Some people choose to have these procedures to improve the way their veins look or to relieve pain.</p><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> are quick and easy and don't require a long recovery.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-related"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-related_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Vein Problems Related to Varicose Veins</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> problems are related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, such as telangiectasias (tel-AN-juh-ek-TA-ze-uhs), spider veins, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicoceles</a> (VAR-i-ko-seals), and other vein problems.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Telangiectasias</h3><p>Telangiectasias are small clusters of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. They're usually found on the upper body, including the face.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> appear red. They may form during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and often they develop in people who have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> disorders, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a>, or other conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease.</p><p>Because telangiectasias can be a sign of a more serious condition, see your doctor if you think you have them.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d3e44"><h3>Spider Veins</h3><p>Spider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> are a smaller version of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> and a less serious type of telangiectasias. Spider veins involve the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>, the smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the body.</p><p>Spider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> often appear on the legs and face. They're red or blue and usually look like a spider web or tree branch. These veins usually aren't a medical concern.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d3e53"><h3>Varicoceles</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicoceles</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024448" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scrotum</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> over the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024429" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">testicles</a>). Varicoceles may be linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">male infertility</a>. If you think you have varicoceles, see your doctor.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d3e60"><h3>Other Related Vein Problems</h3><p>Other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> include venous lakes, reticular veins, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024808" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemorrhoids</a>. Venous lakes are varicose veins that appear on the face and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. Reticular veins are flat blue veins often seen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>. Hemorrhoids are varicose veins in and around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022236" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anus</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Varicose Veins?</h2><p>Weak or damaged valves in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. After your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your body, your veins return the blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The veins in your legs must work against gravity to do this.</p><p>One-way valves inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> open to let <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through, and then they shut to keep blood from flowing backward. If the valves are weak or damaged, blood can back up and pool in your veins. This causes the veins to swell.</p><p>Weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> walls may cause weak valves. Normally, the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> are elastic (stretchy). If these walls become weak, they lose their normal elasticity. They become like an overstretched rubber band. This makes the walls of the veins longer and wider, and it causes the flaps of the valves to separate.</p><p>When the valve flaps separate, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can flow backward through the valves. The backflow of blood fills the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and stretches the walls even more. As a result, the veins get bigger, swell, and often twist as they try to squeeze into their normal space. These are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd4e44" co-legend-rid="figlgndd4e44"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/figure/d4e44/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd4e44" rid-ob="figobd4e44"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/bin/varicose_veins.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/bin/varicose_veins.jpg" alt="Normal Vein and Varicose Vein."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd4e44"><h4 id="d4e44"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/figure/d4e44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e44">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Normal Vein and Varicose Vein. Figure A shows a normal vein with a working valve and normal blood flow. Figure B shows a varicose vein with a deformed valve, abnormal blood flow, and thin, stretched walls. The middle image shows where varicose veins might <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/figure/d4e44/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd4e44">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>Older age or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> may raise your risk for weak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> walls. You also may be at higher risk if you have increased pressure in your veins due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Varicose Veins?</h2><p>Many factors may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a>, older age, gender, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obesity</a>, lack of movement, and leg trauma.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e34"><h3>Family History</h3><p>Having family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> may raise your risk for the condition. About half of all people who have varicose veins have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of them.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e40"><h3>Older Age</h3><p>Getting older may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. The normal wear and tear of aging may cause the valves in your veins to weaken and not work well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Gender</h3><p>Women tend to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> more often than men. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormonal</a> changes that occur during puberty, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a> (or with the use of birth control pills) may raise a woman's risk for varicose veins.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e53"><h3>Pregnancy</h3><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, the growing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a> puts pressure on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the mother's legs. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> that occur during pregnancy usually get better within 3 to 12 months of delivery.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e61"><h3>Overweight or Obesity</h3><p>Being <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> or obese can put extra pressure on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. For more information about overweight and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight and Obesity</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e71"><h3>Lack of Movement</h3><p>Standing or sitting for a long time, especially with your legs bent or crossed, may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. This is because staying in one position for a long time may force your veins to work harder to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d5e77"><h3>Leg Trauma</h3><p>Previous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or traumatic damage to the valves in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> can weaken their ability to move blood back to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, increasing the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Varicose Veins?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that you can see just under the surface of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Mild swelling of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> and feet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Painful, achy, or "heavy" legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Throbbing or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cramping</a> in your legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Itchy legs, especially on the lower leg and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a>. Sometimes this symptom is incorrectly diagnosed as dry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Discolored <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> in the area around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Signs of telangiectasias are clusters of red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> that you can see just under the surface of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. These clusters usually are found on the upper body, including the face. Signs of spider veins are red or blue veins in a web or tree branch pattern. Often, these veins appear on the legs and face.</p><p>See your doctor if you have these signs and symptoms. They also may be signs of other, more serious conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d6e60"><h3>Complications of Varicose Veins</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> can lead to dermatitis (der-ma-TI-tis), an itchy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>. If you have varicose veins in your legs, dermatitis may affect your lower leg or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a>. Dermatitis can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores) if the skin is scratched or irritated.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> also can lead to a condition called superficial thrombophlebitis (THROM-bo-fleh-BI-tis). Thrombophlebitis is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. Superficial thrombophlebitis means that the blood clot occurs in a vein close to the surface of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. This type of blood clot may cause pain and other problems in the affected area.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Varicose Veins Diagnosed?</h2><p>Doctors often diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> based on a physical exam alone. Sometimes tests or procedures are used to find out the extent of the problem or to rule out other conditions.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, you may see a vascular medicine specialist or vascular surgeon. These doctors specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> conditions. You also may see a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dermatologist</a>. This type of doctor specializes in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> conditions.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>To check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> in your legs, your doctor will look at your legs while you're standing or sitting with your legs dangling. He or she may ask you about your signs and symptoms, including any pain you're having.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d7e44"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d7e47"><h4>Duplex Ultrasound</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend duplex ultrasound to check <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and to look for blood clots. Duplex ultrasound combines traditional with Doppler ultrasound. Traditional ultrasound uses sound waves to create a picture of the structures in your body, in this case the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and anything that may be blocking the flow of blood. Doppler ultrasound uses sound waves to create pictures of the flow or movement of the blood through the veins. The two types of ultrasound together paint a picture that helps your doctor diagnose your condition.</p><p>During this test, a handheld device will be placed on your body and passed back and forth over the affected area. The device sends and receives sound waves. A computer will convert the sound waves into a picture of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d7e56"><h4>Angiogram</h4><p>Although it is not very common, your doctor may recommend an angiogram to get a more detailed look at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>For this procedure, dye is injected into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. The dye outlines your veins on x-ray images.</p><p>An angiogram can help your doctor confirm whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> or another condition.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Varicose Veins Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> are treated with lifestyle changes and medical procedures. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to relieve symptoms, prevent complications, and improve appearance.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> cause few symptoms, your doctor may simply suggest making lifestyle changes. If your symptoms are more severe, your doctor may recommend one or more medical procedures. For example, you may need a medical procedure if you have a lot of pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> disorders caused by your varicose veins.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> choose to have procedures to improve how their veins look.</p><p>Although <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, it can't keep new varicose veins from forming.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Lifestyle changes often are the first <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. These changes can prevent varicose veins from getting worse, reduce pain, and delay other varicose veins from forming. Lifestyle changes include the following:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid standing or sitting for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> without taking a break. When sitting, avoid crossing your legs. Keep your legs raised when sitting, resting, or sleeping. When you can, raise your legs above the level of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Do physical activities to get your legs moving and improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> tone. This helps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> move through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, try to lose weight. This will improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and ease the pressure on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid wearing tight clothes, especially those that are tight around your waist, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thighs), and legs. Tight clothes can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> worse.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid wearing high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025819" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heels</a> for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. Lower heeled shoes can help tone your calf <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>. Toned muscles help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> move through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor may recommend compression stockings. These stockings create gentle pressure up the leg. This pressure keeps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from pooling and decreases swelling in the legs.</p><p>There are three types of compression stockings. One type is support pantyhose. These offer the least amount of pressure. A second type is over-the-counter compression hose. These stockings give a little more pressure than support pantyhose. Over-the-counter compression hose are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies.</p><p>Prescription-strength compression hose are the third type of compression stockings. These stockings offer the greatest amount of pressure. They also are sold in medical supply stores and pharmacies. However, you need to be fitted for them in the store by a specially trained person.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec2-d8e78"><h3>Medical Procedures</h3><p>Medical procedures are done either to remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> or to close them. Removing or closing varicose veins usually doesn't cause problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow because the blood starts moving through other veins.</p><p>You may be treated with one or more of the procedures described below. Common side effects right after most of these procedures include bruising, swelling, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> discoloration, and slight pain.</p><p>The side effects are most severe with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> stripping and ligation (li-GA-shun). Rarely, this procedure can cause severe pain, infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e90"><h4>Sclerotherapy</h4><p>Sclerotherapy (SKLER-o-ther-ah-pe) uses a liquid chemical to close off a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>. The chemical is injected into the vein to cause irritation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> inside the vein. The irritation and scarring cause the vein to close off, and it fades away.</p><p>This procedure often is used to treat smaller <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> and spider veins. It can be done in your doctor's office, while you stand. You may need several <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> to completely close off a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> typically are done every 4 to 6 weeks. Following treatments, your legs will be wrapped in elastic bandaging to help with healing and decrease swelling.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e103"><h4>Microsclerotherapy</h4><p>Microsclerotherapy (MI-kro-SKLER-o-ther-ah-pe) is used to treat spider <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and other very small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>.</p><p>A small amount of liquid chemical is injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> using a very fine needle. The chemical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scars</a> the inner lining of the vein, causing it to close off.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e112"><h4>Laser Surgery</h4><p>This procedure applies light energy from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">laser</a> onto a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>. The laser light makes the vein fade away.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022303" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Laser surgery</a> mostly is used to treat smaller <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. No cutting or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> of chemicals is involved.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e122"><h4>Endovenous Ablation Therapy</h4><p>Endovenous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> (ab-LA-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> uses <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022301" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lasers</a> or radiowaves to create heat to close off a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>.</p><p>Your doctor makes a tiny cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> near the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>. He or she then inserts a small tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> into the vein. A device at the tip of the tube heats up the inside of the vein and closes it off.</p><p>You'll be awake during this procedure, but your doctor will numb the area around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. You usually can go home the same day as the procedure.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e135"><h4>Endoscopic Vein Surgery</h4><p>For endoscopic (en-do-SKOP-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor will make a small cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> near a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose vein</a>. He or she then uses a tiny camera at the end of a thin tube to move through the vein. A surgical device at the end of the camera is used to close the vein.</p><p>Endoscopic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> usually is used only in severe cases when <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> are causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores). After the procedure, you usually can return to your normal activities within a few weeks.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e144"><h4>Ambulatory Phlebectomy</h4><p>For ambulatory phlebectomy (fle-BEK-to-me), your doctor will make small cuts in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> to remove small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. This procedure usually is done to remove the varicose veins closest to the surface of your skin.</p><p>You'll be awake during the procedure, but your doctor will numb the area around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>. Usually, you can go home the same day that the procedure is done.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vv-sec3-d8e154"><h4>Vein Stripping and Ligation</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vein</a> stripping and ligation typically is done only for severe cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>. The procedure involves tying shut and removing the veins through small cuts in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p>You'll be given medicine to temporarily put you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> so you don't feel any pain during the procedure.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vein</a> stripping and ligation usually is done as an outpatient procedure. The recovery time from the procedure is about 1 to 4 weeks.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Varicose Veins Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> from forming. However, you can prevent the ones you have from getting worse. You also can take steps to delay other varicose veins from forming.</p><p>Avoid standing or sitting for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> without taking a break. When sitting, avoid crossing your legs. Keep your legs raised when sitting, resting, or sleeping. When you can, raise your legs above the level of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>Do physical activities to get your legs moving and improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> tone. This helps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> move through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, try to lose weight. This will improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow and ease the pressure on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>Avoid wearing tight clothes, especially those that are tight around your waist, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thighs), and legs. Tight clothes can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> worse.</p><p>Avoid wearing high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025819" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heels</a> for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>. Lower heeled shoes can help tone your calf <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>. Toned muscles help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> move through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>.</p><p>Wear compression stockings if your doctor recommends them. These stockings create gentle pressure up the leg. This pressure keeps <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from pooling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> and decreases swelling in the legs.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Varicose Veins</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Varicose veins</a> are a common condition. They often cause few signs and symptoms. If your signs and symptoms are minor, your doctor may simply suggest making lifestyle changes.</p><p>If your condition is more severe—for example, if you have pain, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores)—your doctor may recommend one or more medical procedures. Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a> are quick and easy and don't require a long recovery.</p><p>For more information about lifestyle changes and medical procedures, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063017/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Are Varicose Veins Treated?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028341" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">varicose veins</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-vv-sec1-d1e38_">What Are Varicose Veins?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-related_">Vein Problems Related to Varicose Veins</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Varicose Veins?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Varicose Veins?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Varicose Veins?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Varicose Veins Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Varicose Veins Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Varicose Veins Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Varicose Veins</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "89": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 89, "category_1.id": 18, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "v" } } |
90 | 2018-02-02 05:28:56 | Vasculitis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-vas-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Vasculitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis) is a condition that involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. The condition occurs if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks your blood vessels by mistake. This may happen as the result of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, a medicine, or another disease or condition.</p><p>“<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a>” refers to the body’s response to injury, including injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Inflammation may involve pain, redness, warmth, swelling, and loss of function in the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> can lead to serious problems. Complications depend on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, or other body systems are affected.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d1e50"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> can affect any of the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. These include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>. Arteries carry blood from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Veins carry blood from your organs and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> back to your heart. Capillaries connect the small arteries and veins.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> is inflamed, it can narrow or close off. This limits or prevents blood flow through the vessel. Rarely, the blood vessel will stretch and weaken, causing it to bulge. This bulge is known as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arm/">aneurysm</a> (AN-u-rism).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e66" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e66"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/figure/d1e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e66" rid-ob="figobd1e66"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/bin/vasculitis.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/bin/vasculitis.jpg" alt="Vasculitis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e66"><h4 id="d1e66"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/figure/d1e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e66">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Vasculitis. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of the normal artery. Figure B shows an inflamed, narrowed artery with decreased blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of the inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/figure/d1e66/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e66">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p>The disruption in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> can damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Signs and symptoms depend on which organs have been damaged and the extent of the damage.</p><p>Typical symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> and general aches and pains, are common among people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d1e79"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>, but overall the condition is rare. If you have vasculitis, the outlook depends on:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> you have</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> are affected</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How quickly the condition worsens</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The severity of the condition</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> often works well if it’s started early. In some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> may go into remission. "Remission" means the condition isn't active, but it can come back, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a>," at any time.</p><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) and never goes into remission. Long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with medicines often can control the signs and symptoms of chronic vasculitis.</p><p>Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> doesn't respond well to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This can lead to disability and even death.</p><p>Much is still unknown about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. However, researchers continue to learn more about the condition and its various types, causes, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Vasculitis</h2><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. Each type involves inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. However, most types differ in whom they affect and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> that are involved.</p><p>The types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> often are grouped based on the size of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> they affect.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e34"><h3>Mostly Large Vessel Vasculitis</h3><p>These types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> usually, but not always, affect the body’s larger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e41"><h3>Behçet's Disease</h3><p>Behçet's (beh-CHET'S) disease can cause recurrent, painful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, ulcers on the genitals, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025360" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acne</a>-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lesions</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uveitis</a> (u-ve-I-tis).</p><p>The disease occurs most often in people aged 20 to 40. Men are more likely to get it, but it also can affect women. Behçet's disease is more common in people of Mediterranean, Middle Eastern, and Far Eastern descent, although it rarely affects Blacks.</p><p>Researchers believe that a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> called the HLA-B51 gene may play a role in Behçet's disease. However, not everyone who has the gene gets the disease.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e55"><h3>Cogan's Syndrome</h3><p>Cogan's syndrome can occur in people who have a systemic (sis-TEH-mik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> that affects the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, especially the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a>. The aorta is the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body.</p><p>A systemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> is a type of vasculitis that affects you in a general or overall way.</p><p>Cogan's syndrome can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">interstitial</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023525" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">keratitis</a> (in-ter-STISH-al ker-ah-TI-tis). The syndrome also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> changes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024984" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sudden deafness</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e68"><h3>Giant Cell Arteritis</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025317" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Giant cell arteritis</a> (ar-ter-I-tis) usually affects the temporal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>, an artery on the side of your head. This condition also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025317" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">temporal arteritis</a>. Symptoms of this condition can include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scalp</a> tenderness, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a> pain, blurred vision, double vision, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute</a> (sudden) vision loss.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025317" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Giant cell arteritis</a> is the most common form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> in adults older than 50. It's more likely to occur in people of Scandinavian origin, but it can affect people of any race.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e79"><h3>Polymyalgia Rheumatica</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025316" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Polymyalgia rheumatica</a> (POL-e-my-AL-jah RU-ma-ti-kuh), or PMR, commonly affects the large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a> in the body, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a> and hips. PMR typically causes stiffness and pain in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, shoulders, lower back, hips, and thighs.</p><p>PMR usually occurs by itself, but 10–20 percent of people who have PMR also develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025317" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">giant cell arteritis</a>. Also, about half of the people who have giant cell arteritis may develop PMR.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e91"><h4>Takayasu's Arteritis</h4><p>Takayasu's (tock-e-AH-sues) arteritis affects medium- and large-sized <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, particularly the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and its branches. The condition sometimes is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic arch</a> syndrome.</p><p>Though rare, Takayasu's arteritis mainly affects teenage girls and young women. The condition is most common in Asians, but it can affect people of all races.</p><p>Takayasu's arteritis is a systemic disease. A systemic disease is one that affects you in a general or overall way.</p><p>Symptoms of Takayasu's arteritis may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a> and a sense of feeling unwell, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, night sweats, sore <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">loss of appetite</a>, and weight loss. These symptoms usually occur before other signs develop that point to arteritis.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e110"><h3>Mostly Medium Vessel Vasculitis</h3><p>These types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> usually, but not always, affect the body’s medium-sized <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e116"><h4>Buerger's Disease</h4><p>Buerger's disease, also known as thromboangiitis (THROM-bo-an-jee-I-tis) obliterans, typically affects <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet. In this disease, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the hands and feet tighten or become blocked. As a result, less blood flows to the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, which can lead to pain and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> damage.</p><p>Rarely, Buerger's disease also can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The disease usually affects men aged 20 to 40 of Asian or Eastern European descent. The disease is strongly linked to cigarette smoking.</p><p>Symptoms of Buerger's disease include pain in the calves or feet when walking or pain in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023099" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">forearms</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> with activity. Other symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the surface <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-raynaud/">Raynaud's phenomenon</a>.</p><p>In severe cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> may develop on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gangrene</a>. The term "gangrene" refers to the death or decay of body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</p><p>Surgical bypass of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> may help restore blood flow to some areas. Medicines generally don’t work well to treat Buerger’s disease. The best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to stop using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> of any kind.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e140"><h4>Central Nervous System Vasculitis</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Central nervous system</a> (CNS) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> usually occurs as a result of a systemic vasculitis. A systemic vasculitis is one that affects you in a general or overall way.</p><p>Very rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects only the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spinal cord</a>. When it does, the condition is called isolated vasculitis of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">central nervous system</a> or primary <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiitis</a> (an-jee-I-tis) of the central nervous system.</p><p>Symptoms of CNS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, problems thinking clearly, changes in mental function, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>-like symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness and paralysis (an inability to move).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e153"><h4>Kawasaki Disease</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-kd/">Kawasaki (KAH-wah-SAH-ke) disease</a> is a rare childhood disease in which the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> throughout the body become inflamed. The disease can affect any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in the body, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> also is known as mucocutaneous (myu-ko-kyu-TA-ne-as) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph node</a> syndrome. This is because the disease is associated with redness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022772" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucous membranes</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>, redness of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a>. (Mucous membranes are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that line some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023279" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cavities</a>.)</p><p>Sometimes the disease affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, which carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. As a result, a small number of children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023338" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Kawasaki disease</a> may have serious heart problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e167"><h4>Polyarteritis Nodosa</h4><p>Polyarteritis nodosa (POL-e-ar-ter-I-tis no-DO-suh) can affect many parts of the body. This disorder often affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>.</p><p>Symptoms often include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, a general feeling of being unwell, weight loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> aches, including pain in the calf <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> that develops over weeks or months.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count), a lace- or web-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a>, bumps under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain after eating.</p><p>Researchers believe that this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> is very rare, although the symptoms can be similar to those of other types of vasculitis. Some cases of polyarteritis nodosa seem to be linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022995" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis B</a> or C infections.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d3e188"><h3>Mostly Small Vessel Vasculitis</h3><p>These types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> usually, but not always, affect the body’s small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e195"><h4>Churg-Strauss Syndrome</h4><p>Churg-Strauss syndrome is a very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rare disorder</a> that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. The disorder also is known as allergic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angiitis</a> and granulomatosis (GRAN-u-lo-ma-TO-sis).</p><p>Churg-Strauss syndrome can affect many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. Symptoms can vary widely. They may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, higher than normal levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> in the blood and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>, and abnormal lumps known as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a> (gran-yu-LO-mas).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e207"><h4>Essential Mixed Cryoglobulinemia</h4><p>Essential mixed cryoglobulinemia (KRI-o-GLOB-u-luh-NE-me-uh) can occur alone or with a systemic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. A systemic vasculitis is one that affects the body in a general or overall way.</p><p>“Cryoglobulinemia” refers to abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These proteins form a gel when a blood sample is exposed to temperatures lower than normal body temperature.</p><p>Symptoms often include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> aches; weakness; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> changes, such as numbness, tingling, and pain in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>; and a raised, bumpy, reddish-purple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> known as palpable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (PURR-purr-ah).</p><p>Although essential mixed cryoglobulinemia can occur with other conditions, most often it’s linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023081" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic hepatitis</a> C <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e225"><h4>Henoch-Schönlein Purpura</h4><p>Henoch-Schönlein <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">purpura</a> (HSP) is a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> that affects the smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. These blood vessels are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a>.</p><p>Symptoms often include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain, aching and swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, and signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a>. Another symptom is a bruise-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> that mostly shows up as reddish-purple blotches on the lower legs and buttocks (although it can appear anywhere on the body).</p><p>HSP is most common in children, but it also can affect teens and adults. In children, about half of all cases follow a viral or bacterial upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Most people get better in a few weeks and have no lasting problems.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e240"><h4>Hypersensitivity Vasculitis</h4><p>Hypersensitivity <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>. This condition also is known as allergic vasculitis, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cutaneous</a> (ku-TA-ne-us) vasculitis, or leukocytoclastic (LU-ko-si-TOE-klas-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029405" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tic</a>) vasculitis.</p><p>A common symptom is red spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, usually on the lower legs. For people who are bedridden, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> appears on the lower back.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reaction</a> to a medicine or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> often causes this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. Stopping the medicine or treating the infection usually clears up the vasculitis. However, some people may need to take anti-inflammatory medicines, such as corticosteroids, for a short time. These medicines help reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e252"><h4>Microscopic Polyangiitis</h4><p>Microscopic polyangiitis (POL-e-an-jee-I-tis) affects small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, particularly those in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The disease mainly occurs in middle-aged people; it affects men slightly more often than women.</p><p>The symptoms often aren't specific, and they can begin gradually with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, weight loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> aches. Sometimes the symptoms come on suddenly and progress quickly, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>.</p><p>If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are affected, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may be the first symptom. Sometimes microscopic polyangiitis occurs with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> that affects the intestinal tract, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025454" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system</a>.</p><p>The signs and symptoms of microscopic polyangiitis are similar to those of Wegener's granulomatosis (another type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>). However, microscopic polyangiitis usually doesn't affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a> or cause abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> formations in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>.</p><p>The results of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> can suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. These results include a higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">erythrocyte</a> sedimentation rate (ESR); lower than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels (which suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>); and higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> (PLATE-let) counts.</p><p>Also, more than half of the people who have microscopic polyangiitis have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) in their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These antibodies are called antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibodies (ANCA). ANCA also occur in people who have Wegener's granulomatosis.</p><p>Testing for ANCA can't be used to diagnose either of these two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. However, testing can help evaluate people who have vasculitis-like symptoms.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d3e281"><h4>Wegener's Granulomatosis</h4><p>Wegener's granulomatosis is a rare type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. It affects men and women equally, but it occurs more often in Whites than in African Americans. This type of vasculitis can occur at any age, but it’s more common in middle-aged people.</p><p>Wegener's granulomatosis typically affects the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>; the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>; and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. The condition also can affect other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>In addition to inflamed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, the affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> also develop abnormal lumps called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022970" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">granulomas</a>. If granulomas develop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, they can destroy the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. The damage can be mistaken for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</p><p>Symptoms of Wegener's granulomatosis often aren’t specific. They can begin slowly with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>, weight loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> aches. Sometimes the symptoms come on suddenly and progress rapidly, leading to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>. If the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are affected, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may be the first symptom.</p><p>The results of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> can suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. These results include a higher than normal ESR; lower than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> levels (which suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>); and higher than normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</p><p>Another test looks for antiproteinase-3 (an antineutrophil cytoplasmic autoantibody (ANCA)) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Most people who have active Wegener's granulomatosis will have this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a>. A small portion may have another ANCA known as antimyeloperoxidase-specific ANCA.</p><p>Having either ANCA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> isn't enough on its own to make a diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis. However, testing for the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> can help support the diagnosis in patients who have other signs and symptoms of the condition.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a> of an affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> is the best way for your doctor to make a firm diagnosis. A biopsy is a procedure in which your doctor takes a small sample of your body <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> to examine under a microscope.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Vasculitis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angiitis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arteritis</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Vasculitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> occurs if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> by mistake. What causes this to happen isn't fully known.</p><p>A recent or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> may prompt the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>. Your body also may attack its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> in reaction to a medicine.</p><p>Sometimes an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a> triggers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a> occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and damage the body's own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Examples of these disorders include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a>. You can have these disorders for years before developing vasculitis.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> also may be linked to certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancers</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024410" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymphoma</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Vasculitis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> can affect people of all ages and races and both sexes. Some types of vasculitis seem to occur more often in people who:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain medical conditions, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023081" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic hepatitis</a> B or C <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune diseases</a>, such a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024964" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scleroderma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoke</a> </div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063043/#nhlbisec-types">"Types of Vasculitis."</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Vasculitis?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> vary. They depend on the type of vasculitis you have, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> involved, and the severity of the condition. Some people may have few signs and symptoms. Other people may become very sick.</p><p>Sometimes the signs and symptoms develop slowly, over months. Other times, the signs and symptoms develop quickly, over days or weeks.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Systemic Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Systemic signs and symptoms are those that affect you in a general or overall way. Common systemic signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Loss of appetite</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weight loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>General aches and pains</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec2-d7e59"><h3>Organ- or Body System-Specific Signs and Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vasculitis</a> can affect specific <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and body systems, causing a range of signs and symptoms.</p><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Skin</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, you may notice skin changes. For example, you may have purple or red spots or bumps, clusters of small dots, splotches, bruises, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hives</a>. Your skin also may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">itch</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e71"><h4>Joints</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, you may ache or develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024677" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arthritis</a> in one or more joints.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e78"><h4>Lungs</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, you may feel short of breath. You may even <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The results from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> may show signs that suggest <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, even though that may not be what you have.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Gastrointestinal Tract</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gastrointestinal tract</a>, you may get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> (sores) in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> or have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> pain.</p><p>In severe cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> can be blocked. This can cause the wall of the intestines to weaken and possibly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst). A rupture can lead to serious problems or even death.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Sinuses, Nose, Throat, and Ears</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinuses</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024836" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ears</a>, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022347" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">middle ear</a> infections. Other symptoms include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022806" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ulcers</a> in the nose and, in some cases, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024996" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing loss</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e106"><h4>Eyes</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>, you may develop red, itchy, burning eyes. Your eyes also may become sensitive to light, and your vision may blur. Rarely, certain types of vasculitis may cause blindness.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e112"><h4>Brain</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, symptoms may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, problems thinking clearly, changes in mental function, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>-like symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness and paralysis (an inability to move).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vas-sec3-d7e119"><h4>Nerves</h4><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vasculitis</a> affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerves</a>, you may have numbness, tingling, and weakness in various parts of your body. You also may have a loss of feeling or strength in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and fee |
June 11, 2014. | { "90": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 90, "category_1.id": 18, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "v" } } |
91 | 2018-02-02 05:29:14 | von Willebrand Disease | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-vwd-sec1-d1e34_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is von Willebrand Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder. It affects your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>'s ability to clot. If your blood doesn't clot, you can have heavy, hard-to-stop bleeding after an injury. The bleeding can damage your internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. Rarely, the bleeding may even cause death.</p><p>In VWD, you either have low levels of a certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or the protein doesn't work well. The protein is called von Willebrand factor, and it helps your blood clot.</p><p>Normally, when one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> is injured, you start to bleed. Small blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) clump together to plug the hole in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> and stop the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Von Willebrand factor acts like glue to help the platelets stick together and form a blood clot.</p><p>Von Willebrand factor also carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clotting factor</a> VIII (8), another important <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that helps your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clot. Factor VIII is the protein that's missing or doesn't work well in people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hemophilia/">hemophilia</a>, another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder.</p><p>VWD is more common and usually milder than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022030" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemophilia</a>. In fact, VWD is the most common inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> disorder. It occurs in about 1 out of every 100 to 1,000 people. VWD affects both males and females, while hemophilia mainly affects males.</p><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d1e59"><h3>Types of von Willebrand Disease</h3><p>The three major types of VWD are called type 1, type 2, and type 3.</p><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec3-d1e65"><h4>Type 1</h4><p>People who have type 1 VWD have low levels of von Willebrand factor and may have low levels of factor VIII. Type 1 is the mildest and most common form of VWD. About 3 out of 4 people who have VWD have type 1.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec3-d1e71"><h4>Type 2</h4><p>In type 2 VWD, the von Willebrand factor doesn't work well. Type 2 is divided into subtypes: 2A, 2B, 2M, and 2N. Different <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> (changes) cause each type, and each is treated differently. Thus, it's important to know the exact type of VWD that you have.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec3-d1e78"><h4>Type 3</h4><p>People who have type 3 VWD usually have no von Willebrand factor and low levels of factor VIII. Type 3 is the most serious form of VWD, but it's very rare.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d1e84"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Most people who have VWD have type 1, a mild form. This type usually doesn't cause life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. You may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> only if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth</a> extraction, or trauma. Treatment includes medicines and medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>.</p><p>Some people who have severe forms of VWD need emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> before it becomes life threatening.</p><p>Early diagnosis is important. With the proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan, even people who have type 3 VWD can live normal, active lives.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes von Willebrand Disease?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) is almost always inherited. "Inherited" means that the disorder is passed from parents to children though <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>. </p><p>You can inherit type 1 or type 2 VWD if only one of your parents passes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> on to you. You usually inherit type 3 VWD only if both of your parents pass the gene on to you. Your symptoms may be different from your parents' symptoms.</p><p>Some people have the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> for the disorder but don't have symptoms. However, they still can pass the genes on to their children.</p><p>Some people get VWD later in life as a result of other medical conditions. This type of VWD is called acquired von Willebrand syndrome.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of von Willebrand Disease?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) depend on which type of the disorder you have. They also depend on how serious the disorder is. Many people have such mild symptoms that they don't know they have VWD.</p><p>If you have type 1 or type 2 VWD, you may have the following mild-to-moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> symptoms:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frequent, large bruises from minor bumps or injuries</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Frequent or hard-to-stop nosebleeds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolonged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> after a dental procedure</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy or prolonged menstrual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in women</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your stools from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021898" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bladder</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after a cut or other accident</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a></div></li></ul><p>People who have type 3 VWD may have all of the symptoms listed above and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> episodes for no reason. These bleeding episodes can be fatal if not treated right away. People who have type 3 VWD also may have bleeding into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025666" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">soft tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, causing severe pain and swelling.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heavy menstrual bleeding</a> often is the main symptom of VWD in women. Doctors call this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menorrhagia</a> (men-o-RA-je-ah). They define it as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bleeding</a> with clots larger than about 1-inch in diameter</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">Anemia</a> (low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count) or low blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The need to change pads or tampons more than every hour</div></li></ul><p>However, just because a woman has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> doesn't mean she has VWD.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is von Willebrand Disease Diagnosed?</h2><p>Early diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) is important to make sure that you're treated and can live a normal, active life.</p><p>Sometimes VWD is hard to diagnose. People who have type 1 or type 2 VWD may not have major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems. Thus, they may not be diagnosed unless they have heavy bleeding after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or some other trauma.</p><p>On the other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>, type 3 VWD can cause major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems during infancy and childhood. So, children who have type 3 VWD usually are diagnosed during their first year of life.</p><p>To find out whether you have VWD, your doctor will review your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and the results from a physical exam and tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d5e41"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will likely ask questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and your family's medical history. He or she may ask about:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> that lasted more than 15 minutes or started up again within the first 7 days following the injury.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any prolonged, heavy, or repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that required medical care after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or dental extractions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any bruising with little or no apparent trauma, especially if you could feel a lump under the bruise.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any nosebleeds that occurred for no known reason and lasted more than 10 minutes despite pressure on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>, or any nosebleeds that needed medical attention.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in your stools for no known reason.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> (for women). This bleeding usually involves clots or lasts longer than 7 to 10 days.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joint</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any medicines you've taken that might cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or increase the risk of bleeding. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clopidogrel</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> disease, or high or low blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d5e81"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to look for unusual bruising or other signs of recent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. He or she also will look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d5e90"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>No single test can diagnose VWD. Your doctor may recommend one or more <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to diagnose the disorder. These tests may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Von Willebrand factor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antigen</a>. This test measures the amount of von Willebrand factor in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Von Willebrand factor ristocetin (ris-to-SEE-tin) cofactor activity. This test shows how well your von Willebrand factor works.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Factor VIII clotting activity. This test checks the clotting activity of factor VIII. Some people who have VWD have low levels of factor VIII activity, while others have normal levels.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Von Willebrand factor multimers. This test is done if one or more of the first three tests are abnormal. It shows the structure of your von Willebrand factor. The test helps your doctor diagnose what type of VWD you have.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelet</a> function test. This test measures how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> are working.</div></li></ul><p>You may have these tests more than once to confirm a diagnosis. Your doctor also may refer you to a hematologist to confirm the diagnosis and for followup care. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is von Willebrand Disease Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD) is based on the type of VWD you have and how severe it is. Most cases of VWD are mild, and you may need treatment only if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth</a> extraction, or an accident.</p><p>Medicines are used to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increase the amount of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII released into the bloodstream</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Replace von Willebrand factor</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> in women</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d6e49"><h3>Specific Treatments</h3><p>One <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for VWD is a man-made <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">desmopressin</a>. You usually take this hormone by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or nasal spray. It makes your body release more von Willebrand factor and factor VIII into your bloodstream. Desmopressin works for most people who have type 1 VWD and for some people who have type 2 VWD.</p><p>Another type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is von Willebrand factor replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. This involves an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusion</a> of concentrated von Willebrand factor and factor VIII into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. This treatment may be used if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Can't take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">desmopressin</a> or need extended <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have type 1 VWD that doesn't respond to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">desmopressin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have type 2 or type 3 VWD</div></li></ul><p>Antifibrinolytic (AN-te-fi-BRIN-o-LIT-ik) medicines also are used to treat VWD. These medicines help prevent the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. They're mostly used to stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after minor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tooth</a> extraction, or an injury. These medicines may be used alone or with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">desmopressin</a> and replacement <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022065" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fibrin</a> glue is medicine that's placed directly on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wound</a> to stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d6e77"><h3>Treatments for Women</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for women who have VWD with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Birth control pills. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> in these pills can increase the amount of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The hormones also can reduce menstrual blood loss. Birth control pills are the most recommended birth control method for women who have VWD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001055" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">levonorgestrel</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intrauterine</a> device. This is a birth control device that contains the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011857" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">progestin</a>. The device is placed in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aminocaproic acid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tranexamic acid</a>. These antifibrinolytic medicines can reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> by slowing the breakdown of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Desmopressin</a>.</div></li></ul><p>For some women who are done having children or don't want children, endometrial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> (EN-do-ME-tre-al ab-LA-shun) is done. This procedure destroys the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>. It has been shown to reduce menstrual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss in women who have VWD.</p><p>If you need a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hysterectomy</a> (HIS-ter-EK-to-me; surgical removal of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">uterus</a>) for another reason, this procedure will stop menstrual <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and possibly improve your quality of life. However, hysterectomy has its own risk of bleeding complications.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With von Willebrand Disease</h2><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a> (VWD), you can take steps to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and stay healthy.</p><p>For example, avoid over-the-counter medicines that can affect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a>, and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Always check with your doctor before taking any medicines.</p><p>Tell your doctor, dentist, and pharmacist that you have VWD. Your dentist can ask your doctor whether you need medicine before dental work to reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>You also may want to tell other people about your condition, like your employee health nurse, gym trainer, and sports coach. Making them aware will allow them to act quickly if you have an injury.</p><p>Consider wearing a medical ID bracelet or necklace if you have a serious form of VWD (for example, type 3). In case of a serious accident or injury, the health care team treating you will know that you have VWD.</p><p>Be physically active and maintain a healthy weight. Physical activity helps keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> flexible. It also helps prevent damage to muscles and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>. Always stretch before exercising.</p><p>Some safe physical activities are swimming, biking, and walking. Football, hockey, wrestling, and lifting heavy weights are not safe activities if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems. Always check with your doctor before starting any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> program.</p><p>Your parents, brothers and sisters, and children also may have VWD. Talk with them about your diagnosis and suggest that they get tested too.</p><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Pregnancy and von Willebrand Disease</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a> can be a challenge for women who have VWD. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> levels of von Willebrand factor and factor VIII tend to increase during pregnancy. However, women who have VWD can have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> problems during delivery. They also are likely to have heavy bleeding for an extended time after delivery.</p><p>You can take steps to lower the risk of complications during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. If possible, talk with a hematologist and an obstetrician who specializes in high-risk <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a> before you become pregnant.</p><p>A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders. An obstetrician is a doctor who provides <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and care for pregnant women.</p><p>Consider using a medical center that specializes in high-risk obstetrics and has a hematologist on staff for prenatal care and delivery.</p><p>Before you have any invasive procedure, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amniocentesis</a> (AM-ne-o-sen-TE-sis), discuss with your doctor whether you need to take steps to prevent serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss.</p><p>During your third <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trimester</a>, you should have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to measure von Willebrand factor and factor VIII to help plan for delivery.</p><p>You also should meet with an anesthesiologist to review your choices for anesthesia (AN-es-THE-ze-ah) and to discuss taking medicine to reduce your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> risk. The term "anesthesia" refers to a loss of feeling and awareness. Some types of anesthesia temporarily put you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>, while others only numb certain areas of your body.</p><p>With these steps for safety, most women who have VWD can have successful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-vwd-sec2-d7e82"><h3>Children and von Willebrand Disease</h3><p>If your child has VWD that's severe enough to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, anyone who cares for him or her should be told about the condition.</p><p>For example, the school nurse, teacher, daycare provider, coach, or any leader of afterschool activities should know, especially if your child has severe VWD. This information will help them handle the situation if your child has an injury.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022117" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">von Willebrand disease</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-vwd-sec1-d1e34_">What Is von Willebrand Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes von Willebrand Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of von Willebrand Disease?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is von Willebrand Disease Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is von Willebrand Disease Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With von Willebrand Disease</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
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