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301 | 2018-04-19 02:12:25 | High blood pressure (pregnancy-induced) | Watch this personal story on pre-eclampsia. Hypertension affects more than a third of the Australian adult population, the prevalence increasing with age. Many women of child-bearing age are hypertensive, and about 10% of these are diagnosed as having pre-eclampsia. It is more common in first pregnancies. Your urine will also be checked for protein at every visit, as this is also a sign of pre-eclampsia. Pre-eclampsia usually happens towards the end of pregnancy, after around week 28, but problems can occur earlier. It can also happen during or after the birth. It is likely to be more severe if it starts earlier in pregnancy. Although most cases of pre-eclampsia are mild and cause no trouble, the condition can get worse and be serious for both mother and baby. It can cause fits (seizures) in the mother, which is called 'eclampsia', and affect the baby’s growth. It is life-threatening for mother and baby if left untreated. That is why routine antenatal checks are so important to look pre-eclampsia, and protein in your urine. Many women with pre-eclampsia can hope for a natural vaginal delivery after 37 weeks. But if you have severe pre-eclampsia it may be necessary to deliver your baby early, possibly by caesarean section. Early symptoms Pregnant women with pre-eclampsia develop the following symptoms first: high blood pressure (hypertension) proteinuria (protein in the urine). You probably won't notice these symptoms, but your doctor or midwife should pick them up during your antenatal appointments. Progressive symptoms As pre-eclampsia develops, it can cause fluid retention (oedema), which often causes sudden swelling of the feet, ankles, face and hands. Oedema is another common symptom of pregnancy, but it tends to be in the lower parts of the body, such as the feet and ankles. It will gradually build up during the day. If the swelling is sudden, and it particularly affects the face and hands, it could be pre-eclampsia. As pre-eclampsia progresses, it may cause: severe headaches vision problems, such as blurring or seeing flashing lights pain in the upper abdomen (just below the ribs) vomiting excessive weight gain due to fluid retention feeling generally unwell. However, you can have severe pre-eclampsia without any symptoms at all. If you get any of the symptoms listed above, or have any reason to think you have pre-eclampsia, contact your midwife, doctor or the hospital immediately Symptoms in the unborn baby The main sign of pre-eclampsia in the unborn baby is slow growth. This is caused by poor blood supply through the placenta to the baby. The growing baby receives less oxygen and fewer nutrients than it should, which can affect development. This is called 'intra-uterine growth restriction', or 'intra-uterine growth retardation'. Treatment Treatment may start with rest at home, but some women need admission to hospital and medicines that lower high blood pressure. Occasionally, pre-eclampsia is a reason to deliver the baby early - you may be offered induction of labour or caesarean section. Managing pre-eclampsia It is vital to go to all your antenatal appointments, or to reschedule them if you can't make it to them, as severe pre-eclampsia can affect both your health and your baby’s health. If left untreated, it can put you at risk from a stroke, impaired kidney and liver function, blood clotting problems, fluid on the lungs and seizures. Your baby may also be born prematurely or small or even stillborn. While the root cause of pre-eclampsia is not known, studies suggest that the risk is higher if you are overweight when you become pregnant, so it’s a good idea to reach a healthy weight before trying for a baby. It is also more common if you have high blood pressure before becoming pregnant, have had pre-eclampsia in a previous pregnancy, if you are a teenager or older than 35, or if you have diabetes. If this applies to you, attending regular check-ups to have your blood pressure and urine tested is even more important. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your pre-eclampsia or pregnancy-induced hypertension, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Ensure you attend regular antenatal visits as directed by your health professional and discuss then follow any professional advice given. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Heart Foundation (High blood pressure statistics), Australian Action on Pre-eclampsia (Questions about Pre Eclampsia), NSW Health (Policy Directive: Maternity - Management of Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy), NHS Choices (UK) (Pregnancy-induced hypertension and pre-eclampsia), NHS Choices (UK) (Symptoms of pre-eclampsia) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
302 | 2018-04-19 02:12:29 | HIV infection and AIDS | HIV is the virus that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). HIV damages the immune system, and without treatment, can lead to serious infections and cancers over time. The late stage of HIV infection is called AIDS. The difference between having an HIV infection and being given a diagnosis of AIDS is when you develop certain types of infections and cancers caused by organisms that wouldn’t normally affect healthy people. Not all people with HIV have AIDS. People with HIV who take effective treatment are unlikely to develop AIDS and have a near-normal life expectancy. What if I have been exposed to HIV? There are medications which can sometimes prevent HIV from infecting a person who has been exposed. This is known as Post Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP). It is best to start PEP as soon as possible, and within 72 hours (three days) of exposure. You can find out more about PEP by talking to a doctor or calling a HIV PEP hotline in your state or territory: Australian Capital Territory – 1800 022 222 (healthdirect helpline) New South Wales – 1800 737 669 Northern Territory – 1800 022 222 (healthdirect helpline) Queensland – 13 43 25 84 South Australia – 1800 022 226 Tasmania – 1800 675 859 Victoria – 1800 889 887 Western Australia – 1300 767 161 Alternatively you call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 or visit the Get PEP website for details on local PEP services across all states and territories. It is also important to be tested for HIV. Your doctor or sexual health clinic can order a blood test for HIV. They may also use a rapid test in the office that can provide a result within 30 minutes, but this will always need to be confirmed by laboratory tests. There is no home testing available in Australia yet. An early diagnosis can help you get the best treatment, prevent the progression to AIDS and reduce the chance of spreading the infection to others. Whatever type of test you have, it can take up to 24 days (and sometimes longer) following exposure for blood to show positive for infection with HIV. This is known as the ‘window period’. So you may need more than one test over time to know for sure if you do or do not have an HIV infection. It is important to use safe sex and safe injecting practices while waiting for the test results, and maintaining these practices after testing, even if you get a negative result, will reduce your risk of future exposure and infection. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Family Planning NSW (HIV overview), NSW Health (HIV fact sheet), Ending HIV (HIV testing) Last reviewed: July 2017 |
303 | 2018-04-19 02:12:32 | Hives | What is hives? Hives (also known as 'urticaria' or 'nettle rash'), is a skin rash that can be triggered by a variety of things including allergic reactions, medicines and heat. Sometimes the trigger is unknown. The rash is caused when the body produces a substance called histamine, which is a protein used to fight off viruses and bacteria. The common symptoms include a raised, bumpy red rash, with the bumps often looking more like normal skin colour, that is often quite itchy. The raised areas of skin are known as weals, which often fade after a few hours but can sometimes reappear elsewhere on the body. Hives treatment The symptoms will usually disappear after a few days but if they continue or get worse they can be treated by taking antihistamines. You can buy antihistamines over-the-counter at pharmacies. Sometimes hives can last for a long time. If you have hives for more than 6 weeks you might need more medicines. If your baby gets hives repeatedly, it's important to see your doctor, as your baby may be allergic to something they are being fed frequently, such as cow's milk. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your hives, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Australian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Hives (urticaria)), The Australasian College of Dermatologists (Urticaria) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
304 | 2018-04-19 02:12:34 | Huntington’s disease | Huntington’s disease is progressive, meaning it worsens over time. While there is no cure, treatment can alleviate symptoms and support is available. Huntington's disease symptoms The main symptoms of Huntington’s disease are: physical symptoms, such as jerky movements or stiffness, difficulty controlling limbs, changes in balance and co-ordination, loss of control of bodily functions such as swallowing and speaking, and fatigue changes to thinking, such as difficulty concentrating, and deterioration of memory, judgement or speed of thought emotional changes, such as changes in mood, loss of drive and initiative, impulsiveness, anxiety, depression, irritability and loss of empathy. Huntington's disease diagnosis Huntington’s disease is diagnosed using: neurological tests psychological tests blood tests family history. Genetic testing can reveal whether a person carries the gene for Huntington’s disease. This can be used to confirm a diagnosis once symptoms appear, or when a person at risk of Huntington’s disease wants to know if they have inherited the gene. Generally, if someone has Huntington’s disease, their children have a one in two chance of developing it. Living with Huntington’s disease Many people with Huntington’s disease find it helpful to plan for the future. Considering financial, legal and care arrangements can give people with Huntington’s disease a sense of empowerment, and talking openly with loved ones can be a relief. Huntington’s disease cannot be reversed or cured, but treatment and support can assist sufferers to remain active members of their community. Options include: physiotherapy and occupational therapy medication to alleviate changes in mood medication to help with jerky movements and difficulty swallowing financial support through Centrelink respite care, at home or in residential facilities supported accommodation including private residential facilities, shared supported accommodation, accommodation for young people with Huntington’s disease, and residential aged care. Family and carer support Huntington’s disease affects the brain, causing changes to the way people think, move, behave and express emotions. Sometimes people with Huntington’s disease don’t notice their symptoms progressing, and it can be difficult for family and carers to understand what is happening. Support services are available to help carers, including respite care and supported accommodation options for loved ones with Huntington’s disease. Sources: Brain Foundation (Huntington's disease), Huntington's Victoria (About Huntington’s disease), Huntington's Victoria (Living with HD), Huntington's Western Australia (Challenging Behaviour and HD), The Cochrane Collaboration (Therapeutic interventions for symptomatic treatment in Huntington’s disease (Review) - pdf), Mayo Clinic (Huntington's disease) Last reviewed: June 2017 |
305 | 2018-04-19 02:12:38 | Hurting yourself | Self-harm may provide short-term relief from painful feelings, but they usually come back and the urge to self-harm returns. It can become compulsive and the cycle can be hard to break. People who self-harm are usually not trying to commit suicide, but they are at risk of accidentally killing themselves. Repeated self-harm can also lead to people feeling suicidal and hopeless. If you have feelings of wanting to harm or kill yourself, call Lifeline on 13 11 14.. Some ways people self-harm include: cutting or slashing the skin burning the skin punching, biting or using blunt force on the body hanging, strangulation, suffocation or self-poisoning misusing alcohol or drugs refusing food or water or eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa, binge eating or bulimia. People often try to keep self-harm a secret and may cover up their skin and avoid discussing the problem. The signs may include unexplained injuries and signs of depression or low self-esteem. Someone who is self-harming can seriously hurt themselves, so it is important that they speak to a doctor about the underlying issue and about any treatment or therapy that might help them. Sources: SANE (Self-harm), Lifeline (Self-harm), beyondblue (Self-harm and self-injury), NHS Choices, UK (Self-harm) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
306 | 2018-04-19 02:12:43 | Hyperopia | What causes long-sightedness? When light enters the eye, it is bent by the cornea, the clear layer on the front of the eye, and the lens. This process is known as refraction. If you have normal vision, the rays of light are brought into focus right on the retina, the layer at the back of the eye. If you are long-sighted, the light rays from close objects focus behind, rather than on, the retina when the eye is resting (not actively focusing on something). Many people are slightly long-sighted and the lens corrects for the refractive error by adjusting the focus to get a sharp image. People who are more long-sighted, or who do a lot of near-focus activities such as reading, need more adjustment, so their eyes can get tired and they might get headaches. You have a slightly higher chance of being long-sighted if either of your parents is long-sighted. Long-sightedness causes light to focus behind the retina when the eye is resting – rather than directly on it – so close objects appear blurred. How can I tell if I'm long-sighted? Mild long-sightedness can be hard to detect because the lens corrects your focus to make close objects clear. But you might find that you have strained or aching eyes or a headache or tiredness after periods of close work. If you have more severe long-sightedness, you might find it hard to focus on close objects. If you think that you or your child might be long-sighted, see your doctor or optometrist for an eye check. Diagnosis of long-sightedness Standard vision screening tests might not detect long-sightedness, but an optometrist or ophthalmologist can measure how well your eye focuses as part of an eye examination. Treatment of long-sightedness Mild long-sightedness, especially in young people, might not need any treatment. If moderate to severe long-sightedness is not corrected, however, the extra focusing effort required may increase the likelihood of children developing lazy eye (amblyopia) or turned eyes (also known as a squint, or strabismus). The most common treatment is glasses, especially for reading and other near work, but sometimes also for distance. Your optometrist might recommend eye exercises. Laser refraction surgery can correct long-sightedness, and might be suitable for adults, although it is not recommended for children. Even if you have no concerns about your vision, it is best to have your eyes checked every two years. Sources: Optometry Australia (Hyperopia), British Medical Journal (Laser refractive eye surgery), The Lancet Journal (Myopia), National Eye Institute (Facts about hyperopia), BMC Ophthalmology Journal (Hyperopia: a meta-analysis of prevalence and a review of associated factors among school-aged children), Emmetropia Journal (Global prevalence of hyperopia), American Journal of Ophthalmology (Visual Function of Moderately Hyperopic 4- and 5-Year-Old Children in the Vision in Preschoolers - Hyperopia in Preschoolers Study), BMC Pediatrics Journal (Uncorrected amteropia among children hospitalized for headache evaluation: a clinical descriptive study), Vision Australia (Eye care) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
307 | 2018-04-19 02:12:48 | Hypertension | When the heart is squeezing blood into the arteries, the pressure is high. When the heart is relaxed, the pressure is lower. Your blood pressure is a measurement taken of the highest reading and the lowest reading. It is given as two figures - highest (systolic) over lowest (diastolic). What is high blood pressure? Your blood pressure is high if the reading is higher than 140/90 mm/Hg and is considered to then put you at risk of having a heart attack or stroke (cardiovascular disease). Having a blood pressure below this figure is even better in terms of reducing cardiovascular risk. That is, you have high blood pressure if the higher figure (systolic) is higher than 140, or the lower figure (diastolic) is higher than 90, or both. This is also known as hypertension. More than 30% of Australians over the age of 18 have high blood pressure. Why is your blood pressure important? Your blood pressure is important because if it is too high, it affects the blood flow to your organs. Over the years, this increases your chances of developing heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, diabetes, eye disease, erectile dysfunction and other conditions. Very occasionally, people with very high blood pressure are at serious risk of problems and need urgent treatment in hospital to reduce the risk of a stroke or heart attack. Current Australian guidelines recommend that if you have persisent raised blood pressure over 160/100, but are at low risk of having a stroke or heart attack, your should talk to your doctor or specialist about taking medication to lower your blood pressure. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. If you’re over 18, you should have your blood pressure checked by your doctor at least every two years, or more often if advised. What causes high blood pressure? For most people, the cause of high blood pressure is not known. This is known as ‘essential’ or ‘primary’ hypertension. But while the cause is not known, it is clear that various conditions and behaviours make high blood pressure more likely. These are known as risk factors, and include: leading a sedentary lifestyle (with little or no exercise) smoking being overweight a diet with a high salt intake high blood cholesterol a family history of high blood pressure high alcohol consumption. In a few people, there is an identifiable cause such as narrowing of the arteries of the kidney (renal stenosis) or some hormonal conditions. What are the symptoms of high blood pressure? Most people with high blood pressure have no symptoms, and may feel quite well. This is why it’s important to see your doctor and have your blood pressure checked regularly, especially if you have one or more of the risk factors listed above. A few people with very high blood pressure may experience headache, dizziness or the sudden effects of diseases of the arteries such as chest pain or stroke. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Diagnosing high blood pressure Your blood pressure varies from day to day, even moment to moment. Generally, if a person has a blood pressure reading greater than 140/90 taken on three different occasions, they have high blood pressure. What is the treatment for high blood pressure? For most people, the first step is to make changes to their lifestyle. These include: doing regular physical activity stopping smoking improving your diet to reduce salt, reduce fat and eat plenty of fruit and vegetables losing weight limiting your alcohol intake to no more than two drinks per day for men, or one drink per day for women with high blood pressure. Lifestyle changes may not be enough. Some people also need medication to help reduce blood pressure levels to normal. While medicines are usually very effective at lowering blood pressure, they may cause side effects in some people. Usually doctors will start a person on a low dose of a medicine and see how it goes. If it doesn’t work well enough, or if there are troublesome side effects, other medicines will be used, sometimes in combination, until the blood pressure is controlled. This can take time. Some people will take medicines for life, although others will find that continuing to lose weight and change their diet reduces the need for medicines. Someone whose blood pressure is very high or causing symptoms such as headache, or if they have conditions such as heart disease or diabetes, may need urgent treatment with medicines to bring the blood pressure down to normal levels. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners recommends that you regularly review with your doctor or specialist any medications you are taking for high blood pressure or high cholesterol to assess the ongoing benefits and risks. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Preventing high blood pressure If you can follow a healthy diet, keep to a healthy weight and avoid smoking, you will reduce your chances of having high blood pressure. More information There are a number of resources and services available if you need help or more information on high blood pressure: Healthdirect - Is your blood pressure healthy? Download Managing high blood pressure information sheet from the Heart Foundation High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia National Stroke Foundation High Blood Pressure and Stroke Sources: Heart Foundation (High blood pressure statistics), Heart Foundation (Blood pressure), Heart Foundation (Hypertension guideline), High Blood Pressure Research Council of Australia (What is High Blood Pressure), myDr (High blood pressure should be treated), The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Guidelines for preventive activities in general practice (Blood pressure)), myvmc (Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)), NHS Choices (UK) (Low blood pressure (hypotension)), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
308 | 2018-04-19 02:12:53 | Hypotension | When the heart is squeezing blood into the arteries, the pressure is high. When the heart is relaxed, the pressure is lower. Your blood pressure is a measurement taken of the highest reading and the lowest reading. It is given as two figures - highest over lowest. Blood pressure is measured in ‘mmHg’, which refers to millimetres of mercury. What is low blood pressure? Low blood pressure is also known as hypotension. Most doctors would say that you have low blood pressure if it is below 90/60 mm/Hg. Your doctor will refer to this as ‘90 over 60’. Is low blood pressure a problem? For some people, low blood pressure is a sign of good health. These are generally people who are very fit and who have a slow pulse. For other people, low blood pressure is a problem. It is better to have low blood pressure than high blood pressure. Often, people with low blood pressure can be expected to lead longer lives. However, people who experience continuing symptoms of low blood pressure should see a doctor. Sudden, severe low blood pressure (shock) can be associated with serious medical conditions. What are the signs and symptoms of low blood pressure? The symptoms of low blood pressure may include: light-headedness dizziness weakness blurry vision pale, clammy skin fatigue fainting These symptoms can occur when doing nothing. They are more likely to occur when changing position, such as standing up or when straining on the toilet. However, often there are no symptoms and low blood pressure is often only identified as a result of a routine medical examination or during the course of an investigation for some other condition or underling illness. Low blood pressure may be more serious in elderly people who may have an underlying illness or who may be at risk of a fall. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. What causes low blood pressure? Apart from being very fit, people can have low blood pressure if they: are overheated, either from the weather, from hot baths or showers, or from wearing too many clothes have too little blood circulating, either from donating blood, or from bleeding heavily, or from being dehydrated are pregnant are taking one of many different types of medicines have a lot of drugs or alcohol in the system are having an allergic reaction are seriously ill with an infection have certain heart conditions have a disorder of the nervous system or glandular (endocrine) system are in severe pain There is also a particular type of low blood pressure called ‘postural hypotension’ or ‘orthostatic hypotension’. In this condition, a person’s blood pressure is normal when they are sitting or lying down, but it drops suddenly when they stand, making them feel dizzy or lightheaded. This can also occur when standing too long without moving. Postural hypotension is fairly common, more so in older people. It can be caused by one of the situations or conditions listed above. If it happens often, or if it causes problems, you should see your doctor about it. When should I see a doctor? If you think you might have symptoms of low blood pressure listed above, it’s best to see your doctor. Treating low blood pressure If there is an underlying cause for your low blood pressure, and it is giving you problems, you may need treatment for that underlying cause. But if it is causing you no problems, then treatment won’t be needed. Your doctor may advise you to take precautions to prevent episodes of low blood pressure, such as avoiding dehydration, hot showers, or standing up too quickly. Sources: American Heart Association (Low Blood Pressure), Mayo Clinic (Low blood pressure (hypotension)), myDr (Low blood pressure), NHS Choices (UK) (Low blood pressure (hypotension)) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
309 | 2018-04-19 02:12:58 | Hypothermia | What is hypothermia? Hypothermia occurs when the body's temperature drops from the usual healthy 37 °C to below 35 °C. A drop in body temperature to 32 °C or lower can be fatal. What causes hypothermia? You may get hypothermia if you spend time in air below 10 °C, or in water below 20 °C. Some medical conditions can also make people susceptible to hypothermia. Hypothermia symptoms People with mild hypothermia feel cold. They may also: be shivering uncontrollably have cool, pale skin be clumsy and walk unsteadily be confused and drowsy People with severe hypothermia might have stopped shivering. They might: breathe slowly have a slow heart rate have dilated pupils be in a coma They might even look like they are dead. If you suspect someone has severe hypothermia, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance immediately. Hypothermia treatment If you suspect someone has hypothermia: move them to somewhere warm take off any wet clothes warm their head, neck, chest and groin with blankets or wrapped hot water bottles, or get someone warm to hold them keep them still give them warm drinks, but not alcohol if you are concerned, take them straight to the hospital Don't make them exert themselves, use direct heat (such as hot water), or rub them vigorously. If they look like they're dead, don't assume they are dead. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance, and give CPR. Hypothermia prevention If you live or work outdoors in a cold climate, or are planning a camping or hiking trip in the cold, you can reduce your risk of hypothermia by: checking the weather forecast limiting the amount of time you spend outdoors in the cold planning 'warm-up' breaks dressing warmly, including wearing a wind resistant jacket, gloves and a hat avoiding alcohol, caffeine and cigarettes, which can make you more sensitive to cold asking your doctor if your medication could make you susceptible to cold making sure your home is adequately heated Make sure you cover your children's heads when they are out in the cold - kids can lose body heat more quickly than adults. Sources: NSW Health (Hypothermia), Queensland Health (Hypothermia), myVMC (Hypothermia) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
310 | 2018-04-19 02:13:02 | Hypothyroidism | What is the thyroid? The thyroid is a gland in the neck, near the base of your throat. The thyroid gland makes hormones that help control some of your body’s metabolic processes, such as heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature and weight. What is hypothyroidism? In hypothyroidism, the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone. The most common cause of hypothyroidism in Australia is Hashimoto's disease, or thyroiditis. This is an autoimmune disease, which occurs when the body’s immune cells attack the thyroid gland. The other main causes of hypothyroidism are thyroid surgery, radiation therapy, treatment for an overactive thyroid (hyperthyroidism) and certain medications, including lithium. It can also be caused by too little iodine in the diet. Symptoms and signs Hypothyroidism can develop over many years without showing any symptoms. When symptoms do appear, they may be quite varied and can include: tiredness being unable to stand the cold weight gain puffy and pale face brittle hair and nails dry, cool skin muscle pain constipation headache poor attention span or memory depression. Some people can have symptoms of hypothyroidism without any abnormality in their hormone levels. At other times, these symptoms may have different causes. If you are concerned about any of these symptoms, see your doctor. Your doctor will check your neck to see if your thyroid is enlarged or has nodules, and will look for other signs of hypothyroidism such as a slow heart rate. To diagnose hypothyroidism, a blood test is done to measure the level of your thyroid hormones. Treatment If you are diagnosed with hypothyroidism, you will most likely be treated with a medicine to replace the thyroid hormones. This medication is a synthetic version of the hormone thyroxine, and in most cases you will need to take it for the rest of your life. Once treatment has begun, it may take some time to get the dose right for you, and further adjustments may be needed as time goes by, so your hormone levels will need to be checked regularly. Sources: RACGP (Hypothyroidism - Investigation and management), Mayo Clinic (Hypothyroidism - Causes), Australian Thyroid Foundation (Hypothyroidism) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
311 | 2018-04-19 02:13:10 | IBS (irritable bowel syndrome) | The main symptoms are abdominal pain or discomfort that is often relieved by passing wind or faeces, stomach bloating, and chronic diarrhoea or constipation (or alternating between the two).These symptoms can be embarrassing, inconvenient and distressing. Fortunately, IBS does not cause permanent damage to the bowel and it does not cause other serious diseases like bowel cancer.If you have IBS, then an episode can be triggered by an infection, stress, food intolerance or particular medicines.The exact cause of IBS is unknown. It’s probably due to many factors, including the nerves in the bowel being more sensitive than usual (allowing the person to feel sensations they wouldn’t normally feel), abnormal contractions in the bowel, chronic inflammation of the bowel and psychological factors.Who develops IBS?IBS develops in as many as one in five Australians at some point in their lifetime, and is twice as common in women as it is in men.It often develops in the late teens or early twenties. Having a close relative with IBS may slightly increase your chance of having it.How do I know if I have IBS?The main feature of IBS is abdominal pain associated with a change in bowel habits.Symptoms to look for include:recurring episodes of diarrhoea or constipationsymptoms that alternate between diarrhoea and constipationbloatingpain or discomfort that is relieved by passing wind or going to the toiletsymptoms are more common in women and may be worse around menstruation or at times of stress. IBS does not cause bleeding from the back passage.IBS is usually diagnosed based on your symptoms and your medical history. There is no medical test that can be used to confirm a diagnosis, although tests (such as a blood test or a colonoscopy) may be required to rule out other conditions. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. This is particularly necessary if you are over 40 when you develop symptoms, if you have a family history of bowel cancer, or if there are other signs or symptoms which suggest another condition could be causing your symptoms. How is IBS treated? It is important to have a doctor who will carefully explain your condition, answer your questions, and work with you to develop a management plan suitable for your individual needs. Managing IBS may include one or all of the following: reassurance that the symptoms are not due to cancer changing your lifestyle and diet reviewing medication that might aggravate diarrhoea or constipation a good healthy diet dietary fibre. Some people choose to take medicines to treat their symptoms when they flare up. These may include:anti-diarrhoeal medicinespainkillersconstipation treatmentsantispasmodics (to ease cramping)antidepressants (which are used to treat pain and depression).Physiotherapy can be helpful in some cases to teach you how to use your muscles to control your bowel function more effectively. Your doctor will also work with you to discover if psychological issues like anxiety, depression or stress are a problem for you. In some cases it may be beneficial to see a psychologist or counsellor who can teach you strategies for dealing with these issues and for coping with IBS. For more information about medicines and IBS, visit the NPS MedicineWise website.For more information about psychological treatment for IBS, and to undertake free online psychological assessment and treatment visit the IBS Clinic website.Changing your dietThere is no ‘one size fits all’ diet for IBS. However, dietary changes can often relieve IBS symptoms.It may help to keep a food diary so you can identify any foods that make your symptoms worse.It can also help to modify the amount and type of fibre in your diet:If you have IBS with constipation, it can help to eat more soluble fibre and drink more waterIf you have IBS with diarrhoea, it can help to cut down on insoluble fibre. In some cases, avoiding a particular food or food group might help – examples include gluten, caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, high fat foods or foods that cause excessive bloating such as beans, lentils or certain vegetables. Australian researchers have recently developed a special diet that may help control IBS symptoms in some people. It’s called the FODMAP diet, and it involves restricting your intake of certain dietary carbohydrates (sugars) that are poorly absorbed by the bowel. For more information about the FODMAP diet, visit the Monash University website. Before making any major changes to your diet it is a good idea to talk to your doctor or a dietitian. Finding help If IBS symptoms are getting you down, talk to your doctor or contact a support organisation. IBSclinic.org.au is a free online mental health service for people with IBS and associated psychological distress. Support is also available from the Irritable Bowel Information & Support Association of Australia (IBIS) website, or you can phone IBIS on (07) 3886 4550 or email them at contact@ibis-australia.org. Sources: Colorectal Surgical Society of Australia and New Zealand (Irritable bowel syndrome), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Irritable bowel syndrome), IBSclinic.org.au (Advice for Teens), IBSclinic.org.au (Physiotherapy and IBS), IBSclinic.org.au (Psychological Therapies), IBSclinic.org.au (Food Intolerances associated with IBS), Monash University (Low FODMAP diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome), NHS Choices UK (Irritable bowel syndrome - Treatment), NPS MedicineWise (Irritable bowel syndrome), Gut Foundation (Bowel conditions) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
312 | 2018-04-19 02:13:14 | Impetigo | Impetigo is caused by the Staphylococcus or Streptococcus bacteria. It is contagious and can be very dangerous for newborn babies. It is important to keep children who have impetigo away from babies and they should not go to school or child care until treatment has started. Should I see my doctor? Speak to your doctor if you or your child has symptoms of impetigo. Impetigo is not usually serious, but it can sometimes be confused with other skin conditions such as cellulitis, contact dermatitis and insect bites. Your doctor may want to rule these out. Treating impetigo Impetigo is usually treated with an antibiotic cream. If it doesn’t clear up, your doctor might give you an antibiotic to swallow. Most people are no longer contagious after 48 hours of treatment, or once their sores have dried and healed. To minimise the risk of impetigo spreading, it's also advisable to: avoid touching the sores wash your hands regularly not share face cloths, sheets or towels keep children out of nursery, playgroup or school until their sores have dried up. Who is affected? Impetigo usually affects children between 2 and 6. This is due to environments, such as schools and nurseries, where the infection can easily be spread. Impetigo can also affect adults, especially when people are living in a confined environment, such as army barracks. Non-bullous impetigo is the most common type of impetigo, accounting for more than 70% of cases. Complications Complications of impetigo tend to be rare. However, sometimes the infection can spread to the lymph nodes (lymphadenitis), or to a deeper layer of skin (cellulitis). Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your child's impetigo, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: NHS Choices (UK) (Impetigo), WA Department of Health (Impetigo - school sores), The Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Cellulitis and skin infections) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
313 | 2018-04-19 02:13:20 | Incontinence | Follow the links below to find trusted information about incontinence. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
314 | 2018-04-19 02:13:25 | Infections of the bowel | What is a bowel infection? If you have a bowel infection, it means that disease-causing microorganisms (‘bugs’ or germs) have found their way into your gut, which is part of your digestive system. An infection of the bowel is sometimes called a gastrointestinal infection, or gastroenteritis. People commonly get infected by: eating or drinking contaminated water or food (often called food poisoning) coming into contact with infected people, or contaminated objects such as cutlery, taps, toys or nappies. Bowel infections are common in Australia, but it’s also common to get one when travelling overseas. Common types of bowel infection Many different types of organism can cause bowel infections. Some of the more common ones found in Australia are listed below. Bowel infections caused by viruses include: Rotavirus - common in young children; spreads easily through contact with contaminated vomit or faeces Norovirus - highly contagious and spreads easily in places like child care centres, nursing homes and cruise ships. Bowel infections caused by bacteria include: Campylobacter - often linked with eating contaminated chicken; people most at risk are the young, the elderly, travellers and people who are malnourished Salmonella - usually spread via contaminated meat, poultry or eggs Shigella - most common in travellers to developing countries. Bowel infections caused by parasites include: Giardia - spread in the faeces of infected people and animals; most common in young children, hikers, and travellers Cryptosporidiosis - spread by contaminated food or water Amoebiasis - mostly affects young adults; usually spread via contaminated water or food. If you often get bowel symptoms like diarrhoea, it could be a sign that you have an underlying condition such as diverticulitis, Crohn's disease, irritable bowel syndrome or ulcerative colitis. You should see your doctor for advice. Symptoms of bowel infection The symptoms of a bowel infection can vary depending on the cause. Some common symptoms include: diarrhoea nausea vomiting crampy abdominal pain fever headache. Some people also get blood in their stools, known as dysentery, which can be caused by some bacteria and parasites. You should see a doctor if you have: severe symptoms a high temperature (fever) blood or mucus in your stools diarrhoea that lasts longer than 2 or 3 days signs of dehydration, such as excessive thirst or not passing much urine. Babies should see a doctor urgently if: they have passed 6 or more diarrhoea stools in 24 hours they have vomited 3 or more times in 24 hours they are unwell - less responsive, not feeding well, feverish or not passing much urine vomiting has lasted more than a day. Toddlers and young children should see a doctor if: they have diarrhoea and vomiting at the same time they have diarrhoea that's particularly watery, has blood in it or lasts for longer than 2 or 3 days they have severe or continuous stomach ache. Diagnosis of bowel infection To diagnose the cause of your symptoms, your doctor may ask some questions and examine you. They might also do some tests, such as: faecal testing (stool sample) blood tests endoscopy (such as colonoscopy) to look inside your gastrointestinal tract. In some cases, you might be referred to an infectious diseases service. Treatment of bowel infections Most bowel infections clear up after a few days. However, it’s important that you drink plenty of fluids, including water and oral rehydration drinks, available from a pharmacist, to avoid dehydration. Diarrhoea causes a lot of fluids to be lost from the body, so take special care of vulnerable people like the very young, the very old and those in poor health. Some people need antibiotics for bowel infections caused by parasites and bacteria. If your symptoms persist, see a doctor. Prevention of bowel infections Many bowel infections can be prevented by taking care with what you eat and drink, and by following good hygiene practices. Cook foods such as meat and eggs thoroughly. Wash your hands regularly, especially before touching food. When travelling to developing nations, only use bottled water for drinking and teeth cleaning, and avoid ice and raw foods. Avoid close contact with people who have a bowel infection. Sources: Lab Tests Online (Diarrhoea Overview), Cancer Research (UK) (About the bowel), Department of Health (Environmental Health Practitioner Manual – 4 Germs and Disease), RACGP (Review of the causes and management of chronic gastrointestinal symptoms in returned travellers referred to an Australian infectious diseases service), My VMC (Diarrhoea), Lab Tests Online (Diarrhoea - Common causes), NSW Health (Rotavirus infection fact sheet), NSW Health (Norovirus fact sheet), NT Government (Bowel infection (Campylobacteriosis)), NSW Health (Salmonellosis fact sheet), NSW Health (Giardiasis fact sheet), NT Government (Cryptosporidiosis), Victoria State Government (Amoebiasis), Healthy WA (Diarrhoea and vomiting), Lab Tests Online (Diarrhoea – Tests), Lab Tests Online (Diarrhoea - Prevention), Healthy WA (Shigella infection and dysentry) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
315 | 2018-04-19 01:51:50 | Infectious diseases | |
316 | 2018-04-19 02:13:31 | Infectious mononucleosis | Glandular fever is caused by an infection with Epstein-Barr virus. The virus is transmitted through saliva, and can be passed from person to person through: kissing (which is why it is sometimes known as the "kissing disease") coughing and sneezing, which spread the virus in airborne droplets sharing eating and drinking equipment like cups, glasses and eating utensils. It takes 30 to 50 days from the time of infection for glandular fever to develop. A person with glandular fever is contagious for months after the infection so it’s important to follow good hygiene so others don't get infected. Symptoms can come on gradually, and at first there may be just tiredness and lack of energy. A sore throat, swollen glands (particularly in the neck) and a rash may occur. Upper abdominal pain can occur from a swollen liver or spleen. Glandular fever symptoms can last weeks to months, especially fatigue and lack of energy. More information There are a number of resources and services available if you need help or more information on glandular fever: Download a fact sheet on glandular fever from NSW Health. Information on glandular fever in children from the Raising Children Network. Sources: NHS Choices (Glandular fever), SA Health (Glandular fever - including symptoms, treatment and prevention), Mayo Clinic (Mononucleosis), Raising Children Network (Glandular fever) Last reviewed: May 2017 |
317 | 2018-04-19 02:13:35 | Infertility | Infertility is usually defined as not being able to get pregnant after 12 months of unprotected sexual intercourse. A broader view of infertility includes not being able to carry a pregnancy to term. There are many causes of infertility. For about 4 couples in 10 it will relate to a sperm problem. In another 4 couples in 10 there will be a female reproductive cause. Sometimes there is a combination of factors. If you are female, your fertility may depend on: your age if you have any problems with your fallopian tubes if you have endometriosis or an ovulation problem any fibroids pelvic inflammatory disease or sexually transmitted infections (STI). Adult males may be affected by: problems with the tubes connected to the testes low sperm production high numbers of abnormal sperm genetic problems problems with sperm DNA. Follow the links below to find trusted information about infertility. Sources: IVF Australia (About Infertility) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
318 | 2018-04-19 02:13:38 | Influenza and the common cold | Is it a cold or the flu? View this infographic to identify cold or flu symptoms and debunk the most common myths. Colds are very common. Children may get 5-10 colds a year, while adults may get 2-4 colds each year. Colds affect the nose, the throat and upper airways, and common symptoms include coughing, fever, sore throat, sneezing, blocked or runny nose and general congestion. They are caused by about 200 different viruses and there is no vaccine for a cold. The flu is a viral infection affecting your nose, throat and sometimes your lungs. Typical symptoms of flu include fever, sore throat and muscle aches. Symptoms of a cold tend to be mild to moderately severe. |
319 | 2018-04-19 02:13:42 | Ingrown hair | What causes an ingrown hair?There are two causes of ingrown hair. Cutting a hair can force it back into its follicle, or dead skin clogging the follicle can cause the hair to grow under the skin or re-enter its follicle or one nearby.The hair then grows inward instead of pushing through the surface of your skin.Your body detects the ingrown hair as something foreign, as it would a splinter, and triggers an immune response that causes the area to become swollen, red and itchy. It can become inflamed so that it is painful and look like a pimple with pus.Common places for ingrown hairs are:men’s chins, cheeks and neckswomen’s legs, pubic areas and armpitsbuttocks.You’re more likely to get ingrown hairs if you have very curly or coarse hair.Cutting curly or coarse hair can lead to a type of ingrown hair called pseudofolliculitis or ‘razor bumps’ after shaving, tweezing or waxing hair in the beard area.Ingrown hair treatmentIngrown hairs often improve without treatment. It may help to stop shaving, tweezing or waxing until the condition improves.Washing the area with a washcloth or soft toothbrush using a circular motion for several minutes can help release the hairs. You can also try inserting a sterile needle under the hair loop and pulling the ingrown end to the surface.Talk to your doctor if you have a lot of ingrown hairs. There are medicines that can remove dead skin cells, reduce inflammation and treat infection.Ingrown hair preventionTry using creams that dissolve hair or laser hair removal, which are less likely to cause ingrown hairs than shaving, tweezing or waxing.You might also prevent ingrown hairs by:washing your skin with warm water and a mild facial cleanserexfoliating before you shaveusing a sharp razor and rinsing after each stroke. Sources: Web MD (Ingrown hair), Mayo Clinic (Ingrown hair - Definition), Mayo Clinic (Ingrown hair – Treatment and drugs), Mayo Clinic (Ingrown hair – lifestyle and home remedies), Mayo Clinic (Ingrown hair – prevention) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
320 | 2018-04-19 02:13:44 | Ingrown toenails | What is an ingrown toenail? An ingrown toenail occurs when the side of the nail curls down and grows into the skin around the nail. Any toe can be affected but it commonly occurs in the big toe. An ingrown toenail can become painful and inflamed (tender, red and swollen). Sometimes, it can become infected, which, if left untreated, can spread and infect the underlying bone. What causes ingrown toenails? You can get an ingrown toenail if you: have tight fitting shoes, socks, or tights that crowd your toes, putting pressure on your toenails don't cut your toenails properly - for example too short or not straight across injure your toe, for example by stubbing it pick or tear the corners of your toenails have sweaty feet, making your skin soft and easier for toenails to dig in have toenails with naturally curved edges or that are fan-shaped. Ingrown toenail treatments If you have diabetes, nerve damage in your leg or foot, poor blood circulation to your foot or an infection around the nail, see your doctor or podiatrist (a trained therapist who diagnoses and treats foot conditions) immediately. Otherwise, try this: soak your feet in warm water for 15 to 20 minutes, three or four times a day then use a cotton bud to gently push away the skin from the nail repeat each day for a few weeks, allowing the nail to grow as the end of the nail grows forward, push a tiny piece of cotton wool or dental floss under it to help the nail grow over the skin and not grow into it. Change the cotton wool or dental floss each time you soak your foot. If that doesn’t work and your ingrown toenail persists, see your doctor or podiatrist. They may recommend ingrown toenail surgery to remove part or all of the nail. Preventing ingrown toenails To help prevent an ingrown toenail: wear shoes that fit properly keep your feet clean and dry trim your nails properly – briefly soak your foot in warm water before trimming, and make sure you cut straight across, without tapering or rounding the corners or cutting them too short. People with diabetes or persistent foot problems should see a podiatrist regularly for routine foot checks and nail care. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Ingrown toenails), NHS Choices (Ingrown toenail), Patient.co.uk (Ingrowing toenails), MyDr (Toenail problems) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
321 | 2018-04-19 01:51:50 | Injuries | |
322 | 2018-04-19 02:13:50 | Insect bites and stings | It’s important to be aware that bites or stings from insects can cause a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) in some people. Learn more about first aid treatment for severe allergic reactions in the ‘anaphylaxis’ section below. Stingers infographicLearn more about the most common stinging insects and how to prevent being stung. Insect stings If you are stung, the insect will puncture the skin and leave behind saliva, faeces (poo) or venom. It’s also quite common that the insect will leave behind its 'sting' with or without venom. Common symptoms of a sting include: an intense burning feeling redness around the sting site pain which generally eases after an hour or so swelling around the sting in cases of allergic reaction, swelling may be more severe and affect a larger part of the body, for example the whole leg or arm may become swollen allergic reactions may cause further swelling, pain and in some cases blisters will form The skin around the area you were stung is likely to be red and painful, and you may experience some swelling around the sting mark. Stings generally clear up within two days (48 hours) although the area may be tender for a few days after this. Biters infographicLearn more about the most common biting insects and how to prevent being bitten. Insect bites An insect bite will leave a puncture wound in the skin. The type of insect that you are bitten by can determine what type of reaction you will have. Insect bites will usually clear up in a day or two without any further treatment. Common symptoms of a bite include: skin irritation inflammation or swelling a bump or blister around the bite mark. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Bee stings, wasp stings and ant stings Bee and wasp stings and Australian Jack Jumper ant bites are the most common triggers of anaphylaxis to insect stings. Wasps are generally more aggressive than bees and are attracted to food and sugary drinks. Check open food and drink containers when you are outdoors before you eat or drink from them. Take these steps if you are stung by a bee: do not use tweezers to remove the sting; bees leave behind a sac of venom, and if you try to use tweezers you will release more venom from the sac if the stinger is still in the skin, gently try to remove it by scraping it carefully from the side with the edge of a firm object, such as a finger nail or credit card when you have removed the sting, wash the affected area with soap and water and dry the area gently If the pain is persistent and continues, massage the area around the sting or bite for 10 minutes using an ice-pack. This will only provide temporary pain relief. Ticks Ticks can attach to your skin when you’re out and about in the bush. To protect yourself from ticks, wear light coloured clothing, tuck your trousers into your socks and spray an insect repellent containing diethyltoluamide (DEET) or picaridin onto your skin, shoes and socks. After returning from a tick area, thoroughly check the whole body of all members of the party (especially children) for ticks. Pay particular attention to the back of the head and neck, groin, armpits and back of the knees. You can have more than one tick. To remove the tick, kill it first with an ether-containing spray such as Wart-Off Freeze® or Elastoplast Cold Spray®, and then remove it as soon as possible. Grasp it as close to the skin as possible with fine tipped tweezers. Gently pull the tick straight out using steady pressure. A portion of the head of mouthparts may be left behind. These will fall out in time. If you are allergic to ticks, do NOT forcibly remove the tick. Kill it first with an ether-containing spray such as those mentioned above. DO NOT: grasp the tick by the body, apply methylated spirits or fingernail polish, or use a lighted match, or cigarette. Once the tick is out, apply antiseptic cream to the bite site. Tick bites can remain slightly itchy for several weeks. If the tick isn’t fully removed, you should look out for signs of infection – redness, pain around the wound site, pus or clear liquid coming from the wound, and a high temperature over 38°C. See your doctor if you develop a reaction around the bite site, or if you feel generally unwell or experience muscle weakness or paralysis after a tick bite. Mosquito bites Mosquitoes cause itchy bites but severe allergic reactions are rare. Some types of mosquitoes can spread serious diseases. See your doctor if you develop a rash, flu-like symptoms such as fever, chills, headaches, joint and muscle pains (swelling or stiffness), fatigue, depression and generally feel unwell. Most mosquito bites can be managed by washing the area with soap and water and applying an antiseptic. Cold packs may help with local pain and swelling. To lessen your chance of being bitten by mosquitoes (and midges), cover up as much skin as possible and stay inside in the early morning or at dusk. Use an insect repellent when you are out and about and there are mosquitoes around. Information on staying safe around mosquitoes can be found on the Queensland Health website. Scorpion and centipede stings Take these steps if stung by a scorpion or a centipede: apply an ice pack to the sting or bite site clean the wound with antiseptic or wash with soap and water to help prevent secondary infection use a painkiller Caterpillar stings to the skin Take these steps if stung by a caterpillar: remove visible caterpillar hairs with tweezers apply and remove adhesive tape to the area to remove the finer caterpillar hairs do not scratch or rub the area, this may cause the hairs to penetrate deeper into the skin. Itching Itching is a common irritation of the skin that makes a person want to scratch the itchy area. It can occur anywhere on the body, and can be very frustrating and uncomfortable. Itching may occur on a small part of the body, for example around the area of an insect bite, or it can affect the whole body, such as with an allergic reaction. Sometimes spots or rashes may be present around the area that is itchy, or they may cause the itchiness itself. It is quite common to find that after you’ve scratched an itch, that the itch becomes more persistent (itchier) and you get into a cycle of itching and scratching. This can be painful and can sometimes lead to an infection if the skin is broken. If itching persists for more than 48 hours, see your doctor. To relieve itching, take the following steps: try not to scratch the area - keep your nails short to prevent breaking the skin if you do scratch a cool bath or shower may help to soothe the itching - gently pat yourself dry with a clean towel, but do not rub or use the towel to scratch yourself avoid perfumed skin care products try to wear loose cotton clothing, which can help prevent you overheating and making the itch worse - avoid fabrics which irritate your skin, like wool or scratchy fabrics an ice pack may relieve the itching but should not be placed directly against the skin - you can make an ice pack by using a bag of frozen peas wrapped in a clean cloth there are medicines available to ease the symptoms of itching - speak to a pharmacist for further advice and to make sure any medicines you take are suitable for you if you are in pain, get advice on medicines from a pharmacist or doctor. Anaphylactic shock Occasionally some people have a severe allergic reaction to being bitten or stung by an insect. In cases of severe allergic reaction, the whole body can react within minutes to the bite or sting which can lead to anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock is very serious and can be fatal. Symptoms of anaphylactic shock may include: swelling of the mouth, throat or tongue difficulty swallowing difficulty breathing, shortness of breath or wheezing difficulty talking a rash that may appear anywhere on the body itching – usually around the eyes, ears, lips, throat or roof of the mouth flushing (feeling hot and red) stomach cramps, feeling or being sick feeling weak collapsing or falling unconscious. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. If the person has a 'personal action plan' to manage a known severe allergy, they may need assistance to follow their plan. This may include administering adrenaline to the person via an autoinjector (such as an EpiPen) if one is available. The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy recommends that for a severe allergic reaction, adrenaline is the initial treatment. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. The St John Ambulance Australia first aid fact sheet for bites and stings can be found on their website. For more information on anaphylaxis, including setting up a personal action plan, go to www.allergy.org.au. People with diagnosed allergies should avoid all triggers and confirmed allergens and have a readily accessible anaphylaxis action plan and medical alert device. It's wise to ensure your family, friends and employer or work colleagues know how to follow your anaphylaxis action plan too in case you need help. Should I do a first aid course? Knowing what to do in an emergency can save a life, so it’s a very good idea to do a first aid course. You can book a first aid course through St John Ambulance Australia’s website or call them at 1300 360 455. You will need to pay a fee to do a course. How to prevent bites and stings To help prevent bites and stings, it’s a good idea to wear protective clothing such as closed shoes, socks, long pants and a long sleeved shirt when walking through the bush. Wear protective gloves and clothing when gardening. Bites and stings can happen when you have bare feet so wear shoes when you are outside, even around your home. Not sure what to do next?If you are still concerned about your insect bite or sting, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention.The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA) (Allergic reactions to bites and stings), Allergy and Anaphylaxis Australia (What is anaphylaxis), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Australian Resuscitation Council (Pressure bandage), St John Ambulance Australia (Bites and stings - Quick guide to first aid management, PDF), St John Ambulance Australia (DRSABCD action plan PDF), St John Ambulance Australia (Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) - managing a severe allergic reaction PDF), Queensland Government (Bites and Stings) Last reviewed: September 2017 |
323 | 2018-04-19 02:13:56 | Intestinal diseases | Follow the links below to find trusted information about intestinal diseases. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
324 | 2018-04-19 02:14:00 | Invasive staph infections | A staph infection occurs when the staphylococcus bacteria gets inside the body. Around a third of people carry staph bacteria either on the surface of their skin or in their nose, and in most cases it does not cause any problems. However, if it does enter the body the bacteria might multiply, which could lead to an infection. People more at risk of an invasive staph infection include those with diabetes who use insulin, HIV/AIDS, kidney failure requiring dialysis, weakened immune systems, cancer, especially those who are undergoing chemotherapy or radiation, skin damage, for example from eczema, insect bites or minor cuts, and respiratory illnesses. There is also a higher risk if you have been in hospital, have an invasive medical device, play contact sports or eat food that has not been prepared in sanitary conditions. Different types of invasive staph infections Pneumonia A staph infection in your lungs can cause pneumonia. You may have pneumonia if you have: difficulty breathing a rapid heart beat a temperature of 38°C or over been feeling generally unwell. You might also have some chest pain. Read more about pneumonia. Septic arthritis Septic arthritis occurs when staphylococcal bacteria infects a joint. It is more common in people with a low immune system. You may have septic arthritis if you are experiencing: pain and swelling in your joint stiffness red and tender skin a temperature over 38°C chills a loss of movement in your joint. Read more about septic arthritis. Sepsis Sepsis is also known as blood poisoning. The condition is a medical emergency and occurs when staph bacteria infects the bloodstream. If you are concerned that you or someone else has symptoms of sepsis, call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. You may have sepsis if you are feeling very unwell and: have a temperature have a rapid heartbeat are breathing fast are dizzy are confused or disorientated have reduced urine output. Read more about sepsis. Osteomyelitis Osteomyelitis is an infection within the bone. While it can affect any bone, it is more common in the arms and legs in children, and in the back and pelvis in adults. Osteomyelitis can be difficult to detect, but you may have it if you have: a temperature nausea severe bone pain red, warm tender skin at the site of the pain restricted movement of a joint. Read more about osteomyelitis. Toxic shock syndrome Toxic shock syndrome is very rare and occurs when staph bacteria enters the bloodstream and releases poisons. In some people these poisons can lead to organ and tissue damage. Toxic Shock Syndrome can affect anybody and can be associated with the use of tampons.You may have Toxic shock syndrome if you are feeling very unwell and: have a temperature are vomiting are feeling faint. You may also: have a skin rash resembling sunburn have diarrhoea feel confused. Read more about toxic shock syndrome. Endocarditis Endocarditis occurs when staph bacteria infect one of the valves inside the heart. It is a serious condition. It is more common in people who have problems with their heart valves, but it can happen to anyone. You may have endocarditis if you develop the symptoms below, either gradually over several weeks or quickly over a few days: a temperature accompanied by chills and night sweats muscle aches and pains shortness of breath unexplained weight loss coughing headache low blood pressure dizziness standing up due to low blood pressure weakness and extreme tiredness. Read more about endocarditis. Staphylococcal food poisoning Staphylococcal food poisoning could occur when you eat food with staph bacteria or the toxins they produce in it. It usually develops fairly quickly after eating contaminated food. You may have staphylococcal food poisoning if you: feel nauseous and vomit have stomach cramps have diarrhoea. How do I avoid getting an invasive staph infection? If you are at risk of developing an invasive staph infection, it is important to have a healthy lifestyle - a healthy diet, regular exercise, minimising alcohol and avoiding smoking and illicit drugs. Washing your hands thoroughly after going to the bathroom, before and after preparing food and after being in a crowded area can also reduce your risk of developing the condition. Ways to avoid food poisoning You can avoid food poisoning by ensuring that high standards of food hygiene are maintained throughout the cooking process. Cleaning When cooking keep hands, work surfaces and cooking utensils clean. Wash hands before preparing food and after: going to the bathroom touching raw food touching bins handling pets. Avoid handling food if you are ill, particularly with stomach problems or if you have open sores and cuts. Cooking food properly Meat should be cooked right through. If you reheat food, make sure it is hot all the way through. Never reheat food more than once. Chilling food properly Food needs to be kept at the right temperature to prevent harmful bacteria from growing and multiplying. Food that needs to be refrigerated should always be stored in the fridge, which should be set at 0-5°C. Always check the label on the packaging for the correct storage instructions. Cooked leftovers should not be left out to cool for more than an hour before being put in the fridge or freezer. Avoid cross-contamination Cross-contamination can occur when bacteria is transferred from one food (usually a raw food) to another food. This can happen when the contaminated food is in direct contact with the other food, or when bacteria from contaminated food is spread through hands, utensils, work surfaces to other foods.You can avoid cross-contaminating food by: always washing your hands after touching raw food storing raw foods separately to other foods storing raw meat in sealed containers and keeping the containers at the bottom of the fridge, so that it cannot leak onto other food using a separate chopping board for raw food and other food, or washing chopping boards thoroughly between uses cleaning utensils thoroughly after using them for raw food not washing raw meat or poultry, as washing may spray harmful bacteria around the kitchen. When should I get help? Invasive staph infections could be life threatening. If you have symptoms of an invasive staph infection, see your doctor as soon as possible or call triple zero (000) and ask for an ambulance. Sources: NHS Choices, UK (Food Poisoning - Prevention), NHS Choices, UK (Staphylococcal infections), Virtual Medical Centre (Infective Endocarditis (IE)), Virtual Medical Centre (Osteomyelitis (Acute and Chronic)), Virtual Medical Centre (Sepsis (Systemic inflammatory response syndrome, SIRS)), Virtual Medical Centre (Septic Arthritis), MedicineNet.com (Septic Arthritis (Infectious Arthritis)) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
325 | 2018-04-19 02:14:02 | Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) | The main symptoms are abdominal pain or discomfort that is often relieved by passing wind or faeces, stomach bloating, and chronic diarrhoea or constipation (or alternating between the two).These symptoms can be embarrassing, inconvenient and distressing. Fortunately, IBS does not cause permanent damage to the bowel and it does not cause other serious diseases like bowel cancer.If you have IBS, then an episode can be triggered by an infection, stress, food intolerance or particular medicines.The exact cause of IBS is unknown. It’s probably due to many factors, including the nerves in the bowel being more sensitive than usual (allowing the person to feel sensations they wouldn’t normally feel), abnormal contractions in the bowel, chronic inflammation of the bowel and psychological factors.Who develops IBS?IBS develops in as many as one in five Australians at some point in their lifetime, and is twice as common in women as it is in men.It often develops in the late teens or early twenties. Having a close relative with IBS may slightly increase your chance of having it.How do I know if I have IBS?The main feature of IBS is abdominal pain associated with a change in bowel habits.Symptoms to look for include:recurring episodes of diarrhoea or constipationsymptoms that alternate between diarrhoea and constipationbloatingpain or discomfort that is relieved by passing wind or going to the toiletsymptoms are more common in women and may be worse around menstruation or at times of stress. IBS does not cause bleeding from the back passage.IBS is usually diagnosed based on your symptoms and your medical history. There is no medical test that can be used to confirm a diagnosis, although tests (such as a blood test or a colonoscopy) may be required to rule out other conditions. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. This is particularly necessary if you are over 40 when you develop symptoms, if you have a family history of bowel cancer, or if there are other signs or symptoms which suggest another condition could be causing your symptoms. How is IBS treated? It is important to have a doctor who will carefully explain your condition, answer your questions, and work with you to develop a management plan suitable for your individual needs. Managing IBS may include one or all of the following: reassurance that the symptoms are not due to cancer changing your lifestyle and diet reviewing medication that might aggravate diarrhoea or constipation a good healthy diet dietary fibre. Some people choose to take medicines to treat their symptoms when they flare up. These may include:anti-diarrhoeal medicinespainkillersconstipation treatmentsantispasmodics (to ease cramping)antidepressants (which are used to treat pain and depression).Physiotherapy can be helpful in some cases to teach you how to use your muscles to control your bowel function more effectively. Your doctor will also work with you to discover if psychological issues like anxiety, depression or stress are a problem for you. In some cases it may be beneficial to see a psychologist or counsellor who can teach you strategies for dealing with these issues and for coping with IBS. For more information about medicines and IBS, visit the NPS MedicineWise website.For more information about psychological treatment for IBS, and to undertake free online psychological assessment and treatment visit the IBS Clinic website.Changing your dietThere is no ‘one size fits all’ diet for IBS. However, dietary changes can often relieve IBS symptoms.It may help to keep a food diary so you can identify any foods that make your symptoms worse.It can also help to modify the amount and type of fibre in your diet:If you have IBS with constipation, it can help to eat more soluble fibre and drink more waterIf you have IBS with diarrhoea, it can help to cut down on insoluble fibre. In some cases, avoiding a particular food or food group might help – examples include gluten, caffeine, alcohol, spicy foods, high fat foods or foods that cause excessive bloating such as beans, lentils or certain vegetables. Australian researchers have recently developed a special diet that may help control IBS symptoms in some people. It’s called the FODMAP diet, and it involves restricting your intake of certain dietary carbohydrates (sugars) that are poorly absorbed by the bowel. For more information about the FODMAP diet, visit the Monash University website. Before making any major changes to your diet it is a good idea to talk to your doctor or a dietitian. Finding help If IBS symptoms are getting you down, talk to your doctor or contact a support organisation. IBSclinic.org.au is a free online mental health service for people with IBS and associated psychological distress. Support is also available from the Irritable Bowel Information & Support Association of Australia (IBIS) website, or you can phone IBIS on (07) 3886 4550 or email them at contact@ibis-australia.org. Sources: Colorectal Surgical Society of Australia and New Zealand (Irritable bowel syndrome), Gastroenterological Society of Australia (Irritable bowel syndrome), IBSclinic.org.au (Advice for Teens), IBSclinic.org.au (Physiotherapy and IBS), IBSclinic.org.au (Psychological Therapies), IBSclinic.org.au (Food Intolerances associated with IBS), Monash University (Low FODMAP diet for Irritable Bowel Syndrome), NHS Choices UK (Irritable bowel syndrome - Treatment), NPS MedicineWise (Irritable bowel syndrome), Gut Foundation (Bowel conditions) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
326 | 2018-04-19 02:14:03 | Ischaemic heart disease | There are two major clinical forms - heart attack (often known as ‘acute myocardial infarction’ or AMI) and angina. Coronary heart disease is the term that describes what happens when your heart’s blood supply is blocked or interrupted by a build-up of fatty substances in the coronary arteries. Over time, the walls of your arteries can become clogged up with fatty deposits. This process is known as ‘atherosclerosis’ and the fatty deposits are called ‘atheroma’. Atherosclerosis can be caused by lifestyle habits and other conditions such as: being inactive being overweight having an unhealthy diet smoking high cholesterol high blood pressure (hypertension) diabetes If your doctor thinks you are at risk of CHD, they may carry out a risk assessment. This involves asking about your medical and family history, asking about your lifestyle and requesting a blood test. The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners also recommends that if you are concerned about cardiovascular disease but have no symptoms, talk to your doctor or specialist about whether the benefits will outweigh the risks involved with specific testing for heart disease or stroke. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. The Royal College of Pathologists of Australia recommends that if you are over 75 years of age, you need to talk to your doctor or specialist about the risks and benefits of testing and treating your cholesterol. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Sources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Cardiovascular health compendium), Heart Foundation (What is coronary heart disease?), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Heart Foundation (Heart disease fact sheet) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
327 | 2018-04-19 02:14:04 | Jaundice in adults | What is jaundice? Jaundice is the yellow discolouration of your skin, the whites of your eyes and body fluids. If you have jaundice, it's important to visit your doctor straight away for a health check. Jaundice is not a disease in itself, but is a sign of a health problem. It may be a sign of a problem in the liver, or sometimes in the gallbladder or pancreas. Occasionally, problems with your blood can cause jaundice. Jaundice causes Jaundice is common in babies for many different reasons. If you're looking for information on jaundice in babies, go to the Pregnancy, Birth and Baby website. When an adult becomes jaundiced, it can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition. Jaundice is caused by the build-up of a substance called bilirubin in your blood. Because bilirubin is processed in the liver, jaundice is usually a symptom of liver disease. This can be caused by: viral infections (such as hepatitis A, B or C, D or E) cirrhosis or heavy drinking autoimmune disease, such as primary biliary cirrhosis hereditary conditions, such as Dubin–Johnson syndrome medications pregnancy Gilbert syndrome Jaundice can also result from a blockage beyond the liver, caused by: gallstones pancreatic or gallbladder cancer pancreatitis obstruction of the biliary tract lymphoma surgery Jaundice symptoms and diagnosis Your doctor will talk to you, examine your abdomen and ask about your symptoms. With jaundice, you can have: abdominal pain itching loss of appetite weight loss pale stools dark urine fever Your doctor may order blood and urine tests to check your level of bilirubin and assess the health of your liver. They may also order an ultrasound scan to check for obstructions or signs of liver and pancreatic disease. In some cases, your doctor may request a liver biopsy to confirm liver disease. Jaundice treatment There are many different treatments for jaundice. It depends on the cause. For more information, talk to your doctor or call healthdirect on 1800 022 222. Sources: Lab Tests Online (Jaundice), MyVMC (Jaundice), American Family Physician (Evaluation of jaundice in adults) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
328 | 2018-04-19 02:14:09 | Jaw diseases | Follow the links below to find trusted information about jaw diseases. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
329 | 2018-04-19 02:14:14 | Jellyfish stings | It’s important to be aware that bites and stings can cause a severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) in some people. Learn more about first aid treatment for severe allergic reactions in the ‘anaphylaxis’ section below. Box jellyfish and other tropical stingers Tropical stingers (jellyfish) live in tropical waters around Australia’s coastline north of Bundaberg in Queensland through to Geraldton in Western Australia. The most dangerous are the box jellyfish and Irukandji. The stinger season generally runs from November to March. To treat a sting, call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and pour vinegar liberally over the tentacles on the person’s skin for at least 30 seconds to deactivate the sting. If vinegar is not available wash the area with seawater. Do not use fresh water. You may need to provide emergency assistance including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR). Keep the person calm. Never substitute vinegar with methylated spirits or alcohol because they will make the sting worse. If you are in tropical waters and you can’t clearly identify the cause of the jellyfish sting, then treat the sting with vinegar and seek medical assistance just to be safe. Stonefish Stonefish live all around the Australian coastline. They look like rocks and actually live among rocks on coral reefs. They can also be found sleeping in the mud or sand. The stonefish’s back is lined with spines that release a venomous toxin. This makes it very dangerous. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance and soak the affected area in hot water (no hotter than can be easily tolerated) for 20 minutes to relieve the pain. Remove briefly before reimmersing and continue this cycle if pain persists. If immersion is not possible, a hot shower is an alternative. The person may need hospital treatment to further relieve their pain and to be given stonefish antivenom. To protect yourself from stonefish stings, wear thick-soled shoes and shuffle your feet when you walk in the shallows. Also, don't pick up rocks on reefs – they could be stonefish. Blue-ringed octopus, sea snake and coneshell bites and stings Bites and stings from the blue-ringed octopus, sea snakes and coneshells are very dangerous. Provide emergency care including cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if needed. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. Apply a pressure immobilisation bandage and keep the person calm and as still as possible until medical help arrives. A guide to pressure immobilisation bandages can be found on the Australian Venom Research Unit website. Non-tropical stingers (jellyfish) Non-tropical stingers live in waters all around Australia’s coastline, but are more generally found south of Bundaberg in Queensland and south of Geraldton in Western Australia. To treat a sting, wash any remaining tentacles off the skin with seawater or pick them off the skin. Soak the affected area in hot water (no hotter than can be easily tolerated) for 20 minutes to relieve the pain. Remove briefly before reimmersing and continue this cycle if pain persists. If immersion is not possible, a hot shower is an alternative. Seek further medical attention if the person’s condition gets worse. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Bluebottle stings Bluebottle stings are the most common jellyfish stings in Australia. If stung wash any remaining tentacles off the skin with seawater, or carefully pick them off the skin (wearing gloves if possible). Do not use vinegar. Immerse the person’s sting in hot water (no hotter than can be easily tolerated) for at least 20 minutes. You can even run a hot shower over the affected area if that’s easier. Do not use this method for suspected box jellyfish or Irukandji stings. If you can’t access hot water, apply an ice pack or cold water to the affected area. Seek medical attention if the person develops further symptoms such as abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, or if there is continuing pain, itchiness or blistering at the site. Never rub sand or pour soft drink over any jellyfish sting, or urinate on the stung area. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Fish stings injuries There are numerous other venomous or spiny fish, such as red rock cod in New South Wales, and soldier fish and cobblers in southern Australia. Most of these cause injuries when they are handled, for example by fishermen. They cause immediate severe pain that lasts for up to an hour with minimal other effects. There are a number of things you can do to help manage pain from fish sting injuries: any pieces of spine should be removed for pain relief immerse affected area in water (or shower) as hot as patient can tolerate (45°C) until resolution of pain, or a maximum of 90 minutes. The temperature must be tested with an unaffected limb first painkillers can be used to treat the pain. Sea urchin injuries Most sea urchin injuries are from non-venomous spines and the main problem is removal of broken-off spines. Venomous spines are less common but cause more intensely painful puncture wounds. There are a number of things you can do to help manage pain from sea urchin injuries: remove spines close to the surface pain relief – immerse affected area in water (or shower) as hot as patient can tolerate (45°C) until resolution of pain, or for a maximum of 90 minutes. The temperature must be tested with an unaffected limb first painkillers can be used to treat the pain. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Sponge injuries Sponge contact reactions are uncommon and may be difficult to diagnose if they are delayed. Initially there may only be a mild sensation with localised itchiness and stinging developing after minutes to hour. In some cases this sensation increases and can cause intense symptoms for two to three days. No specific treatment has been recommended except washing the sting site. The effects resolve over days to weeks irrespective of treatment. Painkillers can be used to manage the pain. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) Read these articles for an overview of: cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) how to perform CPR. For printable charts, see St John Ambulance Australia’s first aid resuscitation procedures (DRSABCD) poster, as well as their quick guide to first aid management of bites and stings. Pressure immobilisation bandage A pressure immobilisation bandage is recommended for anyone stung by a sea creature. This involves firmly bandaging the area of the body involved, such as the arm or leg, and keeping the person calm and still until medical help arrives. If possible, mark the site of the bite on the bandage with a pen. A guide to pressure immobilisation bandages can be found on the Australian Venom Research Unit website. Anaphylactic shock Occasionally some people have a severe allergic reaction to being stung. In cases of severe allergic reaction, the whole body can react within minutes to the bite or sting which can lead to anaphylactic shock. Anaphylactic shock is very serious and can be fatal. Symptoms of anaphylactic shock may include: swelling of the mouth, throat or tongue difficulty swallowing difficulty breathing or shortness of breath or wheezing difficulty talking a rash that may appear anywhere on the body itching – usually around your eyes, ears, lips,throat or roof of the mouth flushing (feeling hot and red) stomach cramps, feeling or being sick feeling weak collapsing or falling unconscious. Call triple zero (000) for an ambulance. If the person has a 'personal action plan' to manage a known severe allergy, they may need assistance to follow their plan. This may include administering adrenaline to the person via an autoinjector (such as an Epipen®) if one is available. The Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy recommends that for a severe allergic reaction adrenaline is the initial treatment. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. The St John Ambulance Australia first aid fact sheet for bites and stings can be found on their website. For more information on anaphylaxis, including setting up a personal action plan, go to www.allergy.org.au. People with diagnosed allergies should avoid all trigger agents and confirmed allergens and have a readily accessible anaphylaxis action plan and medical alert device It is wise to ensure your friends and family know how to follow your anaphylaxis action plan too in case you need help. How to prevent bites and stings To protect you from marine stingers: swim at patrolled beaches between the red and yellow flags and inside stinger nets if they’re available don’t enter the water when the beaches are closed wear a full-body lycra suit for extra protection (particularly from tropical stingers during stinger season) don’t touch marine stingers if they are on the beach – they can still sting you enter the water slowly to give marine stingers time to swim away ask a lifeguard for help or advice if needed. More information on marine stingers can be found on the Marine Stingers website. Should I do a first aid course? Knowing what to do in an emergency can save a life, so it’s a very good idea to do a first aid course. You can book a first aid course through St John Ambulance Australia’s website or call them at 1300 360 455. You will need to pay a fee to do a course. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your bite or sting from a sea creature, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (ASCIA) (Allergic reactions to bites and stings), Allergy & Anaphylaxis Australia (What is anaphylaxis?), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), NSW Poisons Information Centre (Bites and Stings), St John Ambulance Australia (Bites and stings - Quick guide to first aid management, PDF), St John Ambulance Australia (DRSABCD action plan PDF), St John Ambulance Australia (Severe allergic reaction (anaphylaxis) - managing a severe allergic reaction PDF), Australian Venom Research Unit (Pressure immobilisation bandaging), Australian Prescriber (Managing injuries by venomous sea creatures in Australia) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
330 | 2018-04-19 02:14:17 | Jet lag | Jet lag is a combination of fatigue and other symptoms caused by travelling across different time zones. Symptoms of jet lag include: insomnia fatigue poor concentration irritability headache sleep problems nausea, diarrhoea or appetite changes. Follow the links below to find trusted information about how to avoid and manage jet lag. Sources: myVMC (Jet Lag) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
331 | 2018-04-19 02:14:20 | Jock itch | What is tinea? Tinea is a common skin condition caused by a fungal infection. The fungus thrives best in warm moist environments, so areas like the feet ('athletes foot'), the groin ('jock itch'), the scalp and body (such as under the breasts) and sometimes the toe or finger nails are ideal places for the fungus to grow. Tinea symptoms Symptoms can include a red flaky rash that can crack split and peel, blistering and itching. Sometimes the rash appears in a circular ring pattern which is called ‘ringworm’ and can be a little misleading because there is no worm involved. If tinea forms in the nails they may develop a yellow or white discolouration. If tinea forms on the scalp, bald spots may occur. Types of tinea Tinea infections can affect many areas of the skin and depending on their location and fungal type, the infection has different names: Athlete's foot (tinea pedis): fungal infection of the skin on the feet. Ringworm of the scalp (tinea capitis): fungal infection that develops on the head. Ringworm of the body (tinea corporis): fungal infection of the body that develops on the top layer of the skin. Jock itch (tinea cruris): a rash in the moist, warm areas of the groin. Nail infection (onychomycosis): a fungal infection of the toe or finger nails. Most tinea infections are mild and can affect anybody. Young people and men tend to be affected more by tinea on the foot ('athletes foot'). In addition, people who play a lot of sport, spend time in communal changing rooms and showers, or wear trainers (sneakers) are more likely to be affected. Tinea treatments The infected area should be kept clean and dry as the fungi prefer to grow in moist, warm conditions. Tinea is treated with antifungal medicines and generally clears up within four weeks.You can purchase these creams from any pharmacy and some supermarkets. Follow the application instructions on the package carefully and speak to your pharmacist if you have questions. Although rare, tinea can spread to other areas of the body, so good personal hygiene is important to prevent the infection spreading. Go to this page for more information about tinea treatments and prevention. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your tinea, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Patient (Dermatophytosis (Tinea Infections)) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
332 | 2018-04-19 02:14:24 | Joint diseases | Inflammation (arthritis) and swelling (bursitis, fluid on a joint) are signs of damage. They can be painful, reducing movement and may require drug treatment or surgery. Follow the links below to find trusted information about joint diseases. Last reviewed: February 2014 |
333 | 2018-04-19 02:14:27 | Joint inflammation | An overview of arthritis Arthritis is not one disease alone, but an umbrella term for more than 100 conditions that affect the joints of the body. Joints are points where two or more bones meet, such as in the wrist, knuckles, hips, knees and ankles. The three most common types of arthritis found in Australians are: osteoarthritis rheumatoid arthritis gout. Other types of arthritis include: juvenile arthritis ankylosing spondylitis systemic lupus erythematosus (lupus) scleroderma. Symptoms of arthritis The symptoms of arthritis vary from person to person. But if you have arthritis, you will almost certainly have symptoms relating to your joints, such as: pain swelling redness and heat stiffness or reduced movement. Some people also get other problems outside their joints. Other common symptoms include: tiredness weight loss skin problems feeling unwell. Diagnosing arthritis If you have any symptoms of arthritis, it is important you see your doctor to get a diagnosis and start treatment. Without treatment, the condition may get worse and cause long-term damage. Some types of arthritis can be difficult to diagnose, so it may take a few visits and tests to get a definite diagnosis. Your doctor may also need to refer you to a rheumatologist, who specialises in conditions that affect the joints. Treating arthritis For many types of arthritis, there are treatments available that can help control symptoms and prevent damage to the joints. The most appropriate treatment will depend on which type of arthritis you have, which joints are affected, and the symptoms you have. Treatment might include: medications, such as pain-killers, anti-inflammatory drugs or disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (used for inflammatory forms of arthritis such as rheumatoid arthritis, ankylosing spondylitis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis) pain management techniques, such as meditation. In severe cases, surgery may be needed to replace or repair damaged joints. Living with arthritis There are many things you can do to help manage arthritis so you can meet the demands of daily life. Among the most important things are to: maintain a healthy weight eat a well-balanced diet exercise regularly learn ways to manage your pain seek support when you need it. Additional information about arthritis For more information on arthritis, how to manage it, and to learn about the support available, you can contact Arthritis Australia on 1800 011 041. Sources: Arthritis Australia (10 Steps for living well with arthritis), The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Clinical guideline for the diagnosis and management of early rheumatoid arthritis), Arthritis Australia (What is arthritis), Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Recommendations for the non-surgical management of hip and knee osteoarthritis), Lab Tests Online (Osteoarthritis), Arthritis Australia (Arthritis information sheets: areas of the body) Last reviewed: February 2017 |
334 | 2018-04-19 02:14:32 | Kaposi sarcoma | Types of Kaposi sarcoma Kaposi sarcoma causes abnormal growths in the skin, the membranes that produce mucous, in the glands or in other organs. Most cancers start in one place then spread to other parts of the body. But Kaposi sarcoma can start in more than one place at the same time. It is caused by the human herpes virus-8 (HHV-8), though not all people with HHV-8 will develop Kaposi sarcoma. It is more likely to develop in people who have HHV-8 and whose immune systems are also weakened by HIV/AIDS, or because they have had an organ transplant. Other types of Kaposi sarcoma are a rare, slow growing form found only in the skin (called Classic Kaposi sarcoma), and a type found in certain parts of Africa (called Endemic or African Kaposi sarcoma). Kaposi sarcoma symptoms The main sign of Kaposi sarcoma is reddish-purple, reddish-brown or pink spots (lesions) on the skin. They are usually on your legs or face, but can grow inside your body as well. There may be just one or several in different places of your body. Sometimes they are slightly raised but they may be flat. They can sometimes bleed. The lesions can give you other symptoms, depending where they are in your body. Symptoms can include: nausea or diarrhoea (if you have lesions in your digestive tract) breathlessness and a cough (if you have lesions in your lungs) swollen glands or swollen arms and legs (if you have lesions in your lymph nodes) feeling very tired. All of these symptoms can be explained by something else. But if you are worried, tell your doctor. Kaposi sarcoma diagnosis If your doctor thinks you may have Kaposi sarcoma, they will examine you and check your skin and lymph nodes. They may order tests, including an HIV test (if your HIV status is unknown), a biopsy (where a small sample of tissue is removed to be examined in the lab), a chest |
335 | 2018-04-19 02:14:38 | Keeping your relationships healthy | Building healthy relationships with partners, friends and family is good for you. It improves your mood, your mental health and your wellbeing. Maintaining them is important. It takes time and commitment. No relationship is perfect, but it is important that it brings you more happiness than stress. Tips for a healthy relationship 1. Be clear about what you want Assertive communication helps make your point more clearly than passive or aggressive communication. Try using ‘I’ statements instead of accusatory ‘you’ statements. 2. Say sorry when you’re wrong This is really important as it helps heal relationship breakdowns that inevitably occur. 3. Being affectionate and showing appreciation Relationships can become routine after a while. Make special time together and continue to show your affection. Even just snuggling on the couch after work helps show intimacy. 4. Make the relationship a priority It can be hard to balance relationships, work, family and friends. You can help establish a work-life balance by setting limits at work and learning to say no – this will ensure you make time for your relationship. 5. Develop shared interests Finding hobbies you both enjoy allows you to spend time together. This could be as simple as doing a night class together or taking up a new sport. 6. Work on feeling good about yourself Feeling good about yourself allows you to give the best to your relationships. Taking time to do what you enjoy can help. Healthy friendships maintain your happiness and self-esteem, so it is important that you stay in touch with your friends when you are in a relationship. One of the warning signs of an unhealthy relationship is when you quit activities you used to enjoy because of your partner. 7. Find solutions that work for both of you Conflict is a part of any relationship. It is essential that you both respect and accept your differences and similarities. Finding solutions that work for both of you will probably require compromise at different times. 8. Make plans for the future By making plans for the future together, you both show you are in the relationship for the long term. 9. Family time Finding time together as a family can be difficult, but there are many benefits to regularly sharing family meals. Even one family meal a week gives everyone a chance to catch up, connect and communicate with each other. Sources: MensLine (Is your relationship in trouble?), Relationships Australia (Making positive changes), Mayo Clinic (Being assertive: reduce stress, communicate better), Raising Children Network (Looking after your relationship with your partner), Raising Children Network (Making family meals enjoyable: six tips) Last reviewed: March 2018 |
336 | 2018-04-19 02:14:41 | Keratoconus | It usually affects both eyes and can cause problems with seeing clearly. If you notice any eye symptoms or changes to your eyesight, you should see your optometrist or doctor. What is keratoconus? Keratoconus occurs when the cornea slowly changes shape. While it is normally shaped like a dome, with keratoconus it thins and becomes shaped like a cone. This affects the way your eyes focuses light and can distort your vision. What causes keratoconus? The cause of keratoconus is unknown. However, things that may increase your chance of developing keratoconus include: rubbing your eyes vigorously having someone in the family who has keratoconus having allergic conditions, such as asthma and eczema. Keratoconus symptoms If you have keratoconus, you might experience: blurred or distorted vision increased sensitivity to glare and light difficulty seeing distant objects clearly. Keratoconus diagnosis If your vision changes at all, you should see your optometrist or your doctor, who might refer you to an eye specialist (ophthalmologist). You will need eye tests to check your vision and to examine your cornea. Keratoconus treatment Eyeglasses or soft contact lenses can be used to treat keratoconus in the early stages. If the condition progresses, you may need hard contact lenses or other special lenses to help stabilise the shape of your cornea. People with very advanced keratoconus might need surgery. This may involve placing tiny inserts into your cornea to correct its shape and improve your eyesight. In very serious cases, a cornea transplant might help. Corneal collagen cross-linking is a new treatment that is being studied to stop or slow down worsening of keratoconus. It involves putting vitamin B2 eye drops into your cornea followed by treatment with ultraviolet A light to strengthen your cornea. This treatment won’t suit everybody. More information Visit the Keratoconus Australia website for more information about this condition. Sources: myDr (Keratoconus), Vision Australia (Keratoconus), MedlinePlus (Keratoconus), Mayo Clinic (Keratoconus – Treatment) Last reviewed: August 2016 |
337 | 2018-04-19 02:14:42 | Keratosis pilaris | What causes keratosis pilaris? Keratosis pilaris is caused by the build-up of a skin protein called keratin. Excess keratin can block hair follicles or pores in the skin, forming small, hard bumps. The reason for the build-up of keratin is unknown, but it often occurs alongside other skin conditions, such as dermatitis. In most cases it is a genetic condition that runs in families.. Keratosis pilaris signs and symptoms Keratosis pilaris usually results in small, hard, flesh-coloured or white lumps, which can have an acne-like or rough appearance. The bumps, which can pepper the skin, are commonly found on areas of dry skin on the upper arms, thighs, chest and, sometimes, the face. The condition doesn't usually cause any pain. You may find affected skin becomes sandpaper-like. If the bumps cause itching or irritation, they may become red and slightly inflamed and cause scarring. Keratosis pilaris diagnosis and treatment There are no tests for keratosis pilaris. Instead diagnosis is usually made after examining the skin. Keratosis pilaris is often a mild condition that doesn't require medical treatment and usually disappears by the age 30. Below are a number of things you can do to help reduce your symptoms: Try not to scratch the bumps. Treat your skin gently and avoid using harsh chemicals, which can dry out your skin. Wash using a mild soap and warm, rather than hot, water. Gently pat or blot your skin dry and follow up by applying a soothing moisturising cream that contains lanolin, petroleum jelly or glycerine. Avoid friction from tight clothes. A variety of medicated creams, some of which are available over the counter, may also help to relieve symptoms. The creams contain ingredients, such as retinoids (vitamin A), urea, alpha-hydroxy acid, lactic acid or salicylic acid, that help to break down the excess keratin and remove dead skin. However, these chemicals can be harsh and cause dry skin and irritation, so they may not be suitable for children. Laser therapy can be used to successfully treat keratoris pilaris that has become very red and inflamed. For more information on treatment options, or if symptoms are causing you or your child anxiety or discomfort, talk to your doctor. Sources: Australasian College of Dermatologists (Keratosis pilaris), Mayo Clinic (Diseases and Conditions Keratosis pilaris) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
338 | 2018-04-19 02:14:43 | Kidney cancer | Follow the links below to find trusted information about kidney cancer. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
339 | 2018-04-19 02:14:46 | Kidney disease | Kidney disease can be treated once diagnosed. However, in many cases it goes undetected until serious damage has been done, so it’s important to seek medical advice if you notice any symptoms. What do your kidneys do? You have two kidneys, one either side of your backbone, just above the small of your back. Each kidney is about the size of a closed fist. The main role of the kidneys is to filter your blood to remove waste. As well, your kidneys help control blood pressure, produce red blood cells, and keep your bones strong. What types of kidney disease are there? There are several types of kidney disease. These include: kidney stones - rock-hard crystals that form inside your kidneys polycystic kidney disease - an inherited condition causing cysts in the kidneys diabetic kidney disease - kidney damage caused by diabetes glomerulonephritis - inflammation of the kidney’s filters (glomeruli) kidney infection - urinary tract infection affecting the kidneys kidney cancer - this is rare. If you have ongoing kidney damage, it is called chronic kidney disease. If kidney damage happens quickly - from an accident or infection, for example - it is called acute kidney failure. Though often short-lived, this can still cause lasting kidney damage. What happens if your kidneys aren’t working properly? When your kidneys don’t work as they should, wastes and fluids build up inside the body. The first signs of this can be quite vague, like feeling tired. Later symptoms can include changes in your urine, nausea and appetite loss, itchiness, swollen or numb hands and feet, darkened skin and muscle cramps. Kidney disease can lead to other problems like heart disease and high blood pressure, and eventually to complete kidney failure, so getting treatment early is vital. Sources: National Kidney Disease Education Program (Learn about kidney disease), Mayo Clinic (Kidney infection), Kidney Health Australia (Kidney disease), National Kidney Foundation (Kidney disease Causes) Last reviewed: February 2017 |
340 | 2018-04-19 02:14:51 | Kidney failure | When your kidneys fail, dialysis or kidney transplant is necessary for survival. What is kidney failure? A sudden drop in kidney function is called acute kidney failure. This develops quickly over a few hours or days, and mostly happens in people who are already critically ill. More commonly, kidney failure happens as the final stage of chronic kidney disease. Called ‘end stage kidney disease,’ this is when about 90% of kidney function has been lost. Support for carers People with kidney failure often require carers because of incapacity from their condition. Are you a carer or helping someone out? Carers are everyday people who provide unpaid and ongoing care and support to someone they know who has a disability, mental illness, drug or alcohol dependency, chronic condition, terminal illness or who is frail. Learn more about practical, financial and emotional support and services that are available for carers. For carers services in your state or territory visit Carers Australia. What causes kidney failure? Acute kidney failure most commonly affects people who are already hospitalised because they are very ill. It can be caused by: slow blood flow to the kidneys (for example, due to an accident, burns or dehydration) damaged kidneys (for example, due to disease or toxins) blocked kidney drainage tubes (ureters) (for example, from kidney stones or tumours). Some medications can also bring on acute kidney failure – these include antibiotics, chemotherapy, imaging dyes, and drugs for blood pressure and osteoporosis. In Australia, the most common diseases causing chronic kidney failure are diabetes, high blood pressure or inflammation in the kidney (glomerulonephritis). Signs and symptoms of kidney failure Symptoms of acute kidney failure can include decreased amount of urine, fluid retention, confusion, nausea and chest pain. Symptoms of chronic kidney failure may include tiredness, weakness, nausea, vomiting, itching, restless legs, breathlessness, high blood pressure that can’t be controlled and night-time urination. If you notice any such symptoms, see your doctor. Kidney failure treatment There are three options for the treatment of kidney failure: kidney transplant, in which a diseased kidney is replaced by a healthy one from a donor dialysis, which uses a machine (haemodialysis) or other parts of the body (abdominal dialysis) to remove waste and extra fluid from your blood supportive care, which means providing all health care and support possible, but not attempting to cure the kidney failure. In this case the person with kidney failure will eventually die. You can also see a dietitian and getting advice on the right amount of fluid to drink and the right diet to follow. Preventing kidney failure You can help keep your kidneys as healthy as possible by maintaining a healthy weight, eating well, not smoking, keeping a check on your blood pressure, keeping within your glucose targets if you have diabetes, and exercising regularly. If you have chronic kidney disease, medical treatments and lifestyle changes can delay or prevent its progression to kidney failure, and also help control symptoms. Sources: Kidney Health Australia (Kidney disease), Kidney Health Australia (Treatment for kidney disease), Kidney Health Australia (Keeping your kidneys healthy), Kidney Health Australia (Chronic kidney disease management handbook), Urology Care Foundation (Kidney (renal) failure), Medline Plus (Kidney Failure), Mayo Clinic (Acute Kidney Failure - Definition), National Kidney Foundation (About chronic kidney disease) Last reviewed: February 2017 |
341 | 2018-04-19 02:14:53 | Kidney infection (Pyelonephritis) | Types of pyelonephritis Pyelonephritis can be acute or chronic. If pyelonephritis comes on, then goes away with treatment, that symptom is acute. But chronic pyelonephritis comes and goes, or perhaps never really goes away. This can damage the kidneys. Chronic pyelonephritis usually happens if there is a problem causing urine to flow backwards from the bladder up into the kidneys. What causes pyelonephritis? Pyelonephritis is usually caused by bacteria. The bacteria can spread to the kidneys from a bladder infection. Some people with diabetes, or who have a blockage in their urinary tract, are more likely to get pyelonephritis. Pyelonephritis symptoms If you have pyelonephritis you might have: kidney pain, which you feel in your back or on your side nausea and vomiting fevers and chills smelly, cloudy or bloody urine burning pain when you pass urine the need to pass urine more often than usual. If you're not sure whether or not you might have pyelonephritis, you can use healthdirect’s Symptom Checker as a guide. Pyelonephritis diagnosis Your doctor will talk to you and examine you. If they suspect you have pyelonephritis, they may ask you to have some tests. A urine test can help find out if there is an infection in your urinary tract. You may need an ultrasound to make sure there is no blockage in your urinary tract. You might also have blood tests to check for infection in the bloodstream. Pyelonephritis treatment If you have pyelonephritis, you might need to start your treatment in hospital. At first, antibiotics are given through a drip. When you have improved enough, you then take antibiotics by mouth, which can be done at home. If you have pain, paracetamol can provide some relief. Ask your doctor what else may help. If you have a blockage in your urinary tract that has caused pyelonephritis, you might need surgery urgently. Pyelonephritis prevention You can reduce your risk of pyelonephritis by drinking plenty of water and by seeing your doctor if you think you have a urinary tract infection. If you are diabetic, keeping up with treatment will help. And if you tend to get urinary tract infections after sex, than make sure you pass urine as soon as possible after sex. More information For more information, see Kidney Health Australia or call Healthdirect on 1800 022 222. Sources: Kidney Health Australia (Urinary tract infections), My Virtual Medical Centre (Urinary Tract Infections), Australian Government Department of Health (Bladderbowel Pyelonephritis), Australian Prescriber (Assessment and management of lower urinary tract infection in adults), NPS MedicineWise (Treatment of complicated UTIs) Last reviewed: June 2016 |
342 | 2018-04-19 02:14:57 | Kidney stones | You’re more likely to get kidney stones if you’ve had one before, if they run in your family, or if you have certain health conditions like obesity, high blood pressure or gout. Some medications, such as antiviral drugs, can increase your risk. But for most people, they just happen for no good reason. There are many types of kidney stones, but most often they are made from calcium. Kidney stone pain The pain of kidney stones can be severe, although some people feel no pain. You usually feel it in your back, side, lower belly or groin. It is caused by the stone passing from your kidney to your bladder, or from your bladder to the outside world. Kidney stone symptoms If you have kidney stones, you may also: have blood in their your urine feel sick vomit have a fever, hot and cold shivers or sweats feel like you have gravel in your urine feel like you need to pass urine often or urgently. Kidney stones diagnosis If your doctor thinks you might have kidney stones, you might be asked to have urine tests, blood tests and scans such as an simple plain x-ray and or an ultrasound. The Australasian College for Emergency Medicine recommends that a computed tomography (CT) scan may not always be necessary to diagnose kidney stones. Ask your doctor if a CT scan is necessary for you. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Kidney stones treatment You can take simple painkillers like paracetamol if the pain is mild. If the pain is severe, you will need to see your doctor or go to an emergency department. Ensure you drink adequate amounts of clear fluid such as water. Most stones are small and come out on their own in the urine. You can check for stones by urinating through a piece of stocking. If you do catch a stone, keep it in a clean jar so your doctor can find out what it is made from. A larger stone might need to be removed by a surgeon, who can use ultrasound to break it up, or an operation to remove it. Some people are also advised to take medicine to make the urine less acidic or antibiotics if there there is a kidney or bladder infection. Preventing kidney stones You can reduce the risk of getting a kidney stone by: drinking plenty of water eating less meat including citrus fruits, like oranges, in your diet including dairy foods or alternatives in your diet. If you have had a stone before, your doctor may advise you about additional treatments to help you avoid getting another one. For more information, visit the Kidney Health Australia website. Sources: UpToDate (Diagnosis and acute management of suspected nephrolithiasis in adults), Kidney Health Australia (Kidney stones), NICE (Laparoscopic nephrolithotomy and pyelolithotomy), Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), Australian College for Emergency Medicine (Guidelines on diagnostic imaging) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
343 | 2018-04-19 02:15:00 | Kissing disease | Glandular fever is caused by an infection with Epstein-Barr virus. The virus is transmitted through saliva, and can be passed from person to person through: kissing (which is why it is sometimes known as the "kissing disease") coughing and sneezing, which spread the virus in airborne droplets sharing eating and drinking equipment like cups, glasses and eating utensils. It takes 30 to 50 days from the time of infection for glandular fever to develop. A person with glandular fever is contagious for months after the infection so it’s important to follow good hygiene so others don't get infected. Symptoms can come on gradually, and at first there may be just tiredness and lack of energy. A sore throat, swollen glands (particularly in the neck) and a rash may occur. Upper abdominal pain can occur from a swollen liver or spleen. Glandular fever symptoms can last weeks to months, especially fatigue and lack of energy. More information There are a number of resources and services available if you need help or more information on glandular fever: Download a fact sheet on glandular fever from NSW Health. Information on glandular fever in children from the Raising Children Network. Sources: NHS Choices (Glandular fever), SA Health (Glandular fever - including symptoms, treatment and prevention), Mayo Clinic (Mononucleosis), Raising Children Network (Glandular fever) Last reviewed: May 2017 |
344 | 2018-04-19 02:15:03 | Knee diseases | Follow the links below to find trusted information about knee diseases. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
345 | 2018-04-19 02:15:06 | Knee injuries | The knee is the largest joint in the body and is easily injured. The knee has 4 main types of tissues: bones, ligaments, cartilage, and tendons. Any of these important types of tissue can be damaged through injury. Common knee injuries include: sprains (an over-stretching of ligaments in the knee) strains (over-stretching of muscles and tendons) damage to the cartilage that lines the knee irritation to the kneecap joint. Less common injuries to the knee include: fractures (usually caused by sudden trauma or a direct blow, twisting, or falling on the knee) kneecap dislocations knee joint dislocations (uncommon as it requires a great force). Knee damage can also occur from underlying disease such as osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Follow the links below to find information about knee injuries. Sources: The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Meniscal tear), The Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (Osteoarthritis) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
346 | 2018-04-19 02:15:11 | Knocks | Bumps, knocks and bruises are common injuries that everyone will experience from time to time. Though they can sometimes be very painful, bumps, knocks and bruises are usually easy to treat. These kinds of injuries commonly affect joints such as your elbow or knee, and bumps and knocks to these areas can result in swelling and bruising. A bruise often appears after you have been knocked, bumped or pinched, for example when you have fallen over playing sport, or knocked your body against something. A bruise is made when the tiny blood vessels under your skin are damaged. The blood comes out of the damaged vessels and sits in or under the skin, forming a purple or red mark. Everyone bruises differently, for example children can be more likely to get bumps and bruises because they are often more physically active. Elderly people can have weaker blood vessels that mean they are more prone to damage and bruising. Some people bruise very easily while others don’t. Suspicion of deliberate harm If someone you know has bumps or bruises and you are suspicious that these symptoms were caused deliberately (on purpose), and were not the result of an accident, you should seek help from a healthcare professional as soon as possible. Consider talking to your doctor, community nurse, emergency department or school nurse. If you are unsure who to speak to, call healthdirect on 1800 022 222 to discuss your concerns with a registered nurse. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your bump, knock or bruise, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: St John Ambulance (Bumps and bruises), Kidspot (How to treat bumps and bruises) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
347 | 2018-04-19 02:15:16 | Labyrinthitis | What causes labyrinthitis? The most common cause of labyrinthitis is a viral infection, such as from a cold or the flu, or infection with a virus from the herpes group of viruses, which causes chickenpox, shingles or cold sores. Sometimes an ear infection can lead to labyrinthitis. Less commonly, a bacterial infection, such as meningitis or a middle ear infection, can cause labyrinthitis. Some autoimmune conditions, allergies and medications can lead to labyrinthitis. Labyrinthitis symptoms Most people with labyrinthitis feel that the room is spinning. This dizziness is also known as vertigo. It can be mild, or it can be so bad it is hard to get out of bed. Other symptoms include: nausea, almost like sea-sicknessa false sense of movementuncontrolled eye movement loss of balancefeverear painvomitinghearing loss or ringing in the ears (tinnitus)fluid or pus seeping out of the ear. Labyrinthitis diagnosis If you have symptoms indicative of labyrinthitis, you may need to visit your doctor for diagnosis and treatment.Your doctor will talk to you and examine you. The examination may include: asking you to move your head rapidlyhearing testseye testschecking your blood pressurechecking your balance. Your doctor may also organise tests such as an EEG, a CT scan or an MRI. Labyrinthitis treatment If you have been diagnosed with labyrinthitis, you may not need any treatment. In some cases, your doctor may prescribe medications such as: corticosteroids to reduce inflammation in your inner earvestibular suppressants for severe vertigoanti-nausea medications for nausea or vomiting. If your symptoms don’t go away, you may benefit from specialised rehabilitation and physiotherapy, which can help retrain the brain to interpret balance messages from the inner ear. You can also help ease symptoms by: resting on your side during dizzy episodesavoiding alcoholdrinking plenty of watercreating a low-noise, low-stress environmentavoiding bright lights. Sources: NHS UK (Labyrinthitis), RACGP (An approach to vertigo in general practice), Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (Vestibular neuritis and labyrinthitis) Last reviewed: June 2017 |
348 | 2018-04-19 02:15:19 | Lactose intolerance | Lactose intolerance is the inability to digest lactose, the main carbohydrate or sugar found in milk, and in dairy products made from milk, including yoghurt, ice cream, soft cheeses and butter. Lactose intolerance is not an allergic reaction and the symptoms are rarely serious. The symptoms of lactose intolerance include wind, bloating, abdominal pain or discomfort, nausea and diarrhoea. If you think you or someone in your care might have lactose intolerance, it’s important to see your doctor for a diagnosis and appropriate treatment. The main treatment for lactose intolerance is to reduce the amount of lactose in the diet. That means reducing the amount of dairy products consumed, such as milk, yoghurt, ice cream and soft cheeses. Lactose intolerance is different from milk allergy, which is an immune reaction to milk or milk products that can be serious. An allergic reaction to milk or milk products can cause symptoms such as an itchy skin, rash, swelling of the lips or difficulty breathing. Seek medical advice urgently if you suspect a serious allergic reaction. Since a severe allergic reaction should always be treated as a medical emergency, it is also useful to know about first aid treatment for anaphylaxis. Sources: Nutrition Australia (Lactose intolerance), Better Health Channel (Lactose intolerance), Dietitians Association of Australia (Lactose intolerance) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
349 | 2018-04-19 02:15:20 | Laryngitis | Laryngitis symptoms If you have laryngitis, you may have a: hoarse voice sore throat, painful swallowing feverheadache coughrunny nose. Hoarseness and loss of voice may worsen at first and last for up to a week after other symptoms are gone. Laryngitis causes Laryngitis is commonly caused by a viral infection, such as a cold or flu. Bacterial infection may also cause laryngitis, although this is rare. You can also get laryngitis if you strain or overuse your voice by yelling or after long periods of talking, shouting or singing. Laryngitis is said to be chronic or long term when it lasts for more than three weeks. Chronic laryngitis is usually caused by: smoking or excessive alcohol use irritants such as fumes, dust and chemicals reflux repeated overuse of your voice. Laryngitis diagnosis Since laryngitis will usually get better on its own, you don’t need to see your doctor. However, if you have trouble breathing, your lymph nodes are swollen or your symptoms are lasting more than two weeks, see your doctor. Your doctor will probably ask you a few questions to find out the cause of your laryngitis. They may order some tests or refer you to a specialist if they suspect anything serious. Laryngitis treatment Short-term laryngitis doesn’t usually require treatment. As the cause is often viral, you won’t need antibiotics as antibiotics don't kill viruses. You can help your voice recover by: drinking plenty of water and avoiding alcohol avoiding smoking and exposure to cigarette smoke gargling with warm, salty water or sucking a lozenge resting your voice by talking as little as possible and avoiding shouting avoiding whispering, as this puts more strain on your voice than normal speechinhale steam to help a blocked noseavoid nasal decongestants (these make your throat drier). If your symptoms haven't improved after two weeks, see your doctor. Sources: NPS Medicinewise (Laryngitis), Medline Plus (Laryngitis), NHS Choices (Laryngitis overview), NHS Choices (Causes of laryngitis), Mayo Clinic (Laryngitis causes), NPS Medicinewise (How is laryngitis diagnosed), NPS Medicinewise (What are the medicines and treatments for laryngitis?), NHS Choices (Treating laryngitis) Last reviewed: April 2017 |
350 | 2018-04-19 02:15:22 | Learning disabilities | Follow the links below to find trusted information about learning disabilities. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
351 | 2018-04-19 02:15:25 | Leg ulcers | Follow the links below to find trusted information about leg ulcers. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
352 | 2018-04-19 02:15:28 | Legionnaires' disease | There are many different species of Legionella bacteria but the two most common in Australia are Legionella pneumophila (found in water) and Legionella longbeachae (found in soil). Legionella pneumophila bacteria can contaminate air conditioning cooling towers, whirlpool spas, shower heads and other bodies of water. Legionella longbeachae can contaminate soil or potting mix. People may be exposed to the bacteria at home, at work or in public places. Legionnaires’ disease is not spread from person to person. It is most commonly contracted by older people, smokers and people with weakened immune systems. It is important that you contact your doctor as soon as possible if you think that you have been exposed to Legionella bacteria. Legionnaires' disease symptoms People with Legionnaires' disease usually get sick between two and 10 days after being infected. The symptoms are similar to those of the flu, including: headache muscle pain chills fever a general feeling of being unwell. Within two or three days other symptoms may also develop, such as: a cough which may bring up mucus or blood shortness of breath chest pain nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea confusion or other mental changes. Legionnaires' disease diagnosis Legionnaires' disease is diagnosed in the same way as other forms of pneumonia. Your doctor may listen to your chest with a stethoscope or ask for a chest X-ray. You may be asked to give samples of mucus, blood or urine. Legionnaires' disease treatment Legionnaires' disease is generally treated using antibiotics. Some people will need to be treated in hospital. Legionnaires' disease prevention Legionnaires' disease is not transmitted from person to person. It is usually picked up from water systems like air conditioning units, cooling towers, pools, baths and showers. Careful cleaning of these water systems can help prevent Legionnaires' disease. For Legionella longbeachae, which can contaminate soil and potting mix, follow the manufacturers' warnings on potting mix labels, including: wet the potting mix to reduce the dust wear gloves and a mask wash your hands after handling potting mix or soil. Smoking increases the risk of infection for people exposed to airborne Legionella bacteria. Sources: NSW Health (Legionnaires' disease factsheet), SA Health (Legionella pneumophila infection - including symptoms, treatment and prevention), NSW Health (Legionnaires’ disease – frequently asked questions), MyDr (Legionnaires’ disease) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
353 | 2018-04-19 02:15:30 | Leptospirosis | What is leptospirosis? Leptospirosis is a bacterial infection caused by the bacteria Leptospira. It occurs in both humans and animals, and mainly in tropical areas where conditions are humid, such as northern Queensland or south-east Asia. How leptospirosis spreads It starts with an infected animal such as a rodent, a cow, a horse, a sheep, a pig, a dog, a possum or a bandicoot. These animals can pass the infection on through their urine, or in infected tissue after they die. People come in contact with the bacterium in the soil, in mud or in flood waters. The bacterium gets into the body: through cuts or abrasions in the skin through the lining of your mouth, nose and throat, or through swallowing contaminated water. It is very rare for leptospirosis to be transmitted from human to human. Who is at risk of leptospirosis? You are at risk of leptospirosis if you: are a farmer, especially of sugar cane or bananas work in an abattoir are a vet are exposed to water, mud or soil contaminated with animal urine come into close contact with animals. If you have leptospirosis, your doctor has to notify the health department, so they can find ways to stop the spread of the bacteria. Symptoms of leptospirosis Leptospirosis can cause different problems at different times. If you pick up the infection, you will usually start to feel ill within 5-14 days with: fever severe headache sore muscles chills diarrhoea vomiting red eyes. These symptoms can be easily confused with other conditions, such as influenza. Most people with leptospirosis then feel better. Then 1-2 weeks later, some people develop a second, more severe, illness. This can include: headaches jaundice irregular heartbeat depression excessive bleeding in the skin and mucous membranes meningitis kidney failure. This second phase is also known as Weil’s disease, and might need treatment in hospital. Recovery can take time. Occasionally it is fatal. Diagnosis of leptospirosis Your doctor will talk to you and examine you. The definitive way to diagnose leptospirosis is a urine test or a number of blood tests. Your doctor will also consider your circumstances as part of your diagnosis – for example, if you’ve been exposed to infected animals, or contaminated soil or water. Treatment of leptospirosis Antibiotics are used to treat leptospirosis, most often doxycycline and penicillin. These work best when given early in the disease. If you have the second phase, the treatment will depend on how you are affected. Prevention of leptospirosis Vaccinating animals is an important step in preventing leptospirosis, but there is no vaccine for humans. You can help prevent infection by taking some simple precautions. Avoid flood water and any other water you think might be contaminated. Wear protective clothing such as shoes, gloves, goggles, when working with animals, or working in water, soil or mud. Cover any cuts and abrasions on your skin with a waterproof dressing. Always wash and dry your hands, to prevent infection spreading. Shower after working in mud, soil, water or with animals you think might be infected. Sources: NSW Health (Leptospirosis), SA Health (Leptospirosis), RACGP (Leptospirosis), NT Government (Leptospirosis), UpToDate (Treatment and Prevention of Leptospirosis) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
354 | 2018-04-19 02:15:33 | Leukaemia | While the cause of leukaemia is not known in most cases, there are treatments available that can help manage the disease. Acute leukaemia can be cured. There is no cure for chronic leukaemia, but it can often be managed by lifelong treatments. How leukaemia affects the body If you have leukaemia, your bone marrow makes large numbers of abnormal white blood cells. These abnormal cells build up in the bone marrow and then spill out into the blood and crowd out the healthy cells. They may then spread to organs such as the liver, spleen, lungs and kidneys, and in some cases, the brain and spinal cord. When your body doesn’t have enough healthy blood cells, this can lead to a range of problems. For example, a lack of red blood cells can cause weakness, tiredness and breathlessness. A lack of healthy white blood cells lowers your immunity to disease and infections. A lack of platelets can make it easy to bruise and bleed. Types of leukaemia There are four main types of leukaemia. These are named according to the type of cells affected (‘lymphoid’ if from the lymphatic system, or ‘myeloid’ if from the bone marrow), and how quickly the cancer cells grow (‘acute’ if fast; ‘chronic’ if slow). Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL), also called acute lymphocytic leukaemia – the most common type of leukaemia in children, and can also affect adults. Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML), sometimes called acute myelocytic, myelogenous or granulocytic leukaemia – can occur at any age, although it tends to affect older people. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) – the most common type of leukaemia in adults. CLL tends to be slow-growing and may have little impact on a person’s health for months or even years. Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) – tends to progress over weeks or months. CML mostly affects older adults and is rare in children. Sources: Cancer Council Victoria (Leukaemia), Cancer Council Australia (Leukaemia), Cancer Council NSW (Acute leukaemia symptoms), Cancer Australia (Leukaemia), Leukaemia Foundation Australia (Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)), Leukaemia Foundation Australia (Acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)), Leukaemia Foundation Australia (Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)), Leukaemia Foundation Australia (Chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)) Last reviewed: April 2017 |
355 | 2018-04-19 02:15:37 | Lice (crabs) | Pubic lice (also known as crabs) are tiny insects that live in coarse body hair including pubic hair, eyelashes, and eyebrows. They do not live on your head. The female lice lay eggs (smaller than the size of a pin head) that are glued to the hair. These hatch after 6 to 10 days leaving behind empty shells, known as nits. These look like white or grey oval dots on the hair. The signs you may have pubic lice are: itching around your genitals or back passage tiny blue spots around your genitals spots of blood or fine, gritty debris in your underwear visible lice or tiny eggs in your pubic hair. The most common way of spreading pubic lice is from sexual contact. If you or your partner have several sexual partners, you increase your chance of getting pubic lice. You can also catch pubic lice by having close but non-sexual contact with someone who has lice. For example, by kissing someone who has an infested beard or moustache or sleeping in the same bed. Looking after yourself If you think you have caught pubic lice from sexual contact, you need treatment with cream/lotion from the pharmacist. You should also consider a visit to you doctor or sexual health clinic so you can be checked for other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Pubic lice can be hard to get rid of or can keep coming back, so it is important to treat them quickly and thoroughly. You cannot get rid of pubic lice by washing or shaving, as the lice only need a minimal length of hair on which to lay their eggs. You do not need to shave your pubic hair. You can treat yourself at home with an insecticidal lotion or cream which is available over the counter from a pharmacy. You will need to repeat this in a week to kill any newly hatched lice. Always follow the manufacturer's instructions when using insecticidal products on yourself or someone else. Over enthusiastic or repeated use of insecticidal products should be avoided as this may cause a secondary contact skin rash. Try to avoid scratching the area as this may cause irritation of the skin. There are over the counter medicines that can relieve pain and itching. You should discuss these with a pharmacist. To avoid the risk of injuring your eyes, you should not try to remove nits from your eyelashes. If your eyelashes are infested, treatment with a special eye ointment, shampoo or cream rinse will be recommended, to avoid eye irritation, talk to your pharmacist about this. To prevent re-infestation, people that you are in close contact with should be treated at the same time. This includes sexual partners and all members of your household, even if they are not yet showing any symptoms. Don't have sex until the pubic lice have been treated. Consider others Reduce the risk of spreading pubic lice by: Avoiding close body contact, including hugging and kissing, with anyone until treatment has worked and you are clear of lice. Ensure you do not share bed linen or towels with someone who may have lice until they have completed treatment. All linen and towels used during the period of treatment must be washed in a hot water cycle and preferably dried on a hot setting in a clothes dryer. Avoiding sexual contact until treatment has worked and you are clear of lice. Ensuring that your sexual partner(s) have been informed and treated otherwise they may re-infest you or infest others. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your pubic lice (crabs), why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: ReachOut Australia (Pubic lice), Healthy WA (Pubic lice), NHS Choices (UK) (Pubic lice) Last reviewed: October 2017 |
356 | 2018-04-19 02:15:41 | Limb injuries | Limb injuries include: broken bones (cracked or fractured bones, for example a broken arm) dislocations (when a bone has been moved or dislodged, for example a dislocated shoulder) sprains (injuries to ligaments, for example a sprained ankle) strains (injuries to muscles, for example a strained thigh) nail injuries (injuries to toenails and fingernails, for example a stubbed toe) bruises (coloured marks caused by bleeding under the skin due to an impact) Limb injury causes There are many different causes of limb injuries. These range from sports to manual labour to simple trips and falls. Serious limb injuries, such as broken bones and dislocations, can be caused by contact with a large force (such as a blow to the body) or a heavy fall. More minor limb injuries can result when a muscle or ligament moves beyond its normal range (for example when you go over on your ankle), or when there is an impact on the body (for example stubbing your toe or slamming your finger in a door). If you are unsure of the cause of your limb pain, it is a good idea to consult a doctor. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Radiologists recommend that X-rays are not necessary for all ankle injuries. Discuss with your doctor whether you will need an X-ray. For further information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Not sure what to do next?If you are still concerned about your limb injury, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention.The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Choosing Wisely Australia (Recommendations), MyDr (Strains and sprains: self care) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
357 | 2018-04-19 02:15:46 | Lipoma | What is a lipoma? Lipomas are reasonably common, harmless, fatty lumps. They are benign, meaning not cancerous. The cause of lipomas is often unknown, but some families have a genetic tendency to develop them. Lipomas can appear anywhere where you have fat cells and most commonly grow on the neck, chest, back, shoulders, arms and thighs. Sometimes lipomas grow inside the body and you may not be aware they are there. In most cases, people only develop one or two lipomas. Occasionally, however, some people have lots of lipomas due to rare inherited conditions, such as familial multiple lipomatosis. Symptoms of lipomas Lipomas are typically: soft and 'doughy' small (1cm) but can grow larger (5-10cm) moveable under the skin slow growing painless, but can become painful if they grow larger. See your doctor if you have a lump that you are concerned about. Diagnosis of lipomas Your doctor will assess you and if the diagnosis is not clear, they may send you for investigations, including an ultrasound, CT scan or MRI scan or biopsy (a test of a sample of tissue). If your doctor has any concerns or you want the lipoma removed, they may refer you to a specialist. Some lumps that look like lipomas can be cancerous, such as liposarcomas. These lumps tend to be painful, fast-growing and fixed under the skin. In this case, your doctor will refer you to a specialist for diagnosis and treatment. Some lumps that look like lipomas can be cysts. Cysts tend to be closer to the skin surface and firm to the touch. Treatment of lipomas Most lipomas do not need to be removed, unless they are painful or need formal diagnosis. Some people also have lipomas removed if they are in an obvious place and they are embarrassed by them. The most common way to remove a lipoma is to cut it out surgically or use liposuction. However, lipomas may regrow after removal. Sources: NHS Choices (Lipoma), Mayo Clinic (Lipoma) Last reviewed: May 2017 |
358 | 2018-04-19 02:15:48 | Listeria and listeriosis | What is listeria and listeriosis? Listeria (full name Listeria monocytogenes) is the name of a type of bacteria. If you get infected by this bacteria, you can get an illness called listeriosis. Listeria bacteria are widespread in the environment. However, the illness listeriosis is not common – in Australia, only about 150 people are hospitalised because of listeriosis each year. Infection with Listeria bacteria doesn’t usually cause illness in healthy people. However, certain groups of people are at greater risk of getting listeriosis, including: pregnant women and their babies people who have a weakened immune system due to illnesses such as cancer, diabetes or chronic infections people over the age of 65 people on medication that can suppress the immune system (such as prednisone or cortisone) Causes of listeriosis Most people who get sick with listeriosis have eaten food contaminated with Listeria. Some foods are more likely to be contaminated by Listeria than others. These are called ‘high-risk foods’ and include: unpasteurised dairy products, such as raw milk soft-serve ice-cream soft cheeses such as brie or camembert raw seafood such as oysters, or cooked ready-to-eat seafood pre-prepared fruit or vegetables, such as from a salad bar unwashed raw vegetables paté or meat spreads cold meats or chicken, including packaged sliced meats. Although Listeria bacteria are easily killed by heat, cooked foods can get contaminated if you don’t use good hygiene when handling or storing them. Listeria can even grow in refrigerated food, if you keep it there too long. You can also get listeriosis from contact with infected farm animals, although this is rare. Symptoms of listeriosis People who are healthy can get listeriosis and not even know it, or they may have developed mild ‘flu' or gastroenteritis-like symptoms. However, people with a weakened immune system can get a much more severe illness. Listeriosis can take weeks or even months to develop, and may be quite mild at first. Symptoms can include: fever headache tiredness aches and pains nausea vomiting diarrhoea discoloured urine abdominal cramps. Some people get a severe infection and can have a stiff neck, confusion, loss of balance, collapse, convulsions and coma. A few people die of listeriosis each year. Diagnosis of listeriosis To find out if you have listeriosis, your doctor will probably ask you some questions, do blood tests, and maybe some other tests too. The diagnosis is made by growing Listeria bacteria from a sample of blood, spinal fluid or (in pregnant women) the placenta. Treatment of listeriosis Listeriosis can be treated with antibiotics. If you are diagnosed when pregnant, treatment can often stop your child getting infected. Prevention of listeriosis To try to prevent yourself from getting listeriosis, you can: avoid eating high-risk foods (see ‘Causes’ above) avoid food that has passed its ‘use by’ date eat only freshly prepared food prepare food carefully – cook it thoroughly, or re-heat until steaming store leftovers in the fridge and eat them within 24 hours use good food hygiene (such as washing your hands before preparing food). See more tips about food safety When to seek help If you think you could have listeriosis, see your doctor. If you are pregnant, this is urgent because even though you may only have mild symptoms, your unborn baby could get seriously ill. More information Try the healthdirect Symptom checker and Question builder tools. Visit the Food Standards Australia & New Zealand (Listeria) website. Sources: Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (Listeria and food - advice for people at risk), NSW Health (Listeriosis (Fact sheet)), Food Standards Australia and New Zealand (Listeria), Food Safety Information Council (Advice on Listeria), Women’s and Children’s Health Network (Listeria), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Listeria (Listeriosis) – Diagnosis and Treatment) Last reviewed: February 2018 |
359 | 2018-04-19 02:15:49 | Long QT syndrome | Long QT syndrome (LQTS) is a genetic disorder of the heart's electrical system. It is named after the distinctive pattern seen on an electrocardiogram (ECG or heart tracing). If you have long QT syndrome, you may have been born with a gene that puts you at risk. It might also be caused by certain medications. People with long QT syndrome may experience fast or irregular heartbeats, fainting or seizures. If the heart is beating erratically for a long period it can cause cardiac arrest in some people, and possibly sudden death. Treatment for long QT syndrome often involves limiting physical activity, avoiding certain medications or taking medications to help prevent the development of fast or irregular heartbeats. Some people with long QT syndrome may also need surgery and an implantable device to control the rhythm of the heart. Follow the links below to find trusted information about long QT syndrome. Sources: Heart Foundation (What is Long QT Syndrome), Mayo Clinic (Long QT syndrome) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
360 | 2018-04-19 02:15:53 | Long-sightedness | What causes long-sightedness? When light enters the eye, it is bent by the cornea, the clear layer on the front of the eye, and the lens. This process is known as refraction. If you have normal vision, the rays of light are brought into focus right on the retina, the layer at the back of the eye. If you are long-sighted, the light rays from close objects focus behind, rather than on, the retina when the eye is resting (not actively focusing on something). Many people are slightly long-sighted and the lens corrects for the refractive error by adjusting the focus to get a sharp image. People who are more long-sighted, or who do a lot of near-focus activities such as reading, need more adjustment, so their eyes can get tired and they might get headaches. You have a slightly higher chance of being long-sighted if either of your parents is long-sighted. Long-sightedness causes light to focus behind the retina when the eye is resting – rather than directly on it – so close objects appear blurred. How can I tell if I'm long-sighted? Mild long-sightedness can be hard to detect because the lens corrects your focus to make close objects clear. But you might find that you have strained or aching eyes or a headache or tiredness after periods of close work. If you have more severe long-sightedness, you might find it hard to focus on close objects. If you think that you or your child might be long-sighted, see your doctor or optometrist for an eye check. Diagnosis of long-sightedness Standard vision screening tests might not detect long-sightedness, but an optometrist or ophthalmologist can measure how well your eye focuses as part of an eye examination. Treatment of long-sightedness Mild long-sightedness, especially in young people, might not need any treatment. If moderate to severe long-sightedness is not corrected, however, the extra focusing effort required may increase the likelihood of children developing lazy eye (amblyopia) or turned eyes (also known as a squint, or strabismus). The most common treatment is glasses, especially for reading and other near work, but sometimes also for distance. Your optometrist might recommend eye exercises. Laser refraction surgery can correct long-sightedness, and might be suitable for adults, although it is not recommended for children. Even if you have no concerns about your vision, it is best to have your eyes checked every two years. Sources: Optometry Australia (Hyperopia), British Medical Journal (Laser refractive eye surgery), The Lancet Journal (Myopia), National Eye Institute (Facts about hyperopia), BMC Ophthalmology Journal (Hyperopia: a meta-analysis of prevalence and a review of associated factors among school-aged children), Emmetropia Journal (Global prevalence of hyperopia), American Journal of Ophthalmology (Visual Function of Moderately Hyperopic 4- and 5-Year-Old Children in the Vision in Preschoolers - Hyperopia in Preschoolers Study), BMC Pediatrics Journal (Uncorrected amteropia among children hospitalized for headache evaluation: a clinical descriptive study), Vision Australia (Eye care) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
361 | 2018-04-19 02:15:59 | Lou Gehrig's disease | What causes MND? The cause is not known. For a few people who develop MND, it seems to run in the family. You can’t catch it from somebody. MND symptoms MND usually starts slowly, sometimes starting on one side of the body and then spreading. Usually, the first things people notice are: weakness in the hands and grip slurred speech weakness in the legs, and a tendency to trip weakness of the shoulder, making lifting difficult cramps and muscles twitching Later on, people with MND: have little or no movement have trouble talking, breathing and swallowing A few people with MND develop a type of dementia. If you have MND, your sense of sight, touch, smell, hearing and taste won’t be affected. MND diagnosis MND can be hard to diagnose when the symptoms first appear because at first, it seems like a lot of other conditions. Your doctor may refer you to a neurologist who will examine you and do various tests. These may include: blood tests muscle biopsies studies to measure how well your nerves and muscles work MND treatment There is no cure. Because of this, doctors and others will help you by easing your symptoms and keeping you as mobile as possible for as long as possible. Most people with MND die within two to three years of developing the condition, however some people can live a long time. Sources: MND Australia (What is MND), MND care (MND Aware), Garvan Institute of Medical Research (Motor Neurone Disease), NHS Choices (Motor Neurone disease, introduction), Cochrane (Managing symptoms in motor neurone disease), MND New South Wales (What causes MND) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
362 | 2018-04-19 02:16:03 | Low blood pressure (hypotension) | When the heart is squeezing blood into the arteries, the pressure is high. When the heart is relaxed, the pressure is lower. Your blood pressure is a measurement taken of the highest reading and the lowest reading. It is given as two figures - highest over lowest. Blood pressure is measured in ‘mmHg’, which refers to millimetres of mercury. What is low blood pressure? Low blood pressure is also known as hypotension. Most doctors would say that you have low blood pressure if it is below 90/60 mm/Hg. Your doctor will refer to this as ‘90 over 60’. Is low blood pressure a problem? For some people, low blood pressure is a sign of good health. These are generally people who are very fit and who have a slow pulse. For other people, low blood pressure is a problem. It is better to have low blood pressure than high blood pressure. Often, people with low blood pressure can be expected to lead longer lives. However, people who experience continuing symptoms of low blood pressure should see a doctor. Sudden, severe low blood pressure (shock) can be associated with serious medical conditions. What are the signs and symptoms of low blood pressure? The symptoms of low blood pressure may include: light-headedness dizziness weakness blurry vision pale, clammy skin fatigue fainting These symptoms can occur when doing nothing. They are more likely to occur when changing position, such as standing up or when straining on the toilet. However, often there are no symptoms and low blood pressure is often only identified as a result of a routine medical examination or during the course of an investigation for some other condition or underling illness. Low blood pressure may be more serious in elderly people who may have an underlying illness or who may be at risk of a fall. Check your symptoms with healthdirect’s Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. What causes low blood pressure? Apart from being very fit, people can have low blood pressure if they: are overheated, either from the weather, from hot baths or showers, or from wearing too many clothes have too little blood circulating, either from donating blood, or from bleeding heavily, or from being dehydrated are pregnant are taking one of many different types of medicines have a lot of drugs or alcohol in the system are having an allergic reaction are seriously ill with an infection have certain heart conditions have a disorder of the nervous system or glandular (endocrine) system are in severe pain There is also a particular type of low blood pressure called ‘postural hypotension’ or ‘orthostatic hypotension’. In this condition, a person’s blood pressure is normal when they are sitting or lying down, but it drops suddenly when they stand, making them feel dizzy or lightheaded. This can also occur when standing too long without moving. Postural hypotension is fairly common, more so in older people. It can be caused by one of the situations or conditions listed above. If it happens often, or if it causes problems, you should see your doctor about it. When should I see a doctor? If you think you might have symptoms of low blood pressure listed above, it’s best to see your doctor. Treating low blood pressure If there is an underlying cause for your low blood pressure, and it is giving you problems, you may need treatment for that underlying cause. But if it is causing you no problems, then treatment won’t be needed. Your doctor may advise you to take precautions to prevent episodes of low blood pressure, such as avoiding dehydration, hot showers, or standing up too quickly. Sources: American Heart Association (Low Blood Pressure), Mayo Clinic (Low blood pressure (hypotension)), myDr (Low blood pressure), NHS Choices (UK) (Low blood pressure (hypotension)) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
363 | 2018-04-19 02:16:04 | Lung cancer | The lungs are part of the body’s respiratory system. They are made up of a series of airways called bronchi and bronchioles that end in tiny air sacs called 'alveoli'. Lung cancer is one of the most common and serious types of cancer. Smoking cigarettes is the single biggest risk factor and is responsible for about 90% of all cases. Cancer that begins in the lungs is called 'primary lung cancer'. There are two main types of primary lung cancer which are classified by the type of cells in which the cancer starts. They are: non-small cell lung cancer (of which there are three different types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma) small cell lung cancer Symptoms of lung cancer include: coughing coughing up blood recurring bronchitis or pneumonia loss of appetite unexplained weight loss shortness of breath chest pain Lung cancer is usually treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Survival rates can vary depending on how far the cancer has spread (the stage of the cancer) at the time of the diagnosis. Early diagnosis can make a big difference. Personal story: Lung cancer Being diagnosed with lung cancer can be both emotionally and practically challenging. Listening to others who have experienced similar situations is often reassuring and can be helpful for you, your loved ones or when preparing questions for your doctor or a specialist. Watch this video about a patient's experience after being diagnosed with lung cancer. Read the related video transcript > More information about this video > Video Copyright: ©2013 University of Oxford. Used under licence from DIPEx. All rights reserved. Sources: healthtalk.org (Lung cancer, aged 40-50, interview LC06), Cancer Council Australia (Lung cancer), Cancer Australia (What is lung cancer), Tobacco in Australia (Lung cancer) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
364 | 2018-04-19 02:16:08 | Lung diseases | Common respiratory lung diseases are asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and emphysema. Infections such as pneumonia make breathing difficult, and lung cancers, sarcoidosis and pulmonary fibrosis are all serious illnesses. Follow the links below to find trusted information about lung diseases. Last reviewed: February 2014 |
365 | 2018-04-19 02:16:13 | Lupus | What is lupus? Lupus is a chronic autoimmune disease that can affect many different parts of the body. The exact cause is not known, but it is probably a combination of genetic and environmental factors. There are many different types of lupus. Systemic lupus erythematosus (also known as SLE) can affect almost any organ or system. Discoid lupus is generally milder, with most people having only skin symptoms. Subacute cutaneous lupus is similar, but milder still. Drug-induced lupus is a reaction to a medicine that fades away after the medicine is stopped. Lupus is fairly rare. About 90 per cent of people with lupus are women and the majority develop the condition between 15 and 45 years. Symptoms can be vague and vary greatly from person to person. The most common symptoms include pain, stiffness or swelling in joints, skin rashes, fever and feeling tired. Diagnosing it is difficult and may take some time. The symptoms and complications of Lupus are treatable. Most people with lupus are able to manage the disease and enjoy a good quality of life with effective treatments and the decision to follow a healthy lifestyle. Sources: Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergy (Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) ASCIA Education Resources (AER) Patient Information, 2016), Australian Family Physician (Systemic lupus), The Lupus Association of NSW (Lupus Signs and Symptoms) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
366 | 2018-04-19 02:16:19 | Lyme disease | Researchers are investigating whether Australian ticks can cause Lyme disease or Lyme disease-like symptoms. People bitten by ticks in USA, Europe or Asia can return to Australia with Lyme disease.Read about Australian investigations into Lyme disease.What causes Lyme disease?You can get Lyme disease if you’re bitten by a tick carrying Borrelia burgdorferi bacteria.Ticks are insect-sized eight-legged animals that can cling onto the skin. They can pierce the skin and inject their saliva, which may contain the bacteria, into the wound to draw blood for food. A tick has to be attached for at least 36 hours before the bacteria can be transmitted.Lyme disease symptomsMost people with Lyme disease notice a rash that appears between three and 30 days after a tick bite.The rash may be tender but it usually isn’t itchy or painful however not everybody with Lyme disease gets it.Most people feel like they have the flu - they are tired and have a fever and a headache.Diagnosis and treatment of Lyme diseaseYour doctor will examine you and ask you if you’ve been in an area where you may have been bitten by a tick before making a diagnosis.You may have a blood test to confirm the diagnosis.Your doctor may prescribe antibiotics to treat the infection and minimise the chances of any long-term complications such as arthritis and memory problems.Lyme disease preventionIf you’re travelling to an area where ticks are common, especially in spring or summer:wear long sleeves, long pants and long socksuse insect repellent containing DEETcheck your body carefully and regularly.Remove ticks as soon as possible.It is important to kill the tick first to prevent more saliva from being forced into the wound. Kill the tick with a product that quickly freezes it, such as a spray used to treat warts. Then gently remove it with tweezers when it is dead. This method will also lower your chances of developing an allergy to ticks. If you are allergic to ticks, you need the tick to be removed by a doctor.Read more about preventing and treating insect bites. Sources: Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Lyme disease), News in health (Tick Talk), Australasian Society of Clinical Immunology and Allergies (Tick allergy) Last reviewed: April 2017 |
367 | 2018-04-19 02:16:21 | Lymphatic diseases | Special nodes (such as the tonsils) around the body help filter out infections and toxins. During illnesses in other parts of the body, the lymph nodes can swell. Damage to the lymph system can cause severe swelling. Follow the links below to find trusted information about lymphatic system diseases. Last reviewed: February 2014 |
368 | 2018-04-19 02:16:25 | Lymphoedema | Lymphoedema is a type of swelling. It is an accumulation of lymphatic fluid, caused by problem or blockage of the lymphatic system, that mostly occurs in the arms and legs and occasionally in other parts of the body. Causes of lymphedema include: primary lymphoedema - when people are born with an abnormality of the lymphatic system secondary lymphoedema - when there is damage to the lymphatic system. Common causes include surgery (including surgical removal of lymph nodes), trauma, radiation or infection. Follow the links below to find trusted information about lymphoedema. Sources: National Lymphedema Network (What Causes Lymphedema) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
369 | 2018-04-19 02:16:29 | Lymphoma | Lymphoma is a cancer that affects the lymphatic system, which is part of your immune system. The lymphatic system is made up of a network of tubes (lymph vessels) and glands (lymph nodes) throughout your body. The lymphatic system collects and filters waste products from the body in a clear fluid called lymph. The lymph also contains white blood cells called lymphocytes, which fight infection. Lymphoma occurs when the lymphocytes are damaged. This damage can make them cancerous, which is where they grow and multiply abnormally. When this happens, the abnormal lymphocytes lose their ability to fight off infections. There are two main types of lymphoma: Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. They are spread and treated differently. The symptoms of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma are similar. The most common symptom is a painless swelling in one or more lymph nodes, usually in the neck, armpit or groin. Both lymphoma types are diagnosed by biopsy, where a sample of the affected lymph tissue is tested. Treatment for lymphoma is usually chemotherapy, radiotherapy or both. If you are having treatment for lymphoma, the choice of treatment depends on: the type of lymphoma (Hodgkin or non-Hodgkin) your age and general health your symptoms whether or not the disease has spread to other areas of the body what you want. If you suspect you or some you know has lymphoma, it is important to see a doctor as soon as possible. Sources: Cancer Council Australia (Lymphoma), Cancer Australia (Lymphoma), Cancer Council Victoria: (Lymphoma), Cancer Council Australia (Clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of lymphoma), Cancer Council NSW (Hodgkin lymphoma symptoms), Lymphoma Australia (Understanding Lymphoma) Last reviewed: February 2017 |
370 | 2018-04-19 02:16:30 | Lymphoma (non-Hodgkin) | Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (which is also known as 'B-cell' and 'T-cell lymphomas') is a cancer of the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system is a network of vessels and glands spread throughout your body. It is also part of your immune system. Clear fluid called 'lymph' flows through the lymphatic vessels and contains infection-fighting white blood cells known as 'lymphocytes'. In lymphoma, these lymphocytes start to multiply in an abnormal way and begin to collect in certain parts of the lymphatic system, such as the lymph nodes (glands). The affected lymphocytes lose their infection-fighting properties making you more vulnerable to infection. The most common symptom of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is a painless swelling in a lymph node, usually in the neck, armpit or groin. The usual way to confirm a diagnosis of non-Hodgkin lymphoma is by carrying out a biopsy (testing a sample of affected lymph node tissue). Personal story: non-Hodgkin lymphoma Being diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma can be both emotionally and practically challenging. Listening to others who have experienced similar situations is often re-assuring and can be helpful for you, your loved ones or when preparing questions for your doctor or a specialist. Watch this video about a patient's experience after being diagnosed with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Read the related video transcript > More information about this video > Where to get help If you need help, talking to your doctor is a good place to start. If you'd like to find out more, or talk to someone else, go to: Cancer Council (for people affected by any type of cancer) - call 13 11 20 Cancer Council Online Community (cancer dedicated online support service) - online help Video Copyright: 2013 University of Oxford. Used under licence from DIPEx. All rights reserved. Sources: Healthtalk.org (Lymphoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, interview 31), Cancer Council Australia (Non-Hodgkin lymphoma), Cancer Council NSW (Non-hodgkin Lymphoma), NHS Choices UK (Non-hodgkin lymphoma) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
371 | 2018-04-19 02:16:33 | Lyssavirus (ABLV) | Although rabies does not currently occur in animals in Australia (as it does overseas, in dogs, cats, monkeys and foxes), ABLV does occur in Australian bats. It can be transmitted from bats to humans via a bite or scratch from an infected (‘rabid’) bat. Risks and prevention ABLV is very rare; only three cases of human infection with ABLV have been recorded since the virus was first identified in 1996. However, if ABLV is not treated, it’s fatal. It’s assumed that any bat in Australia could potentially carry ABLV, including flying foxes and fruit bats. The best way of avoiding ALBV is not to handle bats. If you come across an injured bat, contact the Wildlife Information Rescue and Education Service (WIRES) organisation on 1300 094 737. WIRES have staff who are trained in how to handle bats safely. As the ABLV virus is unlikely to survive outside the animal for more than a few hours, contact or exposure to bat faeces, urine or blood do not pose a risk of exposure to ABLV. Living, playing or walking near bat roosting areas don’t pose a risk of contracting ABLV, as long as bats are not handled. Contact with any bat fluids should generally be avoided. Work involving contact with certain animals, or where travel to areas of disease risk is likely sometimes means getting vaccinated to reduce the risk of infection. Because the viruses are from the same ‘family’, the vaccination is the same as the one given for rabies. Talk to your doctor before beginning working with animals, or travelling to ensure that you receive the right advice about vaccinations. Symptoms Symptoms of ALBV infection are similar to those for the flu. They include headache, fever and fatigue, which progresses rapidly to paralysis, delirium, convulsions and death within 1 to 2 weeks. Given the rarity of infection, there may be some uncertainty about when symptoms appear after contact with the virus. Australian health departments state that symptoms appear between a few weeks and up to 2 years after exposure to an infected bat. Treatment Lyssaviruses can be prevented by rapid and thorough cleaning of the wound and by vaccination. If you are bitten or scratched by a bat in Australia, you should immediately: wash the wound thoroughly with soap and water for at least five minutes apply an antiseptic with anti-virus action such as povidone-iodine, iodine tincture, aqueous iodine solution or alcohol (ethanol) after washing seek medical attention as soon as possible to care for the wound and to assess whether you are at risk of infection. There is no available treatment for ABLV once symptoms have started. There is no cure for ABLV. Sources: NSW Health (Rabies and Australian Bat Lyssavirus Infection), Queensland Health (Australian Bat Lyssavirus) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
372 | 2018-04-19 02:16:36 | Macular degeneration | What is macular degeneration? Macular degeneration is a lasting eye disease that causes vision loss. It is caused by damage to the nerves in your eye. It causes blurred vision and even loss of vision in the middle of what you would normally see. This makes it hard to drive, to read and to see people’s faces. In severe cases the person may become legally blind. There are two main types of macular degeneration: dry – develops slowly and causes gradual slight to severe vision loss. It is the most common kind. wet – the wet kind develops very quickly. It happens when abnormal blood vessels grow under the macular, which leak blood and fluid. This is the most serious kind. Since macular degeneration mostly arises in people aged 50 or older, it is also known as aged-related macular degeneration, or ARMD. The earlier macular degeneration is diagnosed, the better. Never think vision changes are just a part of getting older. See an optometrist or ophthalmologist as soon as possible if you notice any changes to your vision. What causes macular degeneration? The cause of macular degeneration is not known. But it is more common in people who smoke, who are overweight, who eat an unhealthy diet or who have a condition that affects their blood vessels, like high cholesterol or diabetes. Macular degeneration diagnosis An optometrist or ophthalmologist will examine the back of your eyes using a special instrument. You may need to have special tests such as an angiogram of your eye. They will also ask you to do vision tests. Macular degeneration symptoms The main symptom of macular degeneration is that you can’t focus on close objects. Therefore, you might: have blurred vision or blind spots have reduced vision in the centre see a blurry or blind spot have trouble reading small print need a brighter light to do close work or read have problems judging distances have difficulty recognising faces think colours seems less bright see straight lines as wavy Macular degeneration treatment There is no cure for macular degeneration, so treatment is about preventing further loss of eyesight and maintaining independence for as long as possible. It is important to prevent more damage. Medication, surgery and laser therapy might also help. In wet macular degeneration, the most common treatment now is regular injections of medications into the back of the eye that reduce inflammation and leakage of blood and fluid. Special vitamin supplements are sometimes prescribed for macular degeneration. The Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Ophthalmologists advise that these are only beneficial for certain types of age-related macular degeneration. There is no evidence to support their use for other retinal conditions. For more information, visit the Choosing Wisely Australia website. Macular degeneration prevention You may be able to reduce your risk of developing macular degeneration or stop the vision loss from progressing. It helps to: not smoke make sure your blood pressure is normal eat a diet rich in fruit, vegetables and omega-3 fats wear a hat and sunglasses when exposed to sunlight live a healthy life by controlling your weight and exercising regularly taking antioxidant supplements under the guidance of your doctor or naturopath Sources: Macular Disease Foundation Australia (About macular degeneration), Choosing Wisely (Recommendations), MyVMC (Macular degeneration), Mayo Clinic (Dry macular degeneration), Mayo Clinic (Wet macular degeneration) Last reviewed: February 2018 |
373 | 2018-04-19 02:16:37 | Mad cow disease | The human form of mad cow disease is called variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease. There is often confusion between these two illnesses. No cases of variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease have been identified in Australia to date. Following the initial cases of mad cow disease (BSE) in the United Kingdom in 1986, Australian government bodies and industry have worked to mitigate human risk from BSE through careful risk management strategies to beef supplies. Follow the links below to find trusted information about bovine spongiform encephalopathy. Sources: Australian Government Department of Health (Australia's measures to protect human health), NSW Health (NSW Health - Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) fact sheet) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
374 | 2018-04-19 02:16:41 | Maintaining healthy relationships | Building healthy relationships with partners, friends and family is good for you. It improves your mood, your mental health and your wellbeing. Maintaining them is important. It takes time and commitment. No relationship is perfect, but it is important that it brings you more happiness than stress. Tips for a healthy relationship 1. Be clear about what you want Assertive communication helps make your point more clearly than passive or aggressive communication. Try using ‘I’ statements instead of accusatory ‘you’ statements. 2. Say sorry when you’re wrong This is really important as it helps heal relationship breakdowns that inevitably occur. 3. Being affectionate and showing appreciation Relationships can become routine after a while. Make special time together and continue to show your affection. Even just snuggling on the couch after work helps show intimacy. 4. Make the relationship a priority It can be hard to balance relationships, work, family and friends. You can help establish a work-life balance by setting limits at work and learning to say no – this will ensure you make time for your relationship. 5. Develop shared interests Finding hobbies you both enjoy allows you to spend time together. This could be as simple as doing a night class together or taking up a new sport. 6. Work on feeling good about yourself Feeling good about yourself allows you to give the best to your relationships. Taking time to do what you enjoy can help. Healthy friendships maintain your happiness and self-esteem, so it is important that you stay in touch with your friends when you are in a relationship. One of the warning signs of an unhealthy relationship is when you quit activities you used to enjoy because of your partner. 7. Find solutions that work for both of you Conflict is a part of any relationship. It is essential that you both respect and accept your differences and similarities. Finding solutions that work for both of you will probably require compromise at different times. 8. Make plans for the future By making plans for the future together, you both show you are in the relationship for the long term. 9. Family time Finding time together as a family can be difficult, but there are many benefits to regularly sharing family meals. Even one family meal a week gives everyone a chance to catch up, connect and communicate with each other. Sources: MensLine (Is your relationship in trouble?), Relationships Australia (Making positive changes), Mayo Clinic (Being assertive: reduce stress, communicate better), Raising Children Network (Looking after your relationship with your partner), Raising Children Network (Making family meals enjoyable: six tips) Last reviewed: March 2018 |
375 | 2018-04-19 02:16:47 | Malabsorption syndromes | Follow the links below to find trusted information about malabsorption syndromes. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
376 | 2018-04-19 02:16:52 | Malaria | Malaria symptoms If you are developing malaria, you usually start to feel unwell 9 to 14 days after infection. You might have: fever that might come and go excessive sweating headache and aching joints nausea, stomach ache and possibly diarrhoea or vomiting yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice) If untreated, malaria can cause brain infection (cerebral malaria), anaemia, kidney failure, seizures, coma and even death. Malaria can occur months after infection, and some types can recur years later. Who is at risk of malaria? Malaria is common in parts of Asia, Africa, Central and South America, the Pacific Islands and the Middle East. While it is not present in mainland Australia, occasionally the Torres Strait Islands are affected. When travelling to areas affected by malaria, it is important to take precautions to avoid becoming infected. Malaria can affect anyone, but pregnant women are particularly at risk. Malaria can be severe in pregnant women and can increase the risk of miscarriage, premature birth and stillbirth. Young children are also at high risk, and can become rapidly ill when infected. Malaria prevention If you are travelling to a malaria-infected area, you should take antimalarial medication. Medication must be taken before, during and after travel. Your doctor or travel clinic can tell you if an area you plan to visit is affected, and provide you with a prescription. Some malaria medicines, such as chloroquine, are considered safe to take during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Others are not. To avoid mosquito bites: stay indoors at dusk and dawn, when mosquitos are most active stay in a screened or air-conditioned room, or sleep under a mosquito net treated with permethrin wear covered footwear outside and loose, light-coloured clothing that covers your body apply mosquito repellent containing DEET (diethyltoluamide). Use sparingly on children and avoid their hands, eyes and mouth. If you are pregnant, check with your doctor first spray mosquito repellent onto your clothes use pyrethrum insect sprays or vaporising mats inside burn mosquito coils when outdoors Unfortunately, these precautions can't guarantee your protection from malaria. Please seek medical help immediately if you develop malaria symptoms. Sources: NSW Health (Malaria factsheet), SA Health (Malaria - including symptoms, treatment and prevention), myDr (Malaria Overview), myDr (Malaria Precautions while pregnant or breastfeeding), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (Where Malaria Occurs) Last reviewed: December 2017 |
377 | 2018-04-19 02:16:53 | Male genital cancers | Follow the links below to find trusted information about male genital cancers. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
378 | 2018-04-19 02:16:58 | Male groin injury | The most common causes of groin injury result from these muscles, tendons and ligaments being over-stretched, over-used, or ‘pulled’ (strained). Occasionally groin pain is actually the result of nerve injuries in the lower-back or from hernias that push down into the groin area. If pain is severe, persisting, or associated with nausea or vomiting it is very important to get medical treatment as soon as possible. If you have pulled a muscle, from sport or gardening or some other activity, then you can ease the discomfort by putting an ice pack on the affected area for about 30 minutes every few hours for a few days. This might help ease the swelling and pain. Never put an ice pack directly against the skin – it should be wrapped in a clean cloth to avoid burning the skin. Do not apply cream or ointments to broken or damaged skin or sores. Groin injuries usually get better by themselves. But serious injuries may take several weeks. Rest until you can move your leg freely and you don’t have any pain when you walk, jog, sprint, or jump. If you are in pain, get advice on pain relief medicines you can take. Seek medical attention if you have: hot or burning pain in your back or leg swelling in your leg you have a fever or don't feel well you have difficulty passing or controlling urine there is a lump in the groin areas you have numbness, pins and needles or weakness the pain is constant and getting worse. Suspicion of deliberate injury If there is any suspicion that the injury was not the result of an accident and that it was deliberately inflicted (on purpose), you should seek help from a healthcare professional as soon as possible. This could be a nurse or doctor at an emergency department, or a doctor’s surgery, or a health visitor or school nurse. You can also search for local services and agencies that can offer confidential advice in the National Health Services Directory. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your male groin injury, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: WebMD (Groin pull), NHS (Groin injury) Last reviewed: October 2017 |
379 | 2018-04-19 02:17:03 | Male groin irritation and infection | Groin irritation Irritation in the groin is painful and annoying. It can be caused by many different things, including: getting sand in your swimming costumes or board shorts a build-up of sweat after exercise excess rubbing to the area such as through exercise or sex lubricants and spermicides latex products, such as condoms soaps, shower gels, shampoos, deodorants or hygiene sprays disinfectants, antiseptics and ointments washing powders or liquids new underwear, especially if it is not made from cotton. Irritation can also be due to: skin conditions such as eczema (dermatitis) or psoriasis infections infestations such as scabies or pubic lice. You can ease some of the irritation by using a cool compress or an ice pack – ice packs should never be placed directly on the skin, but should be wrapped in something soft like a tea towel. If you have broken skin or sores, don’t put on any cream or lotion until you have checked with your doctor. If you are in pain, get advice on medicines you can take. A pharmacist can advise on soothing creams and lotions. Don’t use any cream or lotion you already have at home until you have discussed your problem with a doctor or pharmacist. Groin infections Groin infections can be caused by a fungus (known as ‘jock itch’), by sexually transmitted infections like herpes, or by other types of infections. Some skin infections will clear up by themselves if you keep the area clean and dry. But if you have a groin infection that you have not had before, it would be wise to see a doctor or go to a sexual health clinic. A mild case should clear up quickly with an over the counter ointment from a pharmacy. However, if it is hard to treat you may need a prescription medicine. If you have a sexually transmitted infection, you will need antibiotics or other medicine. If you have been told you have a sexually transmitted infection, tell any sexual partner so they can also be examined and treated as necessary. Avoid sexual contact until your doctor says it is OK. Other causes of groin irritation such as pubic and body lice or scabies need to be treated with medicated creams or washes. Talk to your doctor. If the cause of the irritation is an allergy, antihistamines can help but you will need to try to avoid the trigger in future.You can ease some of the discomfort of an infection by keeping the area clean and dry. Clean the area in lukewarm water at least twice a day. Dry carefully and then apply any cream you have been given by your doctor or pharmacist according to their instructions. Wash your hands before and after cleaning. Do not share towels. If you are in pain, get advice on pain relief medicines you can take. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your male groin irritation and infection, check your symptoms with healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Mayo Clinic (Jock Itch), Healthline (What's causing this itch on my genitals?) Last reviewed: October 2017 |
380 | 2018-04-19 02:17:08 | Male infertility | Follow the links below to find trusted information about male infertility. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
381 | 2018-04-19 02:17:10 | Male menopause | Follow the links below to find trusted information about male menopause. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
382 | 2018-04-19 01:51:50 | Male sexual problems | |
383 | 2018-04-19 02:17:18 | Male-pattern baldness | Some men aren't troubled by this at all. Others, however, suffer great emotional distress associated with a lack of self-esteem and, in some cases, depression. Pattern baldness is often inherited and can affect men and women. It is caused when hair follicles are oversensitive to the hormone dihydrotestosterone (DHT), produced by the male hormone, testosterone. DHT causes the follicles to shrink and eventually stop functioning. Both men and women produce this hormone in different amounts. The involvement of testosterone in balding has led to the myth that going bald is a sign of virility. But men with male-pattern baldness don't have more male hormones than other men. Their hair follicles are simply more sensitive to the hormones. Receding hairline Male-pattern baldness is so called because it tends to follow a set pattern. The first stage is usually a receding hairline, followed by thinning of the hair on the crown and temples. When these two areas meet in the middle, it leaves a horseshoe shape of hair around the back and sides of the head. Eventually, some men go completely bald. Male-pattern baldness is not a disease, so it won't affect your health. However, if it's causing you distress, consult your doctor to get a diagnosis. Your doctor can refer you to a dermatologist for further analysis and, if necessary, to a counsellor to help with the trauma of hair loss. If you have inherited the genes responsible for male-pattern or female-pattern baldness there's little you can do to prevent it from happening. Treatments can slow down the process, but there's no cure. The two most effective treatments for male-pattern baldness (also called 'androgenetic alopecia') are medicines called minoxidil and finasteride. Other treatments for hair loss include wigs, hair transplants and plastic surgery procedures, such as scalp reduction. As a general rule, it's easier to maintain existing hair than to regrow it, and once the hair follicle has stopped working it cannot be revived. Sources: Andrology Australia (Male pattern hair loss) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
384 | 2018-04-19 02:17:20 | Malnutrition | Malnutrition can occur when a person's body is not getting enough nutrients. It can result from a poor or unbalanced diet, digestive difficulties, absorption problems or other medical conditions. Malnutrition can lead to: weak muscles and bones, leading to falls and bone fractures poor wound healing a weak immune system, lowering the body’s ability to fight infection. Follow the links below to find trusted information about malnutrition. Sources: Mayo Clinic (Senior health: How to prevent and detect malnutrition) Last reviewed: July 2016 |
385 | 2018-04-19 02:17:24 | Manic depression | Bipolar disorder is a condition that affects moods where people are able to swing from one extreme to another. It was previously known as 'manic depression'. People with bipolar disorder experience periods or 'episodes' of: depression - where they feel very low and lethargic mania - where they feel very high and overactive (less severe mania is known as 'hypomania'). There are 2 main types of bipolar disorder: Bipolar disorder I - where people are more likely to experience mania for longer periods of time, as well as depressive episodes and sometimes psychotic symptoms. Bipolar disorder II - people generally have shorter, less severe episodes of mania (hypomania) and depressive episodes. In between, they may have periods where their mood is relatively normal. There are also people who experience 'mixed episodes' where they can feel some of the signs and symptoms of both depression and mania. The symptoms of bipolar disorder depend on which mood the person is experiencing. Unlike simple mood swings, each extreme episode can last for several weeks or longer, and some people may not experience a 'normal' mood very often. Depression The depression phase of bipolar disorder is often diagnosed first. You may initially be diagnosed with clinical depression before having a manic episode later (sometimes years later), after which you may be diagnosed with bipolar disorder. During an episode of depression, you may have overwhelming feelings of worthlessness, which can potentially lead to thoughts of suicide. If you're feeling suicidal or having severe depressive symptoms, contact your doctor, or the local mental health emergency services as soon as possible. If you can't or don't want to contact these people, call Lifeline on 13 11 14. You can call them 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. Mania During a manic phase of bipolar disorder, you may feel very happy and have lots of ambitious plans and ideas. You may spend large amounts of money on things that you cannot afford and would not normally want. Not feeling like eating or sleeping, talking quickly and becoming annoyed easily are also common characteristics of the manic phase of bipolar disorder. During the manic phase, you may feel very creative and view mania as a positive experience. However, during the manic phase of bipolar disorder, you may also have symptoms of psychosis (where you see or hear things that are not there or become convinced of things that are not true). Where to get help If you need help, talking to your doctor is a good place to start. If you'd like to find out more, or talk to someone else, here are some organisations that can help: Black Dog Institute (people affected by mood disorders) – online help Lifeline (anyone having a personal crisis) – call 13 11 14 or chat online Suicide Call Back Service (anyone thinking about suicide) – call 1300 659 467 SANE Australia (people living with a mental illness) – call 1800 18 7263 beyondblue (anyone feeling depressed or anxious) – call 1300 22 4636 or chat online You can also visit Head to Health, an online gateway funded by the Australian Government that can help you find free and low-cost, trusted phone and online mental health resources, including information about bipolar and related disorders. Sources: ReachOut.com (What is bipolar disorder?), NHS Choices, UK (Bipolar disorder), beyondblue (Bipolar disorder) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
386 | 2018-04-19 02:17:25 | Marfan syndrome | Marfan syndrome causes Marfan syndrome is caused by a gene abnormality, specifically a change (mutation) in the gene that affects the elasticity of connective tissue in muscles and joints. Marfan syndrome is most often inherited from a parent, who will have a 50% chance of passing the condition on to their children. However, in about one quarter of people diagnosed with Marfan syndrome, nobody else in the family is affected – the disease is due to a new mutation. Marfan syndrome symptoms People with Marfan syndrome are often tall and slim, with longer than usual limbs, fingers and toes. They may have long, thin fingers. Some people with Marfan syndrome have few health problems, while others are seriously affected by troubles with their heart and blood vessels, as well as their eyes. In many people with Marfan syndrome, the aorta is affected (the large blood vessel that carries blood from your heart to your body) and this will eventually need to be surgically repaired. Marfan syndrome diagnosis Symptoms may allow a doctor to recognise Marfan syndrome during a physical examination, which may include X-rays of the joints. Gathering a complete family history and identifying other family members with Marfan syndrome can also help confirm the diagnosis. However, if a new mutation is suspected, a genetic test may be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Marfan syndrome treatments If you have Marfan syndrome, it is important to understand how it affects your body and to be aware of your physical limitations. You can help prevent unnecessary stress or strain on joints by taking care during physical activity. Some people may need medications to lower blood pressure. Some people may need annual check-ups to monitor the heart. At times, people with Marfan syndrome may need surgery to repair damaged heart valves, blood vessels and joints. More information Information and support for people with Marfan syndrome can be found at Marfan Association Victoria. Sources: Marfan Association Victoria (Marfan Association Victoria – The Facts), Mayo Clinic (Marfan syndrome - Mayo Clinic), myVMC (myVMC Marfans Syndrome) Last reviewed: April 2017 |
387 | 2018-04-19 02:17:28 | Measles | Anyone can get measles if they haven’t had the disease before, although it’s much more common in those who have not been vaccinated. Measles is a vaccine preventable disease and vaccination against the disease is recommended as part of routine childhood immunisation. Measles symptoms Early symptoms of measles include fever, cough, feeling tired, a sore throat, runny nose, discomfort looking at light and sore, watery eyes. A rash appears after the third or fourth day. The spots are red and slightly raised. Measles rash looks like red, slightly raised spots and may be blotchy but not itchy. Someone with measles is infectious for 24 hours before the rash appears, and four days afterwards. The illness usually lasts about 10 days. If you have measles symptoms Call your doctor if you have any measles symptoms. Let the clinic know about your symptoms so they can consider whether you may be infectious. They might suggest a home visit, or they may ask you to come to see them at the end of the day. This is to avoid spreading the highly infectious disease to other people. If you are diagnosed while visiting a clinic, they might isolate you in a separate room for the same reason. Anyone who suspects they might have measles should stay home and should not attend school, child care or work. Visit our measles symptoms and diagnosis page for more information. Measles prevention The best way for you to protect yourself and others is to get vaccinated. If you have children, remember to vaccinate them at 12 and 18 months, as per Australia’s National Immunisation Program Schedule. Vaccination is free and can be done by your doctor. Visit our measles treatments and prevention page for more information. Measles immunity Anyone who has not had measles before and hasn’t been vaccinated can be infected. However, cases of re-infection after you have had the virus are extremely rare because the body builds up immunity (resistance) to the virus. Most people who are not immune from measles and are in close contact with somebody who is infected will catch it. What causes measles? Measles is caused by a type of virus called a paramyxovirus. This kind of virus spreads from person to person via ‘droplets’ from coughing or sneezing. Measles is so contagious that about 9 in 10 people who come in contact with the virus will catch it if they are not immunised. You can catch measles by breathing in these droplets or, if the droplets have settled on a surface, by touching the surface and then placing your hands near your nose or mouth. The measles virus can survive on surfaces for a few hours. Once inside your body, the virus multiplies in the back of your throat and lungs before spreading throughout your body, including your respiratory system and the skin. Sources: Australian Government Department of Health (Measles), NHS Choices (Measles), SA Health (Measles - including symptoms, treatment and prevention) Last reviewed: March 2018 |
388 | 2018-04-19 02:17:33 | Melanomas and skin cancer | Skin cancer is the most common form of cancer in Australia. Skin cancer is a disease of the body’s skin cells caused mainly by cumulative exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun. Cancer is a group of diseases in which cells are aggressive (grow and divide without respect to normal limits), invasive (invade and destroy adjacent tissues), and sometimes metastatic (spread to other locations in the body). There are two types of skin cancers: Melanoma - is a serious type of cancer that begins in the skin and can spread to other organs in the body. Non-melanoma skin cancer - refers to a group of skin cancers that affect the upper layers of skin. The most common sign of melanoma is the appearance of a new mole or a change in an existing mole. This can happen anywhere on the body, but most often on the back, legs, arms and face. In many cases, melanomas have an irregular shape and have more than one colour. They may also be larger than normal moles and can sometimes be itchy or bleed. Non-melanoma skin cancers are usually named after the type of skin cell from which they develop. The two most common types are: basal cell carcinoma (BCC) squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Early detection improves survival and other outcomes. Get to know your skin. If you find a suspicious spot or mole, see your doctor as soon as possible. Skin cancer is diagnosed by physical examination and biopsy. Biopsy is a quick and simple procedure where part or all of the spot is removed and sent to a laboratory. It may be done by your family doctor or you can be referred to a dermatologist or surgeon. Results may take about a week to be ready. Sources: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Skin cancer in Australia), NHS Choices, UK (Skin cancer (melanoma)), NHS Choices, UK (Skin cancer (non-melanoma)), SunSmart (Skin cancer, diagnosis and treatment) Last reviewed: September 2016 |
389 | 2018-04-19 02:17:35 | Memory disorders | Follow the links below to find trusted information about memory disorders. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
390 | 2018-04-19 02:17:39 | Meniere’s disease | What is Meniere's disease? People with Meniere’s disease suffer attacks during which they experience severe vertigo (a spinning sensation), balance problems, nausea and vomiting. Attacks usually last between 2 and 4 hours and leave the person feeling exhausted. Some people have several attacks of Meniere’s disease in a short period of time, while other people only have an attack every few months or years. Most people have the disease in just one ear. It often leads to progressive hearing loss in the affected ear. Causes of Meniere's disease Meniere’s disease is caused by the abnormal build-up of fluid in the inner ear. This affects the cells that are responsible for balance and hearing. We do not know why this build-up occurs although some cases include a problem with pressure inside the ear, or a chemical imbalance in the fluids inside the ear. Meniere’s disease is most common in people in their forties and fifties, although it can appear at any age. Some women have found symptoms are worse before their period, and other people link their attacks to stress. Symptoms of Meniere's disease Symptoms of Meniere’s disease vary from person to person. During an attack, you might experience early symptoms such as: losing your balance dizziness feeling lightheaded headache a feeling of pressure in the ear hearing loss sensitivity to sound a general feeling of uneasiness These symptoms then progress to: vertigo (a feeling of spinning, dizziness, feeling sick, or suddenly falling to the ground) tinnitus (buzzing, humming, grinding, hissing or whistling in your ear) The disease usually progresses. In the early stages, people generally have sudden, unpredictable attacks of vertigo, along with nausea, vomiting and dizziness. They might lose some hearing, their ear may feel blocked and they might be sensitive to sound. The attacks may become less severe but the tinnitus and hearing loss may become worse, even in between attacks. During the late stages of Meniere’s disease, the attacks can become less frequent or stop altogether. However, the person may continue to have balance problems, hearing loss and tinnitus. Diagnosis of Meniere's disease If you think you are experiencing the symptoms of Meniere’s disease, you should see your doctor. They will examine you, ask about your symptoms and may refer you for a hearing test or brain scan. Treatment for Meniere's disease There is no cure for Meniere’s disease. Treatments aim to control the symptoms. If you are diagnosed with the condition, you might be given medicines (known as diuretics) to reduce the fluid in your body and take pressure off the inner year so you have fewer attacks. During an attack, you can use medicine to stop stop you vomiting or feeling nauseous, to control vertigo and to reduce anxiety. Sometimes steroids or anti-histamines can help. If you experience severe symptoms with Meniere’s disease or frequent attacks, your doctor may suggest referral to an ear, nose and throat surgeon. Some people have surgery to cut the nerve responsible for balance or to drain fluid from the inner ear. If you experience hearing loss, a hearing aid may help. Living with Meniere's disease You can help to prevent attacks by changing your diet to reduce fluid retention. It may be a good idea to restrict how much salt, water, caffeine, chocolate or alcohol you consume. Your healthcare professional may advise you to take nutritional supplements such as ginko biloba, ginger or lipoflavinoids, a supplement found in lemons. Because Meniere’s disease is unpredictable and can affect your balance and hearing, you may have to change some of your daily activities. You may need to be careful when climbing ladders, swimming or operating heavy machinery. Ask your doctor about driving; you may need to inform your state road traffic authority. If your attacks are triggered by stress or if you are feeling anxious, join a support group or talk to your doctor about counselling. More information Whirled Foundation 1300 368 818 Menieres.org Vestibular Disorders Association Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your symptoms, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self-care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital (Ménière's disease), Brain Foundation (Meniere’s disease), MyDr (Meniere’s disease), Whirled Foundation (Meniere’s disease) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
391 | 2018-04-19 02:17:41 | Meningitis | What is meningitis? Meningitis is an inflammation of the meninges. The meninges are the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The most common symptoms of meningitis are fever, headache, vomiting, loss of appetite, tiredness, drowsiness or altered consciousness, irritability, stiff neck and sensitivity to light. Some people with meningitis can have seizures. Some people find their hearing or vision are affected. Meningitis is caused by a range of viruses and bacteria. Very occasionally, it’s caused by a fungus or parasite. It’s usually spread from person to person through close contact, such as coughing, sneezing, kissing or sharing personal items. Treatment and recovery The two main types of meningitis are viral and bacterial meningitis. There is no particular treatment available for viral meningitis, and most people make a rapid and full recovery with rest and extra fluids. Bacterial meningitis is usually more severe and often requires treatment in hospital with intravenous antibiotics. A particularly worrying type of bacterial meningitis is meningococcal meningitis. It can be life-threatening without treatment - see below. Recovery from bacterial meningitis can take a long time, and occasionally can lead to long-term problems, such as hearing loss or brain damage. Meningitis and meningococcal disease Meningococcal disease is caused by a bacteria called Neisseria meningitidis (also known as meningococcal bacteria). The symptoms of meningitis in babies and young children include: fever, food refusal, fretfulness, drowsiness, purple-red skin rash or bruising, high moaning cry, light sensitivity and pale or blotchy skin. Symptoms in older children and adults include; headache, fever, vomiting, neck stiffness and joint pains, drowsiness and confusion, purple-red skin rash or bruising and light sensitivity. Meningococcal disease is a medical emergency. It can kill within hours, so early diagnosis and treatment is vital. Do not wait for the purple rash to appear as that is a critical stage of the disease. If you are worried that you or someone you care for may have meningitis, see your doctor immediately. If your doctor is not available, go to your nearest emergency department. Sources: Immunise Australia Program (Meningococcal disease), MyDr (Meningitis), Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Meningitis, Kids Health Info), Sydney Children’s Hospital Network (Meningitis), Meningitis Centre Australia (Types of Meningitis), Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Meningococcal infection), The Brain Foundation (Meningitis) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
392 | 2018-04-19 02:17:42 | Meningococcal disease | What causes meningococcal disease? Meningococcal bacteria live in the nose or throat, and can be spread through coughing, sneezing, sharing eating and drinking utensils, and kissing. It’s not easy to pass the bacteria on, because they cannot survive outside the human body for long periods of time. Very occasionally, meningococcal bacteria can invade the bloodstream, causing meningococcal disease that may present itself as sepsis (a blood infection, also known as 'septicaemia' or 'blood poisoning'), meningitis (inflammation of the membrane surrounding the brain and spinal cord), or an infection of another body part, such as the joints and eyes. Most cases occur in children under five years, but it can happen in people of any age. Meningococcal disease symptoms The common symptoms of meningococcal disease in babies and young children include: fever, food refusal, fretfulness, drowsiness, purple-red skin rash or bruising, high moaning cry, light sensitivity and pale or blotchy skin. Symptoms in older children and adults include: headache, fever, vomiting, neck stiffness and joint pains, drowsiness and confusion, purple-red skin rash or bruising, light sensitivity. The signs and symptoms do not appear in a definite order and some may not appear at all. This symptoms list does not include every possible sign and symptom. Meningococcal disease is a medical emergency. It can kill within hours, so early diagnosis and treatment is vital. Do not wait for the purple rash to appear as that is a critical stage of the disease. If you are worried that you or someone you care for may have meningococcal disease, see your doctor immediately. If your doctor is not available, go to your nearest emergency department. Sources: Immunise Australia Program (Meningococcal disease), Sydney Children’s Hospital (Meningococcal infection, Sydney Children’s Hospital), Meningitis Centre Australia (Types of Meningitis), Royal Children’s Hospital Melbourne (Meningococcal infection), Better Health Channel (Meningococcal disease), The Brain Foundation (Meningitis) Last reviewed: November 2016 |
393 | 2018-04-19 02:17:46 | Meningococcal infections | Follow the links below to find trusted information about meningococcal infections. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
394 | 2018-04-19 02:17:51 | Menopause (male) | Follow the links below to find trusted information about male menopause. Last reviewed: July 2016 |
395 | 2018-04-19 02:17:55 | Mental health disorders | 9 symptoms of mental illness When there has been a significant change to someone's behaviour, or they are having a hard time managing their feelings, they may be among the one in five Australians dealing with a mental health issue.Learn how to recognise the 9 signs of mental illness. If you're concerned about a friend or loved one, ask them how you can help. If you're worried a person you know is at immediate risk of suicide or self-harm, dial triple zero (000). Mental health disorder describes a wide range of disorders such as depression, anxiety, stress, schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Each disorder varies in its severity. The effect of mental illness can be severe on the individuals and families concerned, and its influence is far-reaching for society as a whole. If you are concerned about your mental health or that of a family member, the first stop should be your doctor where you can find out which therapies and treatments are available. Don't feel worried about going to your doctor as they are able to help with both your mental and physical health. They will also direct you to the most appropriate treatment. Just diagnosed with a mental health disorder Your mental health is important. Some mental illnesses, such as depression and anxiety, are common. If you have such an illness, it's important to get the right treatment.Mental health-related services are provided in Australia in a variety of ways including: hospital-based outpatient services and community mental health care services consultations with your GP and other specialists support from psychologists, social workers or occupational therapists online services hospitalisation and other residential care If you have or are caring for someone who has mental illness, there are several Australian government programs and services to support you. Visit the Department of Social Services for more information. Many mental health problems, such as manic depression and schizophrenia, require specialist care. Your doctor will refer you to a specialist called a 'psychiatrist' who will be able to care for these serious health problems. If you and your doctor agree that you would benefit from medication, there are various options that can help with conditions such as anxiety, depression, insomnia, mania and other mental health problems. Living with a mental health disorder There is evidence that good mental wellbeing is important for our physical health, and that it can help us achieve the goals we set for ourselves. Many factors influence our wellbeing. Evidence shows that the actions we take and the way we think have the biggest impact. There are five steps we can all take to improve our mental wellbeing: Be active: find an activity you enjoy. Keep learning: for example a new skill. Be giving to others: acts of kindness can improve your mental health. Take notice: be 'mindful' of the present moment. Stay connected: make an effort to develop relationships with family and friends and colleagues. The Personal Helpers and Mentors (PHaMs) service aims to increase recovery opportunities for people whose lives are severely affected by their experience of mental illness. There is some eligibility criteria, and more information can be found on the Department of Social Services website. Sources: beyondblue (Find a professional), Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (Mental Health Services in Australia), Social Services (homepage), NHS Choices UK (Five step to mental wellbeing), Department of Social Services (Mental health) Last reviewed: January 2018 |
396 | 2018-04-19 02:18:01 | MERS coronavirus | MERS-CoV can cause fever, cough, shortness of breath and pneumonia. Other symptoms can include muscle pain, diarrhoea, vomiting and nausea. The disease was first identified in 2012, and has infected a little over 1000 people worldwide. So far, everybody who had MERS-CoV has lived in or travelled to the Middle East, has had contact with travellers from the area or can be linked to an imported case. About a third of people who have contracted MERS-CoV have died. There have been no cases of MERS-CoV in Australia. It seems that the virus may have originated in camels although it is not clear how it has been passed to humans. There is no specific treatment for MERS-CoV but early medical care can save lives. The Department of Health recommends that people travelling to the Middle East who have an underlying illness should avoid areas where camels may be present and ensure that they wash their hands often, before eating, and after touching animals. Use a hand sanitiser if soap and water is not available. Up to date information about MERS and advice to travellers is available at health.gov.au and smartraveller.gov.au. Sources: The Department of Health (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV)) Last reviewed: October 2016 |
397 | 2018-04-19 02:18:05 | Mesothelioma (lung cancer) | The lungs are part of the body’s respiratory system. They are made up of a series of airways called bronchi and bronchioles that end in tiny air sacs called 'alveoli'. Lung cancer is one of the most common and serious types of cancer. Smoking cigarettes is the single biggest risk factor and is responsible for about 90% of all cases. Cancer that begins in the lungs is called 'primary lung cancer'. There are two main types of primary lung cancer which are classified by the type of cells in which the cancer starts. They are: non-small cell lung cancer (of which there are three different types: squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma) small cell lung cancer Symptoms of lung cancer include: coughing coughing up blood recurring bronchitis or pneumonia loss of appetite unexplained weight loss shortness of breath chest pain Lung cancer is usually treated with a combination of chemotherapy, radiotherapy and surgery. Survival rates can vary depending on how far the cancer has spread (the stage of the cancer) at the time of the diagnosis. Early diagnosis can make a big difference. Personal story: Lung cancer Being diagnosed with lung cancer can be both emotionally and practically challenging. Listening to others who have experienced similar situations is often reassuring and can be helpful for you, your loved ones or when preparing questions for your doctor or a specialist. Watch this video about a patient's experience after being diagnosed with lung cancer. Read the related video transcript > More information about this video > Video Copyright: ©2013 University of Oxford. Used under licence from DIPEx. All rights reserved. Sources: healthtalk.org (Lung cancer, aged 40-50, interview LC06), Cancer Council Australia (Lung cancer), Cancer Australia (What is lung cancer), Tobacco in Australia (Lung cancer) Last reviewed: November 2017 |
398 | 2018-04-19 02:18:10 | Metabolic syndrome | People with metabolic syndrome have up to twice the risk of heart attack and stroke and five times the risk of developing type 2 diabetes than people without the condition. Metabolic syndrome affects about 20-30% of adults in Australia but can also affect children and adolescents. Metabolic syndrome symptoms While metabolic syndrome itself doesn’t usually cause symptoms, the disorders that create it do. The build-up of fat around the waist is a sign of the risk of metabolic syndrome, while high blood sugar could lead to symptoms of type 2 diabetes such as increased thirst and urination, fatigue, and blurred vision. Metabolic syndrome diagnosis A person may be diagnosed with metabolic syndrome if they have at least three of the following conditions: excessive fat around the waistline raised level of triglycerides, which are a type of fat in the blood high blood pressure high LDL and low HDL blood cholesterol levels type 2 diabetes or insulin resistance (increased blood sugar after fasting). Metabolic syndrome treatment and prevention The most powerful way to prevent and treat metabolic syndrome is a change in lifestyle. Useful lifestyle changes include: losing weight to improve insulin resistance, lowered blood pressure and adjust cholesterol levels eating well, by reducing kilojoule intake, fat and salt and increasing whole grains, fruits and vegetables – this helps with weight loss, improves cholesterol levels and reduces the risk of type 2 diabetes exercising for 30 to 60 minutes on most days – this will help reduce weight, improve cholesterol and blood glucose and lower blood pressure (anyone new to exercise should check with their doctor before starting) stopping smoking, as smoking increases the risk of metabolic syndrome reducing stress. In children and adolescents, lifestyle changes like reducing screen time and increasing sport can reduce the risk of developing metabolic syndrome later in life. If you think you might have metabolic syndrome, it is important to see your doctor. Medication and lifestyle modification can treat metabolic syndrome and reduce the risk of developing heart disease, stroke and type 2 diabetes. Sources: National Health and Medical Research Council (Clinical Practice Guidelines for the Management of Overweight and Obesity in Adults, Adolescents and Children in Australia - pdf), myDr (Metabolic Syndrome), Royal Australian College of General Practitioners (The Metabolic Syndrome), myVMC (Metabolic Syndrome), Nutrition Australia (Metabolic Syndrome), Mayo Clinic (Metabolic Syndrome) Last reviewed: August 2017 |
399 | 2018-04-19 02:18:13 | Migraine | Symptoms Many people who have migraines feel vaguely unwell for a day or two beforehand. Some people get what is called an aura. Some people see flashing lights or a change in their vision, some find problems with their speech, and some feel pins and needles in their arms and legs. This can happen before or during a migraine. When the headache starts, it is usually severe. Your heads throbs, and it might hurt to see bright lights or hear noises. You might feel sick, and you might vomit. This can last anywhere between a few hours and a few days. Causes Nobody knows what causes migraines. They can run in families, but don’t have to. Some people find that migraines are triggered by certain things such as: cheese, chocolate, red wine and monosodium glutamate (MSG) stress and changes of routine changes in the weather hormonal changes and the oral contraceptive pill for women alcoholic drinks (especially red wine and beer). Diagnosis Your doctor will diagnose migraines by talking to you and examining you. There is no specific test to diagnose migraine. However your doctor may do tests to exclude other causes of headache. Treatments If you suspect you are getting a migraine, you may get some relief from pain-relieving medicines. Some people find they can prevent the headache by treating it early. Talk to your doctor or pharmacist about options. During the headache, rest in a quiet dark room. Get as much help as possible to take over any responsibilities with work, family and so on. If you get migraines fairly often, then preventive medicines may help. If you have just started getting migraines, then keeping a diary about them would help you understand when they happen, and what triggers them. That may help you prevent them, and may also help you to explain what you are experiencing with your doctor. Not sure what to do next? If you are still concerned about your migraines, why not use healthdirect’s online Symptom Checker to get advice on when to seek medical attention. The Symptom Checker guides you to the next appropriate healthcare steps, whether it’s self care, talking to a health professional, going to a hospital or calling triple zero (000). Sources: Cochrane (Sumatriptan plus naproxen for acute migraine attacks in adults), Mayo Clinic (Migraine headache), Headache Australia (Migraine) Last reviewed: October 2017 |
400 | 2018-04-19 02:18:16 | Milia | What are milia?Milia are small white benign bumps on the skin. An individual milium is typically smaller than 1mm but can measure up to 3mm or more. They commonly occur on the faces of newborn babies, especially on the nose. Milia can also affect children and adults, with one type of milia causing pearly bumps around the eyes. What causes milia?Milia are a type of cyst containing dead skin cells (keratin).Milia are formed when flakes of keratin get trapped just below the skin’s surface. They don’t hurt or itch. Types of miliaThere are many types of milia – here are the most common.Benign primary milia are usually clustered on the cheeks, eyelids, forehead and genitals of children or adults. These usually clear up naturally.Neonatal or congenital milia affects 40-50% of newborn babies and usually disappears in a few weeks or months without treatment.Secondary milia is a form of milia that may result from a rare disease, a medication or trauma. This form of milia may resolve spontaneously but tends to persist. Milia diagnosisMilia are easy to identify and can be diagnosed by a doctor without any need for testing.A similar condition to milia is neonatal or baby acne, which can also be diagnosed on sight. Milia treatmentMilia usually go away naturally without any treatment. They don’t leave scars and trying to squeeze or burst them at home is not recommended.While around half of newborn babies have milia, the bumps usually go away without treatment in several weeks to months. They are hard to prevent but it can help to gently wipe your baby’s face every day.Milia affecting children and adults can be more persistent.If milia continue to concern you, see a GP, particularly if you notice any redness or swelling. The doctor may recommend a suitable cream.In some cases, your doctor can remove milia by slicing off the top of individual cysts with a sterile blade or needle and squeezing them out. Milia may also be removed by your doctor by:burning them off with diathermy (high frequency heat treatment)freezing them with liquid nitrogen (cryotherapy)procedures such as dermabrasion or chemical peels. Sources: pachyonychia (Milia: A review and classification), Raising Children Network (Milia), DermNet NZ (Milium, milia) Last reviewed: June 2016 |
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