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diseases_conditions.id | diseases_conditions.ts | diseases_conditions.title | diseases_conditions.diseases_conditions_detail | diseases_conditions.last_update | diseases_conditions.category_1_x_diseases_conditions_id |
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1 | 2018-02-02 05:02:49 | ARDS | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-ards-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is ARDS?</h2><p>ARDS, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">acute respiratory distress syndrome</a>, is a lung condition that leads to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. ARDS can be life threatening because your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> need oxygen-rich blood to work well.</p><p>People who develop ARDS often are very ill with another disease or have major injuries. They might already be in the hospital when they develop ARDS.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand ARDS, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> (KAP-ih-lare-ees) run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> passes from the air sacs into the capillaries and then into the bloodstream. Blood carries the oxygen to all parts of the body, including the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>In ARDS, infections, injuries, or other conditions cause fluid to build up in the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. This prevents the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from filling with air and moving enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> into the bloodstream.</p><p>As a result, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>) don't get the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> they need. Without oxygen, the organs may not work well or at all.</p><p>People who develop ARDS often are in the hospital for other serious health problems. Rarely, people who aren't hospitalized have health problems that lead to ARDS, such as severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble breathing, call your doctor right away. If you have severe shortness of breath, call 9–1–1.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d1e73"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>More people are surviving ARDS now than in the past. One likely reason for this is that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> and care for the condition have improved. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029728" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Survival rates</a> for ARDS vary depending on age, the underlying cause of ARDS, associated illnesses, and other factors.</p><p>Some people who survive recover completely. Others may have lasting damage to their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other health problems.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for new and better ways to treat ARDS.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for ARDS</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> lung injury</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Adult respiratory distress syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increased-permeability <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Noncardiac <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022960" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">edema</a></div></li></ul><p>In the past, ARDS was called stiff lung, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shock lung</a>, and wet lung.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes ARDS?</h2><p>Many conditions or factors can directly or indirectly injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and lead to ARDS. Some common ones are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a>. This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> infect the bloodstream.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">Pneumonia</a>. This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> caused by an injury to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or head, like a severe blow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Breathing in</a> harmful fumes or smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inhaling</a> vomited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> contents from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</div></li></ul><p>It's not clear why some very sick or seriously injured people develop ARDS and others don't. Researchers are trying to find out why ARDS develops and how to prevent it.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for ARDS?</h2><p>People at risk for ARDS have a condition or illness that can directly or indirectly injure their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Direct Lung Injury</h3><p>Conditions that can directly injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">Pneumonia</a>. This is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Breathing in</a> harmful fumes or smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inhaling</a> vomited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a> contents from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Using a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>. This is a machine that supports breathing; however, the pressure from a ventilator sometimes can injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nearly drowning.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d5e61"><h3>Indirect Lung Injury</h3><p>Conditions that can indirectly injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sepsis</a>. This is a condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> infect the bloodstream.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> caused by an injury to the body or having many <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or head, such as a severe blow.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022875" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pancreatitis</a> (PAN-kre-ah-TI-tis). This is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pancreas</a> becomes irritated or infected. The pancreas is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> that releases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fat</a> embolism (EM-bo-lizm). This is a condition in which fat blocks an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. A physical injury, like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028122" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">broken bone</a>, can lead to a fat embolism.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Drug reaction.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of ARDS?</h2><p>The first signs and symptoms of ARDS are feeling like you can't get enough air into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, rapid breathing, and a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms depend on the cause of ARDS. They may occur before ARDS develops. For example, if <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> is causing ARDS, you may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a> before you feel short of breath.</p><p>Sometimes people who have ARDS develop signs and symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hyp/">low blood pressure</a>, confusion, and extreme <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>. This may mean that the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, aren't getting enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>People who develop ARDS often are in the hospital for other serious health problems. Rarely, people who aren't hospitalized have health problems that lead to ARDS, such as severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble breathing, call your doctor right away. If you have severe shortness of breath, call 9–1–1.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Complications From ARDS</h3><p>If you have ARDS, you can develop other medical problems while in the hospital. The most common problems are: </p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections. Being in the hospital and lying down for a long time can put you at risk for infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a>. Being on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> also puts you at higher risk for infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pneumothorax</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a>). This is a condition in which air or gas collects in the space around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This can cause one or both lungs to collapse. The air pressure from a ventilator can cause this condition.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a>. ARDS causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to become stiff (scarred). It also makes it hard for the lungs to expand and fill with air. Being on a ventilator also can cause lung scarring.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots. Lying down for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> can cause blood clots to form in your body. A blood clot that forms in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> deep in your body is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>. This type of blood clot can break off, travel through the bloodstream to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and block blood flow. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is ARDS Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose ARDS based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Your doctor will ask whether you have or have recently had conditions that could lead to ARDS. For a list of these conditions, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062938/#nhlbisec-atrisk">"Who Is at Risk for ARDS?"</a> </p><p>Your doctor also will ask whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> can cause fluid to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d7e46"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>ARDS may cause abnormal breathing sounds, such as crackling. Your doctor will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to hear these sounds.</p><p>He or she also will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and look for signs of extra fluid in other parts of your body. Extra fluid may mean you have heart or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> problems.</p><p>Your doctor will look for a bluish color on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a>. A bluish color means your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. This is a possible sign of ARDS.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d7e58"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>You may have ARDS or another condition that causes similar symptoms. To find out, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec3-d7e65"><h4>Initial Tests</h4><p>The first tests done are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An arterial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> gas test. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> measures the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level in your blood using a sample of blood taken from an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. A low blood oxygen level might be a sign of ARDS.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. This test creates pictures of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can show whether you have extra fluid in your lungs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a>, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">complete blood count</a>, blood chemistries, and blood cultures. These tests help find the cause of ARDS, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sputum</a> culture. This test is used to study the spit you've coughed up from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A sputum culture can help find the cause of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec3-d7e90"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests used to diagnose ARDS include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>. This test uses a computer to create detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A chest CT scan may show lung problems, such as fluid in the lungs, signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> tests that look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. Heart failure is a condition in which the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. This condition can cause fluid to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is ARDS Treated?</h2><p>ARDS is treated in a hospital's intensive care unit. Current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> approaches focus on improving <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels and providing supportive care. Doctors also will try to pinpoint and treat the underlying cause of the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Oxygen Therapy</h3><p>One of the main goals of treating ARDS is to provide <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> (such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>). Your organs need oxygen to work properly.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen</a> usually is given through nasal prongs or a mask that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fits</a> over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>. However, if your oxygen level doesn't rise or it's still hard for you to breathe, your doctor will give you oxygen through a breathing tube. He or she will insert the flexible tube through your mouth or nose and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>.</p><p>Before inserting the tube, your doctor will squirt or spray a liquid medicine into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> (and possibly your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a>) to make it numb. Your doctor also will give you medicine through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line in your bloodstream to make you sleepy and relaxed.</p><p>The breathing tube will be connected to a machine that supports breathing (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>). The ventilator will fill your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich air.</p><p>Your doctor will adjust the ventilator as needed to help your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> get the right amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. This also will help prevent injury to your lungs from the pressure of the ventilator.</p><p>You'll use the breathing tube and ventilator until you can breathe on your own. If you need a ventilator for more than a few days, your doctor may do a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022255" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tracheotomy</a> (tra-ke-OT-o-me).</p><p>This procedure involves making a small cut in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> to create an opening to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The opening is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-trach/">tracheostomy</a> (TRA-ke-OS-to-me). Your doctor will place the breathing tube directly into the windpipe. The tube is then connected to the ventilator.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">Oxygen Therapy</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d8e69"><h3>Supportive Care</h3><p>Supportive care refers to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that help relieve symptoms, prevent complications, or improve quality of life. Supportive approaches used to treat ARDS include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to help you relax, relieve discomfort, and treat pain.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ongoing monitoring of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and lung function (including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> and gas exchange).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Nutritional support. People who have ARDS often suffer from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030687" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">malnutrition</a>. Thus, extra nutrition may be given through a feeding tube.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for infections. People who have ARDS are at higher risk for infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>. Being on a ventilator also increases the risk of infections. Doctors use antibiotics to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pneumonia</a> and other infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevention of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Lying down for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> can cause blood clots to form in the deep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> of your body. These clots can travel to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and block blood flow (a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>). Blood-thinning medicines and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as compression stocking (stockings that create gentle pressure up the leg), are used to prevent blood clots.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevention of intestinal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. People who receive long-term support from a ventilator are at increased risk of bleeding in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022247" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intestines</a>. Medicines can reduce this risk.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fluids. You may be given fluids to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through your body and to provide nutrition. Your doctor will make sure you get the right amount of fluids. Fluids usually are given through an IV line inserted into one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With ARDS</h2><p>Some people fully recover from ARDS. Others continue to have health problems. After you go home from the hospital, you may have one or more of the following problems:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, many people who have ARDS recover close-to-normal lung function within 6 months. For others, it may take longer. Some people have breathing problems for the rest of their lives.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tiredness</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> weakness. Being in the hospital and on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (a machine that supports breathing) can cause your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> to weaken. You also may feel very tired following <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Depression</a>. Many people who've had ARDS feel <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a> for a while after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems with memory and thinking clearly. Certain medicines and a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level can cause these problems.</div></li></ul><p>These health problems may go away within a few weeks, or they may last longer. Talk with your doctor about how to deal with these issues. Also, see the suggestions below.</p><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d9e52"><h3>Getting Help</h3><p>You can take steps to recover from ARDS and improve your quality of life. For example, ask your family and friends for help with everyday activities.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking can worsen lung problems. Talk to your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> and other lung irritants, such as harmful fumes.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general tips on how to quit smoking.</p><p>Go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (rehab) if your doctor recommends it. Rehab might include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> training, education, and counseling. Rehab can teach you how to return to normal activities and stay active.</p><p>Your rehab team might include doctors, nurses, and other specialists. They will work with you to create a program that meets your needs.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-ards-sec2-d9e84"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with ARDS may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking with a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with ARDS. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk to your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. However, many questions remain about various diseases and conditions, including ARDS.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research to learn more. For example, NHLBI-supported research on ARDS includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The long-term outcomes for ARDS patients who receive breathing support from mechanical <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilators</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health outcomes and quality of life for ARDS patients who were enrolled in previous clinical research related to ARDS</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>New medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> for treating ARDS</div></li></ul><p>Much of this research depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions.</p><p>For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to ARDS, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-ards-sec1-d1e36_">What Is ARDS?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for ARDS</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes ARDS?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for ARDS?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of ARDS?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is ARDS Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is ARDS Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With ARDS</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "1": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 1, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
2 | 2018-02-02 05:03:07 | Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-aat-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (an-tee-TRIP-sin) deficiency, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, is a condition that raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> (especially if you smoke) and other diseases.</p><p>Some people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> (em-fi-SE-ma)—often when they're only in their forties or fifties. Emphysema is a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> in which damage to the airways makes it hard to breathe.</p><p>A small number of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cirrhosis</a> (sir-RO-sis) and other serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> diseases.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022024" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cirrhosis</a> is a disease in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> becomes scarred. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> prevents the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> from working well. In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, cirrhosis and other liver diseases usually occur in infancy and early childhood.</p><p>A very small number of people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> have a rare <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> disease called necrotizing panniculitis (pa-NIK-yu-LI-tis). This disease can cause painful lumps under or on the surface of the skin.</p><p>This article focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> as it relates to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d1e64"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin, also called AAT, is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>. Normally, the protein travels through the bloodstream. It helps protect the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> from the harmful effects of other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are one of the main organs that the AAT protein protects.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> occurs if the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> aren't the right shape. They get stuck inside <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023058" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver cells</a> and can't get into the bloodstream.</p><p>As a result, not enough AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to protect them. This increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. Also, because too many AAT proteins are stuck in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, liver disease can develop.</p><p>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> levels of the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> below the lowest amount needed to protect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is an inherited condition. "Inherited" means it's passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>Doctors don't know how many people have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. Many people who have the condition may not know they have it. Estimates of how many people have AAT deficiency range from about 1 in every 1,600 people to about 1 in every 5,000 people.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d1e86"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> may not have serious complications, and they may live close to a normal lifespan.</p><p>Among people with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> who have a related lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, about 3 percent die each year.</p><p>Smoking is the leading risk factor for life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. Smoking or exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke increases the risk of earlier lung-related symptoms and lung damage. If you have severe AAT deficiency, smoking can shorten your life by as much as 20 years.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> has no cure, but <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are available. Treatments often are based on the type of disease you develop.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency is an inherited disease. "Inherited" means it's passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>Children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> inherit two faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, one from each parent. These genes tell <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the body how to make AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> aren't the right shape. Thus, they get stuck in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023058" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver cells</a>. The proteins can't get to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in the body that they protect, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Without the AAT proteins protecting the organs, diseases can develop.</p><p>The most common faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is called PiZ. If you inherit two PiZ <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> (one from each parent), you'll have AAT deficiency.</p><p>If you inherit a PiZ <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> from one parent and a normal AAT gene from the other parent, you won't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. However, you might pass the PiZ gene to your children.</p><p>Even if you inherit two faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, you may not have any related complications. You may never even realize that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency occurs in all ethnic groups. However, the condition occurs most often in White people of European descent.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is an inherited condition. "Inherited" means the condition is passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>If you have bloodline relatives with known <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, you're at increased risk for the condition. Even so, it doesn't mean that you'll develop one of the diseases related to the condition.</p><p>Some risk factors make it more likely that you'll develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. Smoking is the leading risk factor for serious lung disease if you have AAT deficiency. Your risk for lung disease also may go up if you're exposed to dust, fumes, or other toxic substances.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</h2><p>The first lung-related symptoms of alpha-1 antitrypsin (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> may include shortness of breath, less ability to be physically active, and wheezing. These signs and symptoms most often begin between the ages of 20 and 40.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms may include repeated lung infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heartbeat</a> upon standing, vision problems, and weight loss.</p><p>Some people who have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> (em-fi-SE-ma)—often when they're only in their forties or fifties. Signs and symptoms of emphysema include problems breathing, wheezing, and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>.</p><p>At first, many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> are diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>. This is because wheezing also is a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. Also, people who have AAT deficiency respond well to asthma medicines.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Diagnosed?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency usually is diagnosed after you develop a lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease that's related to the condition.</p><p>Your doctor may suspect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> if you have signs or symptoms of a serious lung condition, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a>, without any obvious cause. He or she also may suspect AAT deficiency if you develop emphysema when you're 45 years old or younger.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Many doctors may be involved in the diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. These include primary care doctors, pulmonologists (lung specialists), and hepatologists (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> specialists).</p><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, your doctor will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about possible risk factors. Risk factors include smoking and exposure to dust, fumes, and other toxic substances.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. A common sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is if you have a lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease without any obvious causes or risk factors. Another sign is if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> at an unusually early age (45 years or younger).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ask about your family's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. If you have bloodline relatives who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, you're more likely to have the condition.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d6e59"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend tests to confirm a diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. He or she also may recommend tests to check for lung- or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>-related conditions.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022716" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic test</a> is the most certain way to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. This test will show whether you have faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> also may be used. This test checks the level of AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in your blood. If the level is a lot lower than normal, it's likely that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d6e72"><h4>Lung-Related Tests</h4><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a> and high-resolution computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scanning, also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">CT scanning</a>.</p><p>Lung function tests measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests may show how severe your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> is and how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is working.</p><p>High-resolution CT scanning uses x rays to create detailed pictures of parts of the body. A CT scan can show whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023374" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">emphysema</a> or another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> and how severe it is.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Treated?</h2><p>Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency has no cure, but its related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> have many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>. Most of these treatments are the same as the ones used for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>).</p><p>If you have symptoms related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, your doctor may recommend:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines called inhaled bronchodilators (brong-ko-di-LA-tors) and inhaled steroids. These medicines help open your airways and make breathing easier. They also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> and COPD.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Flu</a> and pneumococcal (noo-mo-KOK-al) vaccines to protect you from illnesses that could make your condition worse. Prompt <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of lung infections also can help protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">Pulmonary rehabilitation</a> (rehab). Rehab involves <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> by a team of experts at a special clinic. In rehab, you'll learn how to manage your condition and function at your best.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Extra <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen</a>, if needed.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lungtxp/">lung transplant</a>. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028188" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung transplant</a> may be an option if you have severe breathing problems. If you have a good chance of surviving the transplant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, you may be a candidate for it.</div></li></ul><p>Augmentation (og-men-TA-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> used only for people who have AAT-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. This therapy involves getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> of the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>. The infusions raise the level of the protein in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Not enough research has been done to show how well this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> works. However, some research suggests that this therapy may slow the development of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> in people who don't have severe disease.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> and develop related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> diseases will be referred to doctors who treat those diseases.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d7e76"><h3>Future Treatments</h3><p>Researchers are working on possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that will target the faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a> and replace them with healthy genes. These treatments are in the early stages of development.</p><p>Researchers also are studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> that will help misshapen AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> move from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> into the bloodstream. They're also studying a type of augmentation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> in which the AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> is inhaled instead of injected into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a>.</p><p>If you're interested in new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, ask your doctor about ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can't prevent alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency because the condition is inherited (passed from parents to children through <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>).</p><p>If you inherit two faulty AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>, you'll have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. Even so, you may never develop one of the diseases related to the condition.</p><p>You can take steps to prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. One important step is to quit smoking. If you don't smoke, don't start.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> and places with dust, fumes, or other toxic substances that you may inhale.</p><p>Check your living and working spaces for things that may irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Examples include flower and tree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollen</a>, ash, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>, air pollution, wood burning stoves, paint fumes, and fumes from cleaning products and other household items.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, ask your doctor whether you might benefit from augmentation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>. This is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in which you receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022198" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infusions</a> of AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>.</p><p>Augmentation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> raises the level of AAT <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062929/#nhlbisec-treatment">"How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Treated?"</a>)</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency</h2><p>People who have alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT) deficiency don't always develop serious lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> diseases. This means that you can have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> and not even know it.</p><p>If you already know you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, you probably also have a related lung or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease. Ongoing medical care and lifestyle changes can help you manage your health.</p><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d9e34"><h3>Ongoing Medical Care</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>, you'll need ongoing medical care. Talk with your doctor about how often you should schedule medical visits.</p><p>Take all of your medicines as prescribed, and follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan. Get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> and pneumococcal vaccines to protect you from illnesses that may worsen your condition. If you have a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, get treatment right away.</p><p>You also should get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> right away for any breathing problems. If treatment includes <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pulreh/">pulmonary rehabilitation</a>, work with your health care team to learn how to manage your condition and function at your best.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d9e50"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d9e53"><h4>Quit Smoking and Avoid Lung Irritants</h4><p>If you smoke, quit. If you don't smoke, don't start. Smoking is the leading risk factor for life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include basic information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a> and other lung irritants, such as dust, fumes, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>. Check your living and working spaces for things that may irritate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Examples include flower and tree <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollen</a>, ash, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>, air pollution, wood burning stoves, paint fumes, and fumes from cleaning products and other household items.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> is inherited, your children may have the condition or carry the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for it. Advise them to avoid smoking and to stay away from places where they might inhale irritants or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d9e78"><h4>Follow a Healthy Diet</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. A healthy diet includes a variety of vegetables and fruits. It also includes whole grains, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat dairy products, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> foods, such as lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, processed soy products, nuts, seeds, beans, and peas.</p><p>A healthy diet is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains. Solid fats are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fatty acids</a>. Refined grains come from processing whole grains, which results in a loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dietary fiber</a>).</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH"</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture's ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Also, talk with your doctor about whether it's safe for you to drink alcohol.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d9e103"><h4>Be Physically Active</h4><p>Try to do physical activity regularly. Talk with your doctor about how much and what types of activity are safe for you.</p><p>For more information about physical activity, go to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' "2008 Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans," the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article, and the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>These resources provide information about the benefits of physical activity.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec3-d9e124"><h4>Reduce Stress</h4><p>Learning how to manage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, relax, and cope with problems can improve your emotional and physical health. Relaxation techniques—such as meditation, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022367" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">yoga</a>, breathing exercises, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> relaxation—can help you cope with stress.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-aat-sec2-d9e130"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you're very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022849" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAT deficiency</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-aat-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "2": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 2, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
3 | 2018-02-02 05:03:19 | Anemia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-anemia-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh) is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can occur if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> that gives blood its red color. This protein helps red blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to the rest of the body.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your body doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, you may feel tired or weak. You also may have other symptoms, such as shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>.</p><p>Severe or long-lasting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body. Very severe anemia may even cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d1e54"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> is made up of many parts, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a> (the fluid portion of blood).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024402" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disc</a>-shaped and look like doughnuts without holes in the center. They carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> and remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) from your body. These cells are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>—a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) also are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. White blood cells help fight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Platelets stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. With some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may have low numbers of all three types of blood cells.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> has three main causes: <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss, lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> production, or high rates of red blood cell destruction. These causes might be the result of diseases, conditions, or other factors.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d1e69"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can be mild, short term, and easily treated. You can even prevent some types with a healthy diet. Other types can be treated with dietary supplements.</p><p>However, certain types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can be severe, long lasting, and even life threatening if not diagnosed and treated.</p><p>If you have signs or symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, see your doctor to find out whether you have the condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> will depend on the cause of the anemia and how severe it is.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Anemia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li></ul><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> with specific causes and traits. Some of these include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">Aplastic anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Diamond-Blackfan <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-fanconi/">Fanconi (fan-KO-nee) anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Folate</a>- or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">Hemolytic (HEE-moh-lit-ick) anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">Iron-deficiency anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-prnanmia/">Pernicious (per-NISH-us) anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">Sickle cell anemia</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">Thalassemias (thal-a-SE-me-ahs)</a>; Cooley’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is another name for beta <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022063" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thalassemia</a> major</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Anemia?</h2><p>The three main causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> production</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High rates of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> destruction</div></li></ul><p>For some people, the condition is caused by more than one of these factors.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d4e46"><h3>Blood Loss</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss is the most common cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, especially <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">iron-deficiency anemia</a>. Blood loss can be short term or persist over time.</p><p>Heavy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstrual periods</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> in the digestive or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024569" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urinary tract</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a>, trauma, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> also can cause blood loss.</p><p>If a lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is lost, the body may lose enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d4e62"><h3>Lack of Red Blood Cell Production</h3><p>Both acquired and inherited conditions and factors can prevent your body from making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition on to you.</p><p>Acquired conditions and factors that can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> include poor diet, abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> levels, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) diseases, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-aplastic/">Aplastic anemia</a> also can prevent your body from making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This condition can be acquired or inherited.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e77"><h4>Diet</h4><p>A diet that lacks <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> can prevent your body from making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Your body also needs small amounts of vitamin C, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">riboflavin</a>, and copper to make red blood cells.</p><p>Conditions that make it hard for your body to absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023354" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nutrients</a> also can prevent your body from making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e86"><h4>Hormones</h4><p>Your body needs the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> erythropoietin (eh-rith-ro-POY-eh-tin) to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This hormone stimulates the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to make these cells. A low level of this hormone can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e93"><h4>Diseases and Disease Treatments</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic</a> diseases, like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, can make it hard for your body to make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</p><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> may damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> or damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>' ability to carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. If the bone marrow is damaged, it can't make red blood cells fast enough to replace the ones that die or are destroyed.</p><p>People who have HIV/AIDS may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> due to infections or medicines used to treat their diseases.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e105"><h4>Pregnancy</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> can occur during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> due to low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> and changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>During the first 6 months of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>, the fluid portion of a woman's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a>) increases faster than the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This dilutes the blood and can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d4e115"><h4>Aplastic Anemia</h4><p>Some infants are born without the ability to make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. Infants and children who have aplastic anemia often need <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a> to increase the number of red blood cells in their blood.</p><p>Acquired conditions or factors, such as certain medicines, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d4e127"><h3>High Rates of Red Blood Cell Destruction</h3><p>Both acquired and inherited conditions and factors can cause your body to destroy too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. One example of an acquired condition is an enlarged or diseased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a>.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that removes wornout <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> from the body. If the spleen is enlarged or diseased, it may remove more red blood cells than normal, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>Examples of inherited conditions that can cause your body to destroy too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">thalassemias</a>, and lack of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022049" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">enzymes</a>. These conditions create defects in the red blood cells that cause them to die faster than healthy red blood cells.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ha/">Hemolytic anemia</a> is another example of a condition in which your body destroys too many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Inherited or acquired conditions or factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022026" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemolytic anemia</a>. Examples include immune disorders, infections, certain medicines, or reactions to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> is a common condition. It occurs in all age, racial, and ethnic groups. Both men and women can have anemia. However, women of childbearing age are at higher risk for the condition because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menstruation</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> can develop during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> due to low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>) and changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. During the first 6 months of pregnancy, the fluid portion of a woman's blood (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0014603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plasma</a>) increases faster than the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This dilutes the blood and can lead to anemia.</p><p>During the first year of life, some babies are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> deficiency. At-risk infants include those who are born too early and infants who are fed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk only or formula that isn't fortified with iron. These infants can develop iron deficiency by 6 months of age.</p><p>Infants between 1 and 2 years of age also are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. They may not get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in their diets, especially if they drink a lot of cow's milk. Cow's milk is low in the iron needed for growth.</p><p>Drinking too much cow's milk may keep an infant or toddler from eating enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich foods or absorbing enough iron from foods.</p><p>Older adults also are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Researchers continue to study how the condition affects older adults. Many of these people have other medical conditions as well.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d5e47"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>Factors that raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A diet that is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> loss from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or an injury</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-term or serious illnesses, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>, HIV/AIDS, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammatory bowel disease</a> (including Crohn's disease), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Long-term infections</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of inherited <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sca/">sickle cell anemia</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thalassemia/">thalassemia</a> </div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Anemia?</h2><p>The most common symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (feeling tired or weak). If you have anemia, you may find it hard to find the energy to do normal activities.</p><p>Other signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headache</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Coldness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> and feet</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li></ul><p>These signs and symptoms can occur because your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your body.</p><p>Mild to moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may cause very mild symptoms or none at all.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d6e63"><h3>Complications of Anemia</h3><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. Over time, arrhythmias can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and possibly lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can damage other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your body because your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to them.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> can weaken people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> or HIV/AIDS. This can make their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> not work as well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anemia</a> also can cause many other health problems. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a> and anemia are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems. With some types of anemia, too little fluid intake or too much loss of fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and body can occur. Severe loss of fluid can be life threatening.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> doesn't always cause symptoms, your doctor may find out you have it while checking for another condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether you have any of the common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062933/#nhlbisec-signs">signs or symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. He or she also may ask whether you've had an illness or condition that could cause anemia.</p><p>Let your doctor know about any medicines you take, what you typically eat (your diet), and whether you have family members who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> or a history of it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to find out how severe your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is and to check for possible causes. He or she may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for a rapid or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for rapid or uneven breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feel your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> to check the size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a></div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may do a pelvic or rectal exam to check for common sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d7e68"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>You may have various <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> and other tests or procedures to find out what type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> you have and how severe it is.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d7e78"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>The test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels might be lower in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results might be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, another blood disorder, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> and a clue as to the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ida/">iron-deficiency anemia</a>, for example, red blood cells usually are smaller than normal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d7e103"><h4>Other Tests and Procedures</h4><p>If the CBC results show that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need other tests, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hemoglobin</a> electrophoresis (e-lek-tro-FOR-e-sis). This test looks at the different types of hemoglobin in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. The test can help diagnose the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> you have.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count. This test measures the number of young <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood. The test shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the correct rate.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tests for the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and body. These tests include serum iron and serum ferritin tests. Transferrin level and total iron-binding capacity tests also measure iron levels.</div></li></ul><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> has many causes, you also might be tested for conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney failure</a>, lead poisoning (in children), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> deficiencies (lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a>, such as B12 and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a>).</p><p>If your doctor thinks that you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> due to internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, he or she may suggest several tests to look for the source of the bleeding. A test to check the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> might be done in your doctor's office or at home. Your doctor can give you a kit to help you get a sample at home. He or she will tell you to bring the sample back to the office or send it to a laboratory.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a>, you may have other tests to find the source of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. One such test is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022208" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">endoscopy</a> (en-DOS-ko-pe). For this test, a tube with a tiny camera is used to view the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022855" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digestive tract</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may want to do <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">bone marrow tests</a>. These tests show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy and making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Anemia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> depends on the type, cause, and severity of the condition. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> may include dietary changes or supplements, medicines, procedures, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> loss.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The goal of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to increase the amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can carry. This is done by raising the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> level. (Hemoglobin is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> that carries oxygen to the body.)</p><p>Another goal is to treat the underlying cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e41"><h3>Dietary Changes and Supplements</h3><p>Low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamins</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> in the body can cause some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. These low levels might be the result of a poor diet or certain diseases or conditions.</p><p>To raise your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> level, your doctor may ask you to change your diet or take vitamin or iron supplements. Common vitamin supplements are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>). Vitamin C sometimes is given to help the body absorb iron.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e50"><h4>Iron</h4><p>Your body needs <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>. Your body can more easily absorb iron from meats than from vegetables or other foods. To treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, your doctor may suggest eating more meat—especially red meat (such as beef or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>), as well as chicken, turkey, pork, fish, and shellfish.</p><p>Nonmeat foods that are good sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tofu </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Peas; lentils; white, red, and baked beans; soybeans; and chickpeas</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dried fruits, such as prunes, raisins, and apricots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prune juice</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a>-fortified cereals and breads</div></li></ul><p>You can look at the Nutrition Facts label on packaged foods to find out how much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> the items contain. The amount is given as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">percentage</a> of the total amount of iron you need every day.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Iron</a> also is available as a supplement. It's usually combined with multivitamins and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> that help your body absorb iron.</p><p>Doctors may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> supplements for premature infants, infants and young children who drink a lot of cow's milk, and infants who are fed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breast</a> milk only or formula that isn't fortified with iron.</p><p>Large amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a> can be harmful, so take iron supplements only as your doctor prescribes.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e94"><h4>Vitamin B12</h4><p>Low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-prnanmia/">pernicious anemia</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> often is treated with vitamin B12 supplements.</p><p>Good food sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Breakfast cereals with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022013" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Meats such as beef, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a>, poultry, and fish</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eggs and dairy products (such as milk, yogurt, and cheese)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Foods fortified with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a>, such as soy-based beverages and vegetarian burgers</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e122"><h4>Folic Acid</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Folic acid</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a>) is a form of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> B that's found in foods. Your body needs folic acid to make and maintain new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Folic acid also is very important for pregnant women. It helps them avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> and promotes healthy growth of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p><p>Good sources of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bread, pasta, and rice with added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folic acid</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Spinach and other dark green leafy vegetables</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Black-eyed peas and dried beans</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Beef <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Eggs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bananas, oranges, orange juice, and some other fruits and juices</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e154"><h4>Vitamin C</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Vitamin</a> C helps the body absorb <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>. Good sources of vitamin C are vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits. Citrus fruits include oranges, grapefruits, tangerines, and similar fruits. Fresh and frozen fruits, vegetables, and juices usually have more vitamin C than canned ones.</p><p>If you're taking medicines, ask your doctor or pharmacist whether you can eat grapefruit or drink grapefruit juice. This fruit can affect the strength of a few medicines and how well they work.</p><p>Other fruits rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C include kiwi fruit, strawberries, and cantaloupes.</p><p>Vegetables rich in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023352" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin</a> C include broccoli, peppers, Brussels sprouts, tomatoes, cabbage, potatoes, and leafy green vegetables like turnip greens and spinach.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e170"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to help your body make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> or to treat an underlying cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>. Some of these medicines include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Antibiotics to treat infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hormones</a> to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a> in teenaged and adult women.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A man-made version of erythropoietin to stimulate your body to make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> has some risks. You and your doctor will decide whether the benefits of this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> outweigh the risks.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines to prevent the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> from destroying its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Chelation (ke-LAY-shun) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> for lead poisoning. Chelation therapy is used mainly in children. This is because children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-deficiency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> are at increased risk of lead poisoning.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e194"><h3>Procedures</h3><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> is severe, your doctor may recommend a medical procedure. Procedures include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a> and blood and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants.</p><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e200"><h4>Blood Transfusion</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is a safe, common procedure in which blood is given to you through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Transfusions</a> require careful matching of donated blood with the recipient's blood.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">Blood Transfusion</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec3-d8e213"><h4>Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant replaces your faulty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> with healthy ones from another person (a donor). Stem cells are made in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. They develop into red and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>During the transplant, which is like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>, you get donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> through a tube placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Once the stem cells are in your body, they travel to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> and begin making new blood cells.</p><p>For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplant</a> article.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-anemia-sec2-d8e229"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>If you have serious or life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> that's causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>, you may need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. For example, you may need surgery to control ongoing bleeding due to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach ulcer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024241" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colon cancer</a>.</p><p>If your body is destroying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> at a high rate, you may need to have your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022189" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">spleen</a> removed. The spleen is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> that removes wornout red blood cells from the body. An enlarged or diseased spleen may remove more red blood cells than normal, causing <a href= |
June 11, 2014. | { "3": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 3, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
4 | 2018-02-02 05:03:39 | Aneurysm | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-arm-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is an Aneurysm?</h2><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> (AN-u-rism) is a balloon-like bulge in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arteries</a> have thick walls to withstand normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. However, certain medical problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions, and trauma can damage or injure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> walls. The force of blood pushing against the weakened or injured walls can cause an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> can grow large and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst) or dissect. A rupture causes dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> inside the body. A dissection is a split in one or more layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> wall. The split causes bleeding into and along the layers of the artery wall.</p><p>Both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection often are fatal.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d1e54"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> that carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the body. The aorta goes through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> that occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is called a thoracic (tho-RAS-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>. An aneurysm that occurs in the abdominal portion of the aorta is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> also can occur in other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, but these types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> are less common. This article focuses on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>.</p><p>About 13,000 Americans die each year from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. Most of the deaths result from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissection.</p><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> can develop and grow large before causing any symptoms. Thus, people who are at high risk for aneurysms can benefit from early, routine screening.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d1e73"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Doctors often can successfully treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> with medicines or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if they’re found in time. Medicines may be given to lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, relax <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, and reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>.</p><p>Large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> often can be repaired with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. During surgery, the weak or damaged portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is replaced or reinforced.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Aneurysms</h2><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Aortic Aneurysms</h3><p>The two types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a>. Some people have both types.</p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062939/bin/aneurysm_aortic.jpg" alt="Figure A shows a normal aorta. Figure B shows a thoracic aortic aneurysm, which is located behind the heart. Figure C shows an abdominal aortic aneurysm, which is located below the arteries that supply blood to the kidneys."></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d3e43"><h4>Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> that occurs in the abdominal portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is called an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a> (AAA). Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAAs</a>.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> are found more often now than in the past because of computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scans, or CT scans, done for other medical problems.</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAAs</a> rarely <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>. However, AAAs can grow very large without causing symptoms. Routine checkups and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for an AAA can help prevent growth and rupture.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d3e58"><h4>Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> that occurs in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> portion of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> (above the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> that helps you breathe) is called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a> (TAA).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TAAs</a> don't always cause symptoms, even when they're large. Only half of all people who have TAAs notice any symptoms. TAAs are found more often now than in the past because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scans</a> done for other medical problems.</p><p>With a common type of TAA, the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> weaken and a section close to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> enlarges. As a result, the valve between the heart and the aorta can't close properly. This allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to leak back into the heart.</p><p>A less common type of TAA can develop in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024394" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">upper back</a>, away from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. A TAA in this location may result from an injury to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as from a car crash.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d3e77"><h3>Other Types of Aneurysms</h3><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d3e80"><h4>Brain Aneurysms</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> are called cerebral (seh-RE-bral) aneurysms or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain aneurysms</a>. Brain aneurysms also are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">berry aneurysms</a> because they're often the size of a small berry.</p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062939/bin/aneurysm_cerebral.jpg" alt="The illustration shows a typical location of a brain aneurysm in the arteries that supply blood to the brain. The inset image shows a closeup view of the sac-like aneurysm."></div><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain aneurysms</a> cause no symptoms until they become large, begin to leak <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain aneurysm</a> can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d3e106"><h4>Peripheral Aneurysms</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> that occur in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> other than the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a> arteries are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023155" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral</a> (peh-RIF-eh-ral) aneurysms. Common locations for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral aneurysms</a> include the popliteal (pop-li-TE-al), femoral (FEM-o-ral), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid</a> (ka-ROT-id) arteries.</p><p>The popliteal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> run down the back of the thighs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029383" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">femoral arteries</a> are the main arteries in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> are the two main arteries on each side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral aneurysms</a> aren’t as likely to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissect as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots can form in peripheral aneurysms. If a blood clot breaks away from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>, it can block blood flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peripheral aneurysm</a> is large, it can press on a nearby <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> and cause pain, numbness, or swelling.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Aneurysm</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Abdominal aortic aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aortic aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Berry aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Brain aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024796" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cerebral aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Peripheral aneurysm</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thoracic aortic aneurysm</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes an Aneurysm?</h2><p>The force of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pushing against the walls of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> combined with damage or injury to the artery’s walls can cause an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>.</p><p>Many conditions and factors can damage and weaken the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. Examples include aging, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> is the hardening and narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> due to the buildup of a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak).</p><p>Rarely, infections—such as untreated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030414" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">syphilis</a> (a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030416" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sexually transmitted infection</a>)—can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. Aortic aneurysms also can occur as a result of diseases that inflame the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vas/">vasculitis</a> (vas-kyu-LI-tis).</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> also may play a role in causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>.</p><p>In addition to the factors above, certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysms</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TAAs</a>). Examples of these conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mar/">Marfan syndrome</a>, Loeys-Dietz syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (the vascular type), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024927" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Turner syndrome</a>.</p><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> conditions can weaken the body’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022672" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">connective tissues</a> and damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. People who have these conditions tend to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> at a younger age than other people. They’re also at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection.</p><p>Trauma, such as a car accident, also can damage the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">TAAs</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for other causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. For example, they’re looking for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mutations</a> (changes in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genes</a>) that may contribute to or cause aneurysms.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for an Aneurysm?</h2><p>Certain factors put you at higher risk for an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Male gender. Men are more likely than women to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Age. The risk for abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> increases as you get older. These aneurysms are more likely to occur in people who are aged 65 or older.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and weaken the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a>. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a> of aortic aneurysms are at higher risk for the condition, and they may have aneurysms before the age of 65.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> of the legs.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain diseases and conditions that weaken the walls of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Having a bicuspid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a> can raise the risk of having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a>. A bicuspid aortic valve has two leaflets instead of the typical three.</p><p>Car accidents or trauma also can injure the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and increase the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a>.</p><p>If you have any of these risk factors, talk with your doctor about whether you need screening for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of an Aneurysm?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> depend on the type and location of the aneurysm. Signs and symptoms also depend on whether the aneurysm has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> (burst) or is affecting other parts of the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> can develop and grow for years without causing any signs or symptoms. They often don't cause signs or symptoms until they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>, grow large enough to press on nearby body parts, or block <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d7e34"><h3>Abdominal Aortic Aneurysms</h3><p>Most abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">AAAs</a>) develop slowly over years. They often don't cause signs or symptoms unless they <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a>. If you have an AAA, your doctor may feel a throbbing mass while checking your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>.</p><p>When symptoms are present, they can include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A throbbing feeling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Deep pain in your back or the side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Steady, gnawing pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> that lasts for hours or days</div></li></ul><p>If an AAA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, symptoms may include sudden, severe pain in your lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> and back; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomiting</a>; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024803" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">constipation</a> and problems with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030552" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urination</a>; clammy, sweaty <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>; light-headedness; and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heart rate</a> when standing up.</p><p>Internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptured</a> AAA can send you into shock. Shock is a life-threatening condition in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> drops so low that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, and other vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> can't get enough blood to work well. Shock can be fatal if it’s not treated right away.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d7e65"><h3>Thoracic Aortic Aneurysms</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a> (TAA) may not cause symptoms until it dissects or grows large. If you have symptoms, they may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, back, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">Coughing</a> and/or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027099" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hoarseness</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath and/or trouble breathing or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027073" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">swallowing</a></div></li></ul><p>A dissection is a split in one or more layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> wall. The split causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> into and along the layers of the artery wall.</p><p>If a TAA <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a> or dissects, you may feel sudden, severe, sharp or stabbing pain starting in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024394" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">upper back</a> and moving down into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. You may have pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and you can quickly go into shock.</p><p>If you have any symptoms of TAA or aortic dissection, call 9–1–1. If left untreated, these conditions may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organ</a> damage or death.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is an Aneurysm Diagnosed?</h2><p>If you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> but no symptoms, your doctor may find it by chance during a routine physical exam. More often, doctors find <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> during tests done for other reasons, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024811" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal pain</a>.</p><p>If you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal aortic aneurysm</a> (AAA), your doctor may feel a throbbing mass in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. A rapidly growing aneurysm about to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst) can be tender and very painful when pressed. If you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, it may be hard for your doctor to feel even a large AAA.</p><p>If you have an AAA, your doctor may hear rushing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow instead of the normal whooshing sound when listening to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor may refer you to a cardiothoracic or vascular surgeon for diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>.</p><p>A cardiothoracic surgeon does <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, including the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. A vascular surgeon does surgery on the aorta and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, except those of the heart and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>To diagnose and study an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>, your doctor may recommend one or more of the following tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d8e56"><h4>Ultrasound and Echocardiography</h4><p>Ultrasound and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">echocardiography</a> (echo) are simple, painless tests that use sound waves to create pictures of the structures inside your body. These tests can show the size of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>, if one is found.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d8e66"><h4>Computed Tomography Scan</h4><p>A computed tomography scan, or CT scan, is a painless test that uses x rays to take clear, detailed pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>During the test, your doctor will inject dye into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. The dye makes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, including your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>, visible on the CT scan pictures.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend this test if he or she thinks you have an AAA or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024797" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracic aortic aneurysm</a> (TAA). A CT scan can show the size and shape of an aneurysm. This test provides more detailed pictures than an ultrasound or echo.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d8e81"><h4>Magnetic Resonance Imaging</h4><p>Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) uses magnets and radio waves to create pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures in your body. This test works well for detecting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> and pinpointing their size and exact location.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d8e90"><h4>Angiography</h4><p>Angiography (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the insides of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This test shows the amount of damage and blockage in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Aortic angiography shows the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a>. The test may show the location and size of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is an Aneurysm Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aortic aneurysms</a> are treated with medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. Small aneurysms that are found early and aren’t causing symptoms may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Other aneurysms need to be treated.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> from growing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or reversing damage to other body structures</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing or treating a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissection</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Allowing you to continue doing your normal daily activities</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> is based on its size. Your doctor may recommend routine testing to make sure an aneurysm isn't getting bigger. This method usually is used for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> that are smaller than 5 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030655" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">centimeters</a> (about 2 inches) across.</p><p>How often you need testing (for example, every few months or every year) is based on the size of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> and how fast it's growing. The larger it is and the faster it's growing, the more often you may need to be checked.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d9e56"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>If you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>, your doctor may prescribe medicines before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> or instead of surgery. Medicines are used to lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, relax <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, and lower the risk that the aneurysm will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Beta blockers</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a> are the medicines most commonly used.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d9e62"><h3>Surgery</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> is growing quickly or is at risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissection.</p><p>The two main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to repair <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> are open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> repair and endovascular repair.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d9e72"><h4>Open Abdominal or Open Chest Repair</h4><p>The standard and most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> is open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> repair. This surgery involves a major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022138" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">incision</a> (cut) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or chest.</p><p>General anesthesia (AN-es-THE-ze-ah) is used during this procedure. The term “anesthesia” refers to a loss of feeling and awareness. General anesthesia temporarily puts you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</p><p>During the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> is removed. Then, the section of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> is replaced with a graft made of material such as Dacron® or Teflon.® The surgery takes 3 to 6 hours; you’ll remain in the hospital for 5 to 8 days.</p><p>If needed, repair of the aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> also may be done during open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>It often takes a month to recover from open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> and return to full activity. Most patients make a full recovery.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec3-d9e97"><h4>Endovascular Repair</h4><p>In endovascular repair, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> isn't removed. Instead, a graft is inserted into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to strengthen it. Surgeons do this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> using <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheters</a> (tubes) inserted into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>; it doesn't require surgically opening the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. General anesthesia is used during this procedure.</p><p>The surgeon first inserts a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> into an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) and threads it to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>. Then, using an x ray to see the artery, the surgeon threads the graft (also called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> graft) into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> to the aneurysm.</p><p>The graft is then expanded inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022262" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aorta</a> and fastened in place to form a stable channel for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow. The graft reinforces the weakened section of the aorta. This helps prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupturing</a>.</p><div class="graphic left label"><img src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062939/bin/aneurysm_endovascular.jpg" alt="The illustration shows the placement of a stent graft in an aortic aneurysm. In figure A, a catheter is inserted into an artery in the groin (upper thigh). The catheter is threaded to the abdominal aorta, and the stent graft is released from the catheter. In figure B, the stent graft allows blood to flow through the aneurysm."></div><p>The recovery time for endovascular repair is less than the recovery time for open abdominal or open <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> repair. However, doctors can’t repair all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> with endovascular repair. The location or size of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> may prevent the use of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029850" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stent</a> graft.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can an Aneurysm Be Prevented?</h2><p>The best way to prevent an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a> is to avoid the factors that put you at higher risk for one. You can’t control all aortic aneurysm risk factors, but lifestyle changes can help you lower some risks.</p><p>For example, if you smoke, try to quit. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>. For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article.</p><p>Another important lifestyle change is following a healthy diet. A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains. It also includes lean meats, poultry, fish, beans, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk or milk products. A healthy diet is low in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018272" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">saturated fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site, <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart,"</a> and <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">"Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH."</a> All of these resources include general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Be as physically active as you can. Talk with your doctor about the amounts and types of physical activity that are safe for you. For more information about physical activity, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article and the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/phy_active.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to Physical Activity and Your Heart."</a> </p><p>Work with your doctor to control medical conditions such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a>. Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plans and take all of your medicines as your doctor prescribes.</p><div id="nhlbi-arm-sec2-d10e73"><h3>Screening for Aneurysms</h3><p>Although you may not be able to prevent an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>, early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aneurysms</a> can develop and grow large before causing any signs or symptoms. Thus, people who are at high risk for aneurysms may benefit from early, routine screening.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend routine screening if you’re:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A man between the ages of 65 and 75 who has ever smoked</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A man or woman between the ages of 65 and 75 who has a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a></div></li></ul><p>If you’re <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062939/#nhlbisec-atrisk">at risk</a>, but not in one of these high-risk groups, ask your doctor whether screening will benefit you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With an Aneurysm</h2><p>If you have an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysm</a>, following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan and having ongoing medical care are important. Early diagnosis and treatment can help prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and dissection.</p><p>Your doctor may advise you to avoid heavy lifting or physical exertion. If your job requires heavy lifting, you may be advised to change jobs.</p><p>Also, try to avoid emotional crises. Strong emotions can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> to rise, which increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> or dissection. Call your doctor if an emotional crisis occurs.</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to treat your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a>. Medicines can lower your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, relax your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, and lower the risk that the aneurysm will <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (burst). Take all of your medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>If you have a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysm</a> that isn’t causing pain, you may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a> can develop and grow large before causing any symptoms. Thus, people who are at high risk for aneurysms may benefit from early, routine screening.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. For example, this research has uncovered some of the causes of various diseases and conditions, as well as ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat them.</p><p>The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about various diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024794" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aneurysms</a>. For example, the NHLBI currently is supporting a study on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030139" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise therapy</a> and aneurysms. The study’s goal is to find out whether exercise can limit the growth of small abdominal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024795" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic aneurysms</a> in older adults.</p><p>Ongoing research often depends on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>. <a href="/pub |
June 11, 2014. | { "4": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 4, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
5 | 2018-02-02 05:03:57 | Angina | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-angina-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Angina?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> (an-JI-nuh or AN-juh-nuh) is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs if an area of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The pain also can occur in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> isn't a disease; it's a symptom of an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. Angina usually is a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD).</p><p>CHD is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease in adults. It occurs if a waxy substance called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up on the inner walls of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your heart.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e60" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e60" rid-ob="figobd1e60"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/bin/ather_lowres.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/bin/ather_lowres.jpg" alt="Plaque Buildup in an Artery."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e60"><h4 id="d1e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e60">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Plaque Buildup in an Artery. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. The inset image shows a cross-section of a normal artery. Figure B shows an artery with plaque buildup. The inset image shows a cross-section of an artery with plaque <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062934/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e60">(more...)</a></p></div></div><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows and stiffens the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This reduces the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain. Plaque buildup also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow, which can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> also can be a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). This is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the heart’s smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> doesn't create blockages in the arteries like it does in CHD.</p><p>Studies have shown that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> is more likely to affect women than men. Coronary MVD also is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac syndrome X</a> and nonobstructive CHD.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d1e82"><h3>Types of Angina</h3><p>The major types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> are stable, unstable, variant (Prinzmetal's), and microvascular. Knowing how the types differ is important. This is because they have different symptoms and require different <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d1e88"><h4>Stable Angina</h4><p>Stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> is the most common type of angina. It occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working harder than usual. Stable angina has a regular pattern. (“Pattern” refers to how often the angina occurs, how severe it is, and what factors trigger it.)</p><p>If you have stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, you can learn its pattern and predict when the pain will occur. The pain usually goes away a few minutes after you rest or take your angina medicine.</p><p>Stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> isn't a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>, but it suggests that a heart attack is more likely to happen in the future.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d1e101"><h4>Unstable Angina</h4><p>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> doesn't follow a pattern. It may occur more often and be more severe than stable angina. Unstable angina also can occur with or without physical exertion, and rest or medicine may not relieve the pain.</p><p>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> is very dangerous and requires emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. This type of angina is a sign that a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> may happen soon.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d1e110"><h4>Variant (Prinzmetal's) Angina</h4><p>Variant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> is rare. A spasm in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> causes this type of angina. Variant angina usually occurs while you're at rest, and the pain can be severe. It usually happens between midnight and early morning. Medicine can relieve this type of angina.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d1e116"><h4>Microvascular Angina</h4><p>Microvascular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> can be more severe and last longer than other types of angina. Medicine may not relieve this type of angina.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d1e123"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Experts believe that nearly 7 million people in the United States suffer from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. The condition occurs equally among men and women.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> can be a sign of CHD, even if initial tests don't point to the disease. However, not all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort is a sign of CHD.</p><p>Other conditions also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">Pulmonary embolism</a> (a blockage in a lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic dissection (tearing of a major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aortic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028125" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stenosis</a> (narrowing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022267" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aortic valve</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy</a> (KAR-de-o-mi-OP-ah-thee; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> disease)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-peri/">Pericarditis</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> that surround the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024923" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">panic attack</a></div></li></ul><p>All <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain should be checked by a doctor.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Angina</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022583" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Acute</a> coronary syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina pectoris</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary artery</a> spasms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Microvascular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prinzmetal's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stable or common <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Variant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Angina?</h2><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d4e28"><h3>Underlying Causes</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> usually is a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). This means that the underlying causes of angina generally are the same as the underlying causes of CHD.</p><p>Research suggests that CHD starts when certain factors damage the inner layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> may begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. When plaque builds up in the arteries, the condition is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atherosclerosis/">atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows or blocks the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>, reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Some plaque is hard and stable and causes the arteries to become narrow and stiff. This can greatly reduce blood flow to the heart and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>.</p><p>Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> is soft and more likely to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open) and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Blood clots can partially or totally block the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d4e81"><h3>Immediate Causes</h3><p>Many factors can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> pain, depending on the type of angina you have.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d4e87"><h4>Stable Angina</h4><p>Physical exertion is the most common trigger of stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. Severely narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> may allow enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to reach the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> when the demand for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> is low, such as when you're sitting.</p><p>However, with physical exertion—like walking up a hill or climbing stairs—the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> works harder and needs more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p>Other triggers of stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to very hot or cold temperatures</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Heavy meals</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d4e115"><h4>Unstable Angina</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots that partially or totally block an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> cause unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> in an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ruptures</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots may form. This creates a blockage. A clot may grow large enough to completely block the artery and cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. For more information, go to the animation in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes a Heart Attack?"</a> </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots may form, partially dissolve, and later form again. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> can occur each time a clot blocks an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d4e130"><h4>Variant Angina</h4><p>A spasm in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery</a> causes variant <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. The spasm causes the walls of the artery to tighten and narrow. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> slows or stops. Variant angina can occur in people who have CHD and in those who don’t.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> can spasm as a result of:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Exposure to cold</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines that tighten or narrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cocaine</a> use</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d4e158"><h4>Microvascular Angina</h4><p>This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> may be a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary MVD</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease that affects the heart’s smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>Reduced <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow in the small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> may cause microvascular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> in the arteries, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> spasms, or damaged or diseased artery walls can reduce blood flow through the small coronary arteries.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Angina?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is a symptom of an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem. It’s usually a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), but it also can be a symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). So, if you’re at risk for CHD or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, you’re also at risk for angina.</p><p>The major risk factors for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy cholesterol levels</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. (The risk increases for men after 45 years of age and for women after 55 years of age.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</div></li></ul><p>For more detailed information about CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> risk factors, visit the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary Heart Disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">Coronary Heart Disease Risk Factors</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">Coronary Microvascular Disease</a> articles.</p><p>People sometimes think that because men have more <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> than women, men also suffer from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> more often. In fact, overall, angina occurs equally among men and women.</p><p>Microvascular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, however, occurs more often in women. About 70 percent of the cases of microvascular angina occur in women around the time of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">menopause</a>.</p><p>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> occurs more often in older adults. Variant angina is rare; it accounts for only about 2 out of 100 cases of angina. People who have variant angina often are younger than those who have other forms of angina.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Angina?</h2><p>Pain and discomfort are the main symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. Angina often is described as pressure, squeezing, burning, or tightness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The pain or discomfort usually starts <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">behind</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025647" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breastbone</a>.</p><p>Pain from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> also can occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, or back. The pain may feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. Some people say that angina pain is hard to describe or that they can't tell exactly where the pain is coming from.</p><p>Signs and symptoms such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), shortness of breath, sweating, light-headedness, and weakness also may occur.</p><p>Women are more likely to feel discomfort in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, or back. Shortness of breath is more common in older people and those who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>. Weakness, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and confusion can mask the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> in elderly people.</p><p>Symptoms also vary based on the type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> you have.</p><p>Because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> has so many possible symptoms and causes, all <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain should be checked by a doctor. Chest pain that lasts longer than a few minutes and isn't relieved by rest or angina medicine may be a sign of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. Call 9–1–1 right away.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Stable Angina</h3><p>The pain or discomfort:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Occurs when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> must work harder, usually during physical exertion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Doesn't come as a surprise, and episodes of pain tend to be alike</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usually lasts a short time (5 minutes or less)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Is relieved by rest or medicine</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May feel like gas or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain that spreads to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, back, or other areas</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d6e81"><h3>Unstable Angina</h3><p>The pain or discomfort:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Often occurs at rest, while sleeping at night, or with little physical exertion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Comes as a surprise</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Is more severe and lasts longer than stable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> (as long as 30 minutes)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usually isn’t relieved by rest or medicine</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May get worse over time</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May mean that a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> will happen soon</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d6e110"><h3>Variant Angina</h3><p>The pain or discomfort:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Usually occurs at rest and during the night or early morning hours</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tends to be severe</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Is relieved by medicine</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d6e128"><h3>Microvascular Angina</h3><p>The pain or discomfort:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May be more severe and last longer than other types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>May occur with shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a>, and lack of energy</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Often is first noticed during routine daily activities and times of mental <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a></div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Angina Diagnosed?</h2><p>The most important issues to address when you go to the doctor with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What's causing the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Whether you're having or are about to have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> </div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is a symptom of an underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem, usually <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD). The type of angina pain you have can be a sign of how severe the CHD is and whether it's likely to cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, your doctor will want to find out whether it's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. He or she also will want to know whether the angina is stable or unstable. If it's unstable, you may need emergency medical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to try to prevent a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain as stable or unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, your doctor will do a physical exam, ask about your symptoms, and ask about your risk factors for and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of CHD or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask questions about your symptoms, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What brings on the pain or discomfort and what relieves it?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>What does the pain or discomfort feel like (for example, heaviness or tightness)?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How often does the pain occur?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Where do you feel the pain or discomfort?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How severe is the pain or discomfort?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long does the pain or discomfort last?</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d7e80"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>If your doctor thinks that you have unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or that your angina is related to a serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> condition, he or she may recommend one or more tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e86"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>’s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage due to CHD and signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>. However, some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> have normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e99"><h4>Stress Testing</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can’t exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working hard and beating fast, it needs more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a>-narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> can't supply enough oxygen-rich blood to meet your heart's needs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> can show possible signs and symptoms of CHD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm or your heart's electrical activity</div></li></ul><p>As part of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress tests</a>, pictures are taken of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and while you rest. These imaging stress tests can show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing in various parts of your heart. They also can show how well your heart pumps blood when it beats.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e130"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray can reveal signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>. It also can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disorders</a> and other causes of symptoms not related to CHD. However, a chest x ray alone is not enough to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> or CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e148"><h4>Coronary Angiography and Cardiac Catheterization</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">coronary angiography</a> (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) if he or she suspects you have CHD. This test uses dye and special x rays to show the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>.</p><p>To get the dye into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, your doctor will use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-ih-ZA-shun).</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. The tube is threaded into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>, and the dye is released into your bloodstream.</p><p>Special x rays are taken while the dye is flowing through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. The dye lets your doctor study the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiac</a> catheterization usually is done in a hospital. You're awake during the procedure. It usually causes little or no pain, although you may feel some soreness in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> where your doctor inserts the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e173"><h4>Computed Tomography Angiography</h4><p>Computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) angiography (CTA) uses dye and special x rays to show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. This test is less invasive than coronary angiography with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> catheterization.</p><p>For CTA, a needle connected to an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>. Dye is injected through the IV line during the scan. You may have a warm feeling when this happens. The dye highlights your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> on the CT scan pictures.</p><p>Sticky patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> are put on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The patches are attached to an EKG machine to record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity during the scan.</p><p>The CT scanner is a large machine that has a hollow, circular tube in the middle. You lie on your back on a sliding table. The table slowly slides into the opening of the machine.</p><p>Inside the scanner, an x-ray tube moves around your body to take pictures of different parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. A computer puts the pictures together to make a three-dimensional (3D) picture of the whole heart.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec3-d7e192"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Abnormal levels may show that you have risk factors for CHD.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> to check the level of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called C-reactive protein (CRP) in your blood. Some studies suggest that high levels of CRP in the blood may increase the risk for CHD and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> to check for low levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin) in your blood. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. It helps the blood cells carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to all parts of your body. If your hemoglobin level is low, you may have a condition called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> (uh-NEE-me-uh).</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Angina Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> include lifestyle changes, medicines, medical procedures, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rehab/">cardiac rehabilitation</a> (rehab), and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>. The main goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce pain and discomfort and how often it occurs</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent or lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> and death by treating your underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> condition</div></li></ul><p>Lifestyle changes and medicines may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> needed if your symptoms are mild and aren't getting worse. If lifestyle changes and medicines don't control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, you may need medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029877" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac rehab</a>.</p><p>Unstable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> is an emergency condition that requires <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital.</p><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d8e53"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes can help prevent episodes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. You can:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Slow down or take rest breaks if physical exertion triggers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid large meals and rich foods that leave you feeling stuffed if heavy meals trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Try to avoid situations that make you upset or stressed if emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> triggers <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. Learn ways to handle stress that can't be avoided.</div></li></ul><p>You also can make lifestyle changes that help lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>. One of the most important changes is to quit smoking. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise your risk for CHD. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s (NHLBI’s) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Your Guide to a Healthy Heart."</a> </p><p>Following a healthy diet is another important lifestyle change. A healthy diet can prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a> and help you maintain a healthy weight.</p><p>A healthy diet includes a variety of fruits and vegetables (including beans and peas). It also includes whole grains, lean meats, poultry without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, seafood, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>-free or low-fat milk and dairy products. A healthy diet also is low in sodium (salt), added <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugars</a>, solid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, and refined grains.</p><p>For more information about following a healthy diet, go to the NHLBI’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/hbp/dash/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">“Your Guide to Lowering Your Blood Pressure With DASH”</a> and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s ChooseMyPlate.gov Web site. Both resources provide general information about healthy eating.</p><p>Other important lifestyle changes include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being physically active. Check with your doctor to find out how much and what kinds of activity are safe for you. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">Physical Activity and Your Heart</a> article.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Maintaining a healthy weight. If you’re <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">overweight or obese</a>, work with your doctor to create a reasonable weight-loss plan. Controlling your weight helps you control <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hd/">CHD risk factors</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Taking all medicines as your doctor prescribes, especially if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-angina-sec2-d8e140"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Nitrates are the medicines most commonly used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. They relax and widen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. This allows more blood to flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, while reducing the heart’s workload.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nitroglycerin</a> (NI-tro-GLIS-er-in) is the most commonly used nitrate for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>. Nitroglycerin that dissolves under your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022322" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tongue</a> or between your cheek and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gum</a> is used to relieve angina episodes.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001281" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nitroglycerin</a> pills and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> patches are used to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a> episodes. However, pills and skin patches act too slowly to relieve pain during an angina <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>.</p><p>Other medicines also are used to treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025472" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ACE inhibitors</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025395" ref="pag |
June 11, 2014. | { "5": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 5, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
6 | 2018-02-02 05:04:15 | Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-aps-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</h2><p>Antiphospholipid (AN-te-fos-fo-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LIP</a>-id) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> syndrome (APS) is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a> occur if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> and damage <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antibodies</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a>. They usually help defend the body against infections. In APS, however, the body makes antibodies that mistakenly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phospholipids</a>—a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>. </p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Phospholipids</a> are found in all living <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> membranes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells and the lining of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>When <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phospholipids</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> are damaged. This damage causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. (These are the vessels that carry blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and body.)</p><p>Usually, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> is a normal bodily process. Blood clots help seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls. This prevents you from losing too much blood. In APS, however, too much blood clotting can block blood flow and damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d1e55"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Some people have APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, but don't ever have signs or symptoms of the disorder. Having APS antibodies doesn't mean that you have APS. To be diagnosed with APS, you must have APS antibodies and a history of health problems related to the disorder.</p><p>APS can lead to many health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a> (throm-BO-sis), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a> (PULL-mun-ary EM-bo-lizm).</p><p>APS also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems, such as multiple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a> late in pregnancy, or a premature birth due to eclampsia (ek-LAMP-se-ah). (Eclampsia, which follows preeclampsia, is a serious condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a> in pregnant women.)</p><p>Very rarely, some people who have APS develop many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots within weeks or months. This condition is called catastrophic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antiphospholipid syndrome</a> (CAPS).</p><p>People who have APS also are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thcp/">thrombocytopenia</a> (THROM-bo-si-to-PE-ne-ah). This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antibodies</a> destroy the platelets, or they’re used up during the clotting process. Mild to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> can occur with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>.</p><p>APS can be fatal. Death may occur as a result of large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots or blood clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d1e98"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>APS can affect people of any age. However, it's more common in women and people who have other autoimmune or rheumatic (ru-MAT-ik) disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. ("Rheumatic" refers to disorders that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.)</p><p>APS has no cure, but medicines can help prevent its complications. Medicines are used to stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming. They also are used to keep existing clots from getting larger. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for APS is long term.</p><p>If you have APS and another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>, it's important to control that condition as well. When the other condition is controlled, APS may cause fewer problems.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anticardiolipin antibody syndrome</a>, or aCL syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>aPL syndrome</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Hughes syndrome</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lupus anticoagulant syndrome</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) occurs if the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a>) that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">phospholipids</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Phospholipids</a> are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a> found in all living <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> membranes, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells and the lining of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. Researchers don’t know what causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> to make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> against phospholipids.</p><p>APS causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form in the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a>. Usually, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a> is a normal bodily process. It helps seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls. Clotting prevents you from losing too much blood. In APS, however, too much clotting can block blood flow and damage the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><p>Researchers don't know why APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots to form. Some believe that the antibodies damage or affect the inner lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, which causes clotting. Others believe that the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> makes antibodies in response to blood clots damaging the blood vessels.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) can affect people of any age. The disorder is more common in women than men, but it affects both sexes.</p><p>APS also is more common in people who have other autoimmune or rheumatic disorders, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. ("Rheumatic" refers to disorders that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>.)</p><p>About 10 percent of all people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> also have APS. About half of all people who have APS also have another autoimmune or rheumatic disorder.</p><p>Some people have APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, but don't ever have signs or symptoms of the disorder. Having APS antibodies doesn't mean that you have APS. To be diagnosed with APS, you must have APS antibodies and a history of health problems related to the disorder.</p><p>However, people who have APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> without signs or symptoms are at risk of developing APS. Health problems, other than <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>, that can trigger <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Smoking</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prolonged bed rest</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a> and the postpartum period</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Birth control pills and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cancer</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) are related to abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. The outcome of a blood clot depends on its size and location.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can form in, or travel to, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">veins</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a>. Clots can reduce or block blood flow, damaging the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and possibly causing death.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Major Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Major signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain and shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain, redness, warmth, and swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Speech changes</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Upper body discomfort in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, back, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>)</div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> clots can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>.</p><p>Pregnant women who have APS are at higher risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>, stillbirths, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems, such as preeclampsia.</p><p>Preeclampsia is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> that occurs during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>. This condition may progress to eclampsia. Eclampsia is a serious condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a> in pregnant women.</p><p>Some people who have APS may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thcp/">thrombocytopenia</a>. This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>.</p><p>Mild to serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> causes the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thcp/#nhlbisec-signs">signs and symptoms</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. Bleeding can occur inside the body (internal bleeding) or underneath the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or from the surface of the skin (external bleeding).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d6e100"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p>Other signs and symptoms of APS include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (ongoing) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, memory loss, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problems. Some people who have APS also get a lacy-looking red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rash</a> on their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023104" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">wrists</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">knees</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) based on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> and the results from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>A hematologist often is involved in the care of people who have APS. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p><p>You may have APS and another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. If so, a doctor who specializes in that disorder also may provide <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a> that occur with APS also affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022450" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">joints</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024683" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Rheumatologists</a> specialize in treating these types of disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d7e47"><h3>Medical History</h3><p>Some people have APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> but no signs or symptoms of the disorder. Having APS antibodies doesn't mean that you have APS. To be diagnosed with APS, you must have APS antibodies and a history of health problems related to the disorder.</p><p>APS can lead to many health problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney</a> damage, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-dvt/">deep vein thrombosis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pe/">pulmonary embolism</a>.</p><p>APS also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems, such as multiple <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriages</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">miscarriage</a> late in pregnancy, or a premature birth due to eclampsia. (Eclampsia, which follows preeclampsia, is a serious condition that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">seizures</a> in pregnant women.)</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d7e77"><h3>Blood Tests</h3><p>Your doctor can use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> to confirm a diagnosis of APS. These tests check your blood for any of the three APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>: anticardiolipin, beta-2 <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023304" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">glycoprotein</a> I (β2GPI), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus anticoagulant</a>.</p><p>The term "anticoagulant" (AN-te-ko-AG-u-lant) refers to a substance that prevents <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. It may seem odd that one of the APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a> is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022036" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus anticoagulant</a>. The reason for this is because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibody</a> slows clotting in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029891" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lab tests</a>. However, in the human body, it increases the risk of blood clotting.</p><p>To test for APS <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>, a small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> sample is taken. It's often drawn from a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> using a needle. The procedure usually is quick and easy, but it may cause some short-term discomfort and a slight bruise.</p><p>You may need a second <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a> to confirm positive results. This is because a single positive test can result from a short-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. The second blood test often is done 12 weeks or more after the first one.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) has no cure. However, medicines can help prevent complications. The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> are to prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming and keep existing clots from getting larger.</p><p>You may have APS and another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorder</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a>. If so, it's important to control that condition as well. When the other condition is controlled, APS may cause fewer problems.</p><p>Research is ongoing for new ways to treat APS.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Anticoagulants, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners," are used to stop blood clots from forming. They also may keep existing blood clots from getting larger. These medicines are taken as either a pill, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> under the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, or through a needle or tube inserted into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a>, or IV, injection).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Warfarin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> are two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners used to treat APS. Warfarin is given in pill form. (Coumadin® is a common brand name for warfarin.) Heparin is given as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> or through an IV tube. There are different types of heparin. Your doctor will discuss the options with you.</p><p>Your doctor may treat you with both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> at the same time. Heparin acts quickly. Warfarin takes 2 to 3 days before it starts to work. Once the warfarin starts to work, the heparin is stopped.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aspirin</a> also thins the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and helps prevent blood clots. Sometimes aspirin is used with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a>. Other times, aspirin might be used alone.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> thinners don't prevent APS. They simply reduce the risk of further <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood clotting</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> with these medicines is long term. Discuss all treatment options with your doctor.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec3-d8e62"><h4>Side Effects</h4><p>The most common side effect of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. This happens if the medicine thins your blood too much. This side effect can be life threatening.</p><p>Sometimes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> is internal (inside your body). People treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners usually need regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a>, called PT and PTT tests, to check how well their blood is clotting.</p><p>These tests also show whether you're taking the right amount of medicine. Your doctor will check to make sure that you're taking enough medicine to prevent clots, but not so much that it causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about the warning signs of internal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> and when to seek emergency care. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062937/#nhlbisec-livingwith">"Living With Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome."</a>)</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d8e81"><h3>Treatment During Pregnancy</h3><p>Pregnant women who have APS can have successful <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancies</a>. With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, these women are more likely to carry their babies to term.</p><p>Pregnant women who have APS usually are treated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a> or heparin and low-dose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Warfarin</a> is not used as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a> because it can harm the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p><p>Babies whose mothers have APS are at higher risk for slowed growth while in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022603" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">womb</a>. If you're pregnant and have APS, you may need to have extra ultrasound tests (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029832" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sonograms</a>) to check your baby’s growth. An ultrasound test uses sound waves to look at the growing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d8e94"><h3>Treatment for Other Medical Conditions</h3><p>People who have APS are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombocytopenia</a>. This is a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. Platelets help the blood clot.</p><p>If you have APS, you'll need regular <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/bdt/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">complete blood counts</a> (a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood test</a>) to count the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Thrombocytopenia</a> is treated with medicines and medical procedures. For more information, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thcp/">Thrombocytopenia</a> article.</p><p>If you have other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, work with your doctor to manage them.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015640" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome</a> (APS) has no cure. However, you can take steps to control the disorder and prevent complications.</p><p>Take all medicines as your doctor prescribes and get ongoing medical care. Talk with your doctor about healthy lifestyle changes and any concerns you have.</p><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d9e34"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>You may need to take anticoagulants, or "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> thinners," to prevent blood clots or to keep them from getting larger. You should take these medicines exactly as your doctor prescribes.</p><p>Tell your doctor about all other medicines you're taking, including over-the-counter or herbal medicines. Some medicines, including over-the-counter <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000915" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibuprofen</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>, can thin your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Your doctor may not want you to take two medicines that thin your blood because of the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>Women who have APS shouldn't use birth control or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> that contains <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023144" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">estrogen</a>. Estrogen increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots. Talk with your doctor about other options.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d9e47"><h3>Ongoing Medical Care</h3><p>If you have APS, getting regular medical checkups is important. Have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> done as your doctor directs. These tests help track how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is clotting.</p><p>The medicines used to treat APS increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Bleeding might occur inside your body (internal bleeding) or underneath the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or from the surface of the skin (external bleeding). Know the warning signs of bleeding, so you can get help right away. They include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Increased menstrual flow</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vomit</a> or vomit that looks like coffee grounds</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Bright red <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in your stools or black, tarry stools</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pain in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or severe pain in your head</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden changes in vision</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden loss of movement in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">limbs</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Memory loss or confusion</div></li></ul><p>A lot of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fall</a> or injury or easy bruising or bleeding also might mean that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is too thin. Ask your doctor about these warning signs and when to seek emergency care.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d9e91"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Talk with your doctor about lifestyle changes that can help you stay healthy. Ask him or her whether your diet may affect your medicines. Some foods or drinks may increase or decrease the effects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a>.</p><p>Ask your doctor what amount of alcohol is safe for you to drink if you're taking medicine. If you smoke, talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit. Smoking can damage your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> and raise your risk for many health problems.</p><p>APS medicines might increase your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Thus, your doctor may advise you to avoid activities that have a high risk of injury, such as some contact sports.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec2-d9e103"><h3>Other Concerns</h3><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec3-d9e107"><h4>Pregnancy</h4><p>APS can raise the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pregnancy</a>-related problems. Talk with your doctor about how to manage your APS if you're pregnant or planning a pregnancy.</p><p>With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, women who have APS are more likely to carry babies to term than women whose APS isn't treated.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aps-sec3-d9e116"><h4>Surgery</h4><p>If you need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may adjust your medicines before, during, and after the surgery to prevent dangerous <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you may gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to APS, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-aps-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "6": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 6, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
7 | 2018-02-02 05:04:28 | Aplastic Anemia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-aplastic-sec1-d1e35_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Aplastic Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> (a-PLAS-tik uh-NEE-me-uh) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder in which the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> doesn't make enough new blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Bone marrow is a sponge-like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> inside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>. It makes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> that develop into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets).</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Red blood cells</a> carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to all parts of your body. They also carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste product) to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to be exhaled. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> help your body fight infections. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> are blood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments that stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>.</p><p>It's normal for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> to die. The lifespan of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> is about 120 days. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> live less than a day. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> live about 6 days. As a result, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> must constantly make new blood cells.</p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> can't make enough new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>, many health problems can occur. These problems include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs), an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, infections, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> can even cause death.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d1e57"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> is a type of <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/health-topics/topics/anemia/" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">anemia</a>. The term "anemia" usually refers to a condition in which your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> has a lower than normal number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. Anemia also can occur if your red blood cells don't contain enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> (HEE-muh-glow-bin). This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> helps carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your body.</p><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a>. This is because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> are damaged. (Aplastic anemia also is called bone marrow failure.)</p><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a>. These conditions can be acquired or inherited. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition to you.</p><p>In many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the cause is unknown.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d1e75"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> is a rare but serious disorder. It can develop suddenly or slowly. The disorder tends to get worse over time, unless its cause is found and treated. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for aplastic anemia include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a>, and medicines.</p><p>With prompt and proper care, many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> can be successfully treated. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants may offer a cure for some people who have aplastic anemia.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Aplastic Anemia?</h2><p>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>'s <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. When stem cells are damaged, they don't grow into healthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells.</p><p>The cause of the damage can be acquired or inherited. "Acquired" means you aren't born with the condition, but you develop it. "Inherited" means your parents passed the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025048" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gene</a> for the condition to you.</p><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> is more common, and sometimes it's only temporary. Inherited aplastic anemia is rare.</p><p>In many people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the cause is unknown. Some research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> damage may occur because the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> by mistake.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d3e41"><h3>Acquired Causes</h3><p>Many diseases, conditions, and factors can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, including:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Toxins</a>, such as pesticides, arsenic, and benzene.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiation and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000378" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chloramphenicol</a> (an antibiotic rarely used in the United States).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Infectious diseases</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027053" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hepatitis</a>, Epstein-Barr virus, cytomegalovirus (si-to-MEG-ah-lo-VI-rus), parvovirus B19, and HIV.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Autoimmune disorders</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024510" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lupus</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rheumatoid arthritis</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023077" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pregnancy</a>. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> that occurs during pregnancy often goes away after delivery.)</div></li></ul><p>Sometimes, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> from another part of the body can spread to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> and cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d3e72"><h3>Inherited Causes</h3><p>Certain inherited conditions can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-fanconi/">Fanconi anemia</a>, Shwachman-Diamond syndrome, dyskeratosis (DIS-ker-ah-TO-sis) congenita, and Diamond-Blackfan anemia.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Aplastic Anemia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> is a rare but serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorder. People of all ages can develop aplastic anemia. However, it's most common in adolescents, young adults, and the elderly. Men and women are equally likely to have aplastic anemia.</p><p>The disorder is two to three times more common in Asian countries.</p><p>Your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> is higher if you:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have been exposed to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have taken certain medicines or had radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Have certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023003" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infectious diseases</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022033" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">autoimmune disorders</a>, or inherited conditions</div></li></ul><p>For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062936/#nhlbisec-causes">"What Causes Aplastic Anemia?"</a> </p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Aplastic Anemia?</h2><p>Lower than normal numbers of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> cause most of the signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d5e31"><h3>Signs and Symptoms of Low Blood Cell Counts</h3><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d5e34"><h4>Red Blood Cells</h4><p>The most common symptom of a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>). A lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> in the blood causes fatigue. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. It helps carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body.</p><p>A low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> count also can cause shortness of breath; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, especially when standing up; <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>; coldness in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet; pale <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>; and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain.</p><p>If you don't have enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a>-carrying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> has to work harder to move the reduced amount of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your blood. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeats</a>), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a>, an enlarged heart, or even <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d5e56"><h4>White Blood Cells</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">White blood cells</a> help fight infections. Signs and symptoms of a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> count include fevers, frequent infections that can be severe, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a>-like illnesses that linger.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d5e62"><h4>Platelets</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Platelets</a> stick together to seal small cuts or breaks on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> walls and stop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>. People who have low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> counts tend to bruise and bleed easily, and the bleeding may be hard to stop.</p><p>Common types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> associated with a low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelet</a> count include nosebleeds, bleeding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023265" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gums</a>, pinpoint red spots on the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022950" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stool</a>. Women also may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024649" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heavy menstrual bleeding</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d5e72"><h3>Other Signs and Symptoms</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Aplastic anemia</a> can cause signs and symptoms that aren't directly related to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cell counts</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rashes</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d5e78"><h3>Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria</h3><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cell</a> disorder called paroxysmal (par-ok-SIZ-mal) nocturnal hemoglobinuria (HE-mo-glo-bi-NOO-re-ah), or PNH. Most people who have PNH don't have any signs or symptoms.</p><p>If symptoms do occur, they may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Swelling or pain in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> or swelling in the legs caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">urine</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Headaches</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022140" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Jaundice</a> (a yellowish color of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> or whites of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a>)</div></li></ul><p>In people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> and PNH, either condition can develop first.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Aplastic Anemia Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Once your doctor knows the cause and severity of the condition, he or she can create a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan for you.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d6e34"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If your primary care doctor thinks you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, he or she may refer you to a hematologist. A hematologist is a doctor who specializes in treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d6e41"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask questions about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, such as whether:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-anemia/">anemia</a> or a condition that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headaches</a>, or other signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've been exposed to certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxins</a> or medicines</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had radiation or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had infections or signs of infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You bruise or bleed easily</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may ask whether any of your family members have had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> disorders.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d6e75"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a physical exam to check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. He or she will try to find out how severe the disorder is and what's causing it.</p><p>The exam may include checking for pale or yellowish <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Your doctor may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for abnormal heartbeats and breathing sounds. He or she also may feel your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a> to check the size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">liver</a> and feel your legs for swelling.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d6e85"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Many tests are used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. These tests help:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confirm a diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, look for its cause, and find out how severe it is</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rule out other conditions that may cause similar symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022336" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria</a> (PNH)</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d6e103"><h4>Complete Blood Count</h4><p>Often, the first test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/#nhlbisec-types">complete blood count</a> (CBC). The CBC measures many parts of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>This test checks your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022015" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hemoglobin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021986" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hematocrit</a> (hee-MAT-oh-crit) levels. Hemoglobin is an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022010" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">iron</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. It carries <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to the body. Hematocrit is a measure of how much space red blood cells take up in your blood. A low level of hemoglobin or hematocrit is a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p><p>The normal range of these levels varies in certain racial and ethnic populations. Your doctor can explain your test results to you.</p><p>The CBC also checks the number of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cells</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> in your blood. Abnormal results may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, or another condition.</p><p>Finally, the CBC looks at mean corpuscular (kor-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024835" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">PUS</a>-kyu-lar) volume (MCV). MCV is a measure of the average size of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a>. The results may be a clue as to the cause of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d6e125"><h4>Reticulocyte Count</h4><p>A reticulocyte (re-TIK-u-lo-site) count measures the number of young <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022014" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">red blood cells</a> in your blood. The test shows whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is making red blood cells at the correct rate. People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> have low reticulocyte levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d6e132"><h4>Bone Marrow Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmt/">Bone marrow tests</a> show whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> is healthy and making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. The two bone marrow tests are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> (as-pih-RA-shun) and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022958" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">biopsy</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> might be done to find out if and why your bone marrow isn't making enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. For this test, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow fluid through a needle. The sample is looked at under a microscope to check for faulty cells.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow biopsy</a> might be done at the same time as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030172" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspiration</a> or afterward. For this test, your doctor removes a small amount of bone marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> through a needle.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> is checked for the number and types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a>. In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, the bone marrow has a lower than normal number of all three types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> cells.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d6e149"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other conditions can cause symptoms similar to those of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. Thus, other tests might be needed to rule out those conditions. These tests may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>X ray, computed tomography (CT) scan, or an ultrasound <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022767" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">imaging test</a>. These tests can show enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022179" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lymph nodes</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>. Enlarged lymph nodes may be a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. Doctors also may use these tests to look at the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a>, which are sometimes abnormal in young people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-fanconi/">Fanconi anemia</a>. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">Chest x ray</a>. This test creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray may be used to rule out infections.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Liver</a> tests and viral studies. These tests are used to check for liver diseases and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022086" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viruses</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Tests that check <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012653" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin B12</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022009" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">folate</a> levels in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. These tests can help rule out <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> caused by vitamin deficiency.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood tests</a> for PNH and to check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022035" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">antibodies</a>. (Antibodies in the immune system that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.)</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Aplastic Anemia Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bt/">blood transfusions</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bmsct/">blood and marrow stem cell transplants</a>, and medicines. These treatments can prevent or limit complications, relieve symptoms, and improve quality of life.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants may cure the disorder in some people who are eligible for a transplant. Removing a known cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, such as exposure to a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030685" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">toxin</a>, also may cure the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d7e40"><h3>Who Needs Treatment</h3><p>People who have mild or moderate <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> as long as the condition doesn't get worse. People who have severe aplastic anemia need medical treatment right away to prevent complications.</p><p>People who have very severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> need emergency medical care in a hospital. Very severe aplastic anemia can be fatal if it's not treated right away.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d7e50"><h3>Blood Transfusions</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> can help keep <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cell counts</a> at acceptable levels. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a> is a common procedure in which blood is given to you through an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022191" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intravenous</a> (IV) line in one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Transfusions</a> require careful matching of donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> with the recipient's blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood transfusions</a> help relieve the symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, but they're not a permanent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d7e62"><h3>Blood and Marrow Stem Cell Transplants</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant replaces damaged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> with healthy ones from another person (a donor).</p><p>During the transplant, which is like a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusion</a>, you get donated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cells</a> through a tube placed in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Once the stem cells are in your body, they travel to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> and begin making new blood cells.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants may cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> in people who can have this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. The transplant works best in children and young adults with severe aplastic anemia who are in good health and who have matched donors.</p><p>Older people may be less able to handle the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> needed to prepare the body for the transplant. They're also more likely to have complications after the transplant.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, talk with your doctor about whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplant is an option for you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d7e81"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, your doctor may prescribe medicines to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stimulate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Suppress your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent and treat infections</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d7e100"><h4>Medicines To Stimulate Bone Marrow</h4><p>Man-made versions of substances that occur naturally in the body can stimulate the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. Examples of these types of medicines include erythropoietin and colony-stimulating factors.</p><p>These medicines have some risks. You and your doctor will work together to decide whether the benefits of these medicines outweigh the risks. If this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> works well, it can help you avoid the need for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d7e109"><h4>Medicines To Suppress the Immune System</h4><p>Research suggests that <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> may sometimes occur because the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> attacks its own <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> by mistake. For this reason, your doctor may prescribe medicines to suppress your immune system.</p><p>These medicines allow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> to start making <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> again. They also may help you avoid the need for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029754" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood transfusions</a>.</p><p>Medicines that suppress the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> don't cure <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. However, they can relieve its symptoms and reduce complications. These medicines often are used for people who can't have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and marrow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022023" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stem cell</a> transplants or who are waiting for transplants.</p><p>Three medicines—often given together—can suppress the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a>. They are antithymocyte globulin (ATG), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000494" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cyclosporine</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001175" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">methylprednisolone</a>.</p><p>It may take a few months to notice the effects of these medicines. Most often, as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cell counts</a> rise, symptoms lessen. Blood cell counts in people who respond well to these medicines usually don't reach normal levels. However, the blood cell counts often are high enough to allow people to do their normal activities.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> may need long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with these medicines.</p><p>Medicines that suppress the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> can have side effects. They also may increase the risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024326" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">leukemia</a> (lu-KE-me-ah) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">myelodysplasia</a> (MI-e-lo-dis-PLA-ze-ah; MDS). Leukemia is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a>. MDS is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone marrow</a> makes too many faulty blood cells.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec3-d7e135"><h4>Medicines To Prevent and Treat Infections</h4><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>, you might be at risk for infections due to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> counts. Your doctor may prescribe antibiotic and antiviral medicines to prevent and treat infections.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Aplastic Anemia</h2><p>With prompt and proper care, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> can be successfully treated, and some may be cured.</p><p>Most people who have the disorder are able to go back to their normal routines after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. However, it may take some time to get good results from treatment. You may need repeated <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, or you may need to try several treatments to find one that works.</p><p>Get ongoing medical care to make sure the disorder doesn't worsen and to check for possible complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d8e37"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> may cause side effects or complications. Talk with your doctor about how to cope with these issues.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> might be at higher risk for infections due to low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022046" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">white blood cell</a> counts. Ask your doctor about ways to lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. For example, you may want to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Stay away from people who are sick and avoid large crowds of people.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoid certain foods that can expose you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, such as uncooked foods.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wash your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> often.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Brush and floss your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023261" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">teeth</a> and get regular dental care to reduce the risk of infections in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Get a yearly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccine. Ask your doctor whether these <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a> will benefit you.</div></li></ul><p>Know the signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022197" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fever</a>. Call your doctor right away if you think you have an infection.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d8e71"><h3>Physical Activity</h3><p>Talk with your doctor about what types and amounts of physical activity are safe for you. You may want to avoid activities that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or shortness of breath. You also may want to stay away from activities that could result in injuries and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023358" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bleeding</a>, such as contact sports.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-aplastic-sec2-d8e78"><h3>Support Groups</h3><p>You or your family members may find it helpful to know about resources that can give you emotional support and information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>.</p><p>Your doctor or hospital social worker may have information about counseling and support services. They also may be able to refer you to support groups that offer help with financial planning, because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> can be costly.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>Researchers have learned a lot about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021987" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anemia</a> and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions over the years. That knowledge has led to advances in medical knowledge and care.</p><p>Many questions remain about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> diseases and conditions, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a>. The NHLBI continues to support research aimed at learning more about these illnesses.</p><p>For example, NHLBI-supported research on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> includes studies that explore:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How certain medicines and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a> can help treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022029" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aplastic anemia</a> and improve quality of life for people who have the disorder</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The safety and effectiveness of different methods of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype |
June 11, 2014. | { "7": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 7, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
8 | 2018-02-02 05:04:47 | Arrhythmia | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-arr-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is an Arrhythmia?</h2><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah) is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. During an arrhythmia, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm.</p><p>A heartbeat that is too fast is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> (TAK-ih-KAR-de-ah). A heartbeat that is too slow is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bradycardia</a> (bray-de-KAR-de-ah).</p><p>Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> are harmless, but some can be serious or even life threatening. During an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> may not be able to pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body. Lack of blood flow can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, heart, and other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d1e50"><h3>Understanding the Heart's Electrical System</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, it helps to understand the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s internal electrical system. The heart's electrical system controls the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads from the top of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the bottom. As the signal travels, it causes the heart to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Each electrical signal begins in a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper right <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a>, the right atrium (AY-tree-um). In a healthy adult heart at rest, the SA node fires off an electrical signal to begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute.</p><p>From the SA node, the electrical signal travels through special pathways in the right and left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. This causes the atria to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls).</p><p>The electrical signal then moves down to a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the atrioventricular (AV) node, located between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. Here, the signal slows down just a little, allowing the ventricles time to finish filling with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>The electrical signal then leaves the AV node and travels along a pathway called the bundle of His. This pathway divides into a right bundle branch and a left bundle branch. The signal goes down these branches to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, causing them to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the rest of the body.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> then relax, and the heartbeat process starts all over again in the SA node. (For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system, including detailed animations, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/#nhlbisec-electrical">How the Heart Works</a> article.)</p><p>A problem with any part of this process can cause an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. For example, in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fi-bri-LA-shun), a common type of arrhythmia, electrical signals travel through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> in a fast and disorganized way. This causes the atria to quiver instead of contract.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d1e85"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>There are many types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. Most <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> are harmless, but some are not. The outlook for a person who has an arrhythmia depends on the type and severity of the arrhythmia.</p><p>Even serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> often can be successfully treated. Most people who have arrhythmias are able to live normal, healthy lives.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Arrhythmia</h2><p>The four main types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> are premature (extra) beats, supraventricular (SU-prah-ven-TRIK-yu-lar) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, ventricular arrhythmias, and bradyarrhythmias (bray-de-ah-RITH-me-ahs).</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e31"><h3>Premature (Extra) Beats</h3><p>Premature beats are the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. They're harmless most of the time and often don't cause any symptoms.</p><p>When symptoms do occur, they usually feel like fluttering in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or a feeling of a skipped heartbeat. Most of the time, premature beats need no <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, especially in healthy people.</p><p>Premature beats that occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>) are called premature atrial contractions, or PACs. Premature beats that occur in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the heart's lower chambers) are called premature ventricular contractions, or PVCs.</p><p>In most cases, premature beats happen naturally. However, some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases can cause premature beats. They also can happen because of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a>, or too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e47"><h3>Supraventricular Arrhythmias</h3><p>Supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardias</a> (fast <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a>) that start in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> or atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> located between the atria and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</p><p>Types of supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF), atrial flutter, paroxysmal supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> (PSVT), and Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White (WPW) syndrome.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e59"><h4>Atrial Fibrillation</h4><p>AF is the most common type of serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. It involves a very fast and irregular contraction of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>In AF, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals don't begin in the SA node. Instead, they begin in another part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> or in the nearby <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a>.</p><p>The signals don't travel normally. They may spread throughout the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> in a rapid, disorganized way. This causes the walls of the atria to quiver very fast (fibrillate) instead of beating normally. As a result, the atria aren't able to pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> the way they should.</p><p>The animation below shows what happens during AF. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figatrialfibrillation" co-legend-rid="figlgndatrialfibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/atrial_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobatrialfibrillation"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndatrialfibrillation"><h4 id="atrial_fibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/atrial_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobatrialfibrillation">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how the heart's electrical signal can start outside of the sinoatrial node. This can cause the atria to beat very fast and irregularly. </p></div></div><p>In AF, electrical signals can travel through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> at a rate of more than 300 per minute. Some of these abnormal signals can travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, causing them to beat too fast and with an irregular rhythm. AF usually isn't life threatening, but it can be dangerous if it causes the ventricles to beat very fast.</p><p>AF has two major complications—<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><p>In AF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can pool in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>, causing blood clots to form. If a clot breaks off and travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, it can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. Blood-thinning medicines that reduce the risk of stroke are an important part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have AF.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> occurs if the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. AF can lead to heart failure because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> are beating very fast and can't completely fill with blood. Thus, they may not be able to pump enough blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and body.</p><p>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system causes AF. The damage most often is the result of other conditions that affect the health of the heart, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, and rheumatic heart disease. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> also is thought to play a role in the development of AF.</p><p>Other conditions also can lead to AF, including an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overactive thyroid</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> (too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> produced) and heavy alcohol use. The risk of AF increases with age.</p><p>Sometimes AF and other supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> can occur for no obvious reason.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e120"><h4>Atrial Flutter</h4><p>Atrial flutter is similar to AF. However, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals spread through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> in a fast and regular—instead of irregular—rhythm. Atrial flutter is much less common than AF, but it has similar symptoms and complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e126"><h4>Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia</h4><p>PSVT is a very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> that begins and ends suddenly. PSVT occurs because of problems with the electrical connection between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</p><p>In PSVT, electrical signals that begin in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and travel to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> can reenter the atria, causing extra heartbeats. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> usually isn't dangerous and tends to occur in young people. It can happen during vigorous physical activity.</p><p>A special type of PSVT is called Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White syndrome. WPW syndrome is a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals travel along an extra pathway from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</p><p>This extra pathway disrupts the timing of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals and can cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> to beat very fast. This type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> can be life threatening.</p><p>The animation below shows what happens during Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White syndrome. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figwpwsyndrome" co-legend-rid="figlgndwpwsyndrome"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/wpw_syndrome/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobwpwsyndrome"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndwpwsyndrome"><h4 id="wpw_syndrome"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/wpw_syndrome/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobwpwsyndrome">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how an extra, abnormal electrical pathway in the heart disrupts the normal timing of the heart's electrical signal, causing the atria and ventricles to beat too fast. </p></div></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e155"><h3>Ventricular Arrhythmias</h3><p>These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> start in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. They can be very dangerous and usually require medical care right away.</p><p>Ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> include ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> and ventricular fibrillation (v-fib). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, a weakened <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>, and other problems can cause ventricular arrhythmias.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e171"><h4>Ventricular Tachycardia</h4><p>Ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> is a fast, regular beating of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> that may last for only a few seconds or for much longer.</p><p>A few beats of ventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> often don't cause problems. However, episodes that last for more than a few seconds can be dangerous. Ventricular tachycardia can turn into other, more serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, such as v-fib.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d3e180"><h4>Ventricular Fibrillation</h4><p>V-fib occurs if disorganized electrical signals make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> quiver instead of pump normally. Without the ventricles pumping <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-scda/">sudden cardiac arrest</a> and death can occur within a few minutes.</p><p>To prevent death, the condition must be treated right away with an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> called defibrillation (de-fib-rih-LA-shun).</p><p>V-fib may occur during or after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or in someone whose heart is already weak because of another condition.</p><p>The animation below shows ventricular fibrillation. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figventfibrillation" co-legend-rid="figlgndventfibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/vent_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobventfibrillation"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndventfibrillation"><h4 id="vent_fibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062940/figure/vent_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobventfibrillation">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how disorganized electrical signals in the heart's ventricles make them pump abnormally and quiver. </p></div></div><p>Torsades de pointes (torsades) is a type of v-fib that causes a unique pattern on an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) test. Certain medicines or imbalanced amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, or magnesium in the bloodstream can cause this condition.</p><p>People who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-qt/">long QT syndrome</a> are at increased risk for torsades. People who have this condition need to be careful about taking certain antibiotics, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> medicines, and over-the-counter products.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e222"><h3>Bradyarrhythmias</h3><p>Bradyarrhythmias occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> is slower than normal. If the heart rate is too slow, not enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> reaches the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. This can cause you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pass out</a>.</p><p>In adults, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> slower than 60 beats per minute is considered a bradyarrhythmia. Some people normally have slow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a>, especially people who are very physically fit. For them, a heartbeat slower than 60 beats per minute isn't dangerous and doesn't cause symptoms. But in other people, serious diseases or other conditions may cause bradyarrhythmias.</p><p>Bradyarrhythmias can be caused by:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> attacks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Conditions that harm or change the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity, such as an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> or aging</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An imbalance of chemicals or other substances in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a>, some antiarrhythmia medicines, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digoxin</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d3e250"><h3>Arrhythmias in Children</h3><p>Children's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a> normally decrease as they get older. A newborn's heart beats between 95 to 160 times a minute. A 1-year-old's heart beats between 90 to 150 times a minute, and a 6- to 8-year-old's heart beats between 60 to 110 times a minute.</p><p>A baby or child's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat fast or slow for many reasons. Like adults, when children are active, their hearts will beat faster. When they're sleeping, their hearts will beat slower. Their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a> can speed up and slow down as they breathe in and out. All of these changes are normal.</p><p>Some children are born with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects that cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. In other children, arrhythmias can develop later in childhood. Doctors use the same tests to diagnose arrhythmias in children and adults.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> include medicines, defibrillation (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030147" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electric shock</a>), surgically implanted devices that control the heartbeat, and other procedures that fix abnormal electrical signals in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Arrhythmia</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Dysrhythmia</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes an Arrhythmia?</h2><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> can occur if the electrical signals that control the heartbeat are delayed or blocked. This can happen if the special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve cells</a> that produce electrical signals don't work properly. It also can happen if the electrical signals don't travel normally through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> also can occur if another part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> starts to produce electrical signals. This adds to the signals from the special <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024269" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nerve cells</a> and disrupts the normal heartbeat.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>, heavy alcohol use, use of some drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> or amphetamines), use of some prescription or over-the-counter medicines, or too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029762" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nicotine</a> can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> in some people.</p><p>Strong emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or anger can make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work harder, raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>, and release stress <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a>. Sometimes these reactions can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or other condition that damages the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Examples of such conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, an overactive or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> (too much or too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> produced), and rheumatic heart disease.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital (kon-JEN-ih-tal) heart defects</a> can cause some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, such as Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White syndrome. The term "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a>” means the defect is present at birth.</p><p>Sometimes the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> is unknown.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for an Arrhythmia?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are very common in older adults. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-af/">Atrial fibrillation</a> (a common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> that can cause problems) affects millions of people, and the number is rising.</p><p>Most serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> affect people older than 60. This is because older adults are more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other health problems that can lead to arrhythmias.</p><p>Older adults also tend to be more sensitive to the side effects of medicines, some of which can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Some medicines used to treat arrhythmias can even cause arrhythmias as a side effect.</p><p>Some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> happen more often in children and young adults. Paroxysmal supraventricular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tachycardia</a> (PSVT), including Wolff-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024544" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Parkinson</a>-White syndrome, is more common in young people. PSVT is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fast heart rate</a> that begins and ends suddenly.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d6e44"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are more common in people who have diseases or conditions that weaken the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">Heart attack</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cm/">cardiomyopathy</a>, which weakens the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and changes the way electrical signals move through the heart</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that's too thick or stiff or that hasn't formed normally</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hvd/">Leaking or narrowed heart valves</a>, which make the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work too hard and can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> (defects present at birth) that affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s structure or function</div></li></ul><p>Other conditions also can raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Infections that damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> or the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> around the heart</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>, which increases the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a>, which can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> because the heart doesn't get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An overactive or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022776" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">underactive thyroid</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022072" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">gland</a> (too much or too little <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> in the body)</div></li></ul><p>Several other risk factors also can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hs/">heart surgery</a>, certain drugs (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a> or amphetamines), or an imbalance of chemicals or other substances (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a>) in the bloodstream.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of an Arrhythmia?</h2><p>Many <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> cause no signs or symptoms. When signs or symptoms are present, the most common ones are:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">Palpitations</a> (feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or fast)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A slow heartbeat</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Feeling pauses between heartbeats</div></li></ul><p>More serious signs and symptoms include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Anxiety</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weakness, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dizziness</a>, and light-headedness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fainting</a> or nearly fainting</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sweating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Arrhythmias Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> can be hard to diagnose, especially the types that only cause symptoms every once in a while. Doctors diagnose arrhythmias based on medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a>. These doctors diagnose and treat adults who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pediatric <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a>. These doctors diagnose and treat babies, children, and youth who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electrophysiologists. These doctors are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> or pediatric cardiologists who specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d8e50"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>To diagnose an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>, your doctor may ask you to describe your symptoms. He or she may ask whether you feel fluttering in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> and whether you feel dizzy or light-headed.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have other health problems, such as a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012407" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems. He or she may ask about your family's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, including whether anyone in your family:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has ever had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has died suddenly</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Has other illnesses or health problems</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor will likely want to know what medicines you're taking, including over-the-counter medicines and supplements.</p><p>Your doctor may ask about your health habits, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, or using alcohol or drugs (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cocaine</a>). He or she also may want to know whether you've had emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> or anger.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d8e90"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During a physical exam, your doctor may:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartmurmur/">heart murmur</a> (an extra or unusual sound heard during your heartbeat)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> to find out how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Check for swelling in your legs or feet, which could be a sign of an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Look for signs of other diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029359" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid disease</a>, that could be causing the problem</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec2-d8e119"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d8e122"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. It's the most common test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p><p>An EKG shows how fast the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>A standard EKG only records the heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> that don't happen during the test.</p><p>To diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a> that come and go, your doctor may have you wear a portable EKG monitor. The two most common types of portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter and event monitors</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d8e144"><h4>Holter and Event Monitors</h4><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals for a full 24- or 48-hour period. You wear one while you do your normal daily activities. This allows the monitor to record your heart for a longer time than a standard EKG.</p><p>An event monitor is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor only records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it.</p><p>For many event monitors, you push a button to start the monitor when you feel symptoms. Other event monitors start automatically when they sense abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>Some event monitors are able to send data about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity to a central monitoring station. Technicians at the station review the information and send it to your doctor. You also can use the device to report any symptoms you're having.</p><p>You can wear an event monitor for weeks or until symptoms occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-arr-sec3-d8e163"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests also are used to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022070" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood tests</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the level of substances in the blood, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025487" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">potassium</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>. Abnormal levels of these substances can increase your chances of having an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> x ray. A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show whether your heart is enlarged.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Echocardiography</a>. This test uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) provides information about the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>The test also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p><p>There are several types of echo, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> echo. This test is done both before and after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> (see below). A stress echo usually is done to find out whether you have decreased <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD).</p><p>A transesophageal (tranz-ih-sof-uh-JEE-ul) echo, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>, is a special type of echo that takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a>. The esophagus is the passage leading from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress test</a>. Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> tests done during <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress testing</a> may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-nscan/">nuclear heart scanning</a>, echo, and positron emission tomography (PET) scanning of the heart.</p><p>Electrophysiology study (EPS). This test is used to assess serious <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>. During an EPS, a thin, flexible wire is passed through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The wire records your heart's electrical signals.</p><p>Your doctor can use the wire to electrically stimulate your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and trigger an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a>. This allows your doctor to see whether an antiarrhythmia medicine can stop the problem.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ablation/">Catheter ablation</a>, a procedure used to treat some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmias</a>, may be done during an EPS.</p><p>Tilt table testing. This test sometimes is used to help find the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a> spells. You lie on a table that moves from a lying down to an upright position. The change in position may cause you to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">faint</a>.</p><p>Your doctor watches your symptoms, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, EKG reading, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> throughout the test. He or she may give you medicine and then check your response to the medicine.</p><p>Coronary angiography. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ca/">Coronary angiography</a> uses dye and special x rays to show the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. To get the dye into your coronary arteries, your doctor will use a procedure called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cath/">cardiac catheterization</a> (KATH-e-ter-ih-ZA-shun).</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetc |
June 11, 2014. | { "8": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 8, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
9 | 2018-02-02 05:05:05 | Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-asb-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</h2><p>Asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> are diseases caused by exposure to asbestos (as-BES-tos) fibers. Asbestos is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> that, in the past, was widely used in many industries.</p><p>Asbestos is made up of tiny fibers that can escape into the air. When breathed in, these fibers can stay in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> for a long time. If the fibers build up in your lungs, they can lead to:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleural plaque</a>. In this condition, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> below your lungs) thickens and hardens. This tissue is called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>. Pleural plaque usually causes no symptoms. Rarely, as the pleura thickens, it can trap and compress part of the lung. This may show up as a mass on an x-ray image.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleural effusion</a>. In this condition, excess fluid builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025091" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural space</a>. The pleural space is the area between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asbestosis</a> (as-bes-TOE-sis). In this condition, the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> becomes scarred. People who have asbestosis are at greater risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, especially if they smoke.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Lung cancer</a>. This type of cancer forms in the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>, usually in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> lining the air passages.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Mesothelioma</a> (MEZ-o-thee-lee-O-ma). This disease is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Asbestos also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> in the lining of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030508" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal cavity</a>. This lining is known as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022175" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">peritoneum</a> (PER-ih-to-NE-um).</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e79" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e79"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/figure/d1e79/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e79" rid-ob="figobd1e79"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/bin/asbestos.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/bin/asbestos.jpg" alt="Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e79"><h4 id="d1e79"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/figure/d1e79/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e79">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases. Figure A shows the location of the lungs, airways, pleura, and diaphragm in the body. Figure B shows lungs with asbestos-related diseases, including pleural plaque, lung cancer, asbestosis, plaque on the diaphragm, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062941/figure/d1e79/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e79">(more...)</a></p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d1e85"><h3>Overview</h3><p>Until the 1970s, asbestos was widely used in many industries in the United States. For example, it was used to insulate pipes, boilers, and ships; make brakes; strengthen cement; and fireproof many items, such as drywall.</p><p>People who worked around asbestos during that time are at risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. People at highest risk include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unprotected workers who made, installed, or removed products containing asbestos. People who worked near others who did these jobs also are at risk.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family members of workers who were exposed to asbestos. Family members may have breathed in asbestos fibers that workers brought home on their clothes, shoes, or bodies.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>People who live in areas with large deposits of asbestos in the soil. This risk is limited to areas where the deposits were disturbed and asbestos fibers got into the air.</div></li></ul><p>Asbestos fibers also can be released into the air when older buildings containing asbestos-made products are destroyed. Removing these products during building renovations also can release asbestos fibers into the air.</p><p>Generally, being around asbestos-made products isn’t a danger as long as the asbestos is enclosed. This prevents the fibers from getting into the air.</p><p>People in the United States are less likely to have asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> now because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> is no longer widely used.</p><p>The use of asbestos is heavily restricted, and rules and standards are now in place to protect workers and others from asbestos exposure. Asbestos is found in only a few new products, such as gaskets used in brakes.</p><p>However, many countries do not yet restrict asbestos use. People in those countries are still exposed to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d1e123"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for people who have asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> can vary. It will depend on which disease a person has and how much it has damaged the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>No <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can reverse the effects of asbestos on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, treatments may help relieve symptoms, slow the progress of the disease, and prevent complications.</p><p>If you've been exposed to asbestos, let your doctor know. He or she can watch you for signs of asbestos-related problems and start <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> early, if needed. Early treatment may help prevent or delay complications.</p><p>Quitting smoking and making other lifestyle changes may help people who are at high risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. These lifestyle changes may prevent more serious diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases</h2><p>Other names for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027800" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural diseases</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pleural plaques</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleurisy</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trapped lung</div></li></ul><p>Other names for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Fibrotic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pneumoconiosis (NOO-mo-ko-ne-O-sis)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022941" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Interstitial</a> (in-ter-STISH-al) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022202" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022940" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fibrosis</a></div></li></ul><p>Other names for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung carcinoma</a> (kar-sih-NO-ma)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024210" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Nonsmall cell lung carcinoma</a></div></li></ul><p>Another name for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a> of the lining of the lung.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</h2><p>Significant exposure to asbestos fibers causes asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. "Significant" usually means you were exposed for at least several months to visible dust from the fibers.</p><p>Asbestos fibers are very small. When you breathe in, they can get stuck deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The fibers remain in your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> for a long time and may cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028156" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">scarring</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>. This can lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a> and widespread pleural thickening, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>.</p><p>Generally, asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> develop 10 to 40 or more years after a person has been exposed to asbestos.</p><p>Being around products that contain asbestos isn't a danger, as long as the asbestos is enclosed. This prevents the fibers from getting into the air.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</h2><p>Until the late 1970s, asbestos was widely used in many industries in the United States. During that time, workplace rules to ensure workers' safety around asbestos weren't required by law.</p><p>Asbestos was used in or with many products. Examples include steam pipes, boilers, furnaces, and furnace <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ducts</a>; wallboard; floor and ceiling tiles; wood-burning stoves and gas fireplaces; car brakes, clutches, and gaskets; railroad engines; roofing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022741" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shingles</a>; and wall-patching materials and paints.</p><p>Asbestos also was used in many other products, such as fireproof gloves, ironing board covers, cooking pot handles, and hairdryers.</p><p>Anyone employed for a prolonged period in mining, milling, making, or installing asbestos products before the late 1970s is at risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. Some examples of these workers include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Miners</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Aircraft and auto mechanics</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Building construction workers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electricians</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shipyard workers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Boiler operators</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Building engineers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Railroad workers</div></li></ul><p>In general, the risk is greatest for people who worked with asbestos and were exposed for at least several months to visible dust from asbestos fibers. The risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> also depends on:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much asbestos you were exposed to.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long you were exposed to asbestos, and how often during that time you were in direct contact with it.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The size, shape, and chemical makeup of the asbestos fibers. Different types of asbestos fibers can affect the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> differently. For example, chrysotile asbestos (a curly <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022148" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fiber</a>) is less likely to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> than amphibole asbestos (a straight fiber).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your personal risks, such as smoking or having an existing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Family members of people exposed to asbestos on the job also may be at risk. Family members may have breathed in asbestos fibers that were brought home on workers’ clothes, shoes, and bodies.</p><p>People who live in areas that have large deposits of asbestos in the soil also are at risk for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. However, this risk is limited to areas where the deposits were disturbed and asbestos fibers got into the air.</p><p>Asbestos fibers also can be released into the air when older buildings containing asbestos-made products are destroyed. Removing the products, such as during a building renovation, also can release asbestos fibers into the air.</p><p>Generally, being around asbestos-made products isn’t a danger, as long as the asbestos is enclosed. This prevents the fibers from getting into the air.</p><p>People in the United States are less likely to develop asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> today than in the past. This is because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mineral</a> no longer is widely used. Also, where asbestos is still used, rules and standards are now in place to protect workers and others from asbestos exposure.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</h2><p>The signs and symptoms of asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> vary. They depend on which disease you have and how much it has damaged your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Signs and symptoms may not appear for 10 to 40 or more years after exposure to asbestos.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a>, you may not have any signs or symptoms. <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">Pleural effusion</a> may cause pain on one side of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Both conditions often are found with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a>. These conditions may occur earlier than other asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>.</p><p>The main symptom of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a> is shortness of breath with physical exertion. You also may have a dry <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a> and feel tired. If your doctor listens to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a>, he or she may hear a crackling sound when you breathe in.</p><p>The symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> may include a worsening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> or a cough that won't go away, trouble breathing, ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> up <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Other symptoms of lung cancer include frequent lung infections, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and weight loss without a known cause.</p><p>Symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> include shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> based on your past exposure to asbestos, your symptoms, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Your primary care doctor, such as a family doctor or internist, may provide ongoing care if you have an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. Other specialists also may be involved in your care, including a:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Pulmonologist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Radiologist. This is a doctor who is specially trained to supervise x-ray tests and look at x-ray pictures.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Surgeon or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030532" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oncologist</a>. An oncologist is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015630" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cancer</a>. The surgeon or oncologist may take a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to study under a microscope.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Pathologist</a>. A pathologist is a doctor who specializes in identifying diseases by studying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> under a microscope. A pathologist may study your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> sample.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e53"><h3>Exposure to Asbestos</h3><p>Your doctor will want to know about your history of asbestos exposure. He or she may ask about your work history and your spouse's or other family members’ work histories.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask about your location and surroundings. For example, he or she may ask about areas of the country where you've lived.</p><p>If you know you were exposed to asbestos, your doctor may ask questions to find out:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How much asbestos you were exposed to. For example, were you surrounded by visible asbestos dust?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How long you were exposed to asbestos and how often during that time you were in direct contact with it.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e74"><h3>Symptoms</h3><p>Your doctor may ask whether you have any symptoms, such as shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>. The symptoms of asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> vary. They depend on which disease you have and how much it has damaged your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you smoke. Smoking, along with asbestos exposure, raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e87"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your breathing with a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> to find out whether your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are making any strange sounds.</p><p>If you have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a> with a lot of fluid buildup, your doctor might hear a dull sound when he or she taps on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Or, he or she might have trouble <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024976" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hearing</a> any breathing sounds. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>, your doctor may hear a crackling sound when you breathe in.</p><p>Your doctor will check your legs for swelling, which may be a sign of lung-related problems. He or she also will check your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023112" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fingers</a> and toes for clubbing.</p><p>Clubbing is the widening and rounding of the fingertips and toes. Clubbing most often is linked to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> that cause lower-than-normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> levels.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e109"><h3>Chest X Ray</h3><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is the most common test for detecting asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>. This painless test creates pictures of the structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray can’t detect asbestos fibers in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, it can show asbestos-related diseases, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>. Pleural effusion also can be a sign of a more severe disease, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray also can show <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>. Often the lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> will appear very white on the x-ray pictures. The size, shape, location, and degree of whiteness can help your doctor figure out how much lung damage you have. Severe asbestosis may affect the whole lung and have a honeycomb look on the x-ray pictures.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray may show masses or abnormal fluid.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray will show thickening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022321" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleura</a>. The pleura is the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022135" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diaphragm</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscle</a> below your lungs). The chest x ray also will usually show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a> in people who have mesothelioma.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d7e137"><h3>Other Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>To help confirm a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x-ray finding, or to find out how much lung damage you have, you may have more tests.</p><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec3-d7e143"><h4>Chest Computed Tomography Scan</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-ra-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>, is a painless test that creates precise pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. A CT scan is a type of x ray, but its pictures show more detail than standard chest x-ray pictures.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> CT scan may be very helpful for finding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a> in its earliest stages, before a standard chest x ray can detect it.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec3-d7e156"><h4>Lung Function Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">Lung function tests</a> measure how much air you can breathe in and out, how fast you can breathe air out, and how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> deliver <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>These tests can show whether your lung function is impaired. They also can help your doctor track your disease over time.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec3-d7e167"><h4>Biopsy</h4><p>The only way to confirm a diagnosis of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a> is for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029361" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pathologist</a> to check samples of your lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>. A pathologist is a doctor who identifies diseases by studying cells and tissues under a microscope.</p><p>Doctors have many ways to collect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples. One way is through <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee). For this procedure, your doctor will pass a thin, flexible tube through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> (or sometimes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>), down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into your airways. He or she will then take a sample of tissue from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>If your doctor thinks you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>, you may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022278" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thoracoscopy</a> (thor-ah-KOS-ko-pee). For this procedure, you'll be given medicine so you don't feel any pain.</p><p>Your doctor will make a small cut through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. He or she will put a thin tube with a light on it into your chest between two <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>. This allows your doctor to see inside your chest and get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> samples.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Treated?</h2><p>No <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can reverse the effects of asbestos on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, treatments may help relieve symptoms and prevent or delay complications. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, treatments may help slow the progress of the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Treatments for Pleural Plaque, Pleural Effusion, and Asbestosis</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a> and you smoke, your doctor will advise you to quit smoking. People who have these conditions can lower their risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> if they quit smoking.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.”</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p><p>If you have trouble breathing or shortness of breath and a very low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> level, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen therapy</a>. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you're given oxygen through nasal prongs or a mask. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029682" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Oxygen therapy</a> may be done at home or in a hospital or other health facility.</p><p>If excess fluid around the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023392" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural effusion</a>) is making it hard for you to breathe, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-thor/">thoracentesis</a> (THOR-ah-sen-TE-sis) may help. For this procedure, your doctor will insert a thin needle or plastic tube into the space between your lungs and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a>. He or she will then draw out the excess fluid.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d8e74"><h3>Treatments for Lung Cancer and Mesothelioma</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024232" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chemotherapy</a>, radiation <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a>, and/or targeted therapy. (Targeted therapy uses medicines or other substances to find and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> specific lung cancer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> without harming normal cells.)</p><p>Your doctor may prescribe medicines to prevent fluid buildup, ease pain, or relieve other complications of your disease.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024415" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mesothelioma</a>, talk with your doctor about whether you should get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccines. These vaccines can help lower your risk for lung infections.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Be Prevented?</h2><p>You can prevent asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> by limiting your exposure to asbestos fibers. If your job requires you to work around asbestos, make sure to follow workplace rules for handling it. For example, make sure that air levels are measured, and wear a proper respirator to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> asbestos fibers.</p><p>If you live in a house or work in a building that has pipes or other products containing asbestos, you generally don’t need to take special precautions. Being around products that contain asbestos isn’t a danger, as long as the asbestos is enclosed. This prevents the fibers from getting into the air.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking greatly increases your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.”</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-livingwith"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-livingwith_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Living With Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases</h2><p>The outlook for people who have asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a> varies. It will depend on which disease a person has and how much it has damaged the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>No <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can reverse the effects of asbestos on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. However, treatments may help relieve symptoms and prevent complications. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, treatments may help slow the progress of the disease.</p><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d10e37"><h3>Ongoing Care</h3><p>If you have an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, you'll need routine followup care for the rest of your life. This may include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x rays</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function tests</a> every 3 to 5 years.</p><p>Follow your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> plan as your doctor prescribes. Call your doctor if you notice new or worsening symptoms.</p><p>Talk with your doctor about whether you should get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025769" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flu</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> vaccines. These vaccines can help lower your risk for lung infections. Avoiding lung infections can help prevent other, more serious complications.</p><p>If you smoke, quit. Smoking raises your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a> if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023543" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pleural plaque</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023537" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asbestosis</a>. Talk with your doctor about programs and products that can help you quit smoking. Also, try to avoid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029761" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">secondhand smoke</a>.</p><p>If you have trouble quitting smoking on your own, consider joining a support group. Many hospitals, workplaces, and community groups offer classes to help people quit smoking.</p><p>For more information about how to quit smoking, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking and Your Heart</a> article and the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute’s <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/other/your_guide/healthyheart.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> “Your Guide to a Healthy Heart.”</a> Although these resources focus on heart health, they include general information about how to quit smoking.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asb-sec2-d10e80"><h3>Emotional Issues and Support</h3><p>Living with an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> may cause fear, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depression</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>. Talk about how you feel with your health care team. Talking to a professional counselor also can help. If you’re very <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024768" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">depressed</a>, your doctor may recommend medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> that can improve your quality of life.</p><p>Joining a patient support group may help you adjust to living with an asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>. You can see how other people who have the same symptoms have coped with them. Talk with your doctor about local support groups or check with an area medical center.</p><p>Support from family and friends also can help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024918" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">anxiety</a>. Let your loved ones know how you feel and what they can do to help you.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they’re widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don’t directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You’ll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You’ll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you’ll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for asbestos-related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung diseases</a>, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-asb-sec1-d1e37_">What Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Are Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-livingwith_">Living With Asbestos-Related Lung Diseases</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "9": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 9, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
10 | 2018-02-02 05:05:24 | Asthma | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-asthma-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Asthma?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> (AZ-ma) is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> (long-term) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> that inflames and narrows the airways. Asthma causes recurring <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> of wheezing (a whistling sound when you breathe), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> tightness, shortness of breath, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a>. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coughing</a> often occurs at night or early in the morning.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d1e49"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, it helps to know how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">airways</a> work. The airways are tubes that carry air into and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. People who have asthma have inflamed airways. This makes them swollen and very sensitive. They tend to react strongly to certain inhaled substances.</p><p>When the airways react, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around them tighten. This narrows the airways, causing less air to flow into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. The swelling also can worsen, making the airways even narrower. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cells</a> in the airways might make more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> than usual. Mucus is a sticky, thick liquid that can further narrow the airways.</p><p>This chain reaction can result in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Symptoms can happen each time the airways are inflamed.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e68" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e68"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/figure/d1e68/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e68" rid-ob="figobd1e68"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/bin/asthma.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/bin/asthma.jpg" alt="Asthma."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e68"><h4 id="d1e68"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/figure/d1e68/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e68">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Asthma. Figure A shows the location of the lungs and airways in the body. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway during asthma symptoms. </p></div></div><p>Sometimes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> are mild and go away on their own or after minimal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> with asthma medicine. Other times, symptoms continue to get worse.</p><p>When symptoms get more intense and/or more symptoms occur, you're having an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>. Asthma attacks also are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareups</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exacerbations</a> (eg-zas-er-BA-shuns).</p><p>Treating symptoms when you first notice them is important. This will help prevent the symptoms from worsening and causing a severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>. Severe asthma attacks may require emergency care, and they can be fatal.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d1e84"><h3>Outlook</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> has no cure. Even when you feel fine, you still have the disease and it can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a> up at any time.</p><p>However, with today's knowledge and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> are able to manage the disease. They have few, if any, symptoms. They can live normal, active lives and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> through the night without interruption from asthma.</p><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, you can take an active role in managing the disease. For successful, thorough, and ongoing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, build strong partnerships with your doctor and other health care providers.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Asthma?</h2><p>The exact cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> isn't known. Researchers think some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> and environmental factors interact to cause asthma, most often early in life. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>An inherited tendency to develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atopy</a> (AT-o-pe)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Parents who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections during childhood</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Contact with some airborne <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> or exposure to some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024518" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">viral infections</a> in infancy or in early childhood when the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune system</a> is developing</div></li></ul><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atopy</a> runs in your family, exposure to irritants (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029755" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tobacco</a> smoke) might make your airways more reactive to substances in the air.</p><p>Some factors might be more likely to cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> in certain people than in others. Researchers continue to explore what causes asthma.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d3e53"><h3>The Hygiene Hypothesis</h3><p>One theory researchers have for what causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> is called the hygiene hypothesis. They believe that our Western lifestyle—with its emphasis on hygiene and sanitation—has resulted in changes in our living conditions and an overall decline in infections in early childhood.</p><p>Many young children no longer have the same types of environmental exposures and infections as children did in the past. This affects the way that young children's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">immune systems</a> develop during very early childhood, and it may increase their risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atopy</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. This is especially true for children who have close family members with one or both of these conditions.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Asthma?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> affects people of all ages, but it most often starts during childhood. In the United States, more than 25 million people are known to have asthma. About 7 million of these people are children.</p><p>Young children who often wheeze and have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections—as well as certain other risk factors—are at highest risk of developing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> that continues beyond 6 years of age. The other risk factors include having <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024896" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eczema</a> (an allergic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> condition), or parents who have asthma.</p><p>Among children, more boys have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> than girls. But among adults, the disease affects men and women equally. It's not clear whether or how sex and sex <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormones</a> play a role in causing asthma.</p><p>Most, but not all, people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>.</p><p>Some people develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> because of contact with certain chemical irritants or industrial dusts in the workplace. This type of asthma is called occupational asthma.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?</h2><p>Common signs and symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">Coughing</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> often is worse at night or early in the morning, making it hard to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Wheezing. Wheezing is a whistling or squeaky sound that occurs when you breathe.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> tightness. This may feel like something is squeezing or sitting on your chest.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath. Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> say they can't catch their breath or they feel out of breath. You may feel like you can't get air out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</div></li></ul><p>Not all people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> have these symptoms. Likewise, having these symptoms doesn't always mean that you have asthma. The best way doctors have to diagnose asthma is to use a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/">lung function test</a>, ask about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> (including type and frequency of symptoms), and do a physical exam.</p><p>The type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> you have, how often they occur, and how severe they are may vary over time. Sometimes your symptoms may just annoy you. Other times, they may be troublesome enough to limit your daily routine.</p><p>Severe symptoms can be fatal. Thus, treating symptoms when you first notice them is important, so they don’t become severe.</p><p>With proper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> can expect to have few, if any, symptoms either during the day or at night.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d5e64"><h3>What Causes Asthma Symptoms To Occur?</h3><p>Many things can trigger or worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Your doctor will help you find out which things (called triggers) may cause your asthma to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a> up if you come in contact with them. Triggers can include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Allergens</a> from dust, animal fur, cockroaches, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029692" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mold</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> from trees, grasses, and flowers</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Irritants such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, chemicals or dust in the workplace, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023355" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">compounds</a> in home décor products, and sprays (such as hairspray)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a> or other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and nonselective beta-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025464" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blockers</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sulfites in foods and drinks</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Viral upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Physical activity, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a></div></li></ul><p>Other health conditions can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> harder to manage. Examples of these conditions include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections, reflux disease, psychological <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>. These conditions should be treated as part of an overall asthma care plan.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is different for each person. Some of the triggers listed above may not affect you. Other triggers that do affect you might not be on the list. Talk with your doctor about the things that seem to make your asthma worse.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Asthma Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your primary care doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><p>Your doctor also will figure out the severity of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>—that is, whether it's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028141" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">intermittent</a>, mild, moderate, or severe. The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> your doctor prescribes will depend on the level of severity.</p><p>Your doctor may recommend that you see an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> specialist if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You need special tests to help diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You've had a life-threatening <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You need more than one kind of medicine or higher doses of medicine to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, or if you have overall problems getting your asthma well controlled</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You're thinking about getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a></div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d6e53"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor may ask about your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. He or she also may ask whether you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> and when and how often they occur.</p><p>Let your doctor know whether your symptoms seem to happen only during certain times of the year or in certain places, or if they get worse at night.</p><p>Your doctor also may want to know what factors seem to trigger your symptoms or worsen them. For more information about possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> triggers, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?"</a> </p><p>Your doctor may ask you about related health conditions that can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> management. These conditions include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections, reflux disease, psychological <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d6e73"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will listen to your breathing and look for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>. These signs include wheezing, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a> or swollen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024564" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nasal passages</a>, and allergic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> conditions (such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024896" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eczema</a>).</p><p>Keep in mind that you can still have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> even if you don't have these signs when your doctor examines you.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d6e83"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d6e86"><h4>Lung Function Test</h4><p>Your doctor will use a test called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-lft/#nhlbisec-types">spirometry</a> (spi-ROM-eh-tre) to check how your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are working. This test measures how much air you can breathe in and out. It also measures how fast you can blow air out.</p><p>Your doctor may give you medicine and then retest you to see whether the results have improved.</p><p>If your test results are lower than normal and improve with the medicine, and if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a> shows a pattern of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>, your doctor will likely diagnose you with asthma.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d6e102"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Your doctor may recommend other tests if he or she needs more information to make a diagnosis. Other tests may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Allergy</a> testing to find out which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a> affect you, if any.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A test to measure how sensitive your airways are. This is called a bronchoprovocation (brong-KO-prav-eh-KA-shun) test. Using spirometry, this test repeatedly measures your lung function during physical activity or after you receive increasing doses of cold air or a special chemical to breathe in.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A test to show whether you have another condition with symptoms similar to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, such as reflux disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022323" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vocal cord</a> dysfunction, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> apnea.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> or an <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>). These tests will help find out whether a foreign object in your airways or another disease might be causing your symptoms.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d6e129"><h3>Diagnosing Asthma in Young Children</h3><p>Most children who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> develop their first symptoms before 5 years of age. However, asthma in young children (infants to children 5 years old) can be hard to diagnose.</p><p>Sometimes it's hard to tell whether a child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> or another childhood condition. The symptoms of asthma are similar to the symptoms of other conditions.</p><p>Also, many young children who wheeze when they get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections don't go on to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. A child may wheeze because he or she has small airways that become narrow during colds or respiratory infections. The airways grow as the child grows, so wheezing no longer occurs as the child gets older.</p><p>A young child who has frequent wheezing with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024671" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">colds</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">respiratory</a> infections is more likely to have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>One or both parents have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The child has signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergies</a>, including the allergic <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> condition <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024896" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eczema</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030652" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergic reactions</a> to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> or other airborne <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>The child wheezes even when he or she doesn't have a cold or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a></div></li></ul><p>The most certain way to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> is with a lung function test, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>, and a physical exam. However, it's hard to do lung function tests in children younger than 5 years. Thus, doctors must rely on children's medical histories, signs and symptoms, and physical exams to make a diagnosis.</p><p>Doctors also may use a 4–6 week trial of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> medicines to see how well a child responds.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Asthma Treated and Controlled?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is a long-term disease that has no cure. The goal of asthma <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is to control the disease. Good asthma control will:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022584" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic</a> and troublesome symptoms, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> and shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reduce your need for quick-relief medicines (see below)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Help you maintain good lung function</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Let you maintain your normal activity level and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> through the night</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> attacks that could result in an emergency room visit or hospital stay</div></li></ul><p>To control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, partner with your doctor to manage your asthma or your child's asthma. Children aged 10 or older—and younger children who are able—should take an active role in their asthma care.</p><p>Taking an active role to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> involves:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Working with your doctor to treat other conditions that can interfere with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> management.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Avoiding things that worsen your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> (asthma triggers). However, one trigger you should not avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Working with your doctor and other health care providers to create and follow an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> action plan.</div></li></ul><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> action plan gives guidance on taking your medicines properly, avoiding asthma triggers (except physical activity), tracking your level of asthma control, responding to worsening symptoms, and seeking emergency care when needed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is treated with two types of medicines: long-term control and quick-relief medicines. Long-term control medicines help reduce airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and prevent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Quick-relief, or "rescue," medicines relieve asthma symptoms that may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a> up.</p><p>Your initial <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> will depend on the severity of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. Followup asthma treatment will depend on how well your asthma action plan is controlling your symptoms and preventing asthma attacks.</p><p>Your level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> control can vary over time and with changes in your home, school, or work environments. These changes can alter how often you're exposed to the factors that can worsen your asthma.</p><p>Your doctor may need to increase your medicine if your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> doesn't stay under control. On the other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>, if your asthma is well controlled for several months, your doctor may decrease your medicine. These adjustments to your medicine will help you maintain the best control possible with the least amount of medicine necessary.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for certain groups of people—such as children, pregnant women, or those for whom <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> brings on <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>—will be adjusted to meet their special needs.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e90"><h3>Follow an Asthma Action Plan</h3><p>You can work with your doctor to create a personal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> action plan. The plan will describe your daily <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, such as which medicines to take and when to take them. The plan also will explain when to call your doctor or go to the emergency room.</p><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, all of the people who care for him or her should know about the child's asthma action plan. This includes babysitters and workers at daycare centers, schools, and camps. These caretakers can help your child follow his or her action plan.</p><p>Go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/asthma/asthma_actplan.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Asthma Action Plan"</a> for a sample plan.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e105"><h4>Avoid Things That Can Worsen Your Asthma</h4><p>Many common things (called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> triggers) can set off or worsen your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Once you know what these things are, you can take steps to control many of them. (For more information about asthma triggers, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062942/#nhlbisec-signs">"What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Asthma?"</a>)</p><p>For example, exposure to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollens</a> or air pollution might make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> worse. If so, try to limit time outdoors when the levels of these substances in the outdoor air are high. If animal fur triggers your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>, keep pets with fur out of your home or bedroom.</p><p>One possible <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> trigger you shouldn’t avoid is physical activity. Physical activity is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Talk with your doctor about medicines that can help you stay active.</p><p>The NHLBI offers many useful tips for controlling <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> triggers. For more information, go to page 2 of NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/lung/asthma/asthma_actplan.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> "Asthma Action Plan."</a> </p><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> are clearly related to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030650" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergens</a>, and you can't avoid exposure to those allergens, your doctor may advise you to get <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>.</p><p>You may need to see a specialist if you're thinking about getting <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030509" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">allergy</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shots</a>. These shots can lessen or prevent your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>, but they can't cure your asthma.</p><p>Several health conditions can make <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> harder to manage. These conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">runny nose</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> infections, reflux disease, psychological <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a>. Your doctor will treat these conditions as well.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e139"><h3>Medicines</h3><p>Your doctor will consider many things when deciding which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> medicines are best for you. He or she will check to see how well a medicine works for you. Then, he or she will adjust the dose or medicine as needed.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> medicines can be taken in pill form, but most are taken using a device called an inhaler. An inhaler allows the medicine to go directly to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Not all inhalers are used the same way. Ask your doctor or another health care provider to show you the right way to use your inhaler. Review the way you use your inhaler at every medical visit.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e151"><h4>Long-Term Control Medicines</h4><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> need to take long-term control medicines daily to help prevent symptoms. The most effective long-term medicines reduce airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>, which helps prevent symptoms from starting. These medicines don't give you quick relief from symptoms.</p><p>Inhaled corticosteroids. Inhaled corticosteroids are the preferred medicine for long-term control of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. They're the most effective option for long-term relief of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and swelling that makes your airways sensitive to certain inhaled substances.</p><p>Reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> helps prevent the chain reaction that causes <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. Most people who take these medicines daily find they greatly reduce the severity of symptoms and how often they occur.</p><p>Inhaled corticosteroids generally are safe when taken as prescribed. These medicines are different from the illegal anabolic steroids taken by some athletes. Inhaled corticosteroids aren't habit-forming, even if you take them every day for many years.</p><p>Like many other medicines, though, inhaled corticosteroids can have side effects. Most doctors agree that the benefits of taking inhaled corticosteroids and preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> attacks far outweigh the risk of side effects.</p><p>One common side effect from inhaled corticosteroids is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024526" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrush</a>. You might be able to use a spacer or holding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> on your inhaler to avoid thrush. These devices attach to your inhaler. They help prevent the medicine from landing in your mouth or on the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>.</p><p>Check with your doctor to see whether a spacer or holding <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chamber</a> should be used with the inhaler you have. Also, work with your health care team if you have any questions about how to use a spacer or holding chamber. Rinsing your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> out with water after taking inhaled corticosteroids also can lower your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024526" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrush</a>.</p><p>If you have severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, you may have to take corticosteroid pills or liquid for short <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a> to get your asthma under control.</p><p>If taken for long <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>, these medicines raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataracts</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024680" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">osteoporosis</a> (OS-te-o-po-RO-sis). A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024949" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cataract</a> is the clouding of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022382" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lens</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>. Osteoporosis is a disorder that makes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a> weak and more likely to break.</p><p>Your doctor may have you add another long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> control medicine so he or she can lower your dose of corticosteroids. Or, your doctor may suggest you take <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001921" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vitamin D</a> pills to protect your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bones</a>.</p><p>Other long-term control medicines. Other long-term control medicines include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000484" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cromolyn</a>. This medicine is taken using a device called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022665" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nebulizer</a>. As you breathe in, the nebulizer sends a fine mist of medicine to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. Cromolyn helps prevent airway <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011491" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Omalizumab</a> (anti-IgE). This medicine is given as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shot</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a>) one or two times a month. It helps prevent your body from reacting to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> triggers, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030651" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pollen</a> and dust. Anti-IgE might be used if other asthma medicines have not worked well.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists. These medicines open the airways. They might be added to low-dose inhaled corticosteroids to improve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> control. Inhaled long-acting beta2-agonists should never be used for long-term asthma control unless they're used with inhaled corticosteroids.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Leukotriene modifiers. These medicines are taken by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. They help block the chain reaction that increases <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in your airways.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001785" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Theophylline</a>. This medicine is taken by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>. Theophylline helps open the airways.</div></li></ul><p>If your doctor prescribes a long-term control medicine, take it every day to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> will likely return or get worse if you stop taking your medicine.</p><p>Long-term control medicines can have side effects. Talk with your doctor about these side effects and ways to reduce or avoid them.</p><p>With some medicines, like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001785" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">theophylline</a>, your doctor will check the level of medicine in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This helps ensure that you’re getting enough medicine to relieve your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>, but not so much that it causes dangerous side effects.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e237"><h4>Quick-Relief Medicines</h4><p>All people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> need quick-relief medicines to help relieve <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> that may <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flare</a> up. Inhaled short-acting beta2-agonists are the first choice for quick relief.</p><p>These medicines act quickly to relax tight <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022447" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">muscles</a> around your airways when you're having a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flareup</a>. This allows the airways to open up so air can flow through them.</p><p>You should take your quick-relief medicine when you first notice <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a>. If you use this medicine more than 2 days a week, talk with your doctor about your asthma control. You may need to make changes to your asthma action plan.</p><p>Carry your quick-relief inhaler with you at all times in case you need it. If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, make sure that anyone caring for him or her has the child's quick-relief medicines, including staff at the child's school. They should understand when and how to use these medicines and when to seek medical care for your child.</p><p>You shouldn't use quick-relief medicines in place of prescribed long-term control medicines. Quick-relief medicines don't reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e262"><h3>Track Your Asthma</h3><p>To track your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, keep records of your symptoms, check your peak flow number using a peak flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030656" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meter</a>, and get regular asthma checkups.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e268"><h4>Record Your Symptoms</h4><p>You can record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022350" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma symptoms</a> in a diary to see how well your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> are controlling your asthma.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Asthma</a> is well controlled if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have symptoms no more than 2 days a week, and these symptoms don't wake you from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> more than 1 or 2 nights a month.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You can do all your normal activities.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You take quick-relief medicines no more than 2 days a week.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have no more than one <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> a year that requires you to take corticosteroids by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your peak flow doesn't drop below 80 percent of your personal best number.</div></li></ul><p>If your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> isn't well controlled, contact your doctor. He or she may need to change your asthma action plan.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e299"><h4>Use a Peak Flow Meter</h4><p>This small, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hand</a>-held device shows how well air moves out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. You blow into the device and it gives you a score, or peak flow number. Your score shows how well your lungs are working at the time of the test.</p><p>Your doctor will tell you how and when to use your peak flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030656" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meter</a>. He or she also will teach you how to take your medicines based on your score.</p><p>Your doctor and other health care providers may ask you to use your peak flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030656" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meter</a> each morning and keep a record of your results. You may find it very useful to record peak flow scores for a couple of weeks before each medical visit and take the results with you.</p><p>When you're first diagnosed with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, it's important to find your "personal best" peak flow number. To do this, you record your score each day for a 2- to 3-week period when your asthma is well-controlled. The highest number you get during that time is your personal best. You can compare this number to future numbers to make sure your asthma is controlled.</p><p>Your peak flow <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030656" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">meter</a> can help warn you of an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>, even before you notice symptoms. If your score shows that your breathing is getting worse, you should take your quick-relief medicines the way your asthma action plan directs. Then you can use the peak flow meter to check how well the medicine worked.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e318"><h4>Get Asthma Checkups</h4><p>When you first begin <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, you'll see your doctor about every 2 to 6 weeks. Once your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> is controlled, your doctor may want to see you from once a month to twice a year.</p><p>During these checkups, your doctor may ask whether you've had an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a> since the last visit or any changes in symptoms or peak flow measurements. He or she also may ask about your daily activities. This information will help your doctor assess your level of asthma control.</p><p>Your doctor also may ask whether you have any problems or concerns with taking your medicines or following your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> action plan. Based on your answers to these questions, your doctor may change the dose of your medicine or give you a new medicine.</p><p>If your control is very good, you might be able to take less medicine. The goal is to use the least amount of medicine needed to control your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e334"><h3>Emergency Care</h3><p>Most people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>, including many children, can safely manage their symptoms by following their asthma action plans. However, you might need medical attention at times.</p><p>Call your doctor for advice if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your medicines don't relieve an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024324" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">attack</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Your peak flow is less than half of your personal best peak flow number.</div></li></ul><p>Call 9–1–1 for emergency care if:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have trouble walking and talking because you're out of breath.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>You have blue <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> or fingernails.</div></li></ul><p>At the hospital, you'll be closely watched and given <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-oxt/">oxygen</a> and more medicines, as well as medicines at higher doses than you take at home. Such <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can save your life.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec2-d7e371"><h3>Asthma Treatment for Special Groups</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> described above generally apply to all people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">asthma</a>. However, some aspects of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> differ for people in certain age groups and those who have special needs.</p><div id="nhlbi-asthma-sec3-d7e378"><h4>Children</h4><p>It's hard to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015659" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=ent |
June 11, 2014. | { "10": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 10, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
11 | 2018-02-02 05:05:42 | Atelectasis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-atl-sec1-d1e36_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Atelectasis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> (at-uh-LEK-tuh-sis) is a condition in which one or more areas of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> collapse or don't inflate properly. If only a small area or a few small areas of lung are affected, you may have no signs or symptoms.</p><p>If a large area or several large areas of lung are affected, they may not be able to deliver enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. This can cause symptoms and complications.</p><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d1e45"><h3>Overview</h3><p>To understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, it helps to understand <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hlw/">how the lungs work</a>. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> that allow your body to take in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> from the air. They also help remove <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> (a waste gas that can be toxic) from your body.</p><p>When you breathe, air passes through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022078" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">windpipe</a>. The air then travels to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>' air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. These sacs are called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022134" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">alveoli</a> (al-VEE-uhl-<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eye</a>).</p><p>Small <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022018" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">capillaries</a> (KAP-ih-lare-ees) run through the walls of the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a>. When air reaches the air sacs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> passes through the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a> walls into the blood in the capillaries. At the same time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022309" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carbon dioxide</a> moves from the capillaries into the air sacs. This process is called gas exchange.</p><p>The air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> must remain open and filled with air for gas exchange to work well. Surfactant (sur-FAK-tant), a liquid that coats the inside of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, helps the air sacs stay open. Deep breathing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> also help keep the air sacs open. (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and other substances from your airways.)</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, part of the lung collapses or doesn't inflate. The air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> in that part of the lung no longer fill with air. As a result, they can't take part in gas exchange.</p><p>If only a small area or a few small areas of lung are affected, you may have no signs or symptoms. This is because the rest of the lung can bring in enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to make up for the collapsed part.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> affects a large area or several large areas of lung, your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a> might not get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Conditions and factors that keep the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from fully expanding and filling with air can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. For example, atelectasis is common after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>The medicine used during some types of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> can decrease or stop your normal effort to breathe and urge to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Sometimes, especially after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal surgery</a>, pain may keep you from taking deep breaths. As a result, part of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> may collapse or not inflate well.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d1e83"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>The outlook for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> depends on its cause. In adults, atelectasis often is short term. The collapsed air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> slowly refill with air once the cause of the atelectasis is resolved.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> persists, it may prevent the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> from properly clearing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. This can lead to infections, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> usually isn't life threatening. However, if it affects a large area of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>—especially in a baby, small child, or someone who has another <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a> or illness—it can be fatal if not treated quickly.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Atelectasis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Closed lung</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Partial lung collapse</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Atelectasis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> can occur if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> can't fully expand and fill with air. Atelectasis has many causes.</p><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d4e31"><h3>Conditions and Factors That Prevent Deep Breathing and Coughing</h3><p>Conditions and factors that prevent deep breathing and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">coughing</a> can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. For example, if you're taking shallow breaths or breathing with the help of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a>, your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> don't fill with air in the normal way.</p><p>Normally, when you take a deep breath, the base (bottom) and the back of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> fill with air first. However, if you're taking shallow breaths or using a ventilator, air may not make it all the way to the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> at the bottom of your lungs. Thus, these air sacs won't inflate well.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> is common after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. The medicine used during some types of surgery to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> can decrease or stop your normal effort to breathe and urge to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Sometimes, especially after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022841" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdominal surgery</a>, pain may keep you from taking deep breaths. As a result, part of your lung may collapse or not inflate well.</p><p>Pressure from outside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> also can make it hard to take deep breaths. Many factors can cause pressure outside the lungs. Examples include a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a>, a tight body cast, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022807" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bone</a> deformity, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleural effusion</a> (fluid buildup between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a> and the lungs).</p><p>Lung conditions and other medical disorders that affect your ability to breathe deeply or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> also may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. One example is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">respiratory distress syndrome</a> (RDS).</p><p>RDS is a breathing disorder that affects some newborns. It's more common in premature infants because their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> aren't able to make enough surfactant. Surfactant is a liquid that coats the inside of the lungs and helps keep the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> open. Without enough surfactant, part of the lungs may collapse.</p><p>Other lung conditions and medical disorders that can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, and neuromuscular diseases. Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a> are associated with atelectasis.</p><p>Migrating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> in newborns is rare and might be caused by neuromuscular diseases. "Migrating" means that the part of the lung that collapses will change depending on the position of the baby.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d4e84"><h3>An Airway Blockage</h3><p>An airway blockage also can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. A blockage might be due to a foreign object (such as an inhaled peanut), a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> plug, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, or a poorly placed breathing tube from a ventilator.</p><p>When a blockage occurs, the air that's already in the air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> is absorbed into the bloodstream. New air can't get past the blockage to refill the air sacs, so the affected area of lung deflates.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Atelectasis?</h2><p>You might be at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> if you can't take deep breaths or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>, or if you have an airway blockage.</p><p>Conditions that can increase your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Surgery</a> in which you're given medicine to make you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a>. This medicine can decrease or stop your normal effort to breathe and urge to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Any condition or factor that causes pain when you breathe. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022602" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">abdomen</a>, trauma, broken <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029862" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ribs</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pleurisy/">pleurisy</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> of the membrane that surrounds your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and lines your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029751" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest cavity</a>).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Being on a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-vent/">ventilator</a> (a machine that supports breathing).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A blockage in your airway due to a foreign object, a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> plug, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, or a poorly placed breathing tube.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lung conditions and other medical disorders that affect your ability to breathe deeply or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a>. Examples include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rds/">respiratory distress syndrome</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021885" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung cancer</a>, and neuromuscular diseases. Rarely, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-copd/">COPD</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022631" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a>), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a> are associated with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>.</div></li></ul><p>People who have one of the conditions above and who smoke or are <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/dci/Diseases/obe/obe_whatare.html" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> obese</a> are at greater risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> than people who don't smoke or aren't obese.</p><p>Infants and toddlers (birth to 3 years old) who have risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> seem to develop the condition more easily than adults.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atelectasis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> likely won't cause signs or symptoms if it only affects a small area of lung.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> affects a large area of lung, especially if it occurs suddenly, it may cause a low level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. As a result, you may feel short of breath. Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and breathing rate may increase, and your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">skin</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024368" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lips</a> may turn blue.</p><p>Other symptoms might be related to the underlying cause of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>).</p><p>If your child has <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, you may notice that he or she seems agitated, anxious, or scared.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atelectasis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> based on your signs and symptoms and the results from tests and procedures. Atelectasis might be detected as a result of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> done for an underlying lung condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> usually is diagnosed by a radiologist, pulmonologist (lung specialist), emergency medicine physician, or a primary care doctor (such as a pediatrician, internal medicine specialist, or family practitioner).</p><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d7e37"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><p>The most common test used to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> x ray. A chest x ray is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures inside your chest, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also may recommend a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> computed tomography (to-MOG-rah-fee) scan, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cct/">chest CT scan</a>. This test creates precise pictures of the structures in your chest. A chest CT scan is a type of x ray. However, the pictures from a chest CT scan show more details than pictures from a standard chest x ray.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atelectasis</a> often resolves without <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. If the condition is severe or lasts a long time and your doctor thinks it's caused by an airway blockage, he or she may use <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a> (bron-KOS-ko-pee). This procedure is used to look inside your airway.</p><p>During the procedure, your doctor passes a thin, flexible tube called a bronchoscope through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025667" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nose</a> (or sometimes your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a>), down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a>, and into your airway. If you have a breathing tube, the bronchoscope can be passed through the tube to your airway.</p><p>A light and small camera on the bronchoscope allow your doctor to see inside your airway. Your doctor also can remove blockages during the procedure.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atelectasis Treated?</h2><p>The main goals of treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> are to treat the cause of the condition and to reexpand the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">collapsed lung</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> may vary based on the underlying cause of the atelectasis.</p><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d8e31"><h3>Atelectasis Caused by Surgery</h3><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a> is caused by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may recommend that you take the following steps to fully expand your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Perform deep breathing exercises. These exercises are very important after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. While in the hospital, you may use a device called an incentive spirometer. This device measures how much air you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> and how fast you're breathing in. Using this device encourages you to breathe deeply and slowly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Change your position. Sit up or walk around as soon as possible after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (with your doctor's permission).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make an effort to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and other substances from your airways.</div></li></ul><p>Your doctor also may suggest using positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">continuous positive airway pressure</a> (CPAP). Both devices use mild air pressure to help keep the airways and air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> open.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d8e59"><h3>Atelectasis Caused by Pressure From Outside the Lungs</h3><p>If pressure from outside the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, your doctor will treat the cause of the pressure. For example, if the cause is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024119" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tumor</a> or fluid buildup, your doctor will remove the tumor or fluid. This will allow your lung to fully expand.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d8e65"><h3>Atelectasis Caused by a Blockage</h3><p>If a blockage is causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, you'll receive <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to remove the blockage or relieve it. If the blockage is from an inhaled object, such as a peanut, your doctor will remove it during <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bron/">bronchoscopy</a>. (For more information, go to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062944/#nhlbisec-diagnosis">"How Is Atelectasis Diagnosed?</a>")</p><p>If a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> plug is blocking your airways, your doctor may use suction to remove it. Other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> also can help clear excess mucus from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> clapping or percussion. This <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> involves pounding your chest and back over and over with your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or a device to loosen the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> so you can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cough</a> it up.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Postural drainage. For this <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>, your bed may be tilted so that your head is lower than your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. This allows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> to drain more easily.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Medicines. Your doctor may prescribe medicines to help open your airways or loosen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-atl-sec2-d8e93"><h3>Atelectasis Caused by a Lung Condition or Other Medical Disorder</h3><p>If a lung condition or other medical disorder us causing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>, your doctor will treat the underlying cause with medicines, procedures, or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapies</a>.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-prevention"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-prevention_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Can Atelectasis Be Prevented?</h2><p>Not smoking before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> can lower your risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atelectasis</a>. If you smoke, ask your doctor how far in advance of your surgery you should quit smoking.</p><p>After <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>, your doctor may recommend that you take the following steps to fully expand your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Perform deep breathing exercises. These exercises are very important after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>. While in the hospital, you may use a device called an incentive spirometer. This device measures how much air you're <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022221" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">breathing in</a> and how fast you're breathing in. Using this device encourages you to breathe deeply and slowly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Change your position. Sit up or walk around as soon as possible after <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (with your doctor's permission).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Make an effort to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cough/">cough</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022714" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Coughing</a> helps clear <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a> and other substances from your airways.</div></li></ul><p>If deep breathing is painful, your doctor may prescribe medicines to control the pain. This can make it easier for you to take deep breaths and fully expand your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also might suggest using positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cpap/">continuous positive airway pressure</a> (CPAP). Both devices use mild air pressure to help keep the airways and air <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sacs</a> open.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-trials"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-trials_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Clinical Trials</h2><p>The National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute (NHLBI) is strongly committed to supporting research aimed at preventing and treating heart, lung, and blood diseases and conditions and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023679" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep disorders</a>.</p><p>NHLBI-supported research has led to many advances in medical knowledge and care. Often, these advances depend on the willingness of volunteers to take part in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-clinicaltrials/">clinical trials</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Clinical trials</a> test new ways to prevent, diagnose, or treat various diseases and conditions. For example, new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for a disease or condition (such as medicines, medical devices, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgeries</a>, or procedures) are tested in volunteers who have the illness. Testing shows whether a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> is safe and effective in humans before it is made available for widespread use.</p><p>By taking part in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, you can gain access to new <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> before they're widely available. You also will have the support of a team of health care providers, who will likely monitor your health closely. Even if you don't directly benefit from the results of a clinical trial, the information gathered can help others and add to scientific knowledge.</p><p>If you volunteer for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trial</a>, the research will be explained to you in detail. You'll learn about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> and tests you may receive, and the benefits and risks they may pose. You'll also be given a chance to ask questions about the research. This process is called informed consent.</p><p>If you agree to take part in the trial, you'll be asked to sign an informed consent form. This form is not a contract. You have the right to withdraw from a study at any time, for any reason. Also, you have the right to learn about new risks or findings that emerge during the trial.</p><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> related to your disease or condition, talk with your doctor. You also can visit the following Web sites to learn more about clinical research and to search for clinical trials:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>http://clinicalresearch.nih.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.clinicaltrials.gov</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">www.nhlbi.nih.gov/studies/index.htm</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>www.researchmatch.org</div></li></ul><p>For more information about <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022681" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">clinical trials</a> for children, visit the NHLBI's <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/childrenandclinicalstudies/index.php" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri">Children and Clinical Studies</a> Web page.</p></div><div style="display: none; width: 200px; top: -100px; left: -100px;" aria-live="assertive" aria-hidden="true" class="ui-helper-reset ui-ncbipopper-wrapper ui-ncbilinksmenu"><ul id="ui-ncbiinpagenav-6"><li><a href="#_nhlbi-atl-sec1-d1e36_">What Is Atelectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-names_">Other Names for Atelectasis</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-causes_">What Causes Atelectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-atrisk_">Who Is at Risk for Atelectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-signs_">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atelectasis?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-diagnosis_">How Is Atelectasis Diagnosed?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-treatment_">How Is Atelectasis Treated?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-prevention_">How Can Atelectasis Be Prevented?</a></li><li><a href="#_nhlbisec-trials_">Clinical Trials</a></li></ul></div></div></div> |
June 11, 2014. | { "11": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 11, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
12 | 2018-02-02 05:05:55 | Atherosclerosis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Atherosclerosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> (ath-er-o-skler-O-sis) is a disease in which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> (plak) builds up inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Arteries are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a> that carry <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and other parts of your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> is made up of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a>, and other substances found in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This limits the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and other parts of your body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> can lead to serious problems, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>, or even death.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e60" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062943/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e60" rid-ob="figobd1e60"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062943/bin/ather_lowres.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062943/bin/ather_lowres.jpg" alt="Atherosclerosis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e60"><h4 id="d1e60"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062943/figure/d1e60/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e60">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Atherosclerosis. Figure A shows a normal artery with normal blood flow. Figure B shows an artery with plaque buildup. </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Atherosclerosis-Related Diseases</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> can affect any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a> in the body, including <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pelvis</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. As a result, different diseases may develop based on which arteries are affected.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d1e72"><h4>Coronary Heart Disease</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (CHD), also called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021983" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary artery disease</a>, is the #1 killer of both men and women in the United States. CHD occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> narrows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> and reduces <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a>. Plaque buildup also makes it more likely that blood clots will form in your arteries. Blood clots can partially or completely block blood flow.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> is reduced or blocked, you may have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort) or a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This disease is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a>, plaque doesn't cause blockages in the arteries as it does in CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d1e96"><h4>Carotid Artery Disease</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">Carotid (ka-ROT-id) artery disease</a> occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> on each side of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a>). These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. If blood flow to your brain is reduced or blocked, you may have a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d1e104"><h4>Peripheral Arterial Disease</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">Peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.) occurs if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> that supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pelvis</a>.</p><p>If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to these parts of your body is reduced or blocked, you may have numbness, pain, and, sometimes, dangerous infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d1e116"><h4>Chronic Kidney Disease</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chronic kidney disease</a> can occur if <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in the renal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These arteries supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>.</p><p>Over time, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a> causes a slow loss of kidney function. The main function of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a> is to remove waste and extra water from the body.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d1e127"><h3>Overview</h3><p>The cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> isn't known. However, certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for the disease. These conditions are known as risk factors.</p><p>You can control some risk factors, such as lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoking</a>, and an unhealthy diet. Others you can't control, such as age and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease.</p><p>Some people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> have no signs or symptoms. They may not be diagnosed until after a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>.</p><p>The main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> is lifestyle changes. You also may need medicines and medical procedures. These <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a>, along with ongoing medical care, can help you live a healthier life.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d1e149"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Improved <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> have reduced the number of deaths from <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>-related diseases. These treatments also have improved the quality of life for people who have these diseases. However, atherosclerosis remains a common health problem.</p><p>You may be able to prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> and the diseases it can cause. Making lifestyle changes and getting ongoing care can help you avoid the problems of atherosclerosis and live a long, healthy life.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Atherosclerosis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Arteriosclerosis</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Hardening of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Atherosclerosis?</h2><p>The exact cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> isn't known. However, studies show that atherosclerosis is a slow, complex disease that may start in childhood. It develops faster as you age.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> may start when certain factors damage the inner layers of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. These factors include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">cholesterol</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>High amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin resistance</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a></div></li></ul><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> may begin to build up where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are damaged. Over time, plaque hardens and narrows the arteries. Eventually, an area of plaque can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> (break open).</p><p>When this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cell</a> fragments called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022060" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">platelets</a> (PLATE-lets) stick to the site of the injury. They may clump together to form blood clots. Clots narrow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> even more, limiting the flow of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich blood to your body.</p><p>Depending on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are affected, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots can worsen <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain) or cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>Researchers continue to look for the causes of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. They hope to find answers to questions such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Why and how do the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> become damaged?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>How does <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> develop and change over time?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Why does <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rupture</a> and lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots?</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Atherosclerosis?</h2><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a>) is the #1 killer of both men and women in the United States.</p><p>The exact cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> isn't known. However, certain traits, conditions, or habits may raise your risk for the disease. These conditions are known as risk factors. The more risk factors you have, the more likely it is that you'll develop atherosclerosis.</p><p>You can control most risk factors and help prevent or delay <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Other risk factors can't be controlled.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d5e39"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">Unhealthy blood cholesterol levels</a>. This includes high <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022292" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">LDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "bad" cholesterol) and low <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022291" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">HDL cholesterol</a> (sometimes called "good" cholesterol).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood pressure</a> is considered high if it stays at or above 140/90 mmHg over time. If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a> is defined as 130/80 mmHg or higher. (The mmHg is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030527" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">millimeters of mercury</a>—the units used to measure blood pressure.)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">Smoking</a>. Smoking can damage and tighten <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>, raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a> levels, and raise <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a>. Smoking also doesn't allow enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a> to reach the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissues</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023068" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Insulin resistance</a>. This condition occurs if the body can't use its insulin properly. Insulin is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022075" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hormone</a> that helps move <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> into <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> where it's used as an energy source. Insulin resistance may lead to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Diabetes</a>. With this disease, the body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024697" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood sugar</a> level is too high because the body doesn't make enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024496" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">insulin</a> or doesn't use its insulin properly.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">Overweight or obesity</a>. The terms "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a>" and "<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>" refer to body weight that's greater than what is considered healthy for a certain height.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lack of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-phys/">physical activity</a>. A lack of physical activity can worsen other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, such as unhealthy <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022289" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood cholesterol</a> levels, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030700" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">overweight</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Unhealthy diet. An unhealthy diet can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Foods that are high in saturated and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022582" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">trans fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, sodium (salt), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a> can worsen other atherosclerosis risk factors.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Older age. As you get older, your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> increases. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> or lifestyle factors cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> to build up in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> as you age. By the time you're middle-aged or older, enough plaque has built up to cause signs or symptoms. In men, the risk increases after age 45. In women, the risk increases after age 55.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. Your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> increases if your father or a brother was diagnosed with heart disease before 55 years of age, or if your mother or a sister was diagnosed with heart disease before 65 years of age.</div></li></ul><p>Although age and a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family history</a> of early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease are risk factors, it doesn't mean that you'll develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> if you have one or both. Controlling other risk factors often can lessen <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">genetic</a> influences and prevent atherosclerosis, even in older adults.</p><p>Studies show that an increasing number of children and youth are at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. This is due to a number of causes, including rising childhood <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030701" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">obesity</a> rates.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d5e104"><h3>Emerging Risk Factors</h3><p>Scientists continue to study other possible risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p><p>High levels of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022050" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">protein</a> called C-reactive protein (CRP) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> may raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>. High levels of CRP are a sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> in the body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> is the body's response to injury or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a>. Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>' inner walls seems to trigger inflammation and help <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> grow.</p><p>People who have low CRP levels may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> at a slower rate than people who have high CRP levels. Research is under way to find out whether reducing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">inflammation</a> and lowering CRP levels also can reduce the risk for atherosclerosis.</p><p>High levels of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022017" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">triglycerides</a> (tri-GLIH-seh-rides) in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> also may raise the risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, especially in women. Triglycerides are a type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015661" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fat</a>.</p><p>Studies are under way to find out whether genetics may play a role in <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> risk.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d5e129"><h3>Other Factors That Affect Atherosclerosis</h3><p>Other factors also may raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">Sleep apnea</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a disorder that causes one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep. Untreated sleep apnea can raise your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and even a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Stress</a>. Research shows that the most commonly reported "trigger" for a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0021982" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart attack</a> is an emotionally upsetting event, especially one involving anger.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Alcohol. Heavy drinking can damage the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> and worsen other risk factors for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. Men should have no more than two drinks containing alcohol a day. Women should have no more than one drink containing alcohol a day.</div></li></ul></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atherosclerosis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atherosclerosis</a> usually doesn't cause signs and symptoms until it severely narrows or totally blocks an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. Many people don't know they have the disease until they have a medical emergency, such as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>Some people may have signs and symptoms of the disease. Signs and symptoms will depend on which <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are affected.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d6e40"><h3>Coronary Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022271" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary arteries</a> supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> narrows or blocks these arteries (a disease called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>, or CHD), a common symptom is <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-angina/">angina</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> is <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or discomfort that occurs when your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> doesn't get enough oxygen-rich blood.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Angina</a> may feel like pressure or squeezing in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. You also may feel it in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022435" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">shoulders</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030529" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">jaw</a>, or back. Angina pain may even feel like <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">indigestion</a>. The pain tends to get worse with activity and go away with rest. Emotional <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also can trigger the pain.</p><p>Other symptoms of CHD are shortness of breath and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a> (ah-RITH-me-ahs). <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Arrhythmias</a> are problems with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can form in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s smallest <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This disease is called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD). Symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027308" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">coronary MVD</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023182" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">angina</a>, shortness of breath, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> problems, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>), and lack of energy.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d6e68"><h3>Carotid Arteries</h3><p>The <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022295" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">carotid arteries</a> supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> narrows or blocks these arteries (a disease called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>), you may have symptoms of a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. These symptoms may include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden weakness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Paralysis (an inability to move) or numbness of the face, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, or legs, especially on one side of the body</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble speaking or understanding speech</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Trouble seeing in one or both <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022375" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">eyes</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Problems breathing</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a>, trouble walking, loss of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> or coordination, and unexplained <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029705" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">falls</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Loss of consciousness</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sudden and severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">headache</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d6e109"><h3>Peripheral Arteries</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a> also can build up in the major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> that supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the legs, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arms</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022614" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pelvis</a> (a disease called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">peripheral arterial disease</a>).</p><p>If these major <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> are narrowed or blocked, you may have numbness, pain, and, sometimes, dangerous infections.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d6e121"><h3>Renal Arteries</h3><p>The renal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> supply <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>-rich <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022152" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidneys</a>. If <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> builds up in these arteries, you may develop <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>. Over time, chronic kidney disease causes a slow loss of kidney function.</p><p>Early <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney disease</a> often has no signs or symptoms. As the disease gets worse it can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>, changes in how you urinate (more often or less often), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024897" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">loss of appetite</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nausea</a> (feeling sick to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>), swelling in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023107" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hands</a> or feet, itchiness or numbness, and trouble concentrating.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atherosclerosis Diagnosed?</h2><p>Your doctor will diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and test results.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d7e31"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>If you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>, a primary care doctor, such as an internist or family practitioner, may handle your care. Your doctor may recommend other health care specialists if you need expert care, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions. You may go to a cardiologist if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a> (CHD) or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cmd/">coronary microvascular disease</a> (MVD).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A vascular specialist. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> problems. You may go to a vascular specialist if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pad/">peripheral arterial disease</a> (P.A.D.).</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022774" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neurologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029895" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nervous system disorders</a>. You may see a neurologist if you've had a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-catd/">carotid artery disease</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022164" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">nephrologist</a>. This is a doctor who specializes in diagnosing and treating <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028181" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">kidney diseases</a> and conditions. You may go to a nephrologist if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028183" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chronic kidney disease</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d7e71"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>During the physical exam, your doctor may listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> for an abnormal whooshing sound called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023206" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bruit</a> (broo-E). Your doctor can hear a bruit when placing a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023209" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stethoscope</a> over an affected <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>. A bruit may indicate poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow due to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup.</p><p>Your doctor also may check to see whether any of your pulses (for example, in the leg or foot) are weak or absent. A weak or absent <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> can be a sign of a blocked <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">artery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d7e80"><h3>Diagnostic Tests</h3><p>Your doctor may recommend one or more tests to diagnose <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. These tests also can help your doctor learn the extent of your disease and plan the best <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e86"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the levels of certain <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015646" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fats</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022285" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cholesterol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023305" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sugar</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022051" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">proteins</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Abnormal levels may be a sign that you're at risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e95"><h4>EKG (Electrocardiogram)</h4><p>An <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> is a simple, painless test that detects and records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. The test shows how fast the heart is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). An EKG also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through the heart.</p><p>An EKG can show signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> damage caused by CHD. The test also can show signs of a previous or current <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attack</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e110"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> takes pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> and structures inside your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessels</a>. A chest x ray can reveal signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e123"><h4>Ankle/Brachial Index</h4><p>This test compares the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankle</a> with the blood pressure in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> to see how well your blood is flowing. This test can help diagnose P.A.D.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e129"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test provides information about the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e140"><h4>Computed Tomography Scan</h4><p>A computed tomography (CT) scan creates computer-generated pictures of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, or other areas of the body. The test can show hardening and narrowing of large <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ct/">cardiac CT scan</a> also can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022775" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium</a> has built up in the walls of the coronary (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This may be an early sign of CHD.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e153"><h4>Stress Testing</h4><p>During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p><p>When your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is working hard, it needs more <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Plaque</a>-narrowed <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a> can't supply enough oxygen-rich blood to meet your heart's needs.</p><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress test</a> can show possible signs and symptoms of CHD, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Abnormal changes in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm or your heart's electrical activity</div></li></ul><p>As part of some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029874" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress tests</a>, pictures are taken of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> while you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> and while you rest. These imaging stress tests can show how well <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> is flowing in various parts of your heart. They also can show how well your heart pumps blood when it beats.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e184"><h4>Angiography</h4><p>Angiography (an-jee-OG-ra-fee) is a test that uses dye and special x rays to show the inside of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. This test can show whether <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> is blocking your arteries and how severe the blockage is.</p><p>A thin, flexible tube called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> is put into a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022370" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood vessel</a> in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028097" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">groin</a> (upper thigh), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>. Dye that can be seen on an x-ray picture is injected through the catheter into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. By looking at the x-ray picture, your doctor can see the flow of blood through your arteries.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d7e193"><h4>Other Tests</h4><p>Other tests are being studied to see whether they can give a better view of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a> buildup in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a>. Examples of these tests include magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET).</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atherosclerosis Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a> may include lifestyle changes, medicines, and medical procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p><p>The goals of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Relieving symptoms</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Reducing risk factors in an effort to slow or stop the buildup of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Lowering the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots forming</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Widening or bypassing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022288" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">plaque</a>-clogged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024676" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arteries</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>-related diseases</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec2-d8e52"><h3>Lifestyle Changes</h3><p>Making lifestyle changes often can help prevent or treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023229" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atherosclerosis</a>. For some people, these changes may be the only <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> needed.</p><div id="nhlbi-atherosclerosis-sec3-d8e59"><h4>Follow a Healthy Diet</h4><p>A healthy diet is an important part of a healthy lifestyle. Following a healthy diet can prevent or reduce <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbc/">high blood cholesterol</a> and help you maintain a healthy weight.</p><p>For information about healthy eating, go to the National <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart</a>, Lung, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a> Institute's (NHLBI's) <a href="http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/public/heart/obesity/lose_wt/index.htm" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=external&targetcat=link&targettype=uri"> Aim for a Healthy Weight</a> Web site. This site provides practical tips on healthy eating, physical activity, and weight control.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022343" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Therapeutic</a> Lifestyle Changes (TLC). Your doctor may recommend TLC if you have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022430" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood cholesterol</a>. TLC is a three-part program that includes a healthy |
June 11, 2014. | { "12": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 12, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
13 | 2018-02-02 05:06:15 | Atrial Fibrillation | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-af-sec1-d1e38_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Atrial Fibrillation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (A-tre-al fi-bri-LA-shun), or AF, is the most common type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a> (ah-RITH-me-ah). An <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arrhythmia</a> is a problem with the rate or rhythm of the heartbeat. During an arrhythmia, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> can beat too fast, too slow, or with an irregular rhythm.</p><p>AF occurs if rapid, disorganized electrical signals cause the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>—called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> (AY-tree-uh)—to fibrillate. The term "fibrillate" means to contract very fast and irregularly.</p><p>In AF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> pools in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. It isn't pumped completely into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s two lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (VEN-trih-kuls). As a result, the heart's upper and lower chambers don't work together as they should.</p><p>People who have AF may not feel symptoms. However, even when AF isn't noticed, it can increase the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>. In some people, AF can cause <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>, especially if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm is very rapid.</p><p>AF may happen rarely or every now and then, or it may become an ongoing or long-term <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problem that lasts for years.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d1e66"><h3>Understanding the Heart's Electrical System</h3><p>To understand AF, it helps to understand the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s internal electrical system. The heart's electrical system controls the rate and rhythm of the heartbeat.</p><p>With each heartbeat, an electrical signal spreads from the top of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> to the bottom. As the signal travels, it causes the heart to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>Each electrical signal begins in a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> node or sinoatrial (SA) node. The SA node is located in the right atrium. In a healthy adult <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> at rest, the SA node sends an electrical signal to begin a new heartbeat 60 to 100 times a minute. (This rate may be slower in very fit athletes.)</p><p>From the SA node, the electrical signal travels through the right and left <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. It causes the atria to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>.</p><p>The electrical signal then moves down to a group of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> called the atrioventricular (AV) node, located between the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. Here, the signal slows down slightly, allowing the ventricles time to finish filling with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>.</p><p>The electrical signal then leaves the AV node and travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. It causes the ventricles to contract and pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and the rest of the body. The ventricles then relax, and the heartbeat process starts all over again in the SA node.</p><p>For more information about the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system and detailed animations, go to the Health Topics <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hhw/">How the Heart Works</a> article.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d1e94"><h3>Understanding the Electrical Problem in Atrial Fibrillation</h3><p>In AF, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals don't begin in the SA node. Instead, they begin in another part of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> or in the nearby <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022264" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulmonary veins</a>. The signals don't travel normally. They may spread throughout the atria in a rapid, disorganized way. This can cause the atria to fibrillate.</p><p>The faulty signals flood the AV node with electrical impulses. As a result, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> also begin to beat very fast. However, the AV node can't send the signals to the ventricles as fast as they arrive. So, even though the ventricles are beating faster than normal, they aren't beating as fast as the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>Thus, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> no longer beat in a coordinated way. This creates a fast and irregular <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. In AF, the ventricles may beat 100 to 175 times a minute, in contrast to the normal rate of 60 to 100 beats a minute.</p><p>If this happens, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> isn't pumped into the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> as well as it should be. Also, the amount of blood pumped out of the ventricles to the body is based on the random atrial beats.</p><p>The body may get rapid, small amounts of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> and occasional larger amounts of blood. The amount will depend on how much blood has flowed from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> with each beat.</p><p>Most of the symptoms of AF are related to how fast the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating. If medicines or age slow the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a>, the symptoms are minimized.</p><p>AF may be brief, with symptoms that come and go and end on their own. Or, the condition may be ongoing and require <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Sometimes AF is permanent, and medicines or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> can't restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm.</p><p>The animation below shows <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial fibrillation</a>. Click the "start" button to play the animation. Written and spoken explanations are provided with each frame. Use the buttons in the lower right corner to pause, restart, or replay the animation, or use the scroll bar below the buttons to move through the frames.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figatrialfibrillation" co-legend-rid="figlgndatrialfibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/atrial_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img" rid-ob="figobatrialfibrillation"><img class="small-thumb" src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcgifs/bookshelf/static/media-icon.gif" alt="Figure Icon"></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndatrialfibrillation"><h4 id="atrial_fibrillation"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/atrial_fibrillation/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobatrialfibrillation">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">The animation shows how the heart's electrical signal can begin somewhere other than the sinoatrial node. This causes the atria to beat very fast and irregularly. </p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d1e133"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>People who have AF can live normal, active lives. For some people, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can restore normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>For people who have permanent AF, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> can help control symptoms and prevent complications. Treatment may include medicines, medical procedures, and lifestyle changes.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-types"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-types_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Types of Atrial Fibrillation</h2><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d3e28"><h3>Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation</h3><p>In paroxysmal (par-ok-SIZ-mal) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF), the faulty electrical signals and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022345" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">rapid heart rate</a> begin suddenly and then stop on their own. Symptoms can be mild or severe. They stop within about a week, but usually in less than 24 hours.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d3e36"><h3>Persistent Atrial Fibrillation</h3><p>Persistent AF is a condition in which the abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm continues for more than a week. It may stop on its own, or it can be stopped with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d3e43"><h3>Permanent Atrial Fibrillation</h3><p>Permanent AF is a condition in which a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm can't be restored with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. Both paroxysmal and persistent AF may become more frequent and, over time, result in permanent AF.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Atrial Fibrillation</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>A fib</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Auricular fibrillation</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Atrial Fibrillation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) occurs if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals don't travel through the heart in a normal way. Instead, they become very rapid and disorganized.</p><p>Damage to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system causes AF. The damage most often is the result of other conditions that affect the health of the heart, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">coronary heart disease</a>.</p><p>The risk of AF increases as you age. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022625" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Inflammation</a> also is thought to play a role in causing AF. </p><p>Sometimes, the cause of AF is unknown.</p></div><div id="nhlbisec-atrisk"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-atrisk_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Who Is at Risk for Atrial Fibrillation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) affects millions of people, and the number is rising. Men are more likely than women to have the condition. In the United States, AF is more common among Whites than African Americans or Hispanic Americans.</p><p>The risk of AF increases as you age. This is mostly because your risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease and other conditions that can cause AF also increases as you age. However, about half of the people who have AF are younger than 75.</p><p>AF is uncommon in children.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d6e37"><h3>Major Risk Factors</h3><p>AF is more common in people who have:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">High blood pressure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cad/">Coronary heart disease</a> (CHD)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">Heart failure</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Rheumatic (ru-MAT-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Structural <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> defects, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-mvp/">mitral valve prolapse</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-peri/">Pericarditis</a> (PER-i-kar-DI-tis; a condition in which the membrane, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022396" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sac</a>, around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is inflamed)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-chd/">Congenital heart defects</a> </div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Sick <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024561" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sinus</a> syndrome (a condition in which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals don't fire properly and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> slows down; sometimes the heart will switch back and forth between a slow rate and a fast rate)</div></li></ul><p>AF also is more common in people who are having <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-heartattack/">heart attacks</a> or who have just had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d6e87"><h3>Other Risk Factors</h3><p>Other conditions that raise your risk for AF include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a> (too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-obe/">obesity</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>.</p><p>Certain factors also can raise your risk for AF. For example, drinking large amounts of alcohol, especially binge drinking, raises your risk. Even modest amounts of alcohol can trigger AF in some people. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Caffeine</a> or psychological <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029715" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stress</a> also may trigger AF in some people.</p><p>Some data suggest that people who have <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-sleepapnea/">sleep apnea</a> are at greater risk for AF. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Sleep</a> apnea is a common disorder that causes one or more pauses in breathing or shallow breaths while you sleep.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ms/">Metabolic syndrome</a> also raises your risk for AF. <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024493" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Metabolic syndrome</a> is the name for a group of risk factors that raises your risk for CHD and other health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</p><p>Research suggests that people who receive high-dose steroid <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">therapy</a> are at increased risk for AF. This therapy is used for <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-asthma/">asthma</a> and some inflammatory conditions. It may act as a trigger in people who have other AF risk factors.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022031" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Genetic</a> factors also may play a role in causing AF. However, their role isn't fully known.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-signs"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-signs_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Are the Signs and Symptoms of Atrial Fibrillation?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) usually causes the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>, to contract faster than normal.</p><p>When this happens, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> can't completely fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. Thus, they may not be able to pump enough blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and body. This can lead to signs and symptoms, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">Palpitations</a> (feelings that your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is skipping a beat, fluttering, or beating too hard or fast)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Shortness of breath</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Weakness or problems exercising</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Chest</a> pain</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029722" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Dizziness</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029695" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fainting</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tiredness</a>)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Confusion</div></li></ul><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d7e61"><h3>Atrial Fibrillation Complications</h3><p>AF has two major complications—<a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d7e74"><h4>Stroke</h4><p>During AF, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>, don't pump all of their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a>. Some blood pools in the atria. When this happens, a blood clot (also called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023092" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thrombus</a>) can form.</p><p>If the clot breaks off and travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, it can cause a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. (A clot that forms in one part of the body and travels in the bloodstream to another part of the body is called an embolus.)</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Blood</a>-thinning medicines that reduce the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a> are an important part of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for people who have AF.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd7e90" co-legend-rid="figlgndd7e90"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/d7e90/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd7e90" rid-ob="figobd7e90"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/bin/atrial_fib_stroke.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/bin/atrial_fib_stroke.jpg" alt="Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd7e90"><h4 id="d7e90"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/d7e90/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd7e90">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Atrial Fibrillation and Stroke. The illustration shows how a stroke can occur during atrial fibrillation. A blood clot (thrombus) can form in the left atrium of the heart. If a piece of the clot breaks off and travels to an artery in the brain, it can <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/figure/d7e90/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd7e90">(more...)</a></p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d7e96"><h4>Heart Failure</h4><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Heart failure</a> occurs if the heart can't pump enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to meet the body's needs. AF can lead to heart failure because the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> are beating very fast and can't completely fill with blood. Thus, they may not be able to pump enough blood to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> and body.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029706" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fatigue</a> and shortness of breath are common symptoms of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>. A buildup of fluid in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> causes these symptoms. Fluid also can build up in the feet, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a>, and legs, causing weight gain.</p><p>Lifestyle changes, medicines, and procedures or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027957" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">surgery</a> (rarely, a mechanical <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> pump or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ht/">heart transplant</a>) are the main <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatments</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-diagnosis"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-diagnosis_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atrial Fibrillation Diagnosed?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) is diagnosed based on your medical and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">family histories</a>, a physical exam, and the results from tests and procedures.</p><p>Sometimes AF doesn't cause signs or symptoms. Thus, it may be found during a physical exam or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ekg/">EKG</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrocardiogram</a>) test done for another purpose.</p><p>If you have AF, your doctor will want to find out what is causing it. This will help him or her plan the best way to treat the condition.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d8e40"><h3>Specialists Involved</h3><p>Primary care doctors often are involved in the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of AF. These doctors include family practitioners and internists.</p><p>Doctors who specialize in the diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease also may be involved, such as:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Cardiologists</a>. These are doctors who diagnose and treat <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> diseases and conditions.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Electrophysiologists. These are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015644" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiologists</a> who specialize in <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmias</a>.</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d8e62"><h3>Medical and Family Histories</h3><p>Your doctor will likely ask questions about your:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Signs and symptoms. What symptoms are you having? Have you had <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hpl/">palpitations</a>? Are you dizzy or short of breath? Are your feet or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024901" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ankles</a> swollen (a possible sign of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>)? Do you have any <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a> pain?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Medical history</a>. Do you have other health problems, such as a history of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hbp/">high blood pressure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029894" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lung disease</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024704" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diabetes</a>, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Family's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029840" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">medical history</a>. Does anyone in your family have a history of AF? Has anyone in your family ever had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024199" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">high blood pressure</a>? Has anyone had <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012407" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid</a> problems? Does your family have a history of other illnesses or health problems?</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Health habits. Do you <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-smo/">smoke</a> or use alcohol or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000290" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">caffeine</a>?</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d8e96"><h3>Physical Exam</h3><p>Your doctor will do a complete <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023205" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cardiac</a> exam. He or she will listen to the rate and rhythm of your heartbeat and take your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">pulse</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023514" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood pressure</a> reading. Your doctor will likely check for any signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023034" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart valve</a> problems. He or she will listen to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> to check for signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022300" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart failure</a>.</p><p>Your doctor also will check for swelling in your legs or feet and look for an enlarged <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022083" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid gland</a> or other signs of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a> (too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>).</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d8e105"><h3>Diagnostic Tests and Procedures</h3><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e108"><h4>EKG</h4><p>An EKG is a simple, painless test that records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity. It's the most useful test for diagnosing AF.</p><p>An EKG shows how fast your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> is beating and its rhythm (steady or irregular). It also records the strength and timing of electrical signals as they pass through your heart.</p><p>A standard EKG only records the heartbeat for a few seconds. It won't detect AF that doesn't happen during the test. To diagnose paroxysmal AF, your doctor may ask you to wear a portable EKG monitor that can record your heartbeat for longer <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023146" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">periods</a>.</p><p>The two most common types of portable <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029879" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">EKGs</a> are <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-holt/">Holter and event monitors</a>.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e127"><h4>Holter and Event Monitors</h4><p>A Holter monitor records the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity for a full 24- or 48-hour period. You wear small patches called <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029878" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrodes</a> on your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. Wires connect these patches to a small, portable recorder. The recorder can be clipped to a belt, kept in a pocket, or hung around your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0027054" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">neck</a>.</p><p>You wear the Holter monitor while you do your normal daily activities. This allows the monitor to record your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> for a longer time than a standard EKG.</p><p>An event monitor is similar to a Holter monitor. You wear an event monitor while doing your normal activities. However, an event monitor only records your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical activity at certain times while you're wearing it.</p><p>For many event monitors, you push a button to start the monitor when you feel symptoms. Other event monitors start automatically when they sense abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythms.</p><p>You can wear an event monitor for weeks or until symptoms occur.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e146"><h4>Stress Test</h4><p>Some <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems are easier to diagnose when your heart is working hard and beating fast. During <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stress/">stress testing</a>, you <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022363" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">exercise</a> to make your heart work hard and beat fast while heart tests are done. If you can't exercise, you may be given medicine to make your heart work hard and beat fast.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e155"><h4>Echocardiography</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-echo/">Echocardiography</a> (echo) uses sound waves to create a moving picture of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>. The test shows the size and shape of your heart and how well your heart <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> and valves are working.</p><p>Echo also can identify areas of poor <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> flow to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, areas of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025391" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart muscle</a> that aren't contracting normally, and previous injury to the heart muscle caused by poor blood flow.</p><p>This test sometimes is called transthoracic (trans-thor-AS-ik) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029837" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">echocardiography</a>. It's painless and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022884" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">noninvasive</a> (no instruments are inserted into the body). For the test, a device called a transducer is moved back and forth over your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. The device sends special sound waves through your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030256" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest wall</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>.</p><p>The sound waves bounce off the structures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>, and a computer converts them into pictures on a screen.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e173"><h4>Transesophageal Echocardiography</h4><p>Transesophageal (trans-e-SOF-ah-ge-al) echo, or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">TEE</a>, uses sound waves to take pictures of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> through the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a>. The esophagus is the passage leading from your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024366" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mouth</a> to your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0018966" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stomach</a>.</p><p>Your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>, the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>, are deep in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>. They often can't be seen very well using transthoracic echo. Your doctor can see the atria much better using TEE.</p><p>During this test, the transducer is attached to the end of a flexible tube. The tube is guided down your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024473" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">throat</a> and into your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015635" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">esophagus</a>. You'll likely be given medicine to help you relax during the procedure.</p><p>TEE is used to detect <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots that may be forming in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> because of AF.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e192"><h4>Chest X Ray</h4><p>A <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cxray/">chest x ray</a> is a painless test that creates pictures of the structures in your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022185" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chest</a>, such as your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. This test can show fluid buildup in the lungs and signs of other AF complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d8e201"><h4>Blood Tests</h4><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">Blood tests</a> check the level of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a> in your body and the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024854" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">balance</a> of your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024505" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">electrolytes</a>. Electrolytes are <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023353" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">minerals</a> that help maintain fluid levels and acid-base balance in the body. They're essential for normal health and functioning of your body's <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022040" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">cells</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>.</p></div></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-treatment"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-treatment_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">How Is Atrial Fibrillation Treated?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Treatment</a> for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023162" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atrial fibrillation</a> (AF) depends on how often you have symptoms, how severe they are, and whether you already have <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease. General treatment options include medicines, medical procedures, and lifestyle changes.</p><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d9e31"><h3>Goals of Treatment</h3><p>The goals of treating AF include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming, thus lowering the risk of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-stroke/">stroke</a>.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Controlling how many times a minute the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> contract. This is called rate control. Rate control is important because it allows the ventricles enough time to completely fill with <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>. With this approach, the abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm continues, but you feel better and have fewer symptoms.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Restoring a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. This is called rhythm control. Rhythm control allows the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> to work together to efficiently pump <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> to the body.</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Treating any underlying disorder that's causing or raising the risk of AF—for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024711" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">hyperthyroidism</a> (too much <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022780" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">thyroid hormone</a>).</div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d9e56"><h3>Who Needs Treatment for Atrial Fibrillation?</h3><p>People who have AF but don't have symptoms or related <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> problems may not need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a>. AF may even go back to a normal heart rhythm on its own. (This also can occur in people who have AF with symptoms.)</p><p>In some people who have AF for the first time, doctors may choose to use an electrical procedure or medicine to restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm.</p><p>Repeat episodes of AF tend to cause changes to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical system, leading to persistent or permanent AF. Most people who have persistent or permanent AF need <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> to control their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> and prevent complications.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec2-d9e68"><h3>Specific Types of Treatment</h3><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d9e71"><h4>Blood Clot Prevention</h4><p>People who have AF are at increased risk for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024234" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">stroke</a>. This is because <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> can pool in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s upper <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a> (the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>), causing a blood clot to form. If the clot breaks off and travels to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024735" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">brain</a>, it can cause a stroke.</p><p>Preventing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots from forming is probably the most important part of treating AF. The benefits of this type of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> have been proven in multiple studies.</p><p>Doctors prescribe <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines to prevent blood clots. These medicines include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0012678" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">warfarin</a> (Coumadin®), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009793" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dabigatran</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010545" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heparin</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000168" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">aspirin</a>.</p><p>People taking <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a>-thinning medicines need regular <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-bdt/">blood tests</a> to check how well the medicines are working.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d9e93"><h4>Rate Control</h4><p>Doctors can prescribe medicines to slow down the rate at which the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> are beating. These medicines help bring the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> to a normal level.</p><p>Rate control is the recommended <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for most patients who have AF, even though an abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm continues and the heart doesn't work as well as it should. Most people feel better and can function well if their <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rates</a> are well-controlled.</p><p>Medicines used to control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart rate</a> include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025465" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">beta blockers</a> (for example, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001180" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">metoprolol</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000171" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atenolol</a>), <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025449" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">calcium channel blockers</a> (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000580" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">diltiazem</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001906" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">verapamil</a>), and digitalis (<a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000575" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">digoxin</a>). Several other medicines also are available.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-af-sec3-d9e106"><h4>Rhythm Control</h4><p>Restoring and maintaining a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm is a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> approach recommended for people who aren't doing well with rate control treatment. This treatment also may be used for people who have only recently started having AF. The long-term benefits of rhythm control have not been proven conclusively yet.</p><p>Doctors use medicines or procedures to control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s rhythm. Patients often begin rhythm control <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> in a hospital so that their hearts can be closely watched.</p><p>The longer you have AF, the less likely it is that doctors can restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. This is especially true for people who have had AF for 6 months or more.</p><p>Restoring a normal rhythm also becomes less likely if the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> are enlarged or if any underlying <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> disease worsens. In these cases, the chance that AF will recur is high, even if you're taking medicine to help convert AF to a normal rhythm.</p><p>Medicines. Medicines used to control the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm include <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0000087" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">amiodarone</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001691" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sotalol</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">flecainide</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011867" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">propafenone</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010007" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dofetilide</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0010657" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ibutilide</a>. Sometimes older medicines—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0001540" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">quinidine</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0011845" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">procainamide</a>, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0009994" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">disopyramide</a>—are used.</p><p>Your doctor will carefully tailor the dose and type of medicines he or she prescribes to treat your AF. This is because medicines used to treat AF can cause a different kind of <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/">arrhythmia</a>.</p><p>These medicines also can harm people who have underlying diseases of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> or other <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a>. This is especially true for patients who have an unusual heart rhythm problem called <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-arr/#nhlbisec-types">Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome</a>.</p><p>Your doctor may start you on a small dose of medicine and then gradually increase the dose until your symptoms are controlled. Medicines used for rhythm control can be given regularly by <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022222" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">injection</a> at a doctor's office, clinic, or hospital. Or, you may routinely take pills to try to control AF or prevent repeat episodes.</p><p>If your doctor knows how you'll react to a medicine, a specific dose may be prescribed for you to take on an as-needed basis if you have an episode of AF.</p><p>Procedures. Doctors use several procedures to restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm. For example, they may use electrical <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-crv/">cardioversion</a> to treat a fast or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023157" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">irregular heartbeat</a>. For this procedure, low-energy shocks are given to your heart to trigger a normal rhythm. You're temporarily put to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023520" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">sleep</a> before you receive the shocks.</p><p>Electrical cardioversion isn't the same as the emergency <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> shocking procedure often seen on TV programs. It's planned in advance and done under carefully controlled conditions.</p><p>Before doing electrical cardioversion, your doctor may recommend <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-tee/">transesophageal echocardiography</a> (TEE). This test can rule out the presence of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>. If clots are present, you may need to take blood-thinning medicines before the procedure. These medicines can help get rid of the clots.</p><p> <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-ablation/">Catheter ablation</a> (ab-LA-shun) may be used to restore a normal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a> rhythm if medicines or electrical cardioversion don't work. For this procedure, a wire is inserted through a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025771" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">vein</a> in the leg or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023098" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">arm</a> and threaded to the heart.</p><p>Radio wave energy is sent through the wire to destroy abnormal <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022306" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">tissue</a> that may be disrupting the normal flow of electrical signals. An electrophysiologist usually does this procedure in a hospital. Your doctor may recommend a TEE before <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> to check for <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022037" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">blood</a> clots in the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a>.</p><p>Sometimes doctors use <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> to destroy the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is where the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0015637" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">heart</a>'s electrical signals pass from the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022263" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">atria</a> to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0030550" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ventricles</a> (the heart's lower <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022372" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">chambers</a>). This procedure requires your doctor to surgically <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025325" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">implant</a> a device called a <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pace/">pacemaker</a>, which helps maintain a normal heart rhythm.</p><p>Research on the benefits of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022169" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">catheter</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022200" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">ablation</a> as a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> for AF is still ongoing. (For more information, go to the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0062932/#nhlbisec-trials">"Clinical Trials"</a> section of this article.)</p><p>Another procedure to |
June 11, 2014. | { "13": { "category_1_x_diseases_conditions.id": 13, "category_1.id": 1, "category_1.ts": "2018-02-02 04:25:06", "category_1.title": "a" } } |
14 | 2018-02-02 05:06:33 | Bronchiectasis | <div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><span role="menubar"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="menuitem" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></span></div><h2 id="_nhlbi-brn-sec1-d1e37_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Is Bronchiectasis?</h2><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> (brong-ke-EK-tah-sis) is a condition in which damage to the airways causes them to widen and become flabby and scarred. The airways are tubes that carry air in and out of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> often is caused by an <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> or other condition that injures the walls of the airways or prevents the airways from clearing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Mucus is a slimy substance. It helps remove inhaled dust, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a>, and other small particles from the airways.</p><p>In <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>, your airways slowly lose their ability to clear out <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. The mucus builds up, and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022589" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bacteria</a> begin to grow. This leads to repeated, serious lung infections.</p><p>Each <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> causes more damage to the airways. Over time, the airways can't properly move air in and out of the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a>. As a result, the body's vital <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0025740" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">organs</a> might not get enough <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022310" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">oxygen</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> can lead to serious health problems, such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-rf/">respiratory failure</a>, <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-atl/">atelectasis</a> (at-eh-LEK-tah-sis), and <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-hf/">heart failure</a>.</p><div class="iconblock whole_rhythm clearfix ten_col fig" id="figd1e68" co-legend-rid="figlgndd1e68"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063051/figure/d1e68/?report=objectonly" target="object" title="Figure" class="img_link icnblk_img figpopup" rid-figpopup="figd1e68" rid-ob="figobd1e68"><img class="small-thumb" src="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063051/bin/bronchiectasis.gif" src-large="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063051/bin/bronchiectasis.jpg" alt="Bronchiectasis."></a><div class="icnblk_cntnt" id="figlgndd1e68"><h4 id="d1e68"><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMH0063051/figure/d1e68/?report=objectonly" target="object" rid-ob="figobd1e68">Figure</a></h4><p class="float-caption no_bottom_margin">Bronchiectasis. Figure A shows a cross-section of the lungs with normal airways and widened airways. Figure B shows a cross-section of a normal airway. Figure C shows a cross-section of an airway with bronchiectasis. </p></div></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d1e74"><h3>Overview</h3><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> can affect just one section of one of your <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> or many sections of both lungs.</p><p>The initial lung damage that leads to <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> often begins in childhood. However, symptoms may not occur until months or even years after you start having repeated lung infections.</p><p>In the United States, common childhood infections—such as <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">whooping cough</a> and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a>—used to cause many cases of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. However, these causes are now less common because of vaccines and antibiotics.</p><p>Now <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> usually is due to a medical condition that injures the airway walls or prevents the airways from clearing <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022773" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">mucus</a>. Examples of such conditions include <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-cf/">cystic fibrosis</a> and primary ciliary (SIL-e-ar-e) <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024538" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">dyskinesia</a> (dis-kih-NE-ze-ah), or <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pcd/">PCD</a>.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> that affects only one part of the lung may be caused by a blockage rather than a medical condition.</p><p><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Bronchiectasis</a> can be <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> (kon-JEN-ih-tal) or acquired. Congenital bronchiectasis affects infants and children. It's the result of a problem with how the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022177" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">lungs</a> form in a <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0028116" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">fetus</a>.</p><p>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> occurs as a result of another condition or factor. This type of bronchiectasis can affect adults and older children. Acquired bronchiectasis is more common than the <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">congenital</a> type.</p></div><div id="nhlbi-brn-sec2-d1e106"><h3>Outlook</h3><p>Currently, <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> has no cure. However, with proper care, most people who have it can enjoy a good quality of life.</p><p>Early diagnosis and <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022340" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">treatment</a> of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a> are important. The sooner your doctor starts treating bronchiectasis and any underlying conditions, the better your chances of preventing further lung damage.</p></div></div><div id="nhlbisec-names"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-names_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">Other Names for Bronchiectasis</h2><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Acquired <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0023376" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Congenital</a> <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a></div></li></ul></div><div id="nhlbisec-causes"><div class="goto jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-container"><a class="tgt_dark page-toc-label jig-ncbiinpagenav-goto-heading" href="#" title="Go to other sections in this page" role="button" aria-expanded="false" aria-haspopup="true">Go to:</a></div><h2 id="_nhlbisec-causes_" class="ui-helper-clearfix">What Causes Bronchiectasis?</h2><p>Damage to the walls of the airways usually is the cause of <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022844" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">bronchiectasis</a>. A lung <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0022085" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">infection</a> may cause this damage. Examples of lung infections that can lead to bronchiectasis include:</p><ul><li class="half_rhythm"><div>Severe <a href="/pubmedhealth/n/nhlbitopic/nhlbi-pnu/">pneumonia</a> (nu-MO-ne-ah)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0029703" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Whooping cough</a> or <a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024686" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">measles</a> (uncommon in the United States due to vaccination)</div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024668" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Tuberculosis</a></div></li><li class="half_rhythm"><div><a href="/pubmedhealth/PMHT0024517" ref="pagearea=body&targetsite=entrez&targetcat=link&targettype=pmhtopics">Fungal infections</a></div></li></ul><p>Conditions that damage the airways and raise the risk of lung infections also can lead t |